treatments-xml/data/03/93/85/03938550FF8AF07CFF79A2B1EE40E639.xml

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<mods:title id="05FFBD4478724991BC70FE9D305B775F">Morphological, Anatomical, Palynological and Karyological Studies on Endemic Alyssum kaynakiae (Brassicaceae) from Southwest Region of Turkey</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="746D6C3C068930A8F9B75D3654E11FBE">Aktürk, Ceren</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="0078D9DB2F522FECD29E33F90341B7FA">Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Biruni University, Istanbul, Turkey. &amp; Department of Biology, Faculty of Art and Science, Bursa Uludağ University, Bursa, Turkey. &amp; cerenakturk 5 @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 0927 - 7308</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="0C7749F987EB254DD62F6EDDE5B9C1EF">Yilmaz, Özer</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="6DD5DAAAFDD35983156894DC1554D5B0">Department of Biology, Faculty of Art and Science, Bursa Uludağ University, Bursa, Turkey. &amp; ozery @ uludag. edu. tr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 1498 - 5827</mods:affiliation>
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<taxonomicName id="4C3A4FC5FF8AF078FF79A2B1ECB2E5FC" ID-CoL="8GMDW" authority="Yilmaz" authorityName="Yilmaz" authorityYear="2012" box="[136,452,1172,1199]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Alyssum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="2" pageNumber="233" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kaynakiae">
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8AF078FF79A2B1EC11E5FD" bold="true" box="[136,359,1172,1199]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="233">Alyssum kaynakiae</emphasis>
Yılmaz
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(sect. 
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8AF078FDFEA2B1EFC3E5FD" bold="true" box="[527,693,1172,1199]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="233">Gamosepalum</emphasis>
(Hausskn.) T. R. Dudley) (
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)
</emphasis>
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:— 
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. 
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: 
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, 
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, 
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a.s.l.
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, 
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. Yılmaz 87/10-1 (
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).
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<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8AF078FF79A1A9ED88E6F3" bold="true" box="[136,254,1932,1954]" pageId="2" pageNumber="233">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
General view of 
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<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8AF078FE55A1A9EF56E6F3" box="[420,544,1932,1953]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="233">A. kaynakiae</emphasis>
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—Locality: Denizli: Üzümlü—Çameli, around Kirazlıyayla (10/17 BULU).
</paragraph>
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Biennial with short, erect, or ascending, branched fertile stems, 
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tall. Indumentum of dense silvery-canescent, lepidote hairs, 
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in diameter. Leaves 3–10.5 × 
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, linear, broadly acute, or obtuse, slightly conduplicate, with dense indumentum, cauline leaves increasing in size upwards. Basal leaves sometimes present, oblong, 4–12 × 
<quantity id="4CC299A3FF8BF079FECEA6BBECBDE1EB" box="[319,459,158,185]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="234" unit="mm" value="2.5" valueMax="3.5" valueMin="1.5">1.5–3.5 mm</quantity>
. Inflorescence raceme, usually short and sparse. Pedicels 
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in fruit, divergent. Sepals 2.5–5.5 × 
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, dimorphic, elliptic, narrowly oblong, broadly acute, or obtuse, margins membranous, upper surface with dense lepidote hairs, inner surface with sparse stellate hairs, appearing connate because of interlocking indumentum. Petals 3–8 × 
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, clearly exceeding the sepals, spatulate, claw margins entire, usually emarginate or occasionally truncate, hairy with dense lepidote hairs or glabrous, yellow. Siliculae 2–4.5 × 
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, oval or orbicular, valves equally inflated, hairy with minute dense lepidote hairs 
<quantity id="4CC299A3FF8BF079FC30A777E93FE03F" box="[961,1097,338,365]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="234" unit="mm" value="0.25" valueMax="0.3" valueMin="0.2">0.2–0.3 mm</quantity>
in diameter, dehiscent, loculi 2 ovulate with apical placentation. Style 
<quantity id="4CC299A3FF8BF079FDCFA753EFB0E0C3" box="[574,710,374,401]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="0.7" pageId="3" pageNumber="234" unit="mm" value="2.1" valueMax="3.5" valueMin="0.7">0.7–3.5 mm</quantity>
with dense lepidote hairs. Seed 1.5—2.0 mm, surfaces reticulatepapillate (
<figureCitation id="130128C3FF8BF079FF09A7BFEC4BE0E6" box="[248,317,410,436]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[136,229,1782,1804]" captionTargetBox="[461,1126,746,1754]" captionTargetId="figure-269@3.[461,1127,746,1754]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Micromorphology of A. kaynakiae. A. Lepidote hairs on cauline surface, B. Lepidote hairs on leaves, C. Lepidote hairs on the upper surface of leaves, D. Lepidote and stellate hairs on calyx surface, E. Fruit surface, F. Stylus, G. Seed, H. Seed surface—(10/17 BULU)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6911065" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6911065/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B853446FF8BF079FF4CA79AEE25E372" blockId="3.[136,1452,158,725]" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">
Root anatomy. In the roots of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4FC5FF8BF079FDF8A79AEFEEE08A" authorityName="Yilmaz" authorityYear="2012" box="[521,664,446,473]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Alyssum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="3" pageNumber="234" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kaynakiae">
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8BF079FDF8A79AEFEEE08A" box="[521,664,446,473]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">A. kaynakiae</emphasis>
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, the epidermis consists of single-layered cells. Collenchyma is located below the epidermis with thinner lateral walls. It has 2 layers. Cortex is composed of 3-4 rows of parenchyma cells. Xylem tissue is surrounded by phloem tissues (
<figureCitation id="130128C3FF8BF079FD68A423EFABE373" box="[665,733,518,545]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="5.[136,229,1271,1293]" captionTargetBox="[351,1236,246,1238]" captionTargetId="figure-37@5.[350,1237,245,1246]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 5. A. Root cross-section (×100), B. Root cross-section (×400), C. Stem cross-section (×100), D. Stem cross-section (×400), E. Leaves (×100), F. Leaves (×400); e: epidermis, cl: collenchyma, phl: phloem, xy: xylem, co: cortex, sp: spongy parenchyma, pp: palisade parenchyma, bs: bundle sheat, v: vascular bundle (11/17 BULU)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6911069" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6911069/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
, 
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and 
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).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B853446FF8BF079FF4CA40FEE52E386" blockId="3.[136,1452,158,725]" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">
Stem anatomy. In 
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4FC5FF8BF079FE72A40EEF67E316" authorityName="Yilmaz" authorityYear="2012" box="[387,529,554,581]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Alyssum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="3" pageNumber="234" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kaynakiae">
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8BF079FE72A40EEF67E316" box="[387,529,554,581]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">A. kaynakiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the epidermis consists of single-layered, oblong cells surrounded by a cuticle layer. 
<collectionCode id="ED2BAC83FF8BF079FF79A46BEDEDE33A" box="[136,155,590,616]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="3" pageNumber="234" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
small number of stomata were found between the epidermis cells. There are also lepidote hairs on the epidermis. Cortex is composed of 5–7 rows of parenchyma cells. Vascular bundles are collateral and surrounded by endodermis. Collenchyma is located below the endodermis. Phloem and xylem members are apparent. The pith of the stem is formed of large, round parenchyma cells (
<figureCitation id="130128C3FF8BF079FDAFA49FEFD5E387" box="[606,675,698,725]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="5.[136,229,1271,1293]" captionTargetBox="[351,1236,246,1238]" captionTargetId="figure-37@5.[350,1237,245,1246]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 5. A. Root cross-section (×100), B. Root cross-section (×400), C. Stem cross-section (×100), D. Stem cross-section (×400), E. Leaves (×100), F. Leaves (×400); e: epidermis, cl: collenchyma, phl: phloem, xy: xylem, co: cortex, sp: spongy parenchyma, pp: palisade parenchyma, bs: bundle sheat, v: vascular bundle (11/17 BULU)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6911069" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6911069/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
, 
<collectionCode id="ED2BAC83FF8BF079FD5EA49FEFB2E386" box="[687,708,698,724]" country="Denmark" name="University of Copenhagen" pageId="3" pageNumber="234" type="Herbarium">C</collectionCode>
, and D).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF4564CEFF8BF079FF79A0D3EDA1E601" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6911065" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6911065" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6911065/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="234" startId="3.[136,229,1782,1804]" targetBox="[461,1126,746,1754]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="8B853446FF8BF079FF79A0D3EDA1E601" blockId="3.[136,1451,1782,1875]" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8BF079FF79A0D3ED89E659" bold="true" box="[136,255,1782,1804]" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
Micromorphology of 
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8BF079FE26A0D3EF2DE659" box="[471,603,1782,1803]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4FC5FF8BF079FE26A0D3EF2EE659" authorityName="Yilmaz" authorityYear="2012" box="[471,600,1782,1803]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Alyssum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="3" pageNumber="234" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kaynakiae">A. kaynakiae</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
A. Lepidote hairs on cauline surface, B. Lepidote hairs on leaves, C. Lepidote hairs on the upper surface of leaves, D. Lepidote and stellate hairs on calyx surface, E. Fruit surface, F. Stylus, G. Seed, H. Seed surface—(10/17 BULU).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B853446FF8BF079FF4CA1A7EF4FE97E" blockId="3.[136,1452,1922,2093]" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">
Leaf anatomy. In the cauline leaves of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4FC5FF8BF079FD90A1A6EF99E6CE" authorityName="Yilmaz" authorityYear="2012" box="[609,751,1922,1949]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Alyssum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="3" pageNumber="234" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kaynakiae">
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8BF079FD90A1A6EF99E6CE" box="[609,751,1922,1949]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">A. kaynakiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the epidermis consists of single-layered cells and is covered by lepidote hairs on the surface. The mesophyll layer consists of 2–3 palisade parenchyma cells and spongy parenchyma cells in the middle of leaves. Stomata are present on both sides of the leaf and located at the epidermis level. The vascular bundle is surrounded by bundle sheath cells. In the basal leaves, palisade and spongy parenchyma cells could not be differentiated (
<figureCitation id="130128C3FF8BF079FE8BAE37ECC8E97F" box="[378,446,2066,2093]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="5.[136,229,1271,1293]" captionTargetBox="[351,1236,246,1238]" captionTargetId="figure-37@5.[350,1237,245,1246]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 5. A. Root cross-section (×100), B. Root cross-section (×400), C. Stem cross-section (×100), D. Stem cross-section (×400), E. Leaves (×100), F. Leaves (×400); e: epidermis, cl: collenchyma, phl: phloem, xy: xylem, co: cortex, sp: spongy parenchyma, pp: palisade parenchyma, bs: bundle sheat, v: vascular bundle (11/17 BULU)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6911069" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6911069/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="234">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
, 
<collectionCode id="ED2BAC83FF8BF079FE3BAE36ECABE97F" box="[458,477,2067,2093]" country="United Kingdom" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15670" name="Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh" pageId="3" pageNumber="234" type="Herbarium">E</collectionCode>
, and 
<collectionCode id="ED2BAC83FF8BF079FDE8AE37EF5AE97E" box="[537,556,2066,2092]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15707" name="Field Museum of Natural History, Botany Department" pageId="3" pageNumber="234" type="Herbarium">F</collectionCode>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B853446FF8CF07EFF4CA6BAEF2EE076" blockId="4.[136,1452,158,329]" pageId="4" pageNumber="235">
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4FC5FF8CF07EFF4CA6BAEC38E1EA" authorityName="Yilmaz" authorityYear="2012" box="[189,334,158,185]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Alyssum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="4" pageNumber="235" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kaynakiae">
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8CF07EFF4CA6BAEC38E1EA" box="[189,334,158,185]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="235">A. kaynakiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has tricolpate pollen grains. The polar axis (
<collectionCode id="ED2BAC83FF8CF07EFCCBA6BBEE3DE1EA" box="[826,843,158,184]" country="France" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15763" name="Museum National d' Histoire Naturelle, Paris (MNHN) - Vascular Plants" pageId="4" pageNumber="235" type="Herbarium">P</collectionCode>
) is 36.34 ± 3.1 μm, and the equatorial axis (
<collectionCode id="ED2BAC83FF8CF07EFAC3A6BBE833E1EA" box="[1330,1349,158,184]" country="United Kingdom" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15670" name="Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh" pageId="4" pageNumber="235" type="Herbarium">E</collectionCode>
) is 23.32 ± 2.1 μm. The ratio of 
<collectionCode id="ED2BAC83FF8CF07EFE7BA6E7ECEFE18E" box="[394,409,194,220]" country="France" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15763" name="Museum National d' Histoire Naturelle, Paris (MNHN) - Vascular Plants" pageId="4" pageNumber="235" type="Herbarium">P</collectionCode>
/ 
<collectionCode id="ED2BAC83FF8CF07EFE53A6E7ECC5E18E" box="[418,435,194,220]" country="United Kingdom" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15670" name="Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh" pageId="4" pageNumber="235" type="Herbarium">E</collectionCode>
is 1.56 μm. The pollen grains are prolate in shape. Colpus length is 31.13 ± 3.25 μm, and colpus width is 1.18 ± 0.4 μm. The exine thickness is 1.5 ± 0.25 μm, and the intine thickness is 0.56 ± 0.1 μm. The exine ornamentation is reticulate (
<figureCitation id="130128C3FF8CF07EFDF7A72FEF3CE076" box="[518,586,266,292]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[136,229,626,648]" captionTargetBox="[461,1126,350,598]" captionTargetId="figure-114@4.[461,1127,350,598]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. The pollen morphology of A. kaynakiae. A. Reticulate ornamentation of the pollen grain, B. Colpus of the pollen grain (10/17 BULU)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6911067" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6911067/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="235">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B853446FF8CF07EFF4CA70BEE2BE01A" blockId="4.[136,1452,158,329]" box="[189,861,302,329]" pageId="4" pageNumber="235">
The chromosome number of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4FC5FF8CF07EFDF3A70AEFE2E01A" authorityName="Yilmaz" authorityYear="2012" box="[514,660,302,329]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Alyssum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="4" pageNumber="235" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kaynakiae">
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8CF07EFDF3A70AEFE2E01A" box="[514,660,302,329]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="235">A. kaynakiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is 2n=16 (
<figureCitation id="130128C3FF8CF07EFCFAA70BEE26E01A" box="[779,848,302,328]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="4.[136,229,1035,1057]" captionTargetId="figure-144@4.[383,1203,706,1007]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 4. A–B. The chromosomes of A. kaynakiae (×1000)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6924373" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6924373/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="235">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF4564CEFF8CF07EFF79A457EDA1E3F9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6911067" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6911067" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6911067/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="235" startId="4.[136,229,626,648]" targetBox="[461,1126,350,598]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="8B853446FF8CF07EFF79A457EDA1E3F9" blockId="4.[136,1451,626,684]" pageId="4" pageNumber="235">
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8CF07EFF79A457ED8BE3D5" bold="true" box="[136,253,626,648]" pageId="4" pageNumber="235">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
The pollen morphology of 
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8CF07EFDF3A457EFF2E3D5" box="[514,644,626,647]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="235">
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4FC5FF8CF07EFDF3A457EFF6E3D5" authorityName="Yilmaz" authorityYear="2012" box="[514,640,626,647]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Alyssum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="4" pageNumber="235" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kaynakiae">A. kaynakiae</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
A. Reticulate ornamentation of the pollen grain, B. Colpus of the pollen grain (10/17 BULU).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF4564CEFF8CF07EFF79A22EEF94E572" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6924373" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6924373" box="[136,738,1035,1057]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6924373/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="235" startId="4.[136,229,1035,1057]" targetBox="[383,1203,706,1007]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="8B853446FF8CF07EFF79A22EEF94E572" blockId="4.[136,738,1035,1057]" box="[136,738,1035,1057]" pageId="4" pageNumber="235">
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8CF07EFF79A22EED88E572" bold="true" box="[136,254,1035,1057]" pageId="4" pageNumber="235">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
A–B. The chromosomes of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4FC5FF8CF07EFDFDA22EEFF1E572" authorityName="Yilmaz" authorityYear="2012" box="[524,647,1035,1056]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Alyssum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="4" pageNumber="235" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kaynakiae">
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8CF07EFDFDA22EEFF1E572" box="[524,647,1035,1056]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="235">A. kaynakiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(×1000).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B853446FF8CF07EFF4CA275EEAAE5AB" blockId="4.[136,1452,1103,2092]" pageId="4" pageNumber="235">
In this study, morphological, anatomical, palynological, and karyological characteristics of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4FC5FF8CF07EFB29A275E81AE53B" authorityName="Yilmaz" authorityYear="2012" box="[1240,1388,1103,1130]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Alyssum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="4" pageNumber="235" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kaynakiae">
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8CF07EFB29A275E81AE53B" box="[1240,1388,1103,1130]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="235">A. kaynakiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were analysed. In terms of micromorphological properties, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4FC5FF8CF07EFD1BA251EE0AE5DF" authorityName="Yilmaz" authorityYear="2012" box="[746,892,1139,1166]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Alyssum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="4" pageNumber="235" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kaynakiae">
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8CF07EFD1BA251EE0AE5DF" box="[746,892,1139,1166]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="235">A. kaynakiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has densely lepidote hairs. The stem, leaves, and fruits surfaces of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4FC5FF8CF07EFEA0A2BDEC92E5E3" authorityName="Yilmaz" authorityYear="2012" box="[337,484,1175,1202]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Alyssum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="4" pageNumber="235" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kaynakiae">
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8CF07EFEA0A2BDEC92E5E3" box="[337,484,1175,1202]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="235">A. kaynakiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are covered by lepidote hairs, whereas sepals have stellate hairs along with lepidote hairs. The seed surface of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4FC5FF8CF07EFE5DA299EF4BE587" authorityName="Yilmaz" authorityYear="2012" box="[428,573,1211,1238]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Alyssum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="4" pageNumber="235" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kaynakiae">
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8CF07EFE5DA299EF4BE587" box="[428,573,1211,1238]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="235">A. kaynakiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is reticulate-papillate. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB49B7FF8CF07EFCCDA29EE932E587" author="Karabacak, O. &amp; Duran, A. &amp; Celik, M." box="[828,1092,1211,1237]" pageId="4" pageNumber="235" pagination="402 - 411" refId="ref5639" refString="Karabacak, O., Duran, A. &amp; Celik, M. (2016) Alyssum amasianum (Brassicaceae), a new species from North Anatolia, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Botany 40: 402 - 411. https: // doi. org / 10.3906 / bot- 1508 - 2" type="journal article" year="2016">
Karabacak 
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8CF07EFC4AA299EE85E587" box="[955,1011,1211,1237]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="235">et al.</emphasis>
(2016)
</bibRefCitation>
reported in their study that seed surfaces of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4FC5FF8CF07EFEF8A2FAECC8E5AB" box="[265,446,1247,1273]" pageId="4" pageNumber="235">
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8CF07EFEF8A2FAEC10E5AB" box="[265,358,1247,1273]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="235">Alyssum</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
are reticulate, reticulate-papillate, and papillate.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B853446FF8CF07EFF4CA321EC5CE4DB" blockId="4.[136,1452,1103,2092]" pageId="4" pageNumber="235">
In the roots of 
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8CF07EFE99A321EF77E44F" box="[360,513,1283,1310]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="235">
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4FC5FF8CF07EFE99A321EC8AE44F" authorityName="Yilmaz" authorityYear="2012" box="[360,508,1283,1310]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Alyssum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="4" pageNumber="235" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kaynakiae">A. kaynakiae</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
the primary structure was observed. The epidermis is undivided, and collenchyma tissue takes part just below the epidermis. The cortex is composed of several rows of parenchyma cells under the collenchyma. There is no cavity between the parenchyma cells that create the cortex tissue. Xylem is surrounded by phloem tissue.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B853446FF8CF07EFF4CA3B6E9E1E4A6" blockId="4.[136,1452,1103,2092]" pageId="4" pageNumber="235">
In the stem of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4FC5FF8CF07EFE83A3B6EF7EE4FF" authorityName="Yilmaz" authorityYear="2012" box="[370,520,1427,1453]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Alyssum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="4" pageNumber="235" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kaynakiae">
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8CF07EFE83A3B6EF7EE4FF" box="[370,520,1427,1453]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="235">A. kaynakiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the epidermis is single-layered. The cortex layer is composed of 5–7 rows of parenchyma cells. Single-layer collenchyma and endodermis are located under the cortex parenchyma. The number of vascular bundles varies from 9 to 11. The pith region is formed entirely of parenchyma cells.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B853446FF8CF07EFF4CA3D8EF30E7F7" blockId="4.[136,1452,1103,2092]" pageId="4" pageNumber="235">
Cauline and basal leaves of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4FC5FF8CF07EFE05A3DBEFF2E745" authorityName="Yilmaz" authorityYear="2012" box="[500,644,1533,1560]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Alyssum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="4" pageNumber="235" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kaynakiae">
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8CF07EFE05A3DBEFF2E745" box="[500,644,1533,1560]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="235">A. kaynakiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were analysed. For the cauline leaves, the surface is covered by lepidote hairs, and the epidermis consists of single-layered cells. Cauline leaves include the mesophyll layer with 2–3 palisade parenchyma and spongy parenchyma cells in the middle of the leaves. Both sides of the leaves have stomata located at the epidermis level. Bundle-sheath cells surround the vascular bundle. Palisade and spongy parenchyma cells could not be differentiated in the basal leaves.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B853446FF8CF07EFF4CA08BEEBCE7BE" blockId="4.[136,1452,1103,2092]" pageId="4" pageNumber="235">
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB49B7FF8CF07EFF4CA08BECE3E79B" author="Nazari, Z. &amp; Ejtehadi, H. &amp; Kavousi, K." box="[189,405,1710,1737]" pageId="4" pageNumber="235" pagination="3 - 4" refId="ref6211" refString="Nazari, Z., Ejtehadi, H. &amp; Kavousi, K. (2013) Taxonomy of Alyssum sect. Gamosepalum on the basis of anatomical properties. Acta Botanica Hungarica 55: 3 - 4. https: // doi. org / 10.1556 / ABot. 56.2014.1 - 2.13" type="journal article" year="2013">
Nazari 
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8CF07EFEFFA08AEC33E79A" box="[270,325,1710,1736]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="235">et al.</emphasis>
(2013)
</bibRefCitation>
underlined that some Iranian species of 
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8CF07EFCA3A08AEE1DE79B" box="[850,875,1711,1737]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="235">
<collectionCode id="ED2BAC83FF8CF07EFCA3A08AEE10E79B" box="[850,870,1711,1737]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="4" pageNumber="235" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
.
</emphasis>
sect. 
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8CF07EFC58A08BE93DE79A" box="[937,1099,1710,1736]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="235">Gamosepalum</emphasis>
could be distinguished not only morphologically but also by anatomical characters (anatomy of peduncle).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B853446FF8CF07FFF4CA0D3ECABE18E" blockId="4.[136,1452,1103,2092]" lastBlockId="5.[136,1451,158,220]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="236" pageId="4" pageNumber="235">
In the study of 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB49B7FF8CF07EFE87A0D0EF56E642" author="Yilmaz, O." box="[374,544,1781,1808]" pageId="4" pageNumber="235" pagination="190 - 194" refId="ref6979" refString="Yilmaz, O. (2012) Alyssum kaynakiae sp. nov. (sect. Gamosepalum, Brassicaceae) from southwest Anatolia, Turkey. Nordic Journal of Botany 30: 190 - 194. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1756 - 1051.2011.01402. x" type="journal article" year="2012">Yılmaz (2012)</bibRefCitation>
, it was pointed out that 
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4FC5FF8CF07EFCB2A0D3EEAEE65D" authorityName="Yilmaz" authorityYear="2012" box="[835,984,1781,1808]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Alyssum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="4" pageNumber="235" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kaynakiae">
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8CF07EFCB2A0D3EEAEE65D" box="[835,984,1781,1808]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="235">A. kaynakiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a close morphological affinity with 
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4FC5FF8CF07EFF79A13CED8AE661" authorityName="Dudley" authorityYear="1964" box="[136,252,1817,1843]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Alyssum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="4" pageNumber="235" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="niveum">
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8CF07EFF79A13CED8AE661" box="[136,252,1817,1843]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="235">A. niveum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4FC5FF8CF07EFEC8A13CECAAE661" baseAuthorityName="Yilmaz" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[313,476,1817,1843]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Alyssum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="4" pageNumber="235" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="harputicum">
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8CF07EFEC8A13CECAAE661" box="[313,476,1817,1843]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="235">A. harputicum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. There are currently no sufficient detailed anatomical studies on 
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8CF07EFB27A13CE826E661" box="[1238,1360,1817,1843]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="235">
