138 lines
15 KiB
XML
138 lines
15 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.232.3625" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c4149823-0d8c-444d-9bfe-662dcfed261a" ID-PMC="PMC3494065" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-232-1" ID-PubMed="23226702" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2012" ModsDocID="1313-2970-232-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 232" ModsDocTitle="Revision of the European species of Omphale Haliday (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Eulophidae)" checkinTime="1451248647925" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Hansson, Christer & Shevtsova, Ekaterina" docDate="2012" docId="8774E2C899A63C72FF785B8C92CC31DC" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 232: 1-157" docOrigin="ZooKeys 232" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.232.3625" docTitle="Pholema Graham, stat. rev." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="124" masterDocId="0F466847FFD3FFF2347FC24A7A7A413C" masterDocTitle="Revision of the European species of Omphale Haliday (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Eulophidae)" masterLastPageNumber="157" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="121" updateTime="1668154596491" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Revision of the European species of Omphale Haliday (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Eulophidae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Hansson, Christer</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Shevtsova, Ekaterina</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2012</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>232</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>157</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.232.3625</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.232.3625</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-232-1</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152037428" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8774E2C899A63C72FF785B8C92CC31DC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/8774E2C899A63C72FF785B8C92CC31DC" lastPageId="123" lastPageNumber="124" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
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<subSubSection pageId="120" pageNumber="121" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://species-id.net/wiki/Pholema" authority="Graham" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Pholema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pholema" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pholema Graham</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="120" pageNumber="121">stat. rev.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="123" lastPageNumber="124" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" type="remarks">
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<paragraph pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Remarks.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
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<bibRefCitation author="Graham, MWRdeV" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Society for British Entomology" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" pagination="167 - 275" title="Additions and corrections to the British list of Eulophidae (Hym., Chalcidoidea), with descriptions of some new species." volume="15" year="1963">Graham (1963)</bibRefCitation>
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described genus
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Pholema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pholema" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pholema</taxonomicName>
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to include the single species microstoma, which was described in the same paper. Graham motivated the new genus because he regarded some morphological features present in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Pholema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pholema" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pholema</taxonomicName>
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: small clypeus, large malar space, small mouth opening, too discordant for an
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Omphale" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Omphale" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Omphale</taxonomicName>
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species.
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<bibRefCitation author="Schauff, ME" journalOrPublisher="Contributions of the American Entomological Institute" pageId="127" pageNumber="128" pagination="1 - 109" title="The Holarctic genera of Entedoninae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)." volume="26" year="1991">Schauff (1991)</bibRefCitation>
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synonymized
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Pholema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pholema" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pholema</taxonomicName>
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with
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Omphale" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Omphale" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Omphale</taxonomicName>
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because he found the characters mentioned by Graham too variable and/or overlapping with some
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Omphale" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Omphale" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Omphale</taxonomicName>
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species.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="123" lastPageNumber="124" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
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The type species and the only known species of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Pholema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pholema" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pholema</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Pholema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pholema microstoma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="microstoma">Pholema microstoma</taxonomicName>
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, has the following characters important for classification on genus level: clypeus undelimited (Fig. 543), occiput without a groove or fold between occipital margin and occipital foramen (Fig. 541), sensilla ampullacea (peglike sensilla) on flagellomeres short and symmetric (Fig. 542), forewing with postmarginal vein 0.8
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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as long as stigmal vein, ovipositor very short - gaster short and rotund and ovipositor only
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<normalizedToken originalValue="½">1/2</normalizedToken>
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as long as length of gaster, male genitalia with volsellar setae as
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“normal”">"normal"</normalizedToken>
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thin setae. Some of these characters disagree with a placement of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Pholema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pholema microstoma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="microstoma">Pholema microstoma</taxonomicName>
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in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Omphale" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Omphale" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Omphale</taxonomicName>
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: undelimited clypeus, antennal sensilla symmetric, and perhaps the most critical - not having enlarged volsellar setae in mal
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<pageBreakToken pageId="121" pageNumber="122" start="start">e</pageBreakToken>
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genitalia, the sole autapomorphy for
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Omphale" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Omphale" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Omphale</taxonomicName>
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. Habitually
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Pholema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pholema microstoma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="microstoma">Pholema microstoma</taxonomicName>
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looks like a
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Neochrysocharis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neochrysocharis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Neochrysocharis</taxonomicName>
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Kurdjumov, mainly because of the distinct and 3-segmented antennal clava and the short postmarginal vein, and some additional characters also agree with a placement in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Neochrysocharis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neochrysocharis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Neochrysocharis</taxonomicName>
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(undelimited clypeus, symmetric antennal sensilla). Absence of an occipital groove/fold is very unusual in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Neochrysocharis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neochrysocharis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Neochrysocharis</taxonomicName>
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but it is absent in at
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<pageBreakToken pageId="122" pageNumber="123" start="start">least</pageBreakToken>
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one other species,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Neochrysocharis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neochrysocharis albiscapus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albiscapus">Neochrysocharis albiscapus</taxonomicName>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Erdös">Erdoes</normalizedToken>
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. Furthermore, this character state is variable within
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Neochrysocharis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neochrysocharis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Neochrysocharis</taxonomicName>
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, some species have a complete fold between occipital margin and occipital foramen, while others only have a short fold close to the occipital margin, and as mentioned some species lack it altogether. Therefore the absence of such a fold does not justify a separate genus for
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Pholema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pholema microstoma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="microstoma">Pholema microstoma</taxonomicName>
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. The short ovipositor, not present in
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<pageBreakToken pageId="123" pageNumber="124" start="start">other</pageBreakToken>
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Neochrysocharis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neochrysocharis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Neochrysocharis</taxonomicName>
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species (nor in any
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Omphale" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Omphale" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Omphale</taxonomicName>
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species), is probably an adaptation to a close access of the host, and doubtfully of such a value that it justifies a separate genus. Another option is to place
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Pholema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pholema microstoma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="microstoma">Pholema microstoma</taxonomicName>
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in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Asecodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asecodes" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Asecodes</taxonomicName>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Förster">Foerster</normalizedToken>
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, but some critical characters disagree with such a placement.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Pholema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pholema microstoma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="microstoma">Pholema microstoma</taxonomicName>
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has symmetrical antennal sensilla, a distinct 3-segmented antennal clava and lacks a fold or groove on occiput;
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Asecodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asecodes" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Asecodes</taxonomicName>
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species have asymmetric antennal sensilla, a 1-segmented antennal clava and a strong groove between occipital margin and occipital foramen. All things considered
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Pholema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pholema microstoma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="microstoma">Pholema microstoma</taxonomicName>
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is a
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Neochrysocharis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neochrysocharis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Neochrysocharis</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Pholema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pholema" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pholema</taxonomicName>
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is thus a synonym of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Neochrysocharis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neochrysocharis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Neochrysocharis</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="123" pageNumber="124">
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<paragraph pageId="123" pageNumber="124">
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Figures 541-543.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Neochrysocharis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neochrysocharis microstoma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="microstoma">Neochrysocharis microstoma</taxonomicName>
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, female: 541 occiput 542 flagellomere 1 with sensillae (= sns) 543 head in fronto-ventral view, acl = 3-segmented antennal clava, cly = clypeus.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |