727 lines
84 KiB
XML
727 lines
84 KiB
XML
<document id="BAEFF91D0705C31D79383BE332C1819B" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.214634" ID-GBIF-Dataset="63c3bcbb-8b2c-42a6-a3d5-1549d85e00f2" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="214634" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460559423995" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Sekiya, Kunio, Miura, Ikuo & Ogata, Mitsuaki" docDate="2012" docId="03ACD7022A2BB274F7DC72AE50D76DA2" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03575p062.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3575" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Rana rugosa Sekiya, Miura & Ogata, 2012, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="58" masterDocId="FF95AF7A2A29B27DF74B746454116A63" masterDocTitle="A new frog species of the genus Rugosa from Sado Island, Japan (Anura, Ranidae)" masterLastPageNumber="62" masterPageNumber="49" pageNumber="51" updateTime="1698319988957" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:titleInfo id="5B213A1E55B73DCA210915F23B5A2964">
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<mods:title id="46432FEFE2332FDC25582A69C738BCC4">A new frog species of the genus Rugosa from Sado Island, Japan (Anura, Ranidae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="5EF4D62C8474BF8D389B04C01B0BE84D" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="EBF84ED5C6188ED7096E3059FFBC27FA">Sekiya, Kunio</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="22A4DFA5106D84ADA22973DBE677A96B">Miura, Ikuo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A35408E2F9217AB654A786F267BA83AC">Ogata, Mitsuaki</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="BC8843EF9D5A0E6B9FC89F155A294555">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="1EC6BC45CF5CDF32DD55C44FE3127D6F">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="BAFBED68121BB1D617559758E6337E2A">
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<mods:date id="B16CB4FD2664446E529A9A0FB157BDBC">2012</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="9887DCD15B2C76B602AC847EBD90A703">3575</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="20C83C3D28A62A5CDBF5BB96FEFD03FE" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.214634</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="3C51A003871CF573C5740D9563824B5F" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03ACD7022A2BB274F7DC72AE50D76DA2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6169965" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119556508" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6169965" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03ACD7022A2BB274F7DC72AE50D76DA2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ACD7022A2BB274F7DC72AE50D76DA2" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="58" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">
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<subSubSection id="C31F359F2A2BB27FF7DC72AE573C6D0B" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BBA66142A2BB27FF7DC72AE55AA6C87" blockId="2.[151,477,1738,1833]" box="[151,443,1738,1764]" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">
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<heading id="D0F2D1782A2BB27FF7DC72AE55AA6C87" bold="true" box="[151,443,1738,1764]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B971BA062A2BB27FF7DC72AE55AA6C87" bold="true" box="[151,443,1738,1764]" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">
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<emphasis id="B971BA062A2BB27FF7DC72AE55476C87" bold="true" box="[151,342,1738,1764]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">
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<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A2BB27FF7DC72AE54E36C87" ID-CoL="7B3D" box="[151,242,1738,1764]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rugosa">Rugosa</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A2BB27FF7B272AE55476C87" box="[249,342,1738,1764]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="susurra" status="sp. nov.">susurra</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A242077D2A2BB27FF61672AE55AA6C87" box="[349,443,1738,1764]" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBA66142A2BB27FF7DC728955036D4A" blockId="2.[151,477,1738,1833]" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">
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(Japanese name: Sado gaeru) (
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<figureCitation id="133E7A912A2BB27FF7D47375551B6D4A" box="[159,266,1809,1833]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 2" captionStart-1="FIGURE 3" captionStart-2="FIGURE 4" captionStartId-0="3.[151,250,1347,1370]" captionStartId-1="3.[151,250,1957,1980]" captionStartId-2="4.[151,250,809,832]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1435,785,1325]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1435,1427,1935]" captionTargetBox-2="[152,1435,199,781]" captionTargetId-0="figure@3.[151,1436,785,1326]" captionTargetId-1="figure@3.[151,1436,1427,1936]" captionTargetId-2="figure@4.[151,1436,193,788]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="3" captionTargetPageId-2="4" captionText-0="FIGURE 2. Holotype of Rugosa susurra (KPM-NFA 000078) in life. Dorsal side (A) and ventral side (B)." captionText-1="FIGURE 3. Holotype of Rugosa susurra (KPM-NFA 000078) in alcohol. Dorsal side (A) and ventral side (B). Scale bars represent 1 mm." captionText-2="FIGURE 4. Ventral view of left foot of holotype of Rugosa susurra in alcohol." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/214636/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/214637/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/214638/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">Figs. 2–4</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBA66142A2BB27FF7DC7337573C6D0B" blockId="2.[151,813,1874,1896]" box="[151,813,1874,1896]" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">
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<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A2BB27FF7DC733755096D0B" box="[151,280,1875,1896]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rugosa">
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<emphasis id="B971BA062A2BB27FF7DC733755096D0B" box="[151,280,1875,1896]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">Rana rugosa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(yellow
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<typeStatus id="54BED8B62A2BB27FF638733755B26D0B" box="[371,419,1875,1896]" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">type</typeStatus>
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):
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<bibRefCitation id="EF941BE52A2BB27FF6FF7336567C6D0B" author="Sekiya" box="[436,621,1874,1896]" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" refString="Sekiya, K., Ohtani, H., Ogata, M. & Miura, I. (2010) Phyletic diversity in the frog Rana rugosa (Anura: Ranidae) with special reference to a unique morphotype found from Sado Island, Japan. Current Herpetology, 29, 69 - 78." type="journal article" year="2010">
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Sekiya
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<emphasis id="B971BA062A2BB27FF6B47337563A6D0B" box="[511,555,1874,1896]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">et al</emphasis>
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. 2010
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</bibRefCitation>
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, p. 71, figs. 2A–B.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31F359F2A2BB27EF7DC73F157C9684E" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BBA66142A2BB27EF7DC73F156646A96" blockId="2.[151,1436,1941,2035]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1436,151,731]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">
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<emphasis id="B971BA062A2BB27FF7DC73F155006DCD" bold="true" box="[151,273,1941,1966]" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Genetically close to
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<emphasis id="B971BA062A2BB27FF6B673F256B76DCE" box="[509,678,1942,1965]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">
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<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A2BB27FF6B673F256406DCE" box="[509,593,1942,1965]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rugosa">Rugosa</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A2BB27FF51373F256B76DCE" box="[600,678,1942,1965]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rugosa">rugosa</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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than other species of the genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A2BB27FF34773F250716DCE" box="[1036,1120,1942,1965]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rugosa">
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<emphasis id="B971BA062A2BB27FF34773F250716DCE" box="[1036,1120,1942,1965]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">Rugosa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. A medium sized species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A2BB27FF7DC73DD54FA6DB3" box="[151,235,1977,2000]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rugosa">
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<emphasis id="B971BA062A2BB27FF7DC73DD54FA6DB3" box="[151,235,1977,2000]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">Rugosa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, with males 33.0–
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<quantity id="4CFDCBF12A2BB27FF6F573DC56376DB3" box="[446,550,1976,2000]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.42" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" unit="mm" value="44.2">44.2 mm</quantity>
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, females
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<quantity id="4CFDCBF12A2BB27FF5D873DC57296DB3" box="[659,824,1976,2000]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.385" metricValueMax="4.96" metricValueMin="3.81" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" unit="mm" value="43.85" valueMax="49.6" valueMin="38.1">38.1–49.6 mm</quantity>
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in SVL; web rather well developed; dorsum khaki in color with many dermal ridges of varying size, dorso-lateral fold absent, supratympanic fold strong; venter posteriorly deep yellow; anterior ventral less granulated than posterior ventral, especially around jaw granule almost absent. This new species is differentiated from
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<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A2AB27EF44374D857666AB0" box="[776,887,187,211]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rugosa">
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<emphasis id="B971BA062A2AB27EF44374D857086AB0" box="[776,793,188,211]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">R</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="B971BA062A2AB27EF46274D857666AB0" box="[809,887,188,211]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">rugosa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by its yellow ventral coloration and jaw almost without granules and no vocal sac in male.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBA66142A2AB27EF78C749B57A96B59" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,731]" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
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<typeStatus id="54BED8B62A2AB27EF78C749B55256B74" box="[199,308,255,279]" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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: KPM-NFA000078, an adult male from Akitsu, Sado city, Sado Island, Niigata Prefecture,
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<collectingCountry id="F31226842A2AB27EF2177564518D6B74" box="[1372,1436,256,279]" name="Japan" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Japan</collectingCountry>
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(
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE3100D32A2AB27EF64A7546557E6B59" box="[257,367,290,314]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" precision="925" value="138.4">138°24’E</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<quantity id="4CFDCBF12A2AB27EF630754655BA6B59" box="[379,427,290,314]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" unit="m" value="11.0">11m</quantity>
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a.s.l), Collected on
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<date id="FFBB40D42A2AB27EF5C77546570C6B59" box="[652,797,290,314]" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" value="2009-07-14">14 July 2009</date>
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by M. Ogata.