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4FC5FF8CF07EFB27A13CE83BE661" authorityName="Dudley" authorityYear="1964" box="[1238,1357,1817,1843]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Alyssum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="4" pageNumber="235" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="niveum">A. niveum</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
but the anatomy of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4FC5FF8CF07EFEFDA118ECDCE604" baseAuthorityName="Yilmaz" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[268,426,1852,1879]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Alyssum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="4" pageNumber="235" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="harputicum">
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8CF07EFEFDA118ECDCE604" box="[268,426,1852,1879]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="235">A. harputicum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was thoroughly by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB49B7FF8CF07EFD75A118EE16E605" author="Kursat, M. &amp; Civelek, S. &amp; Kandil, A." box="[644,864,1852,1879]" pageId="4" pageNumber="235" pagination="205 - 215" refId="ref6018" refString="Kursat, M., Civelek, S., Kandil, A. (2008) Alyssum harputicum Dudley'in (Brassicaceae) Morfolojik, Anatomik ve Polen Ozellikleri ile Kromozom Sayisi Bakimindan Arastirilmasi. Firat Universitesi Fen ve Muhendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 20 (2): 205 - 215." type="journal article" year="2008">
Kürşat 
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8CF07EFD24A118EE7AE604" box="[725,780,1852,1878]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="235">et al.</emphasis>
(2008)
</bibRefCitation>
. The anatomical comparison of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4FC5FF8CF07EFB31A118E826E604" authorityName="Yilmaz" authorityYear="2012" box="[1216,1360,1852,1879]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Alyssum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="4" pageNumber="235" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kaynakiae">
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8CF07EFB31A118E826E604" box="[1216,1360,1852,1879]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="235">A. kaynakiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with 
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4FC5FF8CF07EFA62A118EC7FE628" baseAuthorityName="Yilmaz" baseAuthorityYear="2012" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Alyssum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="4" pageNumber="235" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="harputicum">
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8CF07EFA62A118EC7FE628" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="235">A. harputicum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is summarised in 
<tableCitation id="C6B801FDFF8CF07EFE21A145EF55E628" box="[464,547,1888,1914]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="6.[136,224,448,472]" captionTargetId="graphics-148@6.[136,1458,477,1508]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="TABLE 1. Comparing anatomical properties of A. kaynakiae (present study) and A. harputicum (Kürşat et al. 2008)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF4564CEFF8EF07CFF79A7E5E813E08A" pageId="4" pageNumber="235" tableUuid="DF4564CEFF8EF07CFF79A7E5E813E08A">Table 1</tableCitation>
. This anatomical comparison emphasises the differences between the two species in root and stem structures. Regarding the root structure, while 
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4FC5FF8CF07EFCBEA1A1EE99E6CF" baseAuthorityName="Yilmaz" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[847,1007,1923,1950]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Alyssum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="4" pageNumber="235" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="harputicum">
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8CF07EFCBEA1A1EE99E6CF" box="[847,1007,1923,1950]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="235">A. harputicum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a secondary structure (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB49B7FF8CF07EFAD1A1A6EDB2E693" author="Kursat, M. &amp; Civelek, S. &amp; Kandil, A." pageId="4" pageNumber="235" pagination="205 - 215" refId="ref6018" refString="Kursat, M., Civelek, S., Kandil, A. (2008) Alyssum harputicum Dudley'in (Brassicaceae) Morfolojik, Anatomik ve Polen Ozellikleri ile Kromozom Sayisi Bakimindan Arastirilmasi. Firat Universitesi Fen ve Muhendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 20 (2): 205 - 215." type="journal article" year="2008">
Kürşat 
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8CF07EFA82A1A1E8DAE6CF" box="[1395,1452,1923,1949]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="235">et al.</emphasis>
2008
</bibRefCitation>
), 
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4FC5FF8CF07EFF2BA182EC1BE693" authorityName="Yilmaz" authorityYear="2012" box="[218,365,1959,1985]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Alyssum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="4" pageNumber="235" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kaynakiae">
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8CF07EFF2BA182EC1BE693" box="[218,365,1959,1985]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="235">A. kaynakiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a primary structure as the most significant distinction. Supplementarily, the stem structure of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4FC5FF8CF07EFF5BA1EEEC38E6B6" baseAuthorityName="Yilmaz" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[170,334,1994,2021]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Alyssum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="4" pageNumber="235" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="harputicum">
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8CF07EFF5BA1EEEC38E6B6" box="[170,334,1994,2021]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="235">A. harputicum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
contains both a wood-like and herbaceous stem, but the stem structure of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4FC5FF8CF07EFB4CA1EEE824E6B6" authorityName="Yilmaz" authorityYear="2012" box="[1213,1362,1994,2021]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Alyssum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="4" pageNumber="235" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kaynakiae">
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8CF07EFB4CA1EEE824E6B6" box="[1213,1362,1994,2021]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="235">A. kaynakiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is only herbaceous. These findings suggest that anatomical characteristics could be helpful for the distinction of plants whose phylogenetic relationships are yet unknown. Consistent with this idea, a study that comprised taxa in tribe 
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4FC5FF8CF07EFAB8AE34E8DDE979" box="[1353,1451,2065,2091]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="4" pageNumber="235" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="tribe" tribe="Alysseae">
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8CF07EFAB8AE34E8DDE979" box="[1353,1451,2065,2091]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="235">Alysseae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB49B7FF8DF07FFF5AA6BBECDCE1EA" author="Karaismailoglu, M. C." box="[171,426,158,184]" pageId="5" pageNumber="236" pagination="1535 - 1544" refId="ref5694" refString="Karaismailoglu, M. C. (2020) Petiole Anatomy of 21 Representatives of Tribe Alysseae (Brassicaceae) from Turkey. KSU Journal of Agriculture and Nature 23 (6): 1535 - 1544. https: // doi. org / 10.18016 / ksutarimdoga. vi. 722766" type="journal article" year="2020">Karaismailoğlu (2020)</bibRefCitation>
proposed that anatomical characters can be helpful in the further delimitation of plants that necessitate new arrangements.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF4564CEFF8DF07FFF79A2D2EF8FE406" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6911069" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6911069" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6911069/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="236" startId="5.[136,229,1271,1293]" targetBox="[351,1236,246,1238]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="8B853446FF8DF07FFF79A2D2EF8FE406" blockId="5.[136,1452,1271,1365]" pageId="5" pageNumber="236">
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8DF07FFF79A2D2ED88E45E" bold="true" box="[136,254,1271,1293]" pageId="5" pageNumber="236">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
A. Root cross-section (×100), B. Root cross-section (×400), C. Stem cross-section (×100), D. Stem cross-section (×400), E. Leaves (×100), F. Leaves (×400); e: epidermis, cl: collenchyma, phl: phloem, xy: xylem, co: cortex, sp: spongy parenchyma, pp: palisade parenchyma, bs: bundle sheat, v: vascular bundle (11/17 BULU).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B853446FF8DF07FFF4CA3A1EE8DE703" blockId="5.[136,1452,1411,2086]" pageId="5" pageNumber="236">
In this study, the properties of pollen morphology of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4FC5FF8DF07FFCE1A3A1EED4E4CF" authorityName="Yilmaz" authorityYear="2012" box="[784,930,1411,1438]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Alyssum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="5" pageNumber="236" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kaynakiae">
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8DF07FFCE1A3A1EED4E4CF" box="[784,930,1411,1438]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="236">A. kaynakiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were determined by using a Light microscope and a Scanning electron microscope. The results show that the pollen shape of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4FC5FF8DF07FFBE5A38DE9D1E493" authorityName="Yilmaz" authorityYear="2012" box="[1044,1191,1447,1474]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Alyssum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="5" pageNumber="236" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kaynakiae">
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8DF07FFBE5A38DE9D1E493" box="[1044,1191,1447,1474]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="236">A. kaynakiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is prolate. In addition, pollen grains have tricolpate apertures and reticulate ornamentation. Some 
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4FC5FF8DF07FFC2AA3EEE94EE4B7" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1753" box="[987,1080,1483,1509]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Alyssum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="5" pageNumber="236" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8DF07FFC2AA3EEE94EE4B7" box="[987,1080,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="236">Alyssum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species’ pollen morphology was also reported earlier (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB49B7FF8DF07FFE8FA3CAEF22E75B" author="Bulbul, A. S. &amp; Varlik, K. &amp; Armagan, M. &amp; Arslan, A." box="[382,596,1519,1545]" pageId="5" pageNumber="236" pagination="2199 - 2219" refId="ref5276" refString="Bulbul, A. S., Varlik, K., Armagan, M. &amp; Arslan, A. (2019) Fruits, seeds and pollen morphology of Alyssum L. (Brassicaceae) and their taxonomic value. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin 28 (3): 2199 - 2219." type="journal article" year="2019">
Bulbul 
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8DF07FFE24A3D5EF66E75B" box="[469,528,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="236">et al.</emphasis>
2019
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB49B7FF8DF07FFD90A3D5EE5FE75B" author="Baser, B. &amp; Baygeldi, Z. &amp; Sahin, B." box="[609,809,1519,1546]" pageId="5" pageNumber="236" pagination="60 - 68" refId="ref5165" refString="Baser, B., Baygeldi, Z. &amp; Sahin, B. (2018) Pollen morphology of some Alyssum L. (Brassicaceae) from Turkey. Bitlis Eren University Journal of Science and Technology 8 (2): 60 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.17678 / beuscitech. 402885" type="journal article" year="2018">
Başer 
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8DF07FFD5BA3D5EF93E75B" box="[682,741,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="236">et al.</emphasis>
2018
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB49B7FF8DF07FFCC7A3D5E97DE75B" author="Kursat, M. &amp; Civelek, S. &amp; Kandil, A." box="[822,1035,1519,1546]" pageId="5" pageNumber="236" pagination="205 - 215" refId="ref6018" refString="Kursat, M., Civelek, S., Kandil, A. (2008) Alyssum harputicum Dudley'in (Brassicaceae) Morfolojik, Anatomik ve Polen Ozellikleri ile Kromozom Sayisi Bakimindan Arastirilmasi. Firat Universitesi Fen ve Muhendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 20 (2): 205 - 215." type="journal article" year="2008">
Kürşat 
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8DF07FFC7BA3D5EEB3E75B" box="[906,965,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="236">et al.</emphasis>
2008
</bibRefCitation>
). As was noted by these studies, the pollen grains of the 
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4FC5FF8DF07FFE95A036EF6EE77F" box="[356,536,1555,1581]" pageId="5" pageNumber="236">
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8DF07FFE95A036ECB7E77F" box="[356,449,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="236">Alyssum</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
are sub-prolate and prolate, and their ornamentation is reticulate and has tricolpate apertures. The pollen structure of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4FC5FF8DF07FFDF2A01DEFE2E703" authorityName="Yilmaz" authorityYear="2012" box="[515,660,1591,1618]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Alyssum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="5" pageNumber="236" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kaynakiae">
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8DF07FFDF2A01DEFE2E703" box="[515,660,1591,1618]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="236">A. kaynakiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
complies with this information.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B853446FF8DF07FFF4CA07EE9BBE7CB" blockId="5.[136,1452,1411,2086]" pageId="5" pageNumber="236">
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB49B7FF8DF07FFF4CA07EEC05E727" author="Erdtman, G." box="[189,371,1627,1653]" pageId="5" pageNumber="236" refId="ref5569" refString="Erdtman, G. (1966) Pollen morphology and plant taxonomy. New York and London: Hafner Publishing Company." type="book" year="1966">Erdtman (1966)</bibRefCitation>
described the 
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4FC5FF8DF07FFDD1A07EEFC7E727" box="[544,689,1627,1653]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="5" pageNumber="236" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Brassicaceae</taxonomicName>
as a stenopalynous family. According to 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB49B7FF8DF07FFB66A07EE829E727" author="Erdtman, G." box="[1175,1375,1627,1653]" pageId="5" pageNumber="236" refId="ref5569" refString="Erdtman, G. (1966) Pollen morphology and plant taxonomy. New York and London: Hafner Publishing Company." type="book" year="1966">Erdtman’s (1966)</bibRefCitation>
study, pollen grains of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4FC5FF8DF07FFECEA05AECA6E7CB" box="[319,464,1663,1689]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="5" pageNumber="236" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Brassicaceae</taxonomicName>
are usually tricolpate, and exine ornamentation is usually reticulate.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B853446FF8DF07FFF4CA086E938E623" blockId="5.[136,1452,1411,2086]" pageId="5" pageNumber="236">
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB49B7FF8DF07FFF4CA086ECD1E7EF" author="Khalik, K. A. &amp; Van den Berg, R. G. &amp; Van der Maesen, L. J. G. &amp; El Hadidi, M. N." box="[189,423,1699,1725]" pageId="5" pageNumber="236" pagination="211 - 223" refId="ref5746" refString="Khalik, K. A., Van den Berg, R. G., Van der Maesen, L. J. G., El Hadidi, M. N. (2002) Pollen morphology of some tribes of Brassicaceae from Egypt and its systematic implications. Feddes Repertorium 113 (3 - 4): 211 - 223. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / 1522 - 239 X (200208) 113: 3 / 4 &lt;211 :: AID-FEDR 211&gt; 3.0. CO; 2 - A" type="journal article" year="2002">
Khalik 
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8DF07FFEE4A081EC27E7EF" box="[277,337,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="236">et al.</emphasis>
(2002)
</bibRefCitation>
indicated that exine ornamentation plays a significant role within the tribe, family, and between species in the same genus of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4FC5FF8DF07FFDC3A0E2EFB0E7B3" box="[562,710,1735,1761]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="5" pageNumber="236" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Brassicaceae</taxonomicName>
. The authors also reported minor differences in pollen size, shape, and aperture but significant variation in exine ornamentation. There are three different 
<typeStatus id="54818AE4FF8DF07FFB93A0C9E9EBE654" box="[1122,1181,1772,1798]" pageId="5" pageNumber="236">types</typeStatus>
of exine ornamentation (microreticulate, reticulate, and coarsely reticulate) based on variation in diameter of the lumina in the studied species of the family 
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4FC5FF8DF07FFEEFA116EFE5E61F" authority="(Khalik et al. 2002)" baseAuthorityName="Khalik" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[286,659,1843,1869]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="5" pageNumber="236" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">
Brassicaceae (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB49B7FF8DF07FFE4DA116EFFDE61F" author="Khalik, K. A. &amp; Van den Berg, R. G. &amp; Van der Maesen, L. J. G. &amp; El Hadidi, M. N." box="[444,651,1843,1869]" pageId="5" pageNumber="236" pagination="211 - 223" refId="ref5746" refString="Khalik, K. A., Van den Berg, R. G., Van der Maesen, L. J. G., El Hadidi, M. N. (2002) Pollen morphology of some tribes of Brassicaceae from Egypt and its systematic implications. Feddes Repertorium 113 (3 - 4): 211 - 223. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / 1522 - 239 X (200208) 113: 3 / 4 &lt;211 :: AID-FEDR 211&gt; 3.0. CO; 2 - A" type="journal article" year="2002">
Khalik 
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8DF07FFDE0A111EF3EE61F" box="[529,584,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="236">et al.</emphasis>
2002
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB49B7FF8DF07FFD6CA116EE50E61F" author="Gabr, D. G. I." box="[669,806,1843,1869]" pageId="5" pageNumber="236" pagination="215 - 223" refId="ref5591" refString="Gabr, D. G. I. (2018) Taxonomic Importance of Pollen Morphology for Some Species of Brassicaceae. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 21 (5): 215 - 223. https: // doi. org / 10.3923 / pjbs. 2018.215.223" type="journal article" year="2018">Gabr (2018)</bibRefCitation>
reported 
<specimenCount id="9D3CFFCFFF8DF07FFC61A111EE8AE61C" box="[912,1020,1844,1870]" pageId="5" pageNumber="236" type="generic" typeStatus="types">two types</specimenCount>
of exine ornamentation (reticulate and coarsely reticulate) in ten species represented in 9 genera and 5 tribes of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4FC5FF8DF07FFC47A172E93CE623" box="[950,1098,1879,1905]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="5" pageNumber="236" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Brassicaceae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B853446FF8DF07CFF4CA15EEC06E052" blockId="5.[136,1452,1411,2086]" lastBlockId="6.[136,1452,158,401]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="237" pageId="5" pageNumber="236">
Besides exine ornamentation, exine thickness is also an important character to distinguish species of the family 
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4FC5FF8DF07FFF79A1BAEF76E6EB" authority="(Amina et al. 2020)" baseAuthorityName="Amina" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[136,512,1951,1977]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="5" pageNumber="236" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">
Brassicaceae (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB49B7FF8DF07FFED6A1BAEC8EE6EB" author="Amina, H. &amp; Ahmad, M. &amp; Bhatti, G. R. &amp; Zafar, M. &amp; Sultana, S. &amp; Butt, M. A. &amp; Bahadur, S. &amp; Haq, I. - U. &amp; Ghufran, M. A. &amp; Lubna &amp; Ahmad, S. &amp; Ashfaq, S." box="[295,504,1951,1977]" pageId="5" pageNumber="236" pagination="446 - 454" refId="ref4874" refString="Amina, H., Ahmad, M., Bhatti, G. R., Zafar, M., Sultana, S., Butt, M. A., Bahadur, S., Haq, I. - U., Ghufran, M. A., Lubna, Ahmad, S. &amp; Ashfaq, S. (2020) Microscopic investigation of pollen morphology of Brassicaceae from Central Punjab-Pakistan. Microscopy Research &amp; Technique 83: 446 - 454. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / jemt. 23432" type="journal article" year="2020">
Amina 
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8DF07FFE8DA185ECC2E6EB" box="[380,436,1951,1977]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="236">et al.</emphasis>
2020
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. It was reported that morphological properties of exine are significant to explain the phylogenetic relationship of taxa (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB49B7FF8DF07FFDF0A1E6EFE2E68F" author="Walker, J. W." box="[513,660,1987,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="236" pagination="1112 - 1137" refId="ref6776" refString="Walker, J. W. (1974) Aperture evolution in the pollen of primitive angiosperms. American Journal of Botany 61: 1112 - 1137. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 2441929" type="journal article" year="1974">Walker 1974</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB49B7FF8DF07FFD6CA1E6EE15E68F" author="Kuprianova, L. A." box="[669,867,1987,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="236" pagination="73 - 80" refId="ref5970" refString="Kuprianova, L. A. (1967) Apertures of pollen grains and their evolution in angiosperms. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 3: 73 - 80. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0034 - 6667 (67) 90041 - 3" type="journal article" year="1967">Kuprianova 1967</bibRefCitation>
). Some studies showed that exine ornamentation and thickness are affected by enhanced 
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irradiation (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB49B7FF8DF07FFD3CA1C2EEF2E953" author="Koti, S. &amp; Reddy, K. R. &amp; Kakani, V. G. &amp; Zhao, D. &amp; Reddy, V. R." box="[717,900,2023,2049]" pageId="5" pageNumber="236" pagination="855 - 864" refId="ref5891" refString="Koti, S., Reddy, K. R., Kakani, V. G., Zhao, D. &amp; Reddy, V. R. (2004) Soybean (Glycine max) pollen germination characteristics, flower, and pollen morphology in response to enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation. Annals of Botany 94 (6): 855 - 864. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / ab / mch 212" type="journal article" year="2004">
Koti 
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8DF07FFCF8A1CDEE34E953" box="[777,834,2023,2049]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="236">et al.</emphasis>
2004
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB49B7FF8DF07FFC7EA1C2E92DE953" author="Yeloff, D. &amp; Blokker, P. &amp; Boelen, P. &amp; Rozema, J." box="[911,1115,2023,2049]" pageId="5" pageNumber="236" pagination="770 - 774" refId="ref6894" refString="Yeloff, D., Blokker, P., Boelen, P., Rozema, J. (2008) Is Pollen Morphology of Salix Polaris Affected by Enhanced UV-B Irradiation? Results from a Field Experiment in High Arctic Tundra. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 40 (4): 770 - 774. https: // doi. org / 10.1657 / 1523 - 0430 (07 - 045) [YELOFF] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2008">
Yeloff 
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8DF07FFC2CA1CDE960E953" box="[989,1046,2023,2049]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="236">et al.</emphasis>
2008
</bibRefCitation>
). 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB49B7FF8DF07FFB9CA1C2E830E953" author="Yeloff, D. &amp; Blokker, P. &amp; Boelen, P. &amp; Rozema, J." box="[1133,1350,2023,2049]" pageId="5" pageNumber="236" pagination="770 - 774" refId="ref6894" refString="Yeloff, D., Blokker, P., Boelen, P., Rozema, J. (2008) Is Pollen Morphology of Salix Polaris Affected by Enhanced UV-B Irradiation? Results from a Field Experiment in High Arctic Tundra. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 40 (4): 770 - 774. https: // doi. org / 10.1657 / 1523 - 0430 (07 - 045) [YELOFF] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2008">
Yeloff 
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8DF07FFB4AA1CDE982E953" box="[1211,1268,2023,2049]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="236">et al.</emphasis>
(2008)
</bibRefCitation>
reported that the exine thickness of pollen grains increased with the 
<collectionCode id="ED2BAC83FF8DF07FFCEDAE29EE32E974" box="[796,836,2060,2086]" country="Colombia" name="Departamento de Biologia de la Universidad del Valle" pageId="5" pageNumber="236">UV</collectionCode>
treatments. Besides the 
<collectionCode id="ED2BAC83FF8DF07FFBA5AE29E90AE974" box="[1108,1148,2060,2086]" country="Colombia" name="Departamento de Biologia de la Universidad del Valle" pageId="5" pageNumber="236">UV</collectionCode>
irradiance, habitat and soil conditions, including nutrient and water availability, may also influence pollen morphology. According to the study by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB49B7FF8EF07CFF79A6E7ECFDE18E" author="Mutlu, B. &amp; Erik, S." box="[136,395,194,220]" pageId="6" pageNumber="237" pagination="1931 - 1946" refId="ref6156" refString="Mutlu, B. &amp; Erik, S. (2012) Pollen morphology and its taxonomic significance of the genus Arabis (Brassicaceae) in Turkey. Plant Systematics and Evolution 298: 1931 - 1946. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00606 - 012 - 0692 - 7" type="journal article" year="2012">Mutlu and Erik (2012)</bibRefCitation>
, habitat properties and altitudes are significant for the exine thickness of some species of the family 
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4FC5FF8EF07CFF29A6C3EC1AE052" box="[216,364,230,256]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="6" pageNumber="237" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Brassicaceae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B853446FF8EF07CFF4CA72FEE2DE0C2" blockId="6.[136,1452,158,401]" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">
When the exine thickness of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4FC5FF8EF07CFDFDA72EEFE9E076" authorityName="Yilmaz" authorityYear="2012" box="[524,671,266,293]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Alyssum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="6" pageNumber="237" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kaynakiae">
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8EF07CFDFDA72EEFE9E076" box="[524,671,266,293]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">A. kaynakiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is compared to other species (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB49B7FF8EF07CFC0FA72FE9A5E076" author="Bulbul, A. S. &amp; Varlik, K. &amp; Armagan, M. &amp; Arslan, A." box="[1022,1235,266,292]" pageId="6" pageNumber="237" pagination="2199 - 2219" refId="ref5276" refString="Bulbul, A. S., Varlik, K., Armagan, M. &amp; Arslan, A. (2019) Fruits, seeds and pollen morphology of Alyssum L. (Brassicaceae) and their taxonomic value. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin 28 (3): 2199 - 2219." type="journal article" year="2019">
Bulbul 
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8EF07CFBA4A72EE9F9E076" box="[1109,1167,266,292]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">et al.</emphasis>
2019
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB49B7FF8EF07CFB11A72EE8D1E076" author="Baser, B. &amp; Baygeldi, Z. &amp; Sahin, B." box="[1248,1447,266,293]" pageId="6" pageNumber="237" pagination="60 - 68" refId="ref5165" refString="Baser, B., Baygeldi, Z. &amp; Sahin, B. (2018) Pollen morphology of some Alyssum L. (Brassicaceae) from Turkey. Bitlis Eren University Journal of Science and Technology 8 (2): 60 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.17678 / beuscitech. 402885" type="journal article" year="2018">
Başer 
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8EF07CFAD8A72EE812E076" box="[1321,1380,266,292]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">et al.</emphasis>
2018
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB49B7FF8EF07CFF79A70AEC25E01A" author="Kursat, M. &amp; Civelek, S. &amp; Kandil, A." box="[136,339,302,329]" pageId="6" pageNumber="237" pagination="205 - 215" refId="ref6018" refString="Kursat, M., Civelek, S., Kandil, A. (2008) Alyssum harputicum Dudley'in (Brassicaceae) Morfolojik, Anatomik ve Polen Ozellikleri ile Kromozom Sayisi Bakimindan Arastirilmasi. Firat Universitesi Fen ve Muhendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 20 (2): 205 - 215." type="journal article" year="2008">
Kürşat 
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8EF07CFF28A70AEC67E01A" box="[217,273,302,328]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">et al.</emphasis>
2008
</bibRefCitation>
), 
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4FC5FF8EF07CFE97A70AEC81E01A" authorityName="Yilmaz" authorityYear="2012" box="[358,503,302,329]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Alyssum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="6" pageNumber="237" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kaynakiae">
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8EF07CFE97A70AEC81E01A" box="[358,503,302,329]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">A. kaynakiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been found to have the highest exine thickness, as shown in 
<tableCitation id="C6B801FDFF8EF07CFB37A70BE86DE01A" box="[1222,1307,302,328]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="7.[136,224,159,183]" captionTargetId="graphics-44@7.[136,1453,224,812]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="TABLE 2. The comparison between measurements of pollen grains of Alyssum kaynakiae (present study) and other Alyssum species examined by Başer et al. (2018) and Kürşat et al. (2008)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF4564CEFF8FF07DFF79A6BAEE48E189" pageId="6" pageNumber="237" tableUuid="DF4564CEFF8FF07DFF79A6BAEE48E189">Table 2</tableCitation>
. This quality of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4FC5FF8EF07CFF5BA776EC48E03E" authorityName="Yilmaz" authorityYear="2012" box="[170,318,338,365]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Alyssum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="6" pageNumber="237" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kaynakiae">
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8EF07CFF5BA776EC48E03E" box="[170,318,338,365]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">A. kaynakiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be attributed to its arid and open habitat. This information is consistent with the explanation mentioned above regarding the habitat effect on exine thickness.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF4564CEFF8EF07CFF79A7E5E813E08A" ID-Table-UUID="DF4564CEFF8EF07CFF79A7E5E813E08A" box="[136,1381,448,472]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF4564CEFF8EF07CFF79A7E5E813E08A" pageId="6" pageNumber="237" startId="6.[136,224,448,472]" targetBox="[153,1449,492,1498]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="8B853446FF8EF07CFF79A7E5E813E08A" blockId="6.[136,1381,448,472]" box="[136,1381,448,472]" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8EF07CFF79A7E5ED8DE08A" bold="true" box="[136,251,448,472]" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
Comparing anatomical properties of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4FC5FF8EF07CFD7BA7E5EE62E08A" authorityName="Yilmaz" authorityYear="2012" box="[650,788,448,472]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Alyssum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="6" pageNumber="237" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kaynakiae">
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8EF07CFD7BA7E5EE62E08A" box="[650,788,448,472]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">A. kaynakiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(present study) and 
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4FC5FF8EF07CFC1FA7E5E817E08A" authority="(Kursat et al. 2008)" baseAuthorityName="Kursat" baseAuthorityYear="2008" box="[1006,1377,448,472]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Alyssum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="6" pageNumber="237" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="harputicum">
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8EF07CFC1FA7E5E9F0E08A" box="[1006,1158,448,472]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">A. harputicum</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB49B7FF8EF07CFB65A7E5E82CE08A" author="Kursat, M. &amp; Civelek, S. &amp; Kandil, A." box="[1172,1370,448,472]" pageId="6" pageNumber="237" pagination="205 - 215" refId="ref6018" refString="Kursat, M., Civelek, S., Kandil, A. (2008) Alyssum harputicum Dudley'in (Brassicaceae) Morfolojik, Anatomik ve Polen Ozellikleri ile Kromozom Sayisi Bakimindan Arastirilmasi. Firat Universitesi Fen ve Muhendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 20 (2): 205 - 215." type="journal article" year="2008">
Kürşat 
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8EF07CFB15A7E4E86FE08A" box="[1252,1305,448,472]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">et al.</emphasis>
2008
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B853446FF8EF07CFD26A7C8E8DFE488" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">
<table id="F93AC6E6FF8E0F85FF68A7C9E8DFE488" box="[153,1449,492,1498]" gridcols="4" gridrows="16" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">
<tr id="350A3604FF8E0F85FF68A7C9E8DFE350" box="[153,1449,492,514]" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="237" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
<th id="76DB5F78FF8E0F85FDA4A7C9E969E350" box="[597,1055,492,514]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB49B7FF8EF07CFD26A7C8EEEDE350" author="Kursat, M. &amp; Civelek, S. &amp; Kandil, A." box="[727,923,492,514]" pageId="6" pageNumber="237" pagination="205 - 215" refId="ref6018" refString="Kursat, M., Civelek, S., Kandil, A. (2008) Alyssum harputicum Dudley'in (Brassicaceae) Morfolojik, Anatomik ve Polen Ozellikleri ile Kromozom Sayisi Bakimindan Arastirilmasi. Firat Universitesi Fen ve Muhendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 20 (2): 205 - 215." type="journal article" year="2008">
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8EF07CFD26A7C8EEEDE350" bold="true" box="[727,923,492,514]" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">
Kürşat 
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8EF07CFCD4A7C8EE23E350" bold="true" box="[805,853,492,514]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">et al.</emphasis>
(2008)
</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
</th>
<th id="76DB5F78FF8E0F85FBC7A7C9E8DFE350" box="[1078,1449,492,514]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8EF07CFB5BA7C8E843E350" bold="true" box="[1194,1333,493,514]" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">Present study</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="350A3604FF8E0F85FF68A43EE8DFE363" box="[153,1449,539,561]" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="237" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
<td id="76DB5F78FF8E0F85FDA4A43EE969E363" box="[597,1055,539,561]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4FC5FF8EF07CFD23A43EEED6E363" box="[722,928,539,561]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Alyssum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="6" pageNumber="237" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="harputicum">
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8EF07CFD23A43EEED6E363" bold="true" box="[722,928,539,561]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">Alyssum harputicum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="76DB5F78FF8E0F85FBC7A43EE8DFE363" box="[1078,1449,539,561]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4FC5FF8EF07CFB61A43EE839E363" authorityName="Yilmaz" authorityYear="2012" box="[1168,1359,539,561]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Alyssum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="6" pageNumber="237" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kaynakiae">
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8EF07CFB61A43EE839E363" bold="true" box="[1168,1359,539,561]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">Alyssum kaynakiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350A3604FF8E0F85FF68A475E8DFE335" box="[153,1449,592,615]" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="237" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76DB5F78FF8E0F85FEACA475EF5EE335" box="[349,552,592,615]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8EF07CFE63A475EC82E334" bold="true" box="[402,500,592,614]" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">Structure</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76DB5F78FF8E0F85FDA4A475E969E335" box="[597,1055,592,615]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">Secondary structure</td>
<td id="76DB5F78FF8E0F85FBC7A475E8DFE335" box="[1078,1449,592,615]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">Primary structure</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350A3604FF8E0F85FF68A4A8E8DFE3F6" box="[153,1449,653,676]" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">
<th id="76DB5F78FF8E0F85FF68A4A8EC47E3F6" box="[153,305,653,676]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8EF07CFF6BA4ABEC59E3F0" bold="true" box="[154,303,653,675]" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">Root Anatomy</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="76DB5F78FF8E0F85FEACA4A8EF5EE3F6" box="[349,552,653,676]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8EF07CFE8EA4A8EF70E3F1" bold="true" box="[383,518,653,675]" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">Collenchyma</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76DB5F78FF8E0F85FDA4A4A8E969E3F6" box="[597,1055,653,676]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">Inside the cortex layer</td>
<td id="76DB5F78FF8E0F85FBC7A4A8E8DFE3F6" box="[1078,1449,653,676]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">Under the epidermis layer</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350A3604FF8E0F85FF68A4EFE8DFE3B3" box="[153,1449,714,737]" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="237" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76DB5F78FF8E0F85FEACA4EFEF5EE3B3" box="[349,552,714,737]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8EF07CFE8AA4EFEF7DE3B2" bold="true" box="[379,523,714,736]" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">Sclerenchyma</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76DB5F78FF8E0F85FDA4A4EFE969E3B3" box="[597,1055,714,737]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">Inside the lignified xylem area</td>
<td id="76DB5F78FF8E0F85FBC7A4EFE8DFE3B3" box="[1078,1449,714,737]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">–</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350A3604FF8E0F85FF68A525E8DFE217" box="[153,1449,768,837]" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="237" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76DB5F78FF8E0F85FEACA525EF5EE217" box="[349,552,768,837]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8EF07CFE63A532EC82E27F" bold="true" box="[402,500,791,813]" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">Structure</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76DB5F78FF8E0F85FDA4A525E969E217" box="[597,1055,768,837]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8EF07CFD81A525E97DE247" bold="true" box="[624,1035,768,790]" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">Wood-like stem Herbaceous stem</emphasis>
Secondary structure –
</td>
<td id="76DB5F78FF8E0F85FBC7A525E8DFE217" box="[1078,1449,768,837]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">Primary structure</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350A3604FF8E0F85FF68A540E8DFE229" box="[153,1449,869,891]" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="237" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76DB5F78FF8E0F85FEACA540EF5EE229" box="[349,552,869,891]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8EF07CFE7CA540EC8EE229" bold="true" box="[397,504,869,891]" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">Epidermis</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76DB5F78FF8E0F85FDA4A540E969E229" box="[597,1055,869,891]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">– Single-layered</td>
<td id="76DB5F78FF8E0F85FBC7A540E8DFE229" box="[1078,1449,869,891]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">Single-layered</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350A3604FF8E0F85FF68A587E8DFE2EA" box="[153,1449,930,952]" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="237" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76DB5F78FF8E0F85FEACA587EF5EE2EA" box="[349,552,930,952]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8EF07CFE8EA587EF70E2EA" bold="true" box="[383,518,930,952]" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">Collenchyma</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76DB5F78FF8E0F85FDA4A587E969E2EA" box="[597,1055,930,952]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">Inside the cortex layer –</td>
<td id="76DB5F78FF8E0F85FBC7A587E8DFE2EA" box="[1078,1449,930,952]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">Under the cortex layer</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350A3604FF8E0F85FF68A5F4E8DFE540" box="[153,1449,977,1042]" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">
<th id="76DB5F78FF8E0F85FF68A5F4EC47E540" box="[153,305,977,1042]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8EF07CFF68A5F4EC47E2B4" bold="true" box="[153,305,977,999]" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">Stem Anatomy</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="76DB5F78FF8E0F85FEACA5F4EF5EE540" box="[349,552,977,1042]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8EF07CFE8AA5CCEF7DE2AD" bold="true" box="[379,523,1001,1023]" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">Sclerenchyma</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76DB5F78FF8E0F85FDA4A5F4E969E540" box="[597,1055,977,1042]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">Inside the lignified Inside the cortex layer xylem area</td>
<td id="76DB5F78FF8E0F85FBC7A5F4E8DFE540" box="[1078,1449,977,1042]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">–</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350A3604FF8E0F85FF68A20FE8DFE536" box="[153,1449,1066,1124]" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="237" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76DB5F78FF8E0F85FEACA20FEF5EE536" box="[349,552,1066,1124]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8EF07CFEACA20EEC9DE536" bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">Number of vascular bundles</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76DB5F78FF8E0F85FDA4A20FE969E536" box="[597,1055,1066,1124]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">– 12–15</td>
<td id="76DB5F78FF8E0F85FBC7A20FE8DFE536" box="[1078,1449,1066,1124]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">9–11</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350A3604FF8E0F85FF68A258E8DFE5E5" box="[153,1449,1149,1207]" gridrow="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="237" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76DB5F78FF8E0F85FEACA258EF5EE5E5" box="[349,552,1149,1207]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8EF07CFE7BA2AAEC8AE5F7" bold="true" box="[394,508,1167,1189]" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">Pith region</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76DB5F78FF8E0F85FDA4A258E969E5E5" box="[597,1055,1149,1207]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">Composed Composed of parenchyma cells of parenchyma cells</td>
<td id="76DB5F78FF8E0F85FBC7A258E8DFE5E5" box="[1078,1449,1149,1207]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">Composed of parenchyma cells</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350A3604FF8E0F85FF68A2F2E8DFE5BF" box="[153,1449,1239,1261]" gridrow="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="237" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76DB5F78FF8E0F85FEACA2F2EF5EE5BF" box="[349,552,1239,1261]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8EF07CFE5BA2F2ECAAE5BE" bold="true" box="[426,476,1239,1260]" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">Type</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76DB5F78FF8E0F85FDA4A2F2E969E5BF" box="[597,1055,1239,1261]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">Isolateral</td>
<td id="76DB5F78FF8E0F85FBC7A2F2E8DFE5BF" box="[1078,1449,1239,1261]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">Isolateral</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350A3604FF8E0F85FF68A331E8DFE478" box="[153,1449,1300,1322]" gridrow="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="237" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76DB5F78FF8E0F85FEACA331EF5EE478" box="[349,552,1300,1322]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8EF07CFE7CA331EC8FE478" bold="true" box="[397,505,1300,1322]" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">Trichomes</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76DB5F78FF8E0F85FDA4A331E969E478" box="[597,1055,1300,1322]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">Lepidote hairs</td>
<td id="76DB5F78FF8E0F85FBC7A331E8DFE478" box="[1078,1449,1300,1322]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">Lepidote hairs</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350A3604FF8E0F85FF68A36FE8DFE435" box="[153,1449,1354,1383]" gridrow="13" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">
<th id="76DB5F78FF8E0F85FF68A36FEC47E435" box="[153,305,1354,1383]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8EF07CFF6DA36FEC58E40D" bold="true" box="[156,302,1354,1376]" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">Leaf Anatomy</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="76DB5F78FF8E0F85FEACA36FEF5EE435" box="[349,552,1354,1383]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8EF07CFE7CA374EC8EE435" bold="true" box="[397,504,1361,1383]" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">Epidermis</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76DB5F78FF8E0F85FDA4A36FE969E435" box="[597,1055,1354,1383]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">Single layered</td>
<td id="76DB5F78FF8E0F85FBC7A36FE8DFE435" box="[1078,1449,1354,1383]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">Single layered</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350A3604FF8E0F85FF68A3ABE8DFE4F6" box="[153,1449,1422,1444]" gridrow="14" pageId="6" pageNumber="237" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76DB5F78FF8E0F85FEACA3ABEF5EE4F6" box="[349,552,1422,1444]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8EF07CFE69A3ABEC9BE4F6" bold="true" box="[408,493,1422,1444]" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">Stomata</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76DB5F78FF8E0F85FDA4A3ABE969E4F6" box="[597,1055,1422,1444]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">On both surfaces</td>
<td id="76DB5F78FF8E0F85FBC7A3ABE8DFE4F6" box="[1078,1449,1422,1444]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">On both surfaces</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350A3604FF8E0F85FF68A3E1E8DFE488" box="[153,1449,1476,1498]" gridrow="15" pageId="6" pageNumber="237" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76DB5F78FF8E0F85FEACA3E1EF5EE488" box="[349,552,1476,1498]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8EF07CFE7CA3E1EC8EE48B" bold="true" box="[397,504,1476,1497]" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">Mesophyll</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76DB5F78FF8E0F85FDA4A3E1E969E488" box="[597,1055,1476,1498]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">2–3 layered palisade parenchyma cells</td>
<td id="76DB5F78FF8E0F85FBC7A3E1E8DFE488" box="[1078,1449,1476,1498]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">2–3 layered palisade parenchyma cells</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B853446FF8EF07CFF4CA028EE40E639" blockId="6.[136,1452,1549,1899]" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB49B7FF8EF07CFF4CA028ECE3E77A" author="Uysal, T. &amp; Bozkurt, M. &amp; Tugay, O. &amp; Ertugrul, K. &amp; Simsek Sezer, E. N. &amp; Kose, Y. B." box="[189,405,1549,1576]" pageId="6" pageNumber="237" pagination="949 - 964" refId="ref6700" refString="Uysal, T., Bozkurt, M., Tugay, O., Ertugrul, K., Simsek Sezer, E. N. &amp; Kose, Y. B. (2017) Karyomorphology of Turkish species in Centaurea sections Centaurea and Phalolepis (Asteraceae) and implications for taxonomy. Plant Biosystems 151 (6): 949 - 964. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 11263504.2016.1218967" type="journal article" year="2017">
Uysal 
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8EF07CFEF6A02BEC34E775" box="[263,322,1549,1575]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">et al.</emphasis>
(2017)
</bibRefCitation>
revealed that the chromosomes generally give data relevant to the taxonomy of plants. The 
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4FC5FF8EF07CFF79A014EC6FE719" box="[136,281,1585,1611]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="6" pageNumber="237" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Brassicaceae</taxonomicName>
family is well known for the considerable variation in chromosome numbers and the common occurrence of polyploids (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB49B7FF8EF07CFEDDA070EF17E73D" author="Marhold, K. &amp; Lihova, J." box="[300,609,1621,1647]" pageId="6" pageNumber="237" pagination="143 - 174" refId="ref6105" refString="Marhold, K. &amp; Lihova, J. (2006) Polyploidy, hybridisation and reticulate evolution: lessons from the Brassicaceae. Plant Systematics and Evolution 259: 143 - 174. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00606 - 006 - 0417 - x" type="journal article" year="2006">Marhold and Lihová, 2006</bibRefCitation>
). Polyploidy has a significant role in the taxa of the 
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4FC5FF8EF07CFB5CA070E848E73D" box="[1197,1342,1621,1647]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="6" pageNumber="237" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Brassicaceae</taxonomicName>
family in terms of conducting to speciation and evolution (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB49B7FF8EF07CFD44A05EEEE7E7C6" author="Spaniel, S. &amp; Kempa, M. &amp; Salmeron-Sanchez, E. &amp; Fuertes-Aguilar, J. &amp; Mota, JF &amp; Al-Shehbaz, IA &amp; German, DA &amp; Olsavska, K. &amp; Singliarova, B. &amp; Zozomova-Lihova, J. &amp; Marhold, K." box="[693,913,1657,1686]" pageId="6" pageNumber="237" pagination="2463 - 2491" refId="ref6522" refString="Spaniel, S., Kempa, M., Salmeron-Sanchez, E., Fuertes-Aguilar, J., Mota, JF., Al-Shehbaz, IA., German, DA., Olsavska, K., Singliarova, B., Zozomova-Lihova, J. &amp; Marhold, K. (2015) AlyBase: database of names, chromosome numbers, and ploidy levels of Alysseae (Brassicaceae), with a new generic concept of the tribe. Plant Systematics and Evolution 301: 2463 - 2491. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00606 - 015 - 1257 - 3" type="journal article" year="2015">
Španiel 
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8EF07CFCE2A05FEE3AE7C1" box="[787,844,1657,1683]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">et al.</emphasis>
2015
</bibRefCitation>
). Chromosome and ploidy variation is essential also in the tribe 
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4FC5FF8EF07CFECEA0B8ECD7E7E5" box="[319,417,1693,1719]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="6" pageNumber="237" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="tribe" tribe="Alysseae">
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8EF07CFECEA0B8ECD7E7E5" box="[319,417,1693,1719]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">Alysseae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4FC5FF8EF07CFDBDA0B8EEEDE7EA" authority="(Spaniel et al. 2015)" baseAuthorityName="Spaniel" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[588,923,1693,1722]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Alyssum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="6" pageNumber="237" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8EF07CFDBDA0B8EFDFE7E5" box="[588,681,1693,1719]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">Alyssum</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB49B7FF8EF07CFD48A0BAEEE2E7EA" author="Spaniel, S. &amp; Kempa, M. &amp; Salmeron-Sanchez, E. &amp; Fuertes-Aguilar, J. &amp; Mota, JF &amp; Al-Shehbaz, IA &amp; German, DA &amp; Olsavska, K. &amp; Singliarova, B. &amp; Zozomova-Lihova, J. &amp; Marhold, K." box="[697,916,1693,1722]" pageId="6" pageNumber="237" pagination="2463 - 2491" refId="ref6522" refString="Spaniel, S., Kempa, M., Salmeron-Sanchez, E., Fuertes-Aguilar, J., Mota, JF., Al-Shehbaz, IA., German, DA., Olsavska, K., Singliarova, B., Zozomova-Lihova, J. &amp; Marhold, K. (2015) AlyBase: database of names, chromosome numbers, and ploidy levels of Alysseae (Brassicaceae), with a new generic concept of the tribe. Plant Systematics and Evolution 301: 2463 - 2491. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00606 - 015 - 1257 - 3" type="journal article" year="2015">
Španiel 
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8EF07CFCE7A0BBEE39E7E5" box="[790,847,1693,1719]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">et al.</emphasis>
2015
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. According to the AlyBase database, the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4FC5FF8EF07CFF79A0E4ED93E789" box="[136,229,1729,1755]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Alyssum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="6" pageNumber="237" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8EF07CFF79A0E4ED93E789" box="[136,229,1729,1755]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">Alyssum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
includes diploid, polyploid, or diploid-polyploid taxa (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB49B7FF8EF07CFCB7A0E6E96DE78E" author="Spaniel, S. &amp; Kempa, M. &amp; Salmeron-Sanchez, E. &amp; Fuertes-Aguilar, J. &amp; Mota, JF &amp; Al-Shehbaz, IA &amp; German, DA &amp; Olsavska, K. &amp; Singliarova, B. &amp; Zozomova-Lihova, J. &amp; Marhold, K." box="[838,1051,1729,1758]" pageId="6" pageNumber="237" pagination="2463 - 2491" refId="ref6522" refString="Spaniel, S., Kempa, M., Salmeron-Sanchez, E., Fuertes-Aguilar, J., Mota, JF., Al-Shehbaz, IA., German, DA., Olsavska, K., Singliarova, B., Zozomova-Lihova, J. &amp; Marhold, K. (2015) AlyBase: database of names, chromosome numbers, and ploidy levels of Alysseae (Brassicaceae), with a new generic concept of the tribe. Plant Systematics and Evolution 301: 2463 - 2491. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00606 - 015 - 1257 - 3" type="journal article" year="2015">
Španiel 
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8EF07CFC50A0E7EEAEE789" box="[929,984,1729,1755]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">et al.</emphasis>
2015
</bibRefCitation>
). Diploid taxa with 2n = 16 are most common in this genus, and the most frequent base chromosome number is x = 8; on the other hand, x = 7 (
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4FC5FF8EF07CFABFA0C0EC20E676" authority="Desv." authorityName="Desv." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Alyssum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="6" pageNumber="237" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="umbellatum">
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8EF07CFABFA0C0EC7AE671" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">Alyssum umbellatum</emphasis>
Desv.
</taxonomicName>
) was also reported to a lesser extent (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB49B7FF8EF07CFCF9A12EEE92E676" author="Spaniel, S. &amp; Kempa, M. &amp; Salmeron-Sanchez, E. &amp; Fuertes-Aguilar, J. &amp; Mota, JF &amp; Al-Shehbaz, IA &amp; German, DA &amp; Olsavska, K. &amp; Singliarova, B. &amp; Zozomova-Lihova, J. &amp; Marhold, K." box="[776,996,1801,1830]" pageId="6" pageNumber="237" pagination="2463 - 2491" refId="ref6522" refString="Spaniel, S., Kempa, M., Salmeron-Sanchez, E., Fuertes-Aguilar, J., Mota, JF., Al-Shehbaz, IA., German, DA., Olsavska, K., Singliarova, B., Zozomova-Lihova, J. &amp; Marhold, K. (2015) AlyBase: database of names, chromosome numbers, and ploidy levels of Alysseae (Brassicaceae), with a new generic concept of the tribe. Plant Systematics and Evolution 301: 2463 - 2491. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00606 - 015 - 1257 - 3" type="journal article" year="2015">
Španiel 
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8EF07CFC97A12FEED6E671" box="[870,928,1801,1827]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">et al.</emphasis>
2015
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB49B7FF8EF07CFC00A12CE9B9E676" author="Cetlova, V. &amp; Zozomova-Lihova, J. &amp; Melicharkova, A. &amp; Martonfiova, L. &amp; Spaniel, S." box="[1009,1231,1801,1828]" pageId="6" pageNumber="237" pagination="627909" refId="ref5330" refString="Cetlova, V., Zozomova-Lihova, J., Melicharkova, A., Martonfiova, L. &amp; Spaniel, S. (2021) Multiple drivers of high species diversity and endemism among Alyssum annuals in the Mediterranean: the evolutionary significance of the Aegean hotspot. Frontiers in Plant Science 12: 627909. https: // doi. org / 10.3389 / fpls. 2021.627909" type="journal article" year="2021">
Cetlová 
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8EF07CFBA1A12FE9FDE671" box="[1104,1163,1801,1827]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">et al.</emphasis>
2021
</bibRefCitation>
). In line with these data, the counted 16 chromosomes in metaphase cells of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4FC5FF8EF07CFCF8A108EEA9E615" authorityName="Yilmaz" authorityYear="2012" box="[777,991,1837,1863]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Alyssum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="6" pageNumber="237" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kaynakiae">
<emphasis id="B94EE854FF8EF07CFCF8A108EEA9E615" box="[777,991,1837,1863]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="237">Alyssum kaynakiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
demonstrate that it is diploid. This study brought the first chromosome number record for this species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>