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBA66142A2AB27EF7DC752256226B1C" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,731]" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
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<typeStatus id="54BED8B62A2AB27EF7DC752255196B3D" box="[151,264,326,350]" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
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: Two adult females and an adult male (KPM-NFA000075-77) from the same locality and collected on the same day by M. Ogata and Y. Ogata.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBA66142A2AB27EF78C75EE57C9684E" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,731]" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
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||
Referred specimens: Is. Sado, Akitsu (
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||
<specimenCount id="9D03AD9D2A2AB27EF53475EE56F86BC1" box="[639,745,394,418]" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" type="male">10 males</specimenCount>
|
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,
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||
<specimenCount id="9D03AD9D2A2AB27EF5BC75EF57796BC1" box="[759,872,394,418]" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" type="female">7 females</specimenCount>
|
||
, collected on
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||
<date id="FFBB40D42A2AB27EF34C75EE50B06BC1" box="[1031,1185,394,418]" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" value="2008-06-22">22 June 2008</date>
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by M. Ogata IABHU F2462-F2471,F2475-F2481,
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<specimenCount id="9D03AD9D2A2AB27EF69475C956296BA6" box="[479,568,429,453]" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" type="male">3 males</specimenCount>
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||
collected on
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<date id="FFBB40D42A2AB27EF59E75C9577F6BA6" box="[725,878,429,454]" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" value="2011-05-30">30 May 2011</date>
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||
by M. Ogata IABHU F2472-F2474, one female collected on
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<date id="FFBB40D42A2AB27EF66675AB55D26B84" box="[301,451,463,487]" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" value="2011-07-11">11 July 2011</date>
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||
by M. Ogata IABHU F2482) and Suitsu (
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||
<geoCoordinate id="EE3100D32A2AB27EF4FC75AB501C6B84" box="[951,1037,463,487]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" precision="925" value="38.066666">38°4’N</geoCoordinate>
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||
,
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||
<geoCoordinate id="EE3100D32A2AB27EF35775AB509B6B84" box="[1052,1162,463,487]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" precision="925" value="138.55">138°33’E</geoCoordinate>
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||
,
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||
<quantity id="4CFDCBF12A2AB27EF3D275AB50DA6B84" box="[1177,1227,463,487]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" unit="m" value="33.0">33m</quantity>
|
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a.s.l,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D03AD9D2A2AB27EF25E75AB516E6B84" box="[1301,1407,463,487]" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" type="male">10 males</specimenCount>
|
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,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D03AD9D2A2AB27EF2C575AB54E06869" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" type="female">3 females</specimenCount>
|
||
, collected on
|
||
<date id="FFBB40D42A2AB27EF6C7759656326869" box="[396,547,498,522]" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" value="2008-06-22">22 June 2008</date>
|
||
by M. Ogata, IABHU F2483-F2495), Nakaoku (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE3100D32A2AB27EF3077596508E6869" box="[1100,1183,498,522]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" precision="925" value="38.05">38°3’N</geoCoordinate>
|
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<geoCoordinate id="EE3100D32A2AB27EF3ED759651056869" box="[1190,1300,498,522]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" precision="925" value="138.35">138°21’E</geoCoordinate>
|
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,
|
||
<quantity id="4CFDCBF12A2AB27EF26B759651716869" box="[1312,1376,498,522]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8699999999999999" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" unit="m" value="187.0">187m</quantity>
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||
a.s.l, 9 tadpoles, collected on
|
||
<date id="FFBB40D42A2AB27EF6ED76715638684E" box="[422,553,533,557]" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" value="2010-07-01">1 July 2010</date>
|
||
by K. Sekiya, IABHU F2513-F2521).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
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<subSubSection id="C31F359F2A2AB274F78C765356AD6D36" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="58" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BBA66142A2AB27EF78C765357DA68B9" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,731]" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
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<emphasis id="B971BA062A2AB27EF78C765355CE6833" bold="true" box="[199,479,567,592]" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
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Description of
|
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|
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</emphasis>
|
||
(measurements in millimeters). Snout-vent length 37.6; head about as long (14.0) as broad (13.8); snout (5.5) longer than eye (5.0), tip of snout rounded; distance between nostril and eye (3.4) about as same as upper eyelid width (3.3) and internarial distance (3.5), but narrower than interorbital width (4.4), snout dorsally concave and slightly pointed; lore concave; supratympanic fold strong; tympanum conspicuous, diameter (3.8), separated from eye by about one-fifth of tympanum diameter (0.7).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF7A369C2A2AB27EF7DC712750DD6F39" box="[151,1228,1347,1370]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/214636/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" targetBox="[151,1435,785,1325]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBA66142A2AB27EF7DC712750DD6F39" blockId="3.[151,1228,1347,1370]" box="[151,1228,1347,1370]" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A2AB27EF7DC712755026F3A" bold="true" box="[151,275,1347,1370]" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Holotype of
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A2AB27EF6D2712156296F39" box="[409,568,1349,1370]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A2AB27EF6D2712155F46F39" box="[409,485,1349,1370]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rugosa">Rugosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A2AB27EF6A0712156296F39" box="[491,568,1349,1370]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="susurra">susurra</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(KPM-NFA000078) in life. Dorsal side (A) and ventral side (B).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF7A369C2A2AB27EF7DC73C155246DBA" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/214637/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" targetBox="[151,1435,1427,1935]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBA66142A2AB27EF7DC73C155246DBA" blockId="3.[151,1436,1957,2010]" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A2AB27EF7DC73C155076DD9" bold="true" box="[151,278,1957,1980]" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Holotype of
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A2AB27EF6ED73C256586DD8" box="[422,585,1958,1979]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A2AB27EF6ED73C255E36DD8" box="[422,498,1958,1979]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rugosa">Rugosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A2AB27EF6B773C256586DD8" box="[508,585,1958,1979]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="susurra">susurra</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(KPM-NFA000078) in alcohol. Dorsal side (A) and ventral side (B). Scale bars represent 1mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF7A369C2A2DB279F7DC774D57AB695C" box="[151,954,809,832]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/214638/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" targetBox="[152,1435,199,781]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBA66142A2DB279F7DC774D57AB695C" blockId="4.[151,954,809,832]" box="[151,954,809,832]" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A2DB279F7DC774D5502695D" bold="true" box="[151,275,809,832]" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Ventral view of left foot of holotype of
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A2DB279F5E3774E5759695C" box="[680,840,810,831]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A2DB279F5E3774E56E5695C" box="[680,756,810,831]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rugosa">Rugosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A2DB279F5B1774E5759695C" box="[762,840,810,831]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="susurra">susurra</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
in alcohol.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBA66142A2DB279F78C7708507369C4" blockId="4.[151,1436,876,2019]" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">Fingers slender, no webbing, tips of fingers slightly depressed, third finger longer than fourth; subarticular tubercle strong; inner metacarpal tubercle circular; outer metacarpal tubercle elliptical.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBA66142A2DB279F78C77D057936E3D" blockId="4.[151,1436,876,2019]" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">
|
||
Tibia (19.2) about 2.9 times length of arm (6.6); toes slender, tips of toes slightly depressed, web rather well developed, webbing formula:
|
||
<date id="FFBB40D42A2DB279F6A677BD5770698C" box="[493,865,983,1008]" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">I 1 - 2 II 1 - 2 III 1 - 2 IV 2 – 1</date>
|
||
V; excision of membrane between two outer toes reaching near middle subarticular tubercle of fourth toe when toes in contact; inner metatarsal tubercle elliptical, outer metatarsal tubercle weak, tarsal ridge rather strong, skin fold slightly developed on outer margin of fifth toe from near proximal subarticular tubercle to near distal articulation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBA66142A2DB279F78C700E57BA6EC5" blockId="4.[151,1436,876,2019]" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">Dorsal surface with slightly large dermal ridges and minute tubercles, dorso-lateral fold absent, granules on ventral surface of forelimb, hindlimb and abdomen, but absent on jaw.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBA66142A2DB279F78C70D6555D6E8D" blockId="4.[151,1436,876,2019]" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">Nuptial pad developed on dorso-medial area on first finger from base to subarticular tubercle but weakly elongated to tip.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBA66142A2DB279F78C709F50DF6F71" blockId="4.[151,1436,876,2019]" box="[199,1230,1274,1298]" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">Dorsum grayish brown, mid-dorsal stripe weak and slender, black transect line on hindlimb.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBA66142A2DB279F78C717A56CD6F1D" blockId="4.[151,1436,876,2019]" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A2DB279F78C717A55766F54" bold="true" box="[199,359,1310,1335]" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">Colors in life.</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsum almost khaki. Abdomen almost whitish anteriorly, deep yellow posteriorly (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133E7A912A2DB279F25C717A51496F55" box="[1303,1368,1310,1334]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1347,1370]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,785,1325]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,785,1326]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Holotype of Rugosa susurra (KPM-NFA 000078) in life. Dorsal side (A) and ventral side (B)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/214636/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
A and 2B). Similar yellow color is observed on ventral side of arm and ventral side of hindlimb but excluding fifth toe. Some dark brown spots on ventral side of hindlimb.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBA66142A2DB279F78C71EE57FB6CFD" blockId="4.[151,1436,876,2019]" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A2DB279F78C71EE552A6FC0" bold="true" box="[199,315,1418,1443]" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">Variation.</emphasis>
|
||
Females are larger than males in Akitsu population (Table 1A and 1B, t-test, p<0.001). Male has longer tibia, relative to SVL, than female. Tympanum distance, interorbital width, head width, snout length, distance between nostril and eye, internarial distance and head length of male are larger, all relative to SVL, than female (Mann-Whitney U-test, p<0.05). Males of Akitsu population are smaller than males of Suitsu population (ttest, p<0.001). Males of Akitsu have larger head width, relative to SVL, than males of Suitsu (Mann-Whitney Utest, p<0.01). Some individuals of Akitsu have much less weakly skin granule but others no granule (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C68753AF2A2DB279F27F725A519E6C35" box="[1332,1423,1598,1622]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,235,509,530]" captionText="TABLE 2. Distribution of granules on the ventral side of jaw in Rugosa susurra and R. rugosa." pageId="4" pageNumber="53">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
). Ventral colors of some individuals are clear yellow but others less yellow. Mid-dorsal stripe is absent in some individuals (no stripe: Akitsu population=59.1%, Suitsu population=100%).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBA66142A2DB27AF78C72CE550F6BAC" blockId="4.[151,1436,876,2019]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1436,151,463]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="56" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A2DB279F78C72CE55736CA0" bold="true" box="[199,354,1706,1731]" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">Comparison.</emphasis>
|
||
Morphological characters of
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A2DB279F5E472C8574E6CA0" box="[687,863,1708,1731]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A2DB279F5E472C857126CA0" box="[687,771,1708,1731]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rugosa">Rugosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A2DB279F44172C8574E6CA0" box="[778,863,1708,1731]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="susurra">susurra</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
are similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A2DB279F34F72C850606CA0" box="[1028,1137,1708,1731]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rugosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A2DB279F34F72C850606CA0" box="[1028,1137,1708,1731]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">R. rugosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Table 1A and 1B). When
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A2DB279F7DC72B4551C6C84" box="[151,269,1744,1767]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="susurra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A2DB279F7DC72B4551C6C84" box="[151,269,1744,1767]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">R. susurra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is morphologically compared with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A2DB279F5EA72B4571E6C84" box="[673,783,1744,1767]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rugosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A2DB279F5EA72B4571E6C84" box="[673,783,1744,1767]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">R. rugosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from five geographic races, the following differences are detected. In females, head width of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A2DB279F564729056B46D68" box="[559,677,1780,1803]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="susurra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A2DB279F564729056B46D68" box="[559,677,1780,1803]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">R. susurra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, relative to SVL, are shorter than those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A2DB279F3DB729050EE6D68" box="[1168,1279,1780,1803]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rugosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A2DB279F3DB729050EE6D68" box="[1168,1279,1780,1803]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">R. rugosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the ZW race on Sado Island population (Kruskal-wallis test with nonparametric multiple comparison, p<0.05). In males,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A2DB279F2CF737C54FC6D30" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="susurra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A2DB279F2CF737C54FC6D30" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">R. susurra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have longer tibia than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A2DB279F6A1735856466D30" box="[490,599,1852,1875]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rugosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A2DB279F6A1735856466D30" box="[490,599,1852,1875]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">R. rugosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from West-Japan race, shorter snout length than the XY race, all relative to SVL (Kruskal-wallis test with nonparametric multiple comparison, p<0.05). Most of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A2DB279F310730450D86D14" box="[1115,1225,1888,1911]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rugosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A2DB279F310730450D86D14" box="[1115,1225,1888,1911]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">R. rugosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(95.6%) have tiny granules especially around ventral surface of jaw, whereas most of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A2DB279F4C973E057E66DF8" box="[898,1015,1924,1947]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="susurra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A2DB279F4C973E057E66DF8" box="[898,1015,1924,1947]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">R. susurra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(94.1%) do not have any there (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C68753AF2A2DB279F21773E654B66DDD" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,235,509,530]" captionText="TABLE 2. Distribution of granules on the ventral side of jaw in Rugosa susurra and R. rugosa." pageId="4" pageNumber="53">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
, Chi-square test, p<0.001). A deep yellow coloration of abdomen and ventral surface of hindlimb is observed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A2DB279F7DC73A8551D6D80" box="[151,268,1996,2019]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="susurra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A2DB279F7DC73A8551D6D80" box="[151,268,1996,2019]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">R. susurra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but not in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A2DB279F6CE73A8571A6D81" authority="Maeda & Matsui 1999" authorityName="Maeda & Matsui" authorityYear="1999" box="[389,779,1994,2019]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rugosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A2DB279F6CE73A855E36D80" box="[389,498,1996,2019]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">R. rugosa</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF941BE52A2DB279F54B73AE57126D81" author="Maeda" box="[512,771,1994,2018]" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" refString="Maeda, N. & Matsui, M. (1999) Frogs and toads of Japan. Revised edition. Bun-Ichi Sogo Shuppan, Tokyo, 223 pp. (in Japanese with English abstract)" type="book" year="1999">Maeda & Matsui 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Also,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A2DB279F41273A857DF6D80" box="[857,974,1996,2019]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="susurra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A2DB279F41273A857DF6D80" box="[857,974,1996,2019]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">R. susurra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from other species of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A2EB27AF7DC74FD54FA6AD3" box="[151,235,153,176]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rugosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A2EB27AF7DC74FD54FA6AD3" box="[151,235,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">Rugosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the following characters (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF941BE52A2EB27AF56674F356AB6ACC" author="Chang" box="[557,698,151,175]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" refString="Chang, T. K. (1933) Two new amphibian records from Chekiang. Peking Natural History Bulletin, 8, 75 - 80." type="journal article" year="1933">Chang 1933</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF941BE52A2EB27AF58D74F3577E6ACC" author="Nikolsky" box="[710,879,151,175]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" refString="Nikolsky, A. M. (1918) Fauna of Russia and adjacent countries. Amphibia. Israel program for Scientific Translation, Jerusalem, 225 pp. (Original in Russian)" type="book" year="1918">Nikolsky 1918</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF941BE52A2EB27AF43074F350076ACC" author="Fei" box="[891,1046,151,176]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" refString="Fei, L., Ye, C. & Huang, Y. (1991 '' 1990 '') Key to Chinese amphibians. Publishing house for scientific and technological literature, Chongqing, 364 pp. (in Chinese)" type="book" year="1991">
|
||
Fei
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A2EB27AF4ED74FD57C66AD3" box="[934,983,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">et al</emphasis>
|
||
.1991
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
“1990”; 2005): dorsal surface with slightly large dermal ridges and minute tubercles (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A2EB27AF5AA74D957926AB7" box="[737,899,189,212]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tientaiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A2EB27AF5AA74D957926AB7" box="[737,899,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">R. tientaiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has oval or elongated narrow warts on dorsal surface,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF941BE52A2EB27AF7B774BB559A6A94" author="Chang" box="[252,395,223,247]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" refString="Chang, T. K. (1933) Two new amphibian records from Chekiang. Peking Natural History Bulletin, 8, 75 - 80." type="journal article" year="1933">Chang 1933</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and smooth ventral skin without granule especially around jaw (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A2EB27AF3E9748551536A9B" box="[1186,1346,224,248]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="emeljanovi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A2EB27AF3E9748551536A9B" box="[1186,1346,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">R. emeljanovi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A2EB27AF2CF748555066B7F" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tientaiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A2EB27AF2CF748555066B7F" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">R. tientaiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have rough skin both on dorsum and ventral side,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF941BE52A2EB27AF411756057F66B7F" author="Chang" box="[858,999,260,284]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" refString="Chang, T. K. (1933) Two new amphibian records from Chekiang. Peking Natural History Bulletin, 8, 75 - 80." type="journal article" year="1933">Chang 1933</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF941BE52A2EB27AF4BF7560508D6B7F" author="Fei" box="[1012,1180,260,284]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" refString="Fei, L., Ye, C. & Huang, Y. (1991 '' 1990 '') Key to Chinese amphibians. Publishing house for scientific and technological literature, Chongqing, 364 pp. (in Chinese)" type="book" year="1991">
|
||
Fei
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A2EB27AF36B756150406B7F" box="[1056,1105,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1991
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
“1990”; 2005). Ventral surface is deep yellow (dirty-yellow in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A2EB27AF506754D578F6B5C" authority="Nikolsky 1918" authorityName="Nikolsky" authorityYear="1918" box="[589,926,295,320]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="emeljanovi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A2EB27AF506754D56F66B23" box="[589,743,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">R. emeljanovi</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF941BE52A2EB27AF5BF7543578F6B5C" author="Nikolsky" box="[756,926,295,319]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" refString="Nikolsky, A. M. (1918) Fauna of Russia and adjacent countries. Amphibia. Israel program for Scientific Translation, Jerusalem, 225 pp. (Original in Russian)" type="book" year="1918">Nikolsky 1918</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Since the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A2EB27AF32C754C50FB6B23" box="[1127,1258,296,320]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Glandirana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A2EB27AF32C754C50FB6B23" box="[1127,1258,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">Glandirana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was considered as related with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A2EB27AF6037529558D6B07" box="[328,412,333,356]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rugosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A2EB27AF6037529558D6B07" box="[328,412,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">Rugosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF941BE52A2EB27AF6E7752856756B07" author="Che" box="[428,612,332,356]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" refString="Che, J., Pang, J., Zhao, H., Wu, G., Zhao, E. & Zhang, Y. (2007) Phylogeny of Raninae (Anura: Ranidae) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 43, 1 - 13." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Che
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A2EB27AF6AF752956096B07" box="[484,536,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), we compared
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A2EB27AF450752957836B07" box="[795,914,333,356]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="susurra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A2EB27AF4507529573D6B07" box="[795,812,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A2EB27AF477752957836B07" box="[828,914,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">susurra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A2EB27AF487752950506B07" box="[972,1089,333,356]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Glandirana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minima">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A2EB27AF487752957CC6B07" box="[972,989,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">G</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A2EB27AF4A6752950506B07" box="[1005,1089,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">minima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to clarify their morphological difference.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A2EB27AF65D7515559B6BEB" box="[278,394,368,392]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="susurra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A2EB27AF65D751555366BEB" box="[278,295,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A2EB27AF67E7515559B6BEB" box="[309,394,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">susurra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A2EB27AF554751456836BEB" box="[543,658,368,392]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Glandirana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minima">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A2EB27AF554751456216BE4" box="[543,560,368,391]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">G</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A2EB27AF575751556836BEB" box="[574,658,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">minima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the following characters: webbing on toes is well developed (halfwebbed on toes in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A2EB27AF62375F1569A6BCF" authority="Fei et al. 1991" authorityName="Fei et al." authorityYear="1991" box="[360,651,404,428]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Glandirana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minima">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A2EB27AF62375F155CB6BCF" box="[360,474,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">G. minima</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF941BE52A2EB27AF6AC75F0569A6BCF" author="Fei" box="[487,651,404,428]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" refString="Fei, L., Ye, C. & Huang, Y. (1991 '' 1990 '') Key to Chinese amphibians. Publishing house for scientific and technological literature, Chongqing, 364 pp. (in Chinese)" type="book" year="1991">
|
||
Fei
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A2EB27AF55975F156526BCF" box="[530,579,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1991
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
“1990”), and ventral surface is deep yellow (gray in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A2EB27AF39975F151916BCF" authority="Ting" authorityName="Ting" box="[1234,1408,404,428]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Glandirana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minima">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A2EB27AF39975F151546BCF" box="[1234,1349,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">G. minima</emphasis>
|
||
Ting
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
& Ts’ai 1979).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF7A369C2A2EB27AF7DC7599504F6870" box="[151,1118,509,531]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBA66142A2EB27AF7DC7599504F6870" blockId="7.[151,1401,509,953]" box="[151,1118,509,531]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A2EB27AF7DC759955156871" bold="true" box="[151,260,509,530]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">TABLE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Distribution of granules on the ventral side of jaw in
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A2EB27AF46F759A57D26870" box="[804,963,510,531]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A2EB27AF46F759A57616870" box="[804,880,510,531]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rugosa">Rugosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A2EB27AF43D759A57D26870" box="[886,963,510,531]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="susurra">susurra</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A2EB27AF4BF759A504B6870" box="[1012,1114,510,531]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rugosa">R. rugosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBA66142A2EB27AF7D4764A51686827" blockId="7.[151,1401,509,953]" box="[159,1401,558,580]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">Species Locality Number of frogs with granules Number of frogs without granules</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBA66142A2EB27AF61876295139680D" blockId="7.[151,1401,509,953]" box="[339,1320,589,622]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">(Geographic race) Male Female Male Female</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBA66142A2EB27AF7D476E650FA68A3" blockId="7.[151,1401,509,953]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A2EB27AF7D476E6552F68F4" box="[159,318,642,663]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A2EB27AF7D476E654FA68F4" box="[159,235,642,663]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rugosa">Rugosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A2EB27AF7BA76E6552F68F4" authority="Akitsu" authorityName="Akitsu" box="[241,318,642,663]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="susurra">susurra</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Akitsu
|
||
<date id="FFBB40D42A2EB27AF5F676E6502868F4" box="[701,1081,642,663]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" value="2011-01-01">1 1 11</date>
|
||
8 Suitsu 0 0 10 3
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBA66142A2EB27AF7D476B150FA69DB" blockId="7.[151,1401,509,953]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A2EB27AF7D476B155266889" box="[159,311,725,746]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A2EB27AF7D476B154FA6889" box="[159,235,725,746]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rugosa">Rugosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A2EB27AF7BA76B155266889" authority="Akadama" authorityName="Akadama" box="[241,311,725,746]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rugosa">rugosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Akadama (ZW) 8 6 0 0 Nagaoka (ZW) 6 5 0 0 Hitachi-Oomiya (East-Japan)
|
||
<date id="FFBB40D42A2EB27AF5F67743503F695F" box="[701,1070,807,828]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" value="2011-04-08">11 8 4</date>
|
||
0 Motosu (XY) 14 2 0 0 Kinomoto (Neo-ZW) 8 3 0 0 Higashi-Hiroshima (West-Japan) 9 6 0 0
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBA66142A2EB27AF78C779957006E3E" blockId="7.[151,1436,1021,2017]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A2EB27AF78C779955166E76" bold="true" box="[199,263,1021,1045]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">Eggs.</emphasis>
|
||
A female (IABHU F2482 collected from Akitsu on
|
||
<date id="FFBB40D42A2EB27AF406779957CD6E76" box="[845,988,1021,1045]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" value="2011-07-11">11 July 2011</date>
|
||
) contained a total of 710 matured ova in a pair of ovaries. The diameter of twenty ova ranged from
|
||
<quantity id="4CFDCBF12A2EB27AF460704557D06E5A" box="[811,961,1057,1081]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" unit="mm" value="1.35" valueMax="1.5" valueMin="1.2">1.2 to 1.5mm</quantity>
|
||
(mean±2SE=1.38±0.04). The animal pole is dark brown while the vegetable pole is cream in color.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBA66142A2EB27AF78C700E512C6F3A" blockId="7.[151,1436,1021,2017]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A2EB27AF78C700E553C6EE1" bold="true" box="[199,301,1130,1154]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">Tadpole.</emphasis>
|
||
Developmental stages of the nine tadpoles (IABHU F2513-F2521 collected from Nakaoku) varied from St.29 to St.42. In preserved specimens, dorsum almost grayish brown, abdomen white (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133E7A912A2EB27AF3F370E950EC6EC6" box="[1208,1277,1165,1189]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1527,1550]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,301,1505]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,301,1506]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Tadpole of Rugosa susurra (IABHU F 2521). Dorsal (A), ventral (B) and lateral (C) views. Developmental stage is 41 (Gosner 1961). Scale bars represent 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/214639/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
). Tail and tail fin fine and grayish brown network. A lot of small white spots were distributed on entire body including tail fin. Head and body oval shaped, body slightly rounded below. Dermal ridges strongly on the dorsum of tadpoles at St.41 and St.42. Head-body length of two tadpoles at St.29 was
|
||
<quantity id="4CFDCBF12A2EB27AF42F709D57D06F72" box="[868,961,1273,1297]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.65" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" unit="mm" value="16.5">16.5mm</quantity>
|
||
and 18.0mm and that of tadpoles at St. 31 and St. 32 was
|
||
<quantity id="4CFDCBF12A2EB27AF608717955B96F56" box="[323,424,1309,1333]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.91" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" unit="mm" value="19.1">19.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
and
|
||
<quantity id="4CFDCBF12A2EB27AF694717956576F56" box="[479,582,1309,1333]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9899999999999998" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" unit="mm" value="19.9">19.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Head-body length of four tadpoles at St.41 and St.42 varied from
|
||
<quantity id="4CFDCBF12A2EB27AF2737179518D6F56" box="[1336,1436,1309,1333]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.26" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" unit="mm" value="22.6">22.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
to 27.0 mm whereas that of tadpole at St. 39 is 25.0 mm. Tail fin slightly develop around the center of tail.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBA66142A2EB27AF78C710155AA6FA6" blockId="7.[151,1436,1021,2017]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">Oral slightly below. Dental formula of six tadpoles (St.29-St.32 and St.39-St.42) was 1:1+1/1+1:2 having relatively large interrupted portion on upper dentition, while that of the remaining three tadpoles was 1:1+1/3 (St.41) or 1/1+1:2 (St.29).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBA66142A2EB27AF78C71B655FA6CFE" blockId="7.[151,1436,1021,2017]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A2EB27AF78C71B6550B6F89" bold="true" box="[199,282,1490,1514]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">Range.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A2EB27AF66971B655C26F8A" box="[290,467,1490,1513]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A2EB27AF66971B655676F8A" box="[290,374,1490,1513]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rugosa">Rugosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A2EB27AF63571B655C26F8A" box="[382,467,1490,1513]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="susurra">susurra</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is mainly distributed in the Kuninaka Plain of Sado Island including the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54BED8B62A2EB27AF25B71B651516F89" box="[1296,1344,1490,1514]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133E7A912A2EB27AF7D4719154F36C6E" box="[159,226,1525,1549]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,1761,1784]" captionTargetBox="[249,1345,929,1721]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[249,1347,929,1721]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Distribution map of the five geographic races of Rugosa rugosa and the localities of specimens (closed circle) used in this study including those (yellow circle) of R. susurra in Sado Island. Circles without number are the localities of R. rugosa on Sado Island referred from Sekiya et al. (2010). Chromosomes 7 are given for the groups except Neo-ZW. Names of localities are as follows: 1, Nagaoka; 2, Hitachi-Oomiya; 3, Motosu; 4, Kinomoto; 5, Higashi-Hiroshima; 6, Umetsu; 7, Nagae; 8, Akitsu; 9, Suitsu; 10, Tassya; 11, Ogawa; 12, Nakaoku; 13, Niibo-Iuchi; 14, Akadama; 15, Hamochi-Ohashi." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/214635/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
), not in any areas outside Sado Island,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31226842A2EB27AF5E3719256FA6C6E" box="[680,747,1526,1549]" name="Japan" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Five localities are known other than the three as mentioned above, Umetsu (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE3100D32A2EB27AF61A727D55B76C52" box="[337,422,1561,1585]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" precision="925" value="38.1">38°6’N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE3100D32A2EB27AF6F8727D56336C52" box="[435,546,1561,1585]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" precision="925" value="138.4">138°24’E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4CFDCBF12A2EB27AF565727D56716C52" box="[558,608,1561,1585]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" unit="m" value="75.0">75m</quantity>
|
||
a.s.l.), Nagae (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE3100D32A2EB27AF445727D57736C52" box="[782,866,1561,1585]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" precision="925" value="38.083332">38°5’N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE3100D32A2EB27AF43B727D57CF6C52" box="[880,990,1561,1585]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" precision="925" value="138.38333">138°23’E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4CFDCBF12A2EB27AF4A0727D500D6C52" box="[1003,1052,1561,1585]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.4" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" unit="m" value="54.0">54m</quantity>
|
||
a.s.l), Tassya (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE3100D32A2EB27AF38C727D510C6C52" box="[1223,1309,1561,1585]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" precision="925" value="38.066666">38°4’N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE3100D32A2EB27AF261727D51866C52" box="[1322,1431,1561,1585]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" precision="925" value="138.25">138°15’E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4CFDCBF12A2EB27AF7DC725A54D96C36" box="[151,200,1598,1621]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.7" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" unit="m" value="77.0">77m</quantity>
|
||
a.s.l.), Ogawa (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE3100D32A2EB27AF630725955DE6C36" box="[379,463,1597,1621]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" precision="925" value="38.05">38°3’N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE3100D32A2EB27AF697725956586C36" box="[476,585,1597,1621]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" precision="925" value="138.25">138°15’E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4CFDCBF12A2EB27AF51E725956966C36" box="[597,647,1597,1621]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" unit="m" value="29.0">29m</quantity>
|
||
a.s.l.), Niibo-Iuchi (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE3100D32A2EB27AF426725957D36C36" box="[877,962,1597,1621]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" precision="925" value="38.016666">38°1’N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE3100D32A2EB27AF4857259502D6C36" box="[974,1084,1597,1621]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" precision="925" value="138.45">138°27’E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4CFDCBF12A2EB27AF30C725950966C36" box="[1095,1159,1597,1621]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.02" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" unit="m" value="102.0">102m</quantity>
|
||
a.s.l.). The elevations of the eight localities range from
|
||
<quantity id="4CFDCBF12A2EB27AF6A57205560E6C1A" box="[494,543,1633,1657]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" unit="m" value="11.0">11m</quantity>
|
||
to
|
||
<quantity id="4CFDCBF12A2EB27AF508720556936C1A" box="[579,642,1633,1657]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8699999999999999" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" unit="m" value="187.0">187m</quantity>
|
||
(in a.s.l.). Five of the eight localities are on the Kuninaka Plain (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133E7A912A2EB27AF210720551866C1A" box="[1371,1431,1633,1657]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,1761,1784]" captionTargetBox="[249,1345,929,1721]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[249,1347,929,1721]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Distribution map of the five geographic races of Rugosa rugosa and the localities of specimens (closed circle) used in this study including those (yellow circle) of R. susurra in Sado Island. Circles without number are the localities of R. rugosa on Sado Island referred from Sekiya et al. (2010). Chromosomes 7 are given for the groups except Neo-ZW. Names of localities are as follows: 1, Nagaoka; 2, Hitachi-Oomiya; 3, Motosu; 4, Kinomoto; 5, Higashi-Hiroshima; 6, Umetsu; 7, Nagae; 8, Akitsu; 9, Suitsu; 10, Tassya; 11, Ogawa; 12, Nakaoku; 13, Niibo-Iuchi; 14, Akadama; 15, Hamochi-Ohashi." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/214635/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">Fig.1</figureCitation>
|
||
, No.6–No.8 and No.12–No.13)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBA66142A2EB27AF78C72CD518D6D82" blockId="7.[151,1436,1021,2017]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A2EB27AF78C72CD551B6CA1" bold="true" box="[199,266,1705,1730]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">Calls.</emphasis>
|
||
A total of five calls from one male of
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A2EB27AF5BB72CE57B66CA2" box="[752,935,1706,1729]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A2EB27AF5BB72CE57556CA2" box="[752,836,1706,1729]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rugosa">Rugosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A2EB27AF41A72CE57B66CA2" box="[849,935,1706,1729]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="susurra">susurra</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
were recorded in Akitsu at air and water temperatures of 18.5°C and 21.5°C, respectively. Call duration ranged from
|
||
<date id="FFBB40D42A2EB27AF36772A950DB6C86" box="[1068,1226,1741,1765]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" value="1112" valueMax="1646">1112 to 1646</date>
|
||
ms (mean±SD = 1341.7±226.9 ms), whereas number of pulse in a single call ranged from 67 to 93 (mean±SD = 78.8±11.6) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133E7A912A2EB27AF2017295519E6D6A" box="[1354,1423,1777,1801]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1888,1911]" captionTargetBox="[165,1435,1637,1856]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,1637,1867]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. Spectrogram of an advertisement call of Rugosa susurra. Air temperature and water temperature are 18.5 ° C and 21.5 ° C, respectively" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/214640/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
). When the male frog was calling, we could not observe any apparent expansion of vocal sac as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A2EB27AF38E737251226D4E" box="[1221,1331,1814,1837]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rugosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A2EB27AF38E737250C76D4E" box="[1221,1238,1814,1837]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A2EB27AF3AE737251226D4E" box="[1253,1331,1814,1837]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">rugosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is doing. Recording at laboratory was conducted at air temperatures of 24.6–26.8°C for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A2EB27AF343735E506C6D32" box="[1032,1149,1850,1873]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="susurra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A2EB27AF343735E506C6D32" box="[1032,1149,1850,1873]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">R. susurra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
collected from Akitsu on
|
||
<date id="FFBB40D42A2EB27AF7DC733955206D16" box="[151,305,1885,1910]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" value="2011-05-30">30 May 2011</date>
|
||
(IABHU F
|
||
<date id="FFBB40D42A2EB27AF6FC733956236D16" box="[439,562,1885,1909]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" value="2472" valueMax="2474">2472-2474</date>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A2EB27AF53D733A56F76D16" box="[630,742,1886,1909]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rugosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A2EB27AF53D733A56F76D16" box="[630,742,1886,1909]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">R. rugosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Akadama on Sado Island on
|
||
<date id="FFBB40D42A2EB27AF3C87339510F6D16" box="[1155,1310,1885,1910]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" value="2011-05-30">30 May 2011</date>
|
||
(ZW race, IABHU F
|
||
<date id="FFBB40D42A2EB27AF64373E555976DFA" box="[264,390,1921,1945]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" value="2504" valueMax="2506">2504-2506</date>
|
||
). A total of 16 calls (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A2EB27AF53373E656FC6DFA" box="[632,749,1922,1945]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="susurra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A2EB27AF53373E656FC6DFA" box="[632,749,1922,1945]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">R. susurra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and 19 calls (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A2EB27AF4D273E650166DFA" box="[921,1031,1922,1945]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rugosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A2EB27AF4D273E650166DFA" box="[921,1031,1922,1945]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">R. rugosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) were recorded. Call duration of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A2EB27AF2CF73E654FC6DDE" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="susurra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A2EB27AF2CF73E654FC6DDE" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">R. susurra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is much longer than that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A2EB27AF57973C256B06DDE" box="[562,673,1958,1981]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rugosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A2EB27AF57973C256B06DDE" box="[562,673,1958,1981]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">R. rugosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A2EB27AF5F873C257396DDE" box="[691,808,1958,1981]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="susurra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A2EB27AF5F873C257396DDE" box="[691,808,1958,1981]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">R. susurra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, mean±SD = 1333.5±382.4ms;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A2EB27AF3DD73C251156DDE" box="[1174,1284,1958,1981]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rugosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A2EB27AF3DD73C251156DDE" box="[1174,1284,1958,1981]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">R. rugosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, mean±SD = 111.7±9.1ms, t-test p<0.05). Also, number of pulse in a single call is completely different between them (
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A2EB27AF2CF73AE518D6D82" box="[1412,1436,1994,2017]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">R.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBA66142A21B275F7DC74FD55146A94" blockId="8.[151,1436,151,247]" pageId="8" pageNumber="57">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A21B275F7DC74FD54FD6AD3" box="[151,236,153,176]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="susurra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A21B275F7DC74FD54FD6AD3" box="[151,236,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="57">susurra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, mean±SD =63.0±6.4;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A21B275F6BF74FD56736AD3" box="[500,610,153,176]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rugosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A21B275F6BF74FD56736AD3" box="[500,610,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="57">R. rugosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 6.8±0.7, p<0.005, t-test). In the three male specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A21B275F3BB74FD51756AD3" box="[1264,1380,152,176]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="susurra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A21B275F3BB74FD51106AD3" box="[1264,1281,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="57">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A21B275F24474FD51756AD3" box="[1295,1380,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="57">susurra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, any vocal sac and vocal opening could not be identified inside the mouth by dissection. Therefore,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A21B275F39874D9515B6AB7" box="[1235,1354,189,212]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="susurra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A21B275F39874D9515B6AB7" box="[1235,1354,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="57">R. susurra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has no vocal sac.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF7A369C2A21B275F7DC719356736C4F" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/214639/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="57" targetBox="[151,1435,301,1505]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBA66142A21B275F7DC719356736C4F" blockId="8.[151,1436,1527,1580]" pageId="8" pageNumber="57">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A21B275F7DC719355036C6E" bold="true" box="[151,274,1527,1550]" pageId="8" pageNumber="57">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Tadpole of
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A21B275F6C0719D56386C6D" box="[395,553,1529,1550]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="57">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A21B275F6C0719D55C66C6D" box="[395,471,1529,1550]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rugosa">Rugosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A21B275F697719D56386C6D" box="[476,553,1529,1550]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="susurra">susurra</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(IABHU F2521). Dorsal (A), ventral (B) and lateral (C) views. Developmental stage is 41 (Gosner 1961). Scale bars represent 1mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF7A369C2A21B275F7DC730455746DF6" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/214640/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="57" targetBox="[165,1435,1637,1856]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBA66142A21B275F7DC730455746DF6" blockId="8.[151,1435,1888,1941]" pageId="8" pageNumber="57">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A21B275F7DC730455026D15" bold="true" box="[151,275,1888,1911]" pageId="8" pageNumber="57">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
|
||
Spectrogram of an advertisement call of
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A21B275F5F57306574F6D14" box="[702,862,1890,1911]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="57">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A21B275F5F57306571B6D14" box="[702,778,1890,1911]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rugosa">Rugosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A21B275F45A7306574F6D14" box="[785,862,1890,1911]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="susurra">susurra</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
. Air temperature and water temperature are 18.5°C and 21.5°C, respectively
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBA66142A20B274F78C74FC50356B07" blockId="9.[151,1436,151,356]" pageId="9" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A20B274F78C74FC55966AD3" bold="true" box="[199,391,151,176]" pageId="9" pageNumber="58">Natural history.</emphasis>
|
||
Adult frogs of
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A20B274F57774FD56FF6AD3" box="[572,750,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A20B274F57774FD56816AD3" box="[572,656,153,176]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rugosa">Rugosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A20B274F5D274FD56FF6AD3" box="[665,750,153,176]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="susurra">susurra</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
are always observed near the water, such as in rims of rice field, small streams and ponds. Egg masses laid are attached to short withered branches or water grass (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133E7A912A20B274F20C74D8519C6AB7" box="[1351,1421,188,212]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1365,1388]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,409,1343]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,409,1344]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 7. Egg masses of Rugosa susurra from Tassya on Sado Island." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/214641/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="58">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
). Breeding seems to occur from middle May to early August, because egg masses are observed in ponds during the season. In winter, both adult frogs and tadpoles are observed in the mud under water. Thus, the tadpoles of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A20B274F2CF756154FC6B23" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="susurra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A20B274F2CF756154FC6B23" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="58">R. susurra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can hibernate successfully like those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A20B274F5A8754D509D6B5C" authority="Maeda & Matsui 1999" authorityName="Maeda & Matsui" authorityYear="1999" box="[739,1164,295,320]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rugosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A20B274F5A8754D56E56B23" box="[739,756,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="58">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A20B274F442754D57466B23" box="[777,855,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="58">rugosa</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF941BE52A20B274F427754350956B5C" author="Maeda" box="[876,1156,295,319]" pageId="9" pageNumber="58" refString="Maeda, N. & Matsui, M. (1999) Frogs and toads of Japan. Revised edition. Bun-Ichi Sogo Shuppan, Tokyo, 223 pp. (in Japanese with English abstract)" type="book" year="1999">Maeda & Matsui 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, although we have no information whether all tadpoles that are produced in the season hibernate or not.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF7A369C2A20B274F7DC713157666F08" box="[151,887,1365,1388]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/214641/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="58" targetBox="[151,1435,409,1343]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBA66142A20B274F7DC713157666F08" blockId="9.[151,887,1365,1388]" box="[151,887,1365,1388]" pageId="9" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A20B274F7DC713155026F08" bold="true" box="[151,275,1365,1388]" pageId="9" pageNumber="58">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
|
||
Egg masses of
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A20B274F6FA713356436F0F" box="[433,594,1367,1388]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A20B274F6FA713355EC6F0F" box="[433,509,1367,1388]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rugosa">Rugosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A20B274F54F713356436F0F" box="[516,594,1367,1388]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="susurra">susurra</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
from Tassya on Sado Island.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBA66142A20B274F78C71D650B56C72" blockId="9.[151,1436,1457,1986]" pageId="9" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A20B274F78C71D6555F6FA9" bold="true" box="[199,334,1458,1482]" pageId="9" pageNumber="58">Karyotype.</emphasis>
|
||
2n= 26 (males and females) with no heteromorphic pair of sex chromosomes, and the chromosome 7 is very similar in morphology and late replicating banding pattern to that of East-Japan (Kanto) race of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A20B274F7FE719F55336C71" box="[181,290,1531,1554]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rugosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A20B274F7FE719F55336C71" box="[181,290,1531,1554]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="58">R. rugosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, suggesting their genetically close relationship (cf.
|
||
<figureCitation id="133E7A912A20B274F42F719D57B46C72" box="[868,933,1529,1553]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1957,1980]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,1427,1935]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,1427,1936]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 3. Holotype of Rugosa susurra (KPM-NFA 000078) in alcohol. Dorsal side (A) and ventral side (B). Scale bars represent 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/214637/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="58">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<quantity id="4CFDCBF12A20B274F4DC719D57B46C72" box="[919,933,1529,1553]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" pageId="9" pageNumber="58" unit="in" value="3.0">3</quantity>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF941BE52A20B274F482719D50896C72" author="Sekiya" box="[969,1176,1529,1554]" pageId="9" pageNumber="58" refString="Sekiya, K., Ohtani, H., Ogata, M. & Miura, I. (2010) Phyletic diversity in the frog Rana rugosa (Anura: Ranidae) with special reference to a unique morphotype found from Sado Island, Japan. Current Herpetology, 29, 69 - 78." type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Sekiya
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A20B274F357719F505D6C71" box="[1052,1100,1530,1554]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="58">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBA66142A20B274F78C727A56AD6D36" blockId="9.[151,1436,1457,1986]" pageId="9" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A20B274F78C727A55DC6C55" bold="true" box="[199,461,1566,1590]" pageId="9" pageNumber="58">Molecular phylogeny.</emphasis>
|
||
The bootstrap consensus tree of mitochondrial genes was constructed by maximum likelihood method (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133E7A912A20B274F639722555A76C3A" box="[370,438,1601,1625]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="10.[151,250,911,934]" captionTargetBox="[167,1436,180,874]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,180,889]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 8. Maximum-likelihood tree based on the 867 bp sequences of the mitochondrial 12 S rRNA and 16 S rRNA genes of genus Rugosa. Numeral at each node denotes the bootstrap support (% in 1000 replicates). R. susurra indicates a specimen from Akitsu in Sado Island (AB 430349). East-Japan (AB 430340), West-Japan (AB 430341), XY (AB 430342), Neo-ZW (AB 430343), ZW 1 (AB 430345) and ZW 2 (AB 430344) indicate specimens from Isehara City in Kanagawa Prefecture, Miyoshi City in Hiroshima Prefecture, Ohtsu City in Shiga Prefecture, Kanazawa City in Ishikawa Prefecture and Niigata City in Niigata Prefecture, respectively. ZW-Sado (AB 430352) indicates a specimen from Hamochi-Ohashi in Sado Island. See other abbreviations in the text." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/214642/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="58">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A20B274F680722756656C39" box="[459,628,1603,1626]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A20B274F6807227560E6C39" box="[459,543,1603,1626]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rugosa">Rugosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A20B274F56D722756656C39" box="[550,628,1603,1626]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rugosa">rugosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
comprises two main lineages: one contains East-Japan (Kanto), XY and Neo-ZW races, while the other contains West-Japan and ZW races.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A20B274F4F3720350206C1D" box="[952,1073,1639,1662]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="susurra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A20B274F4F3720350206C1D" box="[952,1073,1639,1662]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="58">R. susurra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was always clustered with the lineage comprising East-Japan (Kanto), XY and Neo-ZW races of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A20B274F4E872EF50026CC1" box="[931,1043,1675,1698]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rugosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A20B274F4E872EF50026CC1" box="[931,1043,1675,1698]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="58">R. rugosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the three topologies with high bootstrap probability. Topologies of the other two methods were almost the same as that of
|
||
<figureCitation id="133E7A912A20B274F3FF72C950E86CA6" box="[1204,1273,1709,1733]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1888,1911]" captionTargetBox="[165,1435,1637,1856]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,1637,1867]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. Spectrogram of an advertisement call of Rugosa susurra. Air temperature and water temperature are 18.5 ° C and 21.5 ° C, respectively" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/214640/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="58">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
, although two sequences of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A20B274F67B72B755DA6C89" box="[304,459,1746,1770]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="emeljanovi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A20B274F67B72B755DA6C89" box="[304,459,1746,1770]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="58">R. emeljanovi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were clustered with the linage (East-Japan +XY+Neo-ZW +
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A20B274F3CE72B750EA6C89" box="[1157,1275,1747,1770]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="susurra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A20B274F3CE72B750EA6C89" box="[1157,1275,1747,1770]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="58">R. susurra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in maximum parsimony methods with low bootstrap probability (<50%). DNA distances between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A20B274F31D729350DD6D6D" box="[1110,1228,1782,1806]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="susurra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A20B274F31D729350766D6D" box="[1110,1127,1783,1806]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="58">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A20B274F33D729350DD6D6D" box="[1142,1228,1783,1806]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="58">susurra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A20B274F24F729351636D6D" box="[1284,1394,1782,1806]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rugosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A20B274F24F729351046D6D" box="[1284,1301,1783,1806]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="58">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A20B274F26F729351636D6D" box="[1316,1394,1783,1806]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="58">rugosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are 0.041 to 0.062 whereas those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A20B274F548737F56696D51" box="[515,632,1818,1842]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="susurra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A20B274F548737F56056D51" box="[515,532,1819,1842]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="58">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A20B274F569737F56696D51" box="[546,632,1819,1842]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="58">susurra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the remaining three species are 0.068–0.075 (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A20B274F3E7737F51546D51" box="[1196,1349,1818,1842]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="emeljanovi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A20B274F3E7737F50AC6D51" box="[1196,1213,1819,1842]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="58">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A20B274F380737E51546D51" box="[1227,1349,1818,1842]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="58">emeljanovi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), 0.071 (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A20B274F7EB735B552F6D35" box="[160,318,1854,1878]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tientaiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A20B274F7EB735B54A06D35" box="[160,177,1855,1878]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="58">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A20B274F7F4735B552F6D35" box="[191,318,1855,1878]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="58">tientaiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and 0.096 (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A20B274F685735A56BA6D35" box="[462,683,1854,1878]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Glandirana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minima">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A20B274F685735A56BA6D35" box="[462,683,1854,1878]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="58">Glandirana minima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31F359F2A20B274F78C730650D76DA2" pageId="9" pageNumber="58" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBA66142A20B274F78C730650D76DA2" blockId="9.[151,1436,1457,1986]" pageId="9" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A20B274F78C7306555F6D19" bold="true" box="[199,334,1890,1914]" pageId="9" pageNumber="58">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
The specific epithet is derived from "susurrus" in Latin meaning “whispering”. The advertisement call of
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A20B274F7A773E355B16DFD" box="[236,416,1927,1950]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A20B274F7A773E355516DFD" box="[236,320,1927,1950]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rugosa">Rugosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A20B274F60173E355B16DFD" box="[330,416,1927,1950]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="susurra">susurra</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is much quieter than those of other anuran species in the same locality (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A20B274F3B273E254E46DA2" authority="Gunther" authorityName="Gunther" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Hyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A20B274F3B273E2518D6DFD" box="[1273,1436,1926,1950]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="58">Hyla japonica</emphasis>
|
||
Günther
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C051D972A20B274F7B473CE56F96DA2" authority="Okada and Kawano" authorityName="Okada and Kawano" box="[255,744,1961,1986]" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" genus="Rhacophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arboreus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971BA062A20B274F7B473CE56116DA1" box="[255,512,1962,1986]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="58">Rhacophorus arboreus</emphasis>
|
||
Okada and Kawano
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and sounds like whispering among them.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |