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<document id="81C1A17720EBD3B3CF3A96FEA82742E7" ID="10.11646/zootaxa.4161.2.6" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4161.2.6" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e2b6a655-b780-4ddb-a825-e12b8d9f9380" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="262800" ID-ZooBank="F0DED669-A970-4DC8-B8C0-E7C06AA29CB6" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1473057670206" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Shimada, Kenshu, Egi, Naoko, Tsubamoto, Takehisa, Nishioka, Yuichiro, Sonoda, Teppei &amp; Takai, Masanaru" docDate="2016" docId="03A7879BFFA32265FF38FE25FA22FA36" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4161.2.6.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4161 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Glyphis pagoda Noetling 1901" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="245" masterDocId="FF9EFFE3FFA0226DFFAFFFE8FFBFFFAB" masterDocTitle="The extinct river shark Glyphis pagoda from the Miocene of Myanmar and a review of the fossil record of the genus Glyphis (Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae)" masterLastPageNumber="251" masterPageNumber="237" pageNumber="240" updateTime="1698384023838" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="158FF1C4C62074D99A9A8906B1A58C32">The extinct river shark Glyphis pagoda from the Miocene of Myanmar and a review of the fossil record of the genus Glyphis (Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="70D885DDAA7C84659C10889347333F58">Egi, Naoko</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="AE05CC785B3930A1F0A38A37FAA6C87B">Tsubamoto, Takehisa</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="68A868AB5AFAB696E636BA342B28122D">Nishioka, Yuichiro</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="17DF9E47DE0B884A831B5CE464117547">2016</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03A7879BFFA32265FF38FE25FA22FA36" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6055408" ID-GBIF-Taxon="124409994" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6055408" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A7879BFFA32265FF38FE25FA22FA36" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A7879BFFA32265FF38FE25FA22FA36" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="245" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<subSubSection id="C3146506FFA3226EFF38FE25FEECFDA3" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" type="nomenclature">
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<heading id="D0F981E1FFA3226EFF38FE25FDA6FE4C" bold="true" box="[151,537,461,487]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA3226EFF38FE25FDA6FE4C" authority="Noetling 1901" authorityName="Noetling" authorityYear="1901" box="[151,537,461,487]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Glyphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pagoda">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA3226EFF38FE25FDA6FE4C" bold="true" box="[151,537,461,487]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA3226EFF38FE25FEECFE4C" bold="true" box="[151,339,461,487]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">Glyphis pagoda</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA3226EFECDFE25FDAEFE4C" author="Noetling" box="[354,529,461,487]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" refString="Noetling, F. (1901) Fauna of the Miocene beds of Burma. Memoirs of the Geological Society of India, Palaeontologia Indica, 1 (3), 1 - 378." type="journal article" year="1901">Noetling 1901</bibRefCitation>
)
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<paragraph id="8BB1368DFFA3226EFF38FE07FEECFDA3" blockId="3.[151,537,461,520]" box="[151,339,495,520]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
(
<figureCitation id="13352A08FFA3226EFF30FE07FF51FDA3" box="[159,238,495,520]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1723,1745]" captionTargetBox="[154,1436,193,1701]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1702]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Teeth of Glyphis pagoda from the upper Middle to lower Upper Miocene of Myanmar. A, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (6), lower tooth in matrix. B, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (6), lower tooth in close-up view (cf. Fig. 2 A). C, NMMP-KU-IR 1496, upper tooth. D, NMMP-KU-IR 1522 (1), lower tooth. E, NMMP-KU-IR 1522 (2), upper tooth. F, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (1), lower tooth. G, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (5), lower tooth. H, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (2), lower tooth. I, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (3), lower tooth. J, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (4), lower tooth. K, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (7), upper tooth. L, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (9), upper tooth. M, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (8), upper tooth. N, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (11), upper tooth. O, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (10), upper tooth. P, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (12), lower tooth. Q, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (13), lower tooth. R, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (14), lower tooth. S, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (15), lower tooth. T, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (16), lower tooth. U, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (17), lower tooth. Orientations: A, B = labial view; C – G = lingual (left), mesial (middle), and labial (right) views (note: mesial view in G = longitudinal cross-sectional view to show pulp cavity); H – U, lingual (left) and labial (right) views. All scales = 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262802/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13352A08FFA3226EFF55FE18FEB7FDA3" box="[250,264,496,520]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1119,1141]" captionTargetBox="[155,1434,193,1093]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,193,1098]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Dentition of extant Glyphis (A) compared with selected teeth of G. pagoda from the Miocene of Myanmar (B, C), and three separate morphological ranges in the dentition of Glyphis that alluded the total intraindividual variation of G. pagoda (1 ‒ 3). A, upper and lower dental series of extant G. glyphis in labial view (jaw symphysis to the left; after Compagno 1984, p. 509). B, isolated upper teeth of G. pagoda artificially aligned with size adjustment to show approximate correspondence with upper teeth of extant G. glyphis (top half of Fig. 3 A): from left to right, NMMP-KU-IR 1522 (2) (Fig. 2 E), NMMP-KU-IR 1496 (Fig. 2 C; image reversed), NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (8) (Fig. 2 M; image reversed), NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (7) (Fig. 2 K; image reversed), NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (10) (Fig. 2 O), NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (11) (Fig. 2 N). C, isolated lower teeth of G. pagoda artificially aligned with size adjustment to show approximate correspondence with lower teeth of extant G. glyphis (bottom half of Fig. 3 A): from left to right, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (1) (Fig. 2 F; image reversed), NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (6) (Fig. 2 B; image reversed), NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (3) (Fig. 2 I; image reversed), NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (2) (Fig. 2 H; image reversed), NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (16) (Fig. 2 T), NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (15) (Fig. 2 S; image reversed), NMMP-KU-IR 1522 (1) (Fig. 2 D; image reversed), NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (12) (Fig. 2 P; image reversed). 1, original range of morphological variation defined by Noetling (1901); 2, morphological range of G. pagoda teeth previously misidentified as or misclassified by previous workers to Carcharias (Prionodon) sp., C. (P.) gangeticus, Carcharinus (P.) gangeticus, C. jhingrani, Carcharodon carcharias, C. megalodon, or C. tandoni (e. g., see synonymy list in text); 3, morphological range of G. pagoda teeth previously misidentified as or misclassified by previous workers to Carcharias (P.) collata, Carcharhinus collatus, Carchariolamna heroni, Oxyrhina spallanzanii, O. sp., Isurus spallanzanii, I. rameshi, I. desori, or I. oxyrinchus (e. g., see synonymy list in text). All scales = 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262803/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">3</figureCitation>
B, 3C)
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C3146506FFA3226EFF38FDD0FDCAFDE5" box="[151,629,568,590]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB1368DFFA3226EFF38FDD0FDCAFDE5" blockId="3.[151,1436,568,2031]" box="[151,629,568,590]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1E11A3FFA3226EFF38FDD0FDCAFDE5" box="[151,629,568,590]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA3226EFF38FDD0FE33FDE5" ID-CoL="3HC6" authority="(Prionodon)" baseAuthorityName="Prionodon" box="[151,396,568,590]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Odontaspididae" genus="Carcharias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA3226EFF38FDD0FEB5FDE5" box="[151,266,568,590]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">Carcharias</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA3226EFEB7FDD0FE3BFDE5" box="[280,388,568,590]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">Prionodon</emphasis>
)
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sp.
<treatmentCitation id="0AAF109CFFA3226EFE19FDD0FDCEFDE5" author="Noetling" box="[438,625,568,590]" page="45" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" year="1895">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA3226EFE19FDD0FDF4FDE5" author="Noetling" box="[438,587,568,590]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" refString="Noetling, F. (1895) On some marine fossils from the Miocene of Upper Burma. Memoirs of the Geological Society of India, 27 (1), 1 - 45." type="journal article" year="1895">Noetling 1895</bibRefCitation>
: 45
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.
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<subSubSection id="C3146506FFA3226EFF38FDBEFDC7FC15" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BB1368DFFA3226EFF38FDBEFC69FDC7" blockId="3.[151,1436,568,2031]" box="[151,982,598,620]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1E11A3FFA3226EFF38FDBEFC69FDC7" box="[151,982,598,620]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA3226EFF38FDBEFDAAFDC7" authority="Noetling 1901: 372" authorityName="Noetling" authorityPageNumber="372" authorityYear="1901" box="[151,533,598,620]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Oxyrhina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pagoda">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA3226EFF38FDBEFEF7FDC7" box="[151,328,598,620]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">Oxyrhina pagoda</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AAF109CFFA3226EFEE1FDBEFDAAFDC7" author="Noetling" box="[334,533,598,620]" page="372" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" year="1901">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA3226EFEE1FDBEFE5CFDC7" author="Noetling" box="[334,483,598,620]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" refString="Noetling, F. (1901) Fauna of the Miocene beds of Burma. Memoirs of the Geological Society of India, Palaeontologia Indica, 1 (3), 1 - 378." type="journal article" year="1901">Noetling 1901</bibRefCitation>
: 372
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</taxonomicName>
, pl. XXV, figs. 1, 1a–1e, 2, 2a–2e, 3, 3a–3b.
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB1368DFFA3226EFF38FD9DFBF6FD20" blockId="3.[151,1436,568,2031]" box="[151,1097,629,651]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1E11A3FFA3226EFF38FD9DFBF6FD20" box="[151,1097,629,651]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA3226EFF38FD9DFD06FD20" authority="Bonaparte. Noetling 1901: 372" authorityName="Bonaparte. Noetling" authorityPageNumber="372" authorityYear="1901" box="[151,697,629,651]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Oxyrhina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spallanzanii">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA3226EFF38FD9DFEC7FD20" box="[151,376,629,651]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">Oxyrhina spallanzanii</emphasis>
Bonaparte.
<treatmentCitation id="0AAF109CFFA3226EFE5CFD9DFD06FD20" author="Noetling" box="[499,697,629,651]" page="372" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" year="1901">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA3226EFE5CFD9DFD37FD20" author="Noetling" box="[499,648,629,651]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" refString="Noetling, F. (1901) Fauna of the Miocene beds of Burma. Memoirs of the Geological Society of India, Palaeontologia Indica, 1 (3), 1 - 378." type="journal article" year="1901">Noetling 1901</bibRefCitation>
: 372
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–373, pl. XXV, figs. 4, 5, 5a–e, 6, 6a–e.
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB1368DFFA3226EFF38FD7CFE9AFD63" blockId="3.[151,1436,568,2031]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1E11A3FFA3226EFF38FD7CFE9AFD63" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA3226EFF38FD7CFC3CFD01" authority="Muller &amp; Henle. Noetling 1901: 375" authorityName="Muller &amp; Henle. Noetling" authorityPageNumber="375" authorityYear="1901" box="[151,899,660,682]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Odontaspididae" genus="Carcharias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gangeticus" subGenus="Prionodon">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA3226EFF38FD7CFEB5FD01" box="[151,266,660,682]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">Carcharias</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA3226EFEB7FD7CFE3BFD01" box="[280,388,660,682]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">Prionodon</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA3226EFE3CFD7DFDBEFD01" box="[403,513,661,682]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">gangeticus</emphasis>
Müller &amp; Henle.
<treatmentCitation id="0AAF109CFFA3226EFD16FD7CFC3CFD01" author="Noetling" box="[697,899,660,682]" page="375" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" year="1901">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA3226EFD16FD7CFCEFFD01" author="Noetling" box="[697,848,660,682]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" refString="Noetling, F. (1901) Fauna of the Miocene beds of Burma. Memoirs of the Geological Society of India, Palaeontologia Indica, 1 (3), 1 - 378." type="journal article" year="1901">Noetling 1901</bibRefCitation>
: 375
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, pl. XXV, figs. 11a–e, 12a, 12b, 13a, 13b, 14a, 14b, 15a, 15b.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB1368DFFA3226EFF38FD39FB0CFD4C" blockId="3.[151,1436,568,2031]" box="[151,1203,721,743]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1E11A3FFA3226EFF38FD39FB0CFD4C" box="[151,1203,721,743]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA3226EFF38FD39FD22FD4C" authority="Bonaparte. Stuart 1910: 294" authorityName="Bonaparte. Stuart" authorityPageNumber="294" authorityYear="1910" box="[151,669,721,743]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Oxyrhina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spallanzanii">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA3226EFF38FD39FEC7FD4C" box="[151,376,721,743]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">Oxyrhina spallanzanii</emphasis>
Bonaparte.
<treatmentCitation id="0AAF109CFFA3226EFE5CFD39FD22FD4C" author="Stuart" box="[499,669,721,743]" page="294" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" year="1910">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA3226EFE5CFD39FDD4FD4C" author="Stuart" box="[499,619,721,743]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" refString="Stuart, M. (1910) Fossil fish teeth from the Pegu System, Burma. Records of the Geological Society of India, 38, 292 - 301." type="journal article" year="1910">Stuart 1910</bibRefCitation>
: 294
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</taxonomicName>
, pl. 25, figs. 9, 9a, 10, 10a, pl. 26, figs. 1, 2, 12, 12a.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB1368DFFA3226EFF38FD18FC1FFCAD" blockId="3.[151,1436,568,2031]" box="[151,928,752,774]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1E11A3FFA3226EFF38FD18FC1FFCAD" box="[151,928,752,774]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA3226EFF38FD18FD73FCAD" authority="Cope. Stuart 1910: 296" authorityName="Cope. Stuart" authorityPageNumber="296" authorityYear="1910" box="[151,716,752,774]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Odontaspididae" genus="Carcharias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="collata" subGenus="Prionodon">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA3226EFF38FD18FEB5FCAD" box="[151,266,752,774]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">Carcharias</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA3226EFEB7FD18FE3BFCAD" box="[280,388,752,774]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">Prionodon</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA3226EFE3CFD18FE66FCAD" box="[403,473,752,774]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">collata</emphasis>
Cope.
<treatmentCitation id="0AAF109CFFA3226EFD8DFD18FD73FCAD" author="Stuart" box="[546,716,752,774]" page="296" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" year="1910">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA3226EFD8DFD18FD25FCAD" author="Stuart" box="[546,666,752,774]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" refString="Stuart, M. (1910) Fossil fish teeth from the Pegu System, Burma. Records of the Geological Society of India, 38, 292 - 301." type="journal article" year="1910">Stuart 1910</bibRefCitation>
: 296
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, pl. 26, figs. 12, 12a.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB1368DFFA3226EFF38FCE6FCE4FC8F" blockId="3.[151,1436,568,2031]" box="[151,859,782,804]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1E11A3FFA3226EFF38FCE6FCE4FC8F" box="[151,859,782,804]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA3226EFF38FCE6FD92FC8F" authority="Hora 1939: 203" authorityName="Hora" authorityPageNumber="203" authorityYear="1939" box="[151,557,782,804]" class="Elasmobranchii" genus="Carchariolamna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heroni">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA3226EFF38FCE6FE39FC8F" box="[151,390,782,804]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">Carchariolamna heroni</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AAF109CFFA3226EFE23FCE7FD92FC8F" author="Hora" box="[396,557,782,804]" page="203" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" year="1939">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA3226EFE23FCE7FE44FC8F" author="Hora" box="[396,507,782,804]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" refString="Hora, S. L. (1939) On two small collections of fossil fish-remains from Balasore, Orissa. Records of the Geological Survey of India, 74 (2), 199 - 215." type="journal article" year="1939">Hora 1939</bibRefCitation>
: 203
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, text-fig. 1b, pl. 13, figs. 1–4.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB1368DFFA3226EFF38FCC5FCA5FCE8" blockId="3.[151,1436,568,2031]" box="[151,794,813,835]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1E11A3FFA3226EFF38FCC5FCA5FCE8" box="[151,794,813,835]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA3226EFF38FCC5FE44FCE8" authority="Agassiz. Hora 1939: 206" authorityName="Agassiz. Hora" authorityPageNumber="206" authorityYear="1939" box="[151,507,813,835]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Oxyrhina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA3226EFF38FCC5FF49FCE8" box="[151,246,813,835]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">Oxyrhina</emphasis>
Agassiz.
<treatmentCitation id="0AAF109CFFA3226EFEF6FCC6FE44FCE8" author="Hora" box="[345,507,813,835]" page="206" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" year="1939">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA3226EFEF6FCC6FE77FCE8" author="Hora" box="[345,456,813,835]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" refString="Hora, S. L. (1939) On two small collections of fossil fish-remains from Balasore, Orissa. Records of the Geological Survey of India, 74 (2), 199 - 215." type="journal article" year="1939">Hora 1939</bibRefCitation>
: 206
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, text-fig. 2, pl. 13, figs. 5, 6.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB1368DFFA3226EFF38FCA4FEF8FC2B" blockId="3.[151,1436,568,2031]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1E11A3FFA3226EFF38FCA4FEF8FC2B" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA3226EFF38FCA4FDE1FCC9" ID-CoL="6VSF" authority="Muller &amp; Henle. Hora 1939: 206" authorityName="Muller &amp; Henle. Hora" authorityPageNumber="206" authorityYear="1939" box="[151,606,844,866]" class="Mammalia" family="Viverridae" genus="Prionodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA3226EFF38FCA4FEBBFCC9" box="[151,260,844,866]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">Prionodon</emphasis>
Müller &amp; Henle.
<treatmentCitation id="0AAF109CFFA3226EFE14FCA5FDE1FCC9" author="Hora" box="[443,606,844,866]" page="206" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" year="1939">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA3226EFE14FCA5FD93FCC9" author="Hora" box="[443,556,844,866]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" refString="Hora, S. L. (1939) On two small collections of fossil fish-remains from Balasore, Orissa. Records of the Geological Survey of India, 74 (2), 199 - 215." type="journal article" year="1939">Hora 1939</bibRefCitation>
: 206
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 207, text-fig. 3 (left figure only; right figure may be tooth of
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA3226EFB70FCA4FAD5FCC9" ID-CoL="3HC4" box="[1247,1386,844,866]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Carcharhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA3226EFB70FCA4FAD5FCC9" box="[1247,1386,844,866]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">Carcharhinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.), pl. 13, 7–10.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB1368DFFA3226EFF38FC61FCE7FC34" blockId="3.[151,1436,568,2031]" box="[151,856,905,927]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1E11A3FFA3226EFF38FC61FCE7FC34" box="[151,856,905,927]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA3226EFF38FC61FE55FC34" authority="Gill. Hora 1939: 209" authorityName="Gill. Hora" authorityPageNumber="209" authorityYear="1939" box="[151,490,905,927]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Aprionodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA3226EFF38FC61FEAFFC34" box="[151,272,905,927]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">Aprionodon</emphasis>
Gill.
<treatmentCitation id="0AAF109CFFA3226EFEE5FC62FE55FC34" author="Hora" box="[330,490,905,927]" page="209" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" year="1939">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA3226EFEE5FC62FE05FC34" author="Hora" box="[330,442,905,927]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" refString="Hora, S. L. (1939) On two small collections of fossil fish-remains from Balasore, Orissa. Records of the Geological Survey of India, 74 (2), 199 - 215." type="journal article" year="1939">Hora 1939</bibRefCitation>
: 209
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
–210, text-fig. 6, pl. 13, figs. 16–20.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB1368DFFA3226EFF38FC40FDC7FC15" blockId="3.[151,1436,568,2031]" box="[151,632,936,958]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1E11A3FFA3226EFF38FC40FDC7FC15" box="[151,632,936,958]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA3226EFF38FC40FE77FC15" authority="Noetling" authorityName="Noetling" box="[151,456,936,958]" class="Mammalia" family="Viverridae" genus="Prionodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pagoda">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA3226EFF38FC40FEEAFC15" box="[151,341,936,958]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">Prionodon pagoda</emphasis>
(Noetling)
</taxonomicName>
.
<treatmentCitation id="0AAF109CFFA3226EFE7DFC40FDCBFC15" author="Leriche" box="[466,628,936,958]" page="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" year="1954">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA3226EFE7DFC40FDE4FC15" author="Leriche" box="[466,603,936,958]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" refString="Leriche, M. (1954) Les faunes ichthyologiques marines du Neogenedes Indes orientales. Memoires de la Societe Paleontologique Suisse, 70, 1 - 21, 2 figs., 2 pls." type="journal article" year="1954">Leriche 1954</bibRefCitation>
: 7
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3146506FFA3226EFF38FC2EFDF6FC77" box="[151,585,966,988]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB1368DFFA3226EFF38FC2EFDF6FC77" blockId="3.[151,1436,568,2031]" box="[151,585,966,988]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1E11A3FFA3226EFF38FC2EFDF6FC77" box="[151,585,966,988]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA3226EFF38FC2EFEBBFC77" ID-CoL="6VSF" box="[151,260,966,988]" class="Mammalia" family="Viverridae" genus="Prionodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA3226EFF38FC2EFEBBFC77" box="[151,260,966,988]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">Prionodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. (Noetling).
<treatmentCitation id="0AAF109CFFA3226EFE0CFC2EFDFAFC77" author="Leriche" box="[419,581,966,988]" page="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" year="1954">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA3226EFE0CFC2EFD93FC77" author="Leriche" box="[419,556,966,988]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" refString="Leriche, M. (1954) Les faunes ichthyologiques marines du Neogenedes Indes orientales. Memoires de la Societe Paleontologique Suisse, 70, 1 - 21, 2 figs., 2 pls." type="journal article" year="1954">Leriche 1954</bibRefCitation>
: 7
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3146506FFA3226EFF38FC0DFB4EFB79" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BB1368DFFA3226EFF38FC0DFD16FC50" blockId="3.[151,1436,568,2031]" box="[151,681,997,1019]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1E11A3FFA3226EFF38FC0DFD16FC50" box="[151,681,997,1019]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA3226EFF38FC0DFDDCFC50" authority="Noetling. Sarma 1957: 104" authorityName="Noetling. Sarma" authorityPageNumber="104" authorityYear="1957" box="[151,611,997,1019]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Oxyrhina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pagoda">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA3226EFF38FC0DFEF7FC50" box="[151,328,997,1019]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">Oxyrhina pagoda</emphasis>
Noetling.
<treatmentCitation id="0AAF109CFFA3226EFE1BFC0DFDDCFC50" author="Sarma" box="[436,611,997,1019]" page="104" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" year="1957">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA3226EFE1BFC0DFD8EFC50" author="Sarma" box="[436,561,997,1019]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" refString="Sarma, K. C. (1957) On the palaeontology of Baripada beds, Mayurbhanj, Orissa. Quarterly Journal of Geological Mining and Metallurgical Society of India, 29 (2), 103 - 105, 1 fig." type="journal article" year="1957">Sarma 1957</bibRefCitation>
: 104
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, fig. 8.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB1368DFFA3226EFF38FBECFD46FBB1" blockId="3.[151,1436,568,2031]" box="[151,761,1028,1050]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1E11A3FFA3226EFF38FBECFD46FBB1" box="[151,761,1028,1050]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA3226EFF38FBECFD19FBB1" authority="Agassiz. Sarma 1957: 104" authorityName="Agassiz. Sarma" authorityPageNumber="104" authorityYear="1957" box="[151,678,1028,1050]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Carcharodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megalodon">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA3226EFF38FBECFE2AFBB1" box="[151,405,1028,1050]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">Carcharodon megalodon</emphasis>
Agassiz.
<treatmentCitation id="0AAF109CFFA3226EFE58FBECFD19FBB1" author="Sarma" box="[503,678,1028,1050]" page="104" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" year="1957">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA3226EFE58FBECFDCAFBB1" author="Sarma" box="[503,629,1028,1050]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" refString="Sarma, K. C. (1957) On the palaeontology of Baripada beds, Mayurbhanj, Orissa. Quarterly Journal of Geological Mining and Metallurgical Society of India, 29 (2), 103 - 105, 1 fig." type="journal article" year="1957">Sarma 1957</bibRefCitation>
: 104
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, fig. 10.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB1368DFFA3226EFF38FBCAFC09FB93" blockId="3.[151,1436,568,2031]" box="[151,950,1058,1080]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1E11A3FFA3226EFF38FBCAFC09FB93" box="[151,950,1058,1080]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA3226EFF38FBCAFCDBFB93" authority="Muller &amp; Henle. Sarma 1957: 104" authorityName="Muller &amp; Henle. Sarma" authorityPageNumber="104" authorityYear="1957" box="[151,868,1058,1080]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Odontaspididae" genus="Carcharias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gangeticus" subGenus="Prionodon">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA3226EFF38FBCAFEB5FB93" box="[151,266,1058,1080]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">Carcharias</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA3226EFEB7FBCAFE3BFB93" box="[280,388,1058,1080]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">Prionodon</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA3226EFE3CFBCBFDBEFB93" box="[403,513,1059,1080]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">gangeticus</emphasis>
Müller &amp; Henle.
<treatmentCitation id="0AAF109CFFA3226EFD1AFBCAFCDBFB93" author="Sarma" box="[693,868,1058,1080]" page="104" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" year="1957">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA3226EFD1AFBCAFC8CFB93" author="Sarma" box="[693,819,1058,1080]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" refString="Sarma, K. C. (1957) On the palaeontology of Baripada beds, Mayurbhanj, Orissa. Quarterly Journal of Geological Mining and Metallurgical Society of India, 29 (2), 103 - 105, 1 fig." type="journal article" year="1957">Sarma 1957</bibRefCitation>
: 104
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, fig. 11.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB1368DFFA3226EFF38FBA9FD7CFBFC" blockId="3.[151,1436,568,2031]" box="[151,707,1089,1111]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA3226EFF38FBA9FDCEFBFC" authority="Bonaparte. Sarma 1957" authorityName="Bonaparte. Sarma" authorityYear="1957" box="[151,625,1089,1111]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Oxyrhina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spallanzanii">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA3226EFF38FBA9FEC7FBFC" box="[151,376,1089,1111]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">Oxyrhina spallanzanii</emphasis>
Bonaparte.
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA3226EFE5CFBA9FDCEFBFC" author="Sarma" box="[499,625,1089,1111]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" refString="Sarma, K. C. (1957) On the palaeontology of Baripada beds, Mayurbhanj, Orissa. Quarterly Journal of Geological Mining and Metallurgical Society of India, 29 (2), 103 - 105, 1 fig." type="journal article" year="1957">Sarma 1957</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
: fig. 12.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB1368DFFA3226EFF38FB88FC17FBDD" blockId="3.[151,1436,568,2031]" box="[151,936,1120,1142]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1E11A3FFA3226EFF38FB88FC17FBDD" box="[151,936,1120,1142]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA3226EFF38FB88FDDAFBDD" authority="Hora. Tewari 1959: 2" authorityName="Hora. Tewari" authorityPageNumber="2" authorityYear="1959" box="[151,613,1120,1142]" class="Elasmobranchii" genus="Carchariolamna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heroni">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA3226EFF38FB88FE39FBDD" box="[151,390,1120,1142]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">Carchariolamna heroni</emphasis>
Hora.
<treatmentCitation id="0AAF109CFFA3226EFE64FB88FDDAFBDD" author="Tewari" box="[459,613,1120,1142]" page="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" year="1959">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA3226EFE64FB88FDF1FBDD" author="Tewari" box="[459,590,1120,1142]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" refString="Tewari, B. S. (1959) On a few fossil shark teeth from the Miocene beds of Kutch, western India. Proceeding of National Institute of Science India, 25 (5), 1 - 236." type="journal article" year="1959">Tewari 1959</bibRefCitation>
: 2
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
–4, pl. X, fig. 1–3, text-fig. 2. 3.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB1368DFFA3226EFF38FB96FD00FB3F" blockId="3.[151,1436,568,2031]" box="[151,703,1150,1172]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA3226EFF38FB96FE58FB3F" authority="Noetling" authorityName="Noetling" box="[151,487,1150,1172]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Carcharhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pagoda">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA3226EFF38FB96FECBFB3F" box="[151,372,1150,1172]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">Carcharhinus pagoda</emphasis>
(Noetling)
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA3226EFE5EFB96FD3CFB3F" author="Mohanti" box="[497,643,1150,1172]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" refString="Mohanti, M. (1966) On a new collection of Neogene fossils from eastern India (Baripada, Orissa State). Verhandlungen der Geologischen Bundesanstalt, 3, 75 - 76." type="journal article" year="1966">Mohanti 1966</bibRefCitation>
: A76.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB1368DFFA3226EFF38FB75FC21FB18" blockId="3.[151,1436,568,2031]" box="[151,926,1181,1203]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1E11A3FFA3226EFF38FB75FC21FB18" box="[151,926,1181,1203]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA3226EFF38FB75FCA0FB18" authority="Mehrotra, Misra &amp; Srivastava 1973: 181" authorityName="Mehrotra, Misra &amp; Srivastava" authorityPageNumber="181" authorityYear="1973" box="[151,799,1181,1203]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Carcharinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jhingrani">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA3226EFF38FB75FEC5FB18" box="[151,378,1181,1203]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">Carcharinus jhingrani</emphasis>
Mehrotra, Misra &amp;
<treatmentCitation id="0AAF109CFFA3226EFDE8FB75FCA0FB18" author="Srivastava" box="[583,799,1181,1203]" page="181" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" year="1973">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA3226EFDE8FB75FD52FB18" author="Srivastava" box="[583,749,1181,1203]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" refString="Mehrotra, D. K., Mishra, V. P. &amp; Srivastava, S. (1973) Miocene sharks from India. Recent Researches in Geology, 1, 180 - 200, 2 pls." type="journal article" year="1973">Srivastava 1973</bibRefCitation>
: 181
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, pl. 1, fig. 1.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB1368DFFA3226EFF38FB54FB4EFB79" blockId="3.[151,1436,568,2031]" box="[151,1265,1212,1234]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1E11A3FFA3226EFF38FB54FB4EFB79" box="[151,1265,1212,1234]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA3226EFF38FB54FD76FB79" authority="Muller &amp; Henle" authorityName="Muller &amp; Henle" box="[151,713,1212,1234]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Carcharinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gangeticus" subGenus="Prionodon">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA3226EFF38FB54FEA9FB79" box="[151,278,1212,1234]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">Carcharinus</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA3226EFE8BFB54FE2FFB79" box="[292,400,1212,1234]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">Prionodon</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA3226EFE0FFB55FDB1FB79" box="[416,526,1213,1234]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">gangeticus</emphasis>
(Müller &amp; Henle)
</taxonomicName>
. Mehrotra, Misra &amp;
<treatmentCitation id="0AAF109CFFA3226EFC36FB54FBCFFB79" author="Srivastava" box="[921,1136,1212,1234]" page="183" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" year="1973">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA3226EFC36FB54FB80FB79" author="Srivastava" box="[921,1087,1212,1234]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" refString="Mehrotra, D. K., Mishra, V. P. &amp; Srivastava, S. (1973) Miocene sharks from India. Recent Researches in Geology, 1, 180 - 200, 2 pls." type="journal article" year="1973">Srivastava 1973</bibRefCitation>
: 183
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 1, fig. 2.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3146506FFA3226EFF38FB33FC71FAA4" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB1368DFFA3226EFF38FB33FBD9FB5B" blockId="3.[151,1436,568,2031]" box="[151,1126,1242,1264]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1E11A3FFA3226EFF38FB33FBD9FB5B" box="[151,1126,1242,1264]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA3226EFF38FB33FE64FB5B" authority="Bonaparte" authorityName="Bonaparte" box="[151,475,1242,1264]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Isurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spallanzanii">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA3226EFF38FB33FEE7FB5B" box="[151,344,1242,1264]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">Isurus spallanzanii</emphasis>
(Bonaparte)
</taxonomicName>
. Mehrotra, Misra &amp;
<treatmentCitation id="0AAF109CFFA3226EFD05FB32FC3FFB5B" author="Srivastava" box="[682,896,1242,1264]" page="187" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" year="1973">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA3226EFD05FB32FCEFFB5B" author="Srivastava" box="[682,848,1242,1264]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" refString="Mehrotra, D. K., Mishra, V. P. &amp; Srivastava, S. (1973) Miocene sharks from India. Recent Researches in Geology, 1, 180 - 200, 2 pls." type="journal article" year="1973">Srivastava 1973</bibRefCitation>
: 187
</treatmentCitation>
–188, pl. 1, fig. 10a, b.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB1368DFFA3226EFF38FB12FC71FAA4" blockId="3.[151,1436,568,2031]" box="[151,974,1273,1295]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1E11A3FFA3226EFF38FB12FC71FAA4" box="[151,974,1273,1295]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA3226EFF38FB12FE24FAA4" authority="Noetling" authorityName="Noetling" box="[151,411,1273,1295]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Isurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pagoda">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA3226EFF38FB12FE97FAA4" box="[151,296,1273,1295]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">Isurus pagoda</emphasis>
(Noetling)
</taxonomicName>
. Mehrotra, Misra &amp;
<treatmentCitation id="0AAF109CFFA3226EFDC4FB11FCFCFAA4" author="Srivastava" box="[619,835,1273,1295]" page="188" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" year="1973">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA3226EFDC4FB11FCAEFAA4" author="Srivastava" box="[619,785,1273,1295]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" refString="Mehrotra, D. K., Mishra, V. P. &amp; Srivastava, S. (1973) Miocene sharks from India. Recent Researches in Geology, 1, 180 - 200, 2 pls." type="journal article" year="1973">Srivastava 1973</bibRefCitation>
: 188
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 1, fig. 11.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3146506FFA3226EFF38FAF1FCC2FA6C" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BB1368DFFA3226EFF38FAF1FCE0FA85" blockId="3.[151,1436,568,2031]" box="[151,863,1304,1326]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1E11A3FFA3226EFF38FAF1FCE0FA85" box="[151,863,1304,1326]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA3226EFF38FAF1FD6DFA85" authority="Mehrotra, Misra &amp; Srivastava 1973: 188" authorityName="Mehrotra, Misra &amp; Srivastava" authorityPageNumber="188" authorityYear="1973" box="[151,722,1304,1326]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Isurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rameshi">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA3226EFF38FAF1FE91FA85" box="[151,302,1304,1326]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">Isurus rameshi</emphasis>
Mehrotra, Misra &amp;
<treatmentCitation id="0AAF109CFFA3226EFE55FAF0FD6DFA85" author="Srivastava" box="[506,722,1304,1326]" page="188" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" year="1973">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA3226EFE55FAF0FD1FFA85" author="Srivastava" box="[506,672,1304,1326]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" refString="Mehrotra, D. K., Mishra, V. P. &amp; Srivastava, S. (1973) Miocene sharks from India. Recent Researches in Geology, 1, 180 - 200, 2 pls." type="journal article" year="1973">Srivastava 1973</bibRefCitation>
: 188
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, pl. 1, fig. 12.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB1368DFFA3226EFF38FADEFC05FAE7" blockId="3.[151,1436,568,2031]" box="[151,954,1334,1356]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1E11A3FFA3226EFF38FADEFC05FAE7" box="[151,954,1334,1356]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA3226EFF38FADEFCAAFAE7" authority="Mehrotra, Misra &amp; Srivastava 1973: 189" authorityName="Mehrotra, Misra &amp; Srivastava" authorityPageNumber="189" authorityYear="1973" box="[151,789,1334,1356]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Carcharodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tandoni">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA3226EFF38FADEFECEFAE7" box="[151,369,1334,1356]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">Carcharodon tandoni</emphasis>
Mehrotra, Misra &amp;
<treatmentCitation id="0AAF109CFFA3226EFD92FADEFCAAFAE7" author="Srivastava" box="[573,789,1334,1356]" page="189" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" year="1973">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA3226EFD92FADEFD5CFAE7" author="Srivastava" box="[573,739,1334,1356]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" refString="Mehrotra, D. K., Mishra, V. P. &amp; Srivastava, S. (1973) Miocene sharks from India. Recent Researches in Geology, 1, 180 - 200, 2 pls." type="journal article" year="1973">Srivastava 1973</bibRefCitation>
: 189
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, pl. 2, fig. 4a, b.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB1368DFFA3226EFF38FABDFEFEFA21" blockId="3.[151,1436,568,2031]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1E11A3FFA3226EFF38FABDFEFEFA21" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA3226EFF38FABDFC17FAC0" ID-CoL="5WZLF" authority="Linnaeus. Mehrotra, Misra &amp; Srivastava 1973: 191" authorityName="Linnaeus. Mehrotra, Misra &amp; Srivastava" authorityPageNumber="191" authorityYear="1973" box="[151,936,1365,1387]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Carcharodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carcharias">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA3226EFF38FABDFE2DFAC0" box="[151,402,1365,1387]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">Carcharodon carcharias</emphasis>
Linnaeus. Mehrotra, Misra &amp;
<treatmentCitation id="0AAF109CFFA3226EFD62FABDFC17FAC0" author="Srivastava" box="[717,936,1365,1387]" page="191" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" year="1973">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA3226EFD62FABDFCCAFAC0" author="Srivastava" box="[717,885,1365,1387]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" refString="Mehrotra, D. K., Mishra, V. P. &amp; Srivastava, S. (1973) Miocene sharks from India. Recent Researches in Geology, 1, 180 - 200, 2 pls." type="journal article" year="1973">Srivastava 1973</bibRefCitation>
: 191
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, pl. 2, fig. 2 (caption &quot;
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA3226EFB3AFABDFA2DFAC0" box="[1173,1426,1365,1387]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Carcharodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="barcharias">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA3226EFB3AFABDFA2DFAC0" box="[1173,1426,1365,1387]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">Carcharodon barcharias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
&quot; [sic]), 6a, b.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB1368DFFA3226EFF38FA7AFD18FA03" blockId="3.[151,1436,568,2031]" box="[151,679,1426,1448]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1E11A3FFA3226EFF38FA7AFD18FA03" box="[151,679,1426,1448]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA3226EFF38FA7AFD1CFA03" authority="Noetling. Bhalla &amp; Dev 1975: 98" authorityName="Noetling. Bhalla &amp; Dev" authorityPageNumber="98" authorityYear="1975" box="[151,675,1426,1448]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Oxyrhina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pagoda">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA3226EFF38FA7AFEF7FA03" box="[151,328,1426,1448]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">Oxyrhina pagoda</emphasis>
Noetling.
<treatmentCitation id="0AAF109CFFA3226EFE1BFA7AFD1CFA03" author="Bhalla" box="[436,675,1426,1448]" page="98" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" year="1975">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA3226EFE1BFA7AFDC2FA03" author="Bhalla" box="[436,637,1426,1448]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" refString="Bhalla, S. N. &amp; Dev, P. (1975) A preliminary note on Miocene elasmobranchs from Orissa. Journal of Geological Society of India, 16, 98 - 99." type="journal article" year="1975">Bhalla &amp; Dev 1975</bibRefCitation>
: 98
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB1368DFFA3226EFF38FA5AFCC2FA6C" blockId="3.[151,1436,568,2031]" box="[151,893,1457,1479]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1E11A3FFA3226EFF38FA5AFCC2FA6C" box="[151,893,1457,1479]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA3226EFF38FA5AFE64FA6C" authority="Bonaparte" authorityName="Bonaparte" box="[151,475,1457,1479]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Isurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spallanzanii">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA3226EFF38FA5AFEE7FA6C" box="[151,344,1457,1479]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">Isurus spallanzanii</emphasis>
(Bonaparte)
</taxonomicName>
.
<treatmentCitation id="0AAF109CFFA3226EFE4BFA59FD41FA6C" author="Sahni" box="[484,766,1457,1479]" page="99" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" year="1981">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA3226EFE4BFA59FD67FA6C" author="Sahni" box="[484,728,1457,1479]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" refString="Sahni, A. &amp; Mehrotra, D. K. (1981) The elasmobranch fauna of coastal Miocene sediments of peninsular India. Biological Memoirs Lucknow, 5 (2), 83 - 121, 13 figs., 3 pls." type="journal article" year="1981">Sahni &amp; Mehrotra 1981</bibRefCitation>
: 99
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 1, fig. 1.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3146506FFA3226EFF38FA39FC80FA4D" box="[151,831,1488,1510]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB1368DFFA3226EFF38FA39FC80FA4D" blockId="3.[151,1436,568,2031]" box="[151,831,1488,1510]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1E11A3FFA3226EFF38FA39FC80FA4D" box="[151,831,1488,1510]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA3226EFF38FA39FE24FA4D" authority="Noetling" authorityName="Noetling" box="[151,411,1488,1510]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Isurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pagoda">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA3226EFF38FA39FE97FA4D" box="[151,296,1488,1510]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">Isurus pagoda</emphasis>
(Noetling)
</taxonomicName>
.
<treatmentCitation id="0AAF109CFFA3226EFE0AFA38FD00FA4D" author="Sahni" box="[421,703,1488,1510]" page="99" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" year="1981">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA3226EFE0AFA38FD26FA4D" author="Sahni" box="[421,665,1488,1510]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" refString="Sahni, A. &amp; Mehrotra, D. K. (1981) The elasmobranch fauna of coastal Miocene sediments of peninsular India. Biological Memoirs Lucknow, 5 (2), 83 - 121, 13 figs., 3 pls." type="journal article" year="1981">Sahni &amp; Mehrotra 1981</bibRefCitation>
: 99
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 1, fig. 7.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3146506FFA3226EFF38FA18FC8AF9D4" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BB1368DFFA3226EFF38FA18FBB5F9AF" blockId="3.[151,1436,568,2031]" box="[151,1034,1518,1541]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1E11A3FFA3226EFF38FA18FBB5F9AF" box="[151,1034,1518,1541]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA3226EFF38FA18FC34F9AF" authority="Mehrotra, Misra &amp; Srivastava. Sahni &amp; Mehrotra 1981: 99" authorityName="Mehrotra, Misra &amp; Srivastava. Sahni &amp; Mehrotra" authorityPageNumber="99" authorityYear="1981" box="[151,907,1518,1541]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Isurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rameshi">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA3226EFF38FA18FE91F9AF" box="[151,302,1518,1541]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">Isurus rameshi</emphasis>
Mehrotra, Misra &amp; Srivastava.
<treatmentCitation id="0AAF109CFFA3226EFDDEFA06FC34F9AF" author="Sahni" box="[625,907,1518,1540]" page="99" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" year="1981">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA3226EFDDEFA06FCDAF9AF" author="Sahni" box="[625,869,1518,1540]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" refString="Sahni, A. &amp; Mehrotra, D. K. (1981) The elasmobranch fauna of coastal Miocene sediments of peninsular India. Biological Memoirs Lucknow, 5 (2), 83 - 121, 13 figs., 3 pls." type="journal article" year="1981">Sahni &amp; Mehrotra 1981</bibRefCitation>
: 99
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, pl. 1, fig. 2.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB1368DFFA3226EFF38F9E5FC01F988" blockId="3.[151,1436,568,2031]" box="[151,958,1549,1571]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1E11A3FFA3226EFF38F9E5FC01F988" box="[151,958,1549,1571]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA3226EFF38F9E5FCA4F988" ID-CoL="5WZLF" authority="Linnaeus. Sahni &amp; Mehrotra 1981: 99" authorityName="Linnaeus. Sahni &amp; Mehrotra" authorityPageNumber="99" authorityYear="1981" box="[151,795,1549,1571]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Carcharodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carcharias">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA3226EFF38F9E5FE2EF988" box="[151,401,1549,1571]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">Carcharodon carcharias</emphasis>
Linnaeus.
<treatmentCitation id="0AAF109CFFA3226EFDAFF9E5FCA4F988" author="Sahni" box="[512,795,1549,1571]" page="99" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" year="1981">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA3226EFDAFF9E5FD4AF988" author="Sahni" box="[512,757,1549,1571]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" refString="Sahni, A. &amp; Mehrotra, D. K. (1981) The elasmobranch fauna of coastal Miocene sediments of peninsular India. Biological Memoirs Lucknow, 5 (2), 83 - 121, 13 figs., 3 pls." type="journal article" year="1981">Sahni &amp; Mehrotra 1981</bibRefCitation>
: 99
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, pl. 1, figs. 3–6.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB1368DFFA3226EFF38F9C4FBF2F9E9" blockId="3.[151,1436,568,2031]" box="[151,1101,1580,1602]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1E11A3FFA3226EFF38F9C4FBF2F9E9" box="[151,1101,1580,1602]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA3226EFF38F9C4FC71F9E9" authority="Mehrotra, Misra &amp; Srivastava. Sahni &amp; Mehrotra 1981: 99" authorityName="Mehrotra, Misra &amp; Srivastava. Sahni &amp; Mehrotra" authorityPageNumber="99" authorityYear="1981" box="[151,974,1580,1602]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Carcharodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tandoni">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA3226EFF38F9C4FECEF9E9" box="[151,369,1580,1602]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">Carcharodon tandoni</emphasis>
Mehrotra, Misra &amp; Srivastava.
<treatmentCitation id="0AAF109CFFA3226EFD1CF9C4FC71F9E9" author="Sahni" box="[691,974,1580,1602]" page="99" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" year="1981">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA3226EFD1CF9C4FC17F9E9" author="Sahni" box="[691,936,1580,1602]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" refString="Sahni, A. &amp; Mehrotra, D. K. (1981) The elasmobranch fauna of coastal Miocene sediments of peninsular India. Biological Memoirs Lucknow, 5 (2), 83 - 121, 13 figs., 3 pls." type="journal article" year="1981">Sahni &amp; Mehrotra 1981</bibRefCitation>
: 99
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, pl. 1, fig. 9.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB1368DFFA3226EFF38F9A2FBDCF9CB" blockId="3.[151,1436,568,2031]" box="[151,1123,1610,1632]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1E11A3FFA3226EFF38F9A2FBDCF9CB" box="[151,1123,1610,1632]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA3226EFF38F9A2FC5CF9CB" authority="Mehrotra, Misra &amp; Srivastava. Sahni &amp; Mehrotra 1981: 100" authorityName="Mehrotra, Misra &amp; Srivastava. Sahni &amp; Mehrotra" authorityPageNumber="100" authorityYear="1981" box="[151,995,1610,1632]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Carcharinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jhingrani">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA3226EFF38F9A2FEC5F9CB" box="[151,378,1610,1632]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">Carcharinus jhingrani</emphasis>
Mehrotra, Misra &amp; Srivastava.
<treatmentCitation id="0AAF109CFFA3226EFD12F9A2FC5CF9CB" author="Sahni" box="[701,995,1610,1632]" page="100" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" year="1981">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA3226EFD12F9A2FC0EF9CB" author="Sahni" box="[701,945,1610,1632]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" refString="Sahni, A. &amp; Mehrotra, D. K. (1981) The elasmobranch fauna of coastal Miocene sediments of peninsular India. Biological Memoirs Lucknow, 5 (2), 83 - 121, 13 figs., 3 pls." type="journal article" year="1981">Sahni &amp; Mehrotra 1981</bibRefCitation>
: 100
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, pl. 2, fig. 3.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB1368DFFA3226EFF38F982FC8AF9D4" blockId="3.[151,1436,568,2031]" box="[151,821,1641,1663]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1E11A3FFA3226EFF38F982FC8AF9D4" box="[151,821,1641,1663]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA3226EFF38F982FE24F9D4" authority="Noetling" authorityName="Noetling" box="[151,411,1641,1663]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Isurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pagoda">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA3226EFF38F982FE96F9D4" box="[151,297,1641,1663]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">Isurus pagoda</emphasis>
(Noetling)
</taxonomicName>
.
<treatmentCitation id="0AAF109CFFA3226EFE0AF981FD2CF9D4" author="Bhalla" box="[421,659,1641,1663]" page="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" year="1984">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA3226EFE0AF981FDC5F9D4" author="Bhalla" box="[421,634,1641,1663]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" refString="Bhalla, S. N. &amp; Dev, P. (1984 b) Fish microfauna from Baripada Beds (Miocene), eastern India. Review de Paleobiologie, Switzerland, 3, 1 - 13." type="journal article" year="1984" yearSuffix="b">Bhalla &amp; Dev 1984b</bibRefCitation>
: 2
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. I, fig. 9, 10.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3146506FFA3226EFF38F961FCF1F935" box="[151,846,1672,1694]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB1368DFFA3226EFF38F961FCF1F935" blockId="3.[151,1436,568,2031]" box="[151,846,1672,1694]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1E11A3FFA3226EFF38F961FCF1F935" box="[151,846,1672,1694]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA3226EFF38F961FE64F935" authority="Bonaparte" authorityName="Bonaparte" box="[151,475,1672,1694]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Isurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spallanzanii">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA3226EFF38F961FEE7F935" box="[151,344,1672,1694]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">Isurus spallanzanii</emphasis>
(Bonaparte)
</taxonomicName>
.
<treatmentCitation id="0AAF109CFFA3226EFE4BF960FD6DF935" author="Bhalla" box="[484,722,1672,1694]" page="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" year="1984">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA3226EFE4BF960FD06F935" author="Bhalla" box="[484,697,1672,1694]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" refString="Bhalla, S. N. &amp; Dev, P. (1984 b) Fish microfauna from Baripada Beds (Miocene), eastern India. Review de Paleobiologie, Switzerland, 3, 1 - 13." type="journal article" year="1984" yearSuffix="b">Bhalla &amp; Dev 1984b</bibRefCitation>
: 2
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. I, fig. 2.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3146506FFA3226EFF38F94EFD8BF819" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BB1368DFFA3226EFF38F94EFCF3F917" blockId="3.[151,1436,568,2031]" box="[151,844,1702,1724]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1E11A3FFA3226EFF38F94EFCF3F917" box="[151,844,1702,1724]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA3226EFF38F94EFD6FF917" authority="Eastman. Bhalla &amp; Dev 1984b: 4" authorityName="Eastman. Bhalla &amp; Dev" authorityPageNumber="4" authorityYear="1984" box="[151,720,1702,1724]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Carcharhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="collatus">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA3226EFF38F94EFEC7F917" box="[151,376,1702,1724]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">Carcharhinus collatus</emphasis>
Eastman.
<treatmentCitation id="0AAF109CFFA3226EFE4CF94EFD6FF917" author="Bhalla" box="[483,720,1702,1724]" page="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" year="1984">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA3226EFE4CF94EFD07F917" author="Bhalla" box="[483,696,1702,1724]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" refString="Bhalla, S. N. &amp; Dev, P. (1984 b) Fish microfauna from Baripada Beds (Miocene), eastern India. Review de Paleobiologie, Switzerland, 3, 1 - 13." type="journal article" year="1984" yearSuffix="b">Bhalla &amp; Dev 1984b</bibRefCitation>
: 4
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, pl. I, fig. 5.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB1368DFFA3226EFF38F92EFD7DF970" blockId="3.[151,1436,568,2031]" box="[151,706,1733,1755]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA3226EFF38F92EFE24F970" authority="Noetling" authorityName="Noetling" box="[151,411,1733,1755]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Isurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pagoda">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA3226EFF38F92EFE96F970" box="[151,297,1733,1755]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">Isurus pagoda</emphasis>
(Noetling)
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA3226EFE0AF92DFDD1F970" author="Bhalla" box="[421,622,1733,1755]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" refString="Bhalla, S. N. &amp; Dev, P. (1988) Paleoecology of Baripada beds (Middle Miocene), east coast of India. Bulletin of the Indian Geologists' Association, 21, 141 - 153." type="journal article" year="1988">Bhalla &amp; Dev 1988</bibRefCitation>
: table 1.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB1368DFFA3226EFF38F90CFBCBF951" blockId="3.[151,1436,568,2031]" box="[151,1140,1764,1786]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1E11A3FFA3226EFF38F90CFBCBF951" box="[151,1140,1764,1786]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA3226EFF38F90CFC73F951" ID-CoL="5WZLF" authority="Linnaeus. Mondal, Das, Mallick &amp; Adhikary 2009: 141" authorityName="Linnaeus. Mondal, Das, Mallick &amp; Adhikary" authorityPageNumber="141" authorityYear="2009" box="[151,972,1764,1786]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Carcharodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carcharias">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA3226EFF38F90CFE2EF951" box="[151,401,1764,1786]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">Carcharodon carcharias</emphasis>
Linnaeus.
<treatmentCitation id="0AAF109CFFA3226EFDAFF90CFC73F951" author="Mondal" box="[512,972,1764,1786]" page="141" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" year="2009">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA3226EFDAFF90CFC25F951" author="Mondal" box="[512,922,1764,1786]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" refString="Mondal, S., Das, S., Mallick, S. &amp; Adhikary, D. (2009) Miocene shark teeth assemblages and ancillary fish taxa from Baripada, Orissa: taxonomic revision and a global palaeobiogeographic overview. Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India, 54 (2), 135 - 152." type="journal article" year="2009">Mondal, Das, Mallick &amp; Adhikary 2009</bibRefCitation>
: 141
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, pl. II, figs. 1, 2.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB1368DFFA3226EFF38F8EBFBC7F8B3" blockId="3.[151,1436,568,2031]" box="[151,1144,1794,1816]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1E11A3FFA3226EFF38F8EBFBC7F8B3" box="[151,1144,1794,1816]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA3226EFF38F8EBFCE2F8B3" authority="Sismonda. Mondal, Das, Mallick &amp; Adhikary 2009: 142" authorityName="Sismonda. Mondal, Das, Mallick &amp; Adhikary" authorityPageNumber="142" authorityYear="2009" box="[151,861,1794,1816]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Isurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="desori">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA3226EFF38F8EBFEA3F8B3" box="[151,284,1794,1816]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">Isurus desori</emphasis>
Sismonda.
<treatmentCitation id="0AAF109CFFA3226EFE3CF8EAFCE2F8B3" author="Mondal" box="[403,861,1794,1816]" page="142" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" year="2009">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA3226EFE3CF8EAFC92F8B3" author="Mondal" box="[403,813,1794,1816]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" refString="Mondal, S., Das, S., Mallick, S. &amp; Adhikary, D. (2009) Miocene shark teeth assemblages and ancillary fish taxa from Baripada, Orissa: taxonomic revision and a global palaeobiogeographic overview. Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India, 54 (2), 135 - 152." type="journal article" year="2009">Mondal, Das, Mallick &amp; Adhikary 2009</bibRefCitation>
: 142
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(in part), pl. II, figs. 11, 12.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB1368DFFA3226EFF38F8CAFB09F89C" blockId="3.[151,1436,568,2031]" box="[151,1206,1825,1847]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1E11A3FFA3226EFF38F8CAFB09F89C" box="[151,1206,1825,1847]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA3226EFF38F8CAFC25F89C" ID-CoL="3QDF9" authority="Rafinesque. Mondal, Das, Mallick &amp; Adhikary 2009: 144" authorityName="Rafinesque. Mondal, Das, Mallick &amp; Adhikary" authorityPageNumber="144" authorityYear="2009" box="[151,922,1825,1847]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Isurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oxyrinchus">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA3226EFF38F8CAFEF3F89C" box="[151,332,1825,1847]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">Isurus oxyrinchus</emphasis>
Rafinesque.
<treatmentCitation id="0AAF109CFFA3226EFE7FF8C9FC25F89C" author="Mondal" box="[464,922,1825,1847]" page="144" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" year="2009">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA3226EFE7FF8C9FCD5F89C" author="Mondal" box="[464,874,1825,1847]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" refString="Mondal, S., Das, S., Mallick, S. &amp; Adhikary, D. (2009) Miocene shark teeth assemblages and ancillary fish taxa from Baripada, Orissa: taxonomic revision and a global palaeobiogeographic overview. Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India, 54 (2), 135 - 152." type="journal article" year="2009">Mondal, Das, Mallick &amp; Adhikary 2009</bibRefCitation>
: 144
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(in part), pl. II, figs. 14, 15.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB1368DFFA3226EFF38F8A9FB9EF8FD" blockId="3.[151,1436,568,2031]" box="[151,1057,1856,1878]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1E11A3FFA3226EFF38F8A9FB9EF8FD" box="[151,1057,1856,1878]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA3226EFF38F8A9FE24F8FD" authority="Noetling" authorityName="Noetling" box="[151,411,1856,1878]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Isurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pagoda">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA3226EFF38F8A9FE96F8FD" box="[151,297,1856,1878]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">Isurus pagoda</emphasis>
(Noetling)
</taxonomicName>
.
<treatmentCitation id="0AAF109CFFA3226EFE0AF8A8FCCEF8FD" author="Mondal" box="[421,881,1856,1878]" page="144" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" year="2009">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA3226EFE0AF8A8FC80F8FD" author="Mondal" box="[421,831,1856,1878]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" refString="Mondal, S., Das, S., Mallick, S. &amp; Adhikary, D. (2009) Miocene shark teeth assemblages and ancillary fish taxa from Baripada, Orissa: taxonomic revision and a global palaeobiogeographic overview. Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India, 54 (2), 135 - 152." type="journal article" year="2009">Mondal, Das, Mallick &amp; Adhikary 2009</bibRefCitation>
: 144
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. III, figs. 1–3.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB1368DFFA3226EFF38F8B6FAF1F8DF" blockId="3.[151,1436,568,2031]" box="[151,1358,1886,1908]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1E11A3FFA3226EFF38F8B6FAF1F8DF" box="[151,1358,1886,1908]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA3226EFF38F8B6FC42F8DF" ID-CoL="5WZLF" authority="Linnaeus. Ralte, Tiwari, Malsawma &amp; Malsawma 2011: 332" authorityName="Linnaeus. Ralte, Tiwari, Malsawma &amp; Malsawma" authorityPageNumber="332" authorityYear="2011" box="[151,1021,1886,1908]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Carcharodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carcharias">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA3226EFF38F8B6FE2EF8DF" box="[151,401,1886,1908]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">Carcharodon carcharias</emphasis>
Linnaeus.
<treatmentCitation id="0AAF109CFFA3226EFDAFF8B6FC42F8DF" author="Ralte" box="[512,1021,1886,1908]" page="332" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" year="2011">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA3226EFDAFF8B6FC74F8DF" author="Ralte" box="[512,971,1886,1908]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" refString="Ralte, V. Z., Tiwari, R. P., Malsawma, L. &amp; Malsawma, J. (2011) Selachian fishes from Bhuban Formation, Surma Group, Aizawl, Mizoram. Journal Geological Society of India, 77, 328 - 348. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12594 - 011 - 0036 - 1" type="journal article" year="2011">Ralte, Tiwari, Malsawma &amp; Malsawma 2011</bibRefCitation>
: 332
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, pl. 1, figs. 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB1368DFFA3226EFF38F896FD8BF819" blockId="3.[151,1436,568,2031]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1E11A3FFA3226EFF38F896FD8BF819" bridged="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA3226EFF38F896FE65F838" authority="Bonaparte" authorityName="Bonaparte" box="[151,474,1917,1939]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Isurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spallanzanii">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA3226EFF38F896FEE7F838" box="[151,344,1917,1939]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">Isurus spallanzanii</emphasis>
(Bonaparte)
</taxonomicName>
.
<treatmentCitation id="0AAF109CFFA3226EFE4CF895FC61F838" author="Ralte" box="[483,990,1917,1939]" page="333" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" year="2011">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA3226EFE4CF895FC13F838" author="Ralte" box="[483,940,1917,1939]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" refString="Ralte, V. Z., Tiwari, R. P., Malsawma, L. &amp; Malsawma, J. (2011) Selachian fishes from Bhuban Formation, Surma Group, Aizawl, Mizoram. Journal Geological Society of India, 77, 328 - 348. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12594 - 011 - 0036 - 1" type="journal article" year="2011">Ralte, Tiwari, Malsawma &amp; Malsawma 2011</bibRefCitation>
: 333
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 1, figs. 11a, 11b, 12a, 12b, 14a, 14b (not 13a–13c that is
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA3226EFEC9F874FD9BF819" box="[358,548,1948,1970]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
?
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA3226EFEDFF874FD9BF819" box="[368,548,1948,1970]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Hemigaleidae" genus="Hemipristis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="serra">Hemipristis serra</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3146506FFA32269FF38F853FDFCFF67" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="241" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB1368DFFA3226EFF38F853FBC8F87B" blockId="3.[151,1436,568,2031]" box="[151,1143,1978,2000]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1E11A3FFA3226EFF38F853FBC8F87B" box="[151,1143,1978,2000]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA3226EFF38F853FE24F87B" authority="Noetling" authorityName="Noetling" box="[151,411,1978,2000]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Isurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pagoda">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA3226EFF38F853FE96F87B" box="[151,297,1978,2000]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">Isurus pagoda</emphasis>
(Noetling)
</taxonomicName>
.
<treatmentCitation id="0AAF109CFFA3226EFE0AF852FC1DF87B" author="Ralte" box="[421,930,1978,2000]" page="335" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" year="2011">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA3226EFE0AF852FCCFF87B" author="Ralte" box="[421,880,1978,2000]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" refString="Ralte, V. Z., Tiwari, R. P., Malsawma, L. &amp; Malsawma, J. (2011) Selachian fishes from Bhuban Formation, Surma Group, Aizawl, Mizoram. Journal Geological Society of India, 77, 328 - 348. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12594 - 011 - 0036 - 1" type="journal article" year="2011">Ralte, Tiwari, Malsawma &amp; Malsawma 2011</bibRefCitation>
: 335
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 1, figs. 10a, 10b.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB1368DFFA3226EFF38F831FD25F844" blockId="3.[151,1436,568,2031]" box="[151,666,2009,2031]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA3226EFF38F831FE14F844" authority="Noetling" authorityName="Noetling" box="[151,427,2009,2031]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Glyphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pagoda">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA3226EFF38F831FE87F844" box="[151,312,2009,2031]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="240">Glyphis pagoda</emphasis>
(Noetling)
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA3226EFE1BF831FDF6F844" author="Cappetta" box="[436,585,2009,2031]" pageId="3" pageNumber="240" refString="Cappetta, H. (2012) Chondrichthyes. Mesozoic and Cenozoic Elasmobranchii: Teeth. In: Schultze, H. - P. (Ed.), Handbook of Paleoichthyology. Vol. 3 E. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Munich, pp. 1 - 512." type="book chapter" year="2012">Cappetta 2012</bibRefCitation>
, p. 305.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB1368DFFA42269FF38FF70FDFCFF67" blockId="4.[151,1435,152,358]" pageId="4" pageNumber="241">
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA42269FF38FF70FE15FF05" authority="Noetling" authorityName="Noetling" box="[151,426,152,174]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Glyphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="241" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pagoda">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA42269FF38FF70FE87FF05" box="[151,312,152,174]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="241">Glyphis pagoda</emphasis>
(Noetling)
</taxonomicName>
. Chavasseau, Aung Aung Khyaw, Chaimanee, Coster, Emonet, Aung Naing Soe, Rugbumrung, Soe Thura
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA42269FEA5FF5FFE6FFF67" author="Tun" box="[266,464,182,204]" pageId="4" pageNumber="241" refString="Chavasseau, O., Khyaw, A. A., Chaimanee, Y., Coster, P., Emonet, E. - G., Soe, A. N., Rugbumrung, M., Tun, S. T. &amp; Jaeger, J. - J. (2013) Chapter 19. Advances in the biochronology and biostratigraphy of the continental Neogene of Myanmar. In: Wang, X., Flynn, L. J. &amp; Fortelius, M. (Eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York. pp. 461 - 474." type="book chapter" year="2013">Tun &amp; Jaeger 2013</bibRefCitation>
: table 19.5.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3146506FFA42269FF38FF3DFC72FECD" pageId="4" pageNumber="241" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BB1368DFFA42269FF38FF3DFCD7FF40" blockId="4.[151,1435,152,358]" box="[151,872,213,235]" pageId="4" pageNumber="241">
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA42269FF38FF3DFD61FF40" ID-CoL="5WZLF" authority="Linnaeus. Tiwari &amp; Jauhri 2014" authorityName="Linnaeus. Tiwari &amp; Jauhri" authorityYear="2014" box="[151,734,213,235]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Carcharodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="241" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carcharias">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA42269FF38FF3DFE2EFF40" box="[151,401,213,235]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="241">Carcharodon carcharias</emphasis>
Linnaeus.
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA42269FDAFFF3DFD61FF40" author="Tiwari" box="[512,734,213,235]" pageId="4" pageNumber="241" refString="Tiwari, R. P. &amp; Jauhri, A. K. (2014) Miocene palaeobiologgy of Mizoram: present status and future prospect. Special Publication of the Palaeontological Society of India, 5, 189 - 204." type="journal article" year="2014">Tiwari &amp; Jauhri 2014</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
: pl. III, fig. c.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB1368DFFA42269FF38FF1DFC24FEA1" blockId="4.[151,1435,152,358]" box="[151,923,244,266]" pageId="4" pageNumber="241">
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA42269FF38FF1DFD47FEA1" ID-CoL="3QDF9" authority="Rafinesque. Sharma &amp; Patnaik 2014: 293" authorityName="Rafinesque. Sharma &amp; Patnaik" authorityPageNumber="293" authorityYear="2014" box="[151,760,244,266]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Isurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="241" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oxyrinchus">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA42269FF38FF1DFEF3FEA1" box="[151,332,244,266]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="241">Isurus oxyrinchus</emphasis>
Rafinesque. Sharma &amp; Patnaik 2014: 293
</taxonomicName>
, pl. 1, fig. 1a–c.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB1368DFFA42269FF38FEFBFCCEFE83" blockId="4.[151,1435,152,358]" box="[151,881,274,296]" pageId="4" pageNumber="241">
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA42269FF38FEFBFE24FE83" authority="Noetling" authorityName="Noetling" box="[151,411,274,296]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Isurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="241" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pagoda">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA42269FF38FEFBFE96FE83" box="[151,297,274,296]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="241">Isurus pagoda</emphasis>
(Noetling)
</taxonomicName>
. Sharma &amp; Patnaik 2014: 293, pl. 1, fig. 2a–c.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB1368DFFA42269FF38FEDAFC2DFEEC" blockId="4.[151,1435,152,358]" box="[151,914,305,327]" pageId="4" pageNumber="241">
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA42269FF38FEDAFD05FEEC" authority="Sismonda. Sharma &amp; Patnaik 2014: 293" authorityName="Sismonda. Sharma &amp; Patnaik" authorityPageNumber="293" authorityYear="2014" box="[151,698,305,327]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Isurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="241" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="desori">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA42269FF38FEDAFEA3FEEC" box="[151,284,305,327]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="241">Isurus desori</emphasis>
Sismonda. Sharma &amp; Patnaik 2014: 293
</taxonomicName>
, 294, pl. 1, fig. 3a, b.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB1368DFFA42269FF38FEB8FC72FECD" blockId="4.[151,1435,152,358]" box="[151,973,336,358]" pageId="4" pageNumber="241">
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA42269FF38FEB8FC96FECD" ID-CoL="5WZLF" authority="Linnaeus. Sharma &amp; Patnaik 2014: 294" authorityName="Linnaeus. Sharma &amp; Patnaik" authorityPageNumber="294" authorityYear="2014" box="[151,809,336,358]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Carcharodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="241" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carcharias">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA42269FF38FEB8FE2EFECD" box="[151,401,336,358]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="241">Carcharodon carcharias</emphasis>
Linnaeus. Sharma &amp; Patnaik 2014: 294
</taxonomicName>
, pl. 1, fig. 4a, b.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3146506FFA42269FF38FE7AFF72FBD0" pageId="4" pageNumber="241" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BB1368DFFA42269FF38FE7AFF72FBD0" blockId="4.[151,1437,402,2011]" pageId="4" pageNumber="241">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA42269FF38FE7AFE35FE00" bold="true" box="[151,394,402,427]" pageId="4" pageNumber="241">Emended diagnosis.</emphasis>
Carcharhiniform teeth with orthodentine tooth histology and exhibiting strong dignathic heterodonty along with following combination of characters: upper teeth—broad triangular crown that approaches equilateral triangle; labial crown face flat and lingual face weakly convex; both labial and lingual faces smooth without any ornamentation; mesial margin of crown gently curved inward or nearly straight; occlusal half of distal margin gently convex or straight; basal half of distal margin gently to strongly concave; both mesial and distal margins finely serrated but coarser towards base; lingual crown base gently convex apically and labial crown base nearly straight; tooth neck practically absent on labial face and very narrow on lingual face; root rectangular and is as wide as crown base; root weakly bilobed with slight basal concavity and relatively sharp mesiobasal and distobasal corners; labiolingual thickness of root as thick as crown; lingual protuberance practically absent but generally with nutritive pore at center of lingual root face that continues basally as well-marked nutritive groove; both mesial and distal borders of nutritive groove generally slightly extending basally; lower teeth—narrow, sharply-pointed crown with sigmoidal profile and tooth root that may be narrow or broad; labial crown face gently convex and lingual face strongly convex; both labial and lingual faces smooth without ornamentation; apex of crown in teeth with narrow root may be distinctly broad to form spearhead shape; mesial and distal cutting edges weak in teeth with spearhead-shaped apex; fine serrations on portions with strong mesial and distal cutting edges; mesial and distal crown base may be substantially spread mesiodistally and may exhibit a pair of low, blunt lateral cusplets at terminal ends; lingual crown base weakly convex apically and labial crown base nearly straight; tooth neck practically absent on labial face and very narrow on lingual face; root weakly to strongly bilobed with low to high basal concavity, respectively; tip of each root lobe rounded; labiolingual thickness of root as thick as crown; lingual protuberance practically absent but with nutritive groove that continues basally at center of lingual root face.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3146506FFA42268FF68FB6EFE46FF7E" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="242" pageId="4" pageNumber="241" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BB1368DFFA42269FF68FB6EFAD8FA48" blockId="4.[151,1437,402,2011]" pageId="4" pageNumber="241">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA42269FF68FB6EFECAFB34" bold="true" box="[199,373,1158,1183]" pageId="4" pageNumber="241">
<typeStatus id="54B5882FFFA42269FF68FB6EFEBDFB34" box="[199,258,1158,1183]" pageId="4" pageNumber="241">Type</typeStatus>
material.
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA42269FED2FB6EFD8EFB34" author="Noetling" box="[381,561,1158,1183]" pageId="4" pageNumber="241" refString="Noetling, F. (1901) Fauna of the Miocene beds of Burma. Memoirs of the Geological Society of India, Palaeontologia Indica, 1 (3), 1 - 378." type="journal article" year="1901">Noetling (1901)</bibRefCitation>
did not specify any
<typeStatus id="54B5882FFFA42269FCB7FB6FFCF7FB34" box="[792,840,1159,1183]" pageId="4" pageNumber="241">type</typeStatus>
materials, but his three illustrated teeth of
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA42269FA83FB6EFF54FB68" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="241">
'
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA42269FA9FFB6EFF54FB68" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Oxyrhina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="241" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pagoda">Oxyrhina pagoda</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
' are here considered the
<typeStatus id="54B5882FFFA42269FDA6FB43FD86FB68" box="[521,569,1195,1219]" pageId="4" pageNumber="241">type</typeStatus>
series for the species:
<collectionCode id="ED1FAE48FFA42269FCEFFB43FCD2FB68" box="[832,877,1195,1219]" country="India" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/jprb-qxkv" name="Geological Survey of India" pageId="4" pageNumber="241">GSI</collectionCode>
0 7773 (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA42269FC62FB42FAE7FB68" author="Noetling" box="[973,1368,1194,1219]" pageId="4" pageNumber="241" refString="Noetling, F. (1901) Fauna of the Miocene beds of Burma. Memoirs of the Geological Society of India, Palaeontologia Indica, 1 (3), 1 - 378." type="journal article" year="1901">Noetling, 1901, pl. 25, fig. 1, 1a-e</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectionCode id="ED1FAE48FFA42269FAC0FB43FA23FB68" box="[1391,1436,1195,1219]" country="India" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/jprb-qxkv" name="Geological Survey of India" pageId="4" pageNumber="241">GSI</collectionCode>
0 7774 (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA42269FF44FB26FE29FB4C" author="Noetling" box="[235,406,1230,1255]" pageId="4" pageNumber="241" refString="Noetling, F. (1901) Fauna of the Miocene beds of Burma. Memoirs of the Geological Society of India, Palaeontologia Indica, 1 (3), 1 - 378." type="journal article" year="1901">Noetling, 1901</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 25, fig. 2, 2a–e), and
<collectionCode id="ED1FAE48FFA42269FD1DFB27FD60FB4C" box="[690,735,1231,1255]" country="India" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/jprb-qxkv" name="Geological Survey of India" pageId="4" pageNumber="241">GSI</collectionCode>
0 7775 (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA42269FC95FB26FC5AFB4C" author="Noetling" box="[826,997,1230,1255]" pageId="4" pageNumber="241" refString="Noetling, F. (1901) Fauna of the Miocene beds of Burma. Memoirs of the Geological Society of India, Palaeontologia Indica, 1 (3), 1 - 378." type="journal article" year="1901">Noetling, 1901</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 25, fig. 3, 3a–b). It should be noted that his three illustrated teeth of
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA42269FDA8FB1BFCB8FAA0" box="[519,775,1267,1291]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="241">
'
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA42269FDA4FB1BFCB8FAA0" box="[523,775,1267,1291]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Oxyrhina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="241" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spallanzanii">Oxyrhina spallanzanii</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
', which would constitute the
<typeStatus id="54B5882FFFA42269FBFAFB1BFB3AFAA0" box="[1109,1157,1267,1291]" pageId="4" pageNumber="241">type</typeStatus>
material for the species, are here considered conspecific with
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA42269FDE1FAFEFCBBFA85" box="[590,772,1302,1326]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Glyphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="241" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pagoda">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA42269FDE1FAFEFCBBFA85" box="[590,772,1302,1326]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="241">Glyphis pagoda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
:
<collectionCode id="ED1FAE48FFA42269FCB7FAFFFCFAFA84" box="[792,837,1303,1327]" country="India" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/jprb-qxkv" name="Geological Survey of India" pageId="4" pageNumber="241">GSI</collectionCode>
0 7776 (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA42269FC05FAFEFABCFA84" author="Noetling" box="[938,1283,1302,1327]" pageId="4" pageNumber="241" refString="Noetling, F. (1901) Fauna of the Miocene beds of Burma. Memoirs of the Geological Society of India, Palaeontologia Indica, 1 (3), 1 - 378." type="journal article" year="1901">Noetling, 1901, pl. 25, fig. 4</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectionCode id="ED1FAE48FFA42269FAB2FAFFFAF5FA84" box="[1309,1354,1303,1327]" country="India" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/jprb-qxkv" name="Geological Survey of India" pageId="4" pageNumber="241">GSI</collectionCode>
0 7777 (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA42269FF31FAD2FEF5FAF8" author="Noetling" box="[158,330,1338,1363]" pageId="4" pageNumber="241" refString="Noetling, F. (1901) Fauna of the Miocene beds of Burma. Memoirs of the Geological Society of India, Palaeontologia Indica, 1 (3), 1 - 378." type="journal article" year="1901">Noetling, 1901</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 25, fig. 5, 5a–e), and
<collectionCode id="ED1FAE48FFA42269FDCAFAD3FD2DFAF8" box="[613,658,1339,1363]" country="India" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/jprb-qxkv" name="Geological Survey of India" pageId="4" pageNumber="241">GSI</collectionCode>
0 7778 (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA42269FD42FAD2FC26FAF8" author="Noetling" box="[749,921,1338,1363]" pageId="4" pageNumber="241" refString="Noetling, F. (1901) Fauna of the Miocene beds of Burma. Memoirs of the Geological Society of India, Palaeontologia Indica, 1 (3), 1 - 378." type="journal article" year="1901">Noetling, 1901</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 25, fig. 6, 6a [top], 6a [bottom; likely sic], 6b–d). Likewise, his five illustrated teeth of '
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA42269FD3FFAB6FB9EFADD" box="[656,1057,1374,1399]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Odontaspididae" genus="Carcharias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="241" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gangeticus" subGenus="Prionodon">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA42269FD3FFAB6FCB0FADD" box="[656,783,1374,1398]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="241">Carcharias</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA42269FCB0FAB6FC28FADD" box="[799,919,1374,1398]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="241">Prionodon</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA42269FC07FAB7FB9EFADD" box="[936,1057,1375,1398]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="241">gangeticus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
', which would constitute the
<typeStatus id="54B5882FFFA42269FAC3FAB7FA23FADC" box="[1388,1436,1375,1399]" pageId="4" pageNumber="241">type</typeStatus>
material for the species, are here considered conspecific with
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA42269FCE0FA6BFBBDFA30" box="[847,1026,1411,1435]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Glyphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="241" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pagoda">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA42269FCE0FA6BFBBDFA30" box="[847,1026,1411,1435]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="241">Glyphis pagoda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
:
<collectionCode id="ED1FAE48FFA42269FBBEFA6BFB81FA30" box="[1041,1086,1411,1435]" country="India" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/jprb-qxkv" name="Geological Survey of India" pageId="4" pageNumber="241">GSI</collectionCode>
0 7783 (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA42269FB33FA6AFAF7FA30" author="Noetling" box="[1180,1352,1410,1435]" pageId="4" pageNumber="241" refString="Noetling, F. (1901) Fauna of the Miocene beds of Burma. Memoirs of the Geological Society of India, Palaeontologia Indica, 1 (3), 1 - 378." type="journal article" year="1901">Noetling, 1901</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 25, fig. 11, 11a–e),
<collectionCode id="ED1FAE48FFA42269FEEBFA4FFECEFA14" box="[324,369,1447,1471]" country="India" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/jprb-qxkv" name="Geological Survey of India" pageId="4" pageNumber="241">GSI</collectionCode>
0 7784 (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA42269FE64FA4EFDC9FA14" author="Noetling" box="[459,630,1446,1471]" pageId="4" pageNumber="241" refString="Noetling, F. (1901) Fauna of the Miocene beds of Burma. Memoirs of the Geological Society of India, Palaeontologia Indica, 1 (3), 1 - 378." type="journal article" year="1901">Noetling, 1901</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 25, fig. 12, 12a–b),
<collectionCode id="ED1FAE48FFA42269FCD0FA4FFC13FA14" box="[895,940,1447,1471]" country="India" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/jprb-qxkv" name="Geological Survey of India" pageId="4" pageNumber="241">GSI</collectionCode>
0 7785, (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA42269FBA2FA4EFB07FA14" author="Noetling" box="[1037,1208,1446,1471]" pageId="4" pageNumber="241" refString="Noetling, F. (1901) Fauna of the Miocene beds of Burma. Memoirs of the Geological Society of India, Palaeontologia Indica, 1 (3), 1 - 378." type="journal article" year="1901">Noetling, 1901</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 25, fig. 13, 13a– b),
<collectionCode id="ED1FAE48FFA42269FF13FA23FF56FA48" box="[188,233,1483,1507]" country="India" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/jprb-qxkv" name="Geological Survey of India" pageId="4" pageNumber="241">GSI</collectionCode>
0 7786 (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA42269FEEAFA22FE4FFA48" author="Noetling" box="[325,496,1482,1507]" pageId="4" pageNumber="241" refString="Noetling, F. (1901) Fauna of the Miocene beds of Burma. Memoirs of the Geological Society of India, Palaeontologia Indica, 1 (3), 1 - 378." type="journal article" year="1901">Noetling, 1901</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 25, fig. 14, 14a–b), and
<collectionCode id="ED1FAE48FFA42269FC82FA23FCE5FA48" box="[813,858,1483,1507]" country="India" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/jprb-qxkv" name="Geological Survey of India" pageId="4" pageNumber="241">GSI</collectionCode>
0 7787 (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA42269FC19FA22FBDEFA48" author="Noetling" box="[950,1121,1482,1507]" pageId="4" pageNumber="241" refString="Noetling, F. (1901) Fauna of the Miocene beds of Burma. Memoirs of the Geological Society of India, Palaeontologia Indica, 1 (3), 1 - 378." type="journal article" year="1901">Noetling, 1901</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 25, fig. 15, 15a–b).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB1368DFFA42268FF68FA06FE46FF7E" blockId="4.[151,1437,402,2011]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1437,151,1955]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="242" pageId="4" pageNumber="241">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA42269FF68FA06FECFF9AC" bold="true" box="[199,368,1518,1543]" pageId="4" pageNumber="241">New material.</emphasis>
NMMP-KU-IR 1496 (
<figureCitation id="13352A08FFA42269FDDBFA06FD06F9AC" box="[628,697,1518,1543]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1723,1745]" captionTargetBox="[154,1436,193,1701]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1702]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Teeth of Glyphis pagoda from the upper Middle to lower Upper Miocene of Myanmar. A, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (6), lower tooth in matrix. B, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (6), lower tooth in close-up view (cf. Fig. 2 A). C, NMMP-KU-IR 1496, upper tooth. D, NMMP-KU-IR 1522 (1), lower tooth. E, NMMP-KU-IR 1522 (2), upper tooth. F, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (1), lower tooth. G, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (5), lower tooth. H, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (2), lower tooth. I, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (3), lower tooth. J, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (4), lower tooth. K, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (7), upper tooth. L, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (9), upper tooth. M, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (8), upper tooth. N, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (11), upper tooth. O, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (10), upper tooth. P, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (12), lower tooth. Q, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (13), lower tooth. R, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (14), lower tooth. S, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (15), lower tooth. T, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (16), lower tooth. U, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (17), lower tooth. Orientations: A, B = labial view; C – G = lingual (left), mesial (middle), and labial (right) views (note: mesial view in G = longitudinal cross-sectional view to show pulp cavity); H – U, lingual (left) and labial (right) views. All scales = 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262802/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="241">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
C), nearly complete upper tooth from TeB-PG1 locality; NMMP- KU-IR 1522(1) (
<figureCitation id="13352A08FFA42269FEF2F9FAFE1AF980" box="[349,421,1554,1579]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1723,1745]" captionTargetBox="[154,1436,193,1701]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1702]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Teeth of Glyphis pagoda from the upper Middle to lower Upper Miocene of Myanmar. A, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (6), lower tooth in matrix. B, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (6), lower tooth in close-up view (cf. Fig. 2 A). C, NMMP-KU-IR 1496, upper tooth. D, NMMP-KU-IR 1522 (1), lower tooth. E, NMMP-KU-IR 1522 (2), upper tooth. F, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (1), lower tooth. G, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (5), lower tooth. H, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (2), lower tooth. I, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (3), lower tooth. J, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (4), lower tooth. K, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (7), upper tooth. L, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (9), upper tooth. M, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (8), upper tooth. N, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (11), upper tooth. O, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (10), upper tooth. P, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (12), lower tooth. Q, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (13), lower tooth. R, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (14), lower tooth. S, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (15), lower tooth. T, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (16), lower tooth. U, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (17), lower tooth. Orientations: A, B = labial view; C – G = lingual (left), mesial (middle), and labial (right) views (note: mesial view in G = longitudinal cross-sectional view to show pulp cavity); H – U, lingual (left) and labial (right) views. All scales = 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262802/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="241">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
D), nearly complete lower tooth from YS2 locality; NMMP-KU-IR 1522(2) (
<figureCitation id="13352A08FFA42269FA9BF9FAFAC3F980" box="[1332,1404,1554,1579]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1723,1745]" captionTargetBox="[154,1436,193,1701]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1702]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Teeth of Glyphis pagoda from the upper Middle to lower Upper Miocene of Myanmar. A, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (6), lower tooth in matrix. B, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (6), lower tooth in close-up view (cf. Fig. 2 A). C, NMMP-KU-IR 1496, upper tooth. D, NMMP-KU-IR 1522 (1), lower tooth. E, NMMP-KU-IR 1522 (2), upper tooth. F, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (1), lower tooth. G, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (5), lower tooth. H, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (2), lower tooth. I, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (3), lower tooth. J, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (4), lower tooth. K, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (7), upper tooth. L, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (9), upper tooth. M, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (8), upper tooth. N, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (11), upper tooth. O, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (10), upper tooth. P, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (12), lower tooth. Q, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (13), lower tooth. R, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (14), lower tooth. S, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (15), lower tooth. T, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (16), lower tooth. U, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (17), lower tooth. Orientations: A, B = labial view; C – G = lingual (left), mesial (middle), and labial (right) views (note: mesial view in G = longitudinal cross-sectional view to show pulp cavity); H – U, lingual (left) and labial (right) views. All scales = 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262802/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="241">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
E), nearly complete upper tooth YS2 locality; NMMP-KU-IR 1530(1) (
<figureCitation id="13352A08FFA42269FC07F9DEFC51F9E4" box="[936,1006,1590,1615]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1723,1745]" captionTargetBox="[154,1436,193,1701]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1702]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Teeth of Glyphis pagoda from the upper Middle to lower Upper Miocene of Myanmar. A, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (6), lower tooth in matrix. B, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (6), lower tooth in close-up view (cf. Fig. 2 A). C, NMMP-KU-IR 1496, upper tooth. D, NMMP-KU-IR 1522 (1), lower tooth. E, NMMP-KU-IR 1522 (2), upper tooth. F, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (1), lower tooth. G, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (5), lower tooth. H, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (2), lower tooth. I, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (3), lower tooth. J, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (4), lower tooth. K, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (7), upper tooth. L, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (9), upper tooth. M, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (8), upper tooth. N, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (11), upper tooth. O, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (10), upper tooth. P, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (12), lower tooth. Q, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (13), lower tooth. R, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (14), lower tooth. S, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (15), lower tooth. T, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (16), lower tooth. U, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (17), lower tooth. Orientations: A, B = labial view; C – G = lingual (left), mesial (middle), and labial (right) views (note: mesial view in G = longitudinal cross-sectional view to show pulp cavity); H – U, lingual (left) and labial (right) views. All scales = 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262802/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="241">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
F), nearly complete lower tooth from OND locality; NMMP-KU-IR 1530(2) (
<figureCitation id="13352A08FFA42269FDF5F9B2FD22F9D8" box="[602,669,1626,1651]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1723,1745]" captionTargetBox="[154,1436,193,1701]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1702]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Teeth of Glyphis pagoda from the upper Middle to lower Upper Miocene of Myanmar. A, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (6), lower tooth in matrix. B, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (6), lower tooth in close-up view (cf. Fig. 2 A). C, NMMP-KU-IR 1496, upper tooth. D, NMMP-KU-IR 1522 (1), lower tooth. E, NMMP-KU-IR 1522 (2), upper tooth. F, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (1), lower tooth. G, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (5), lower tooth. H, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (2), lower tooth. I, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (3), lower tooth. J, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (4), lower tooth. K, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (7), upper tooth. L, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (9), upper tooth. M, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (8), upper tooth. N, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (11), upper tooth. O, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (10), upper tooth. P, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (12), lower tooth. Q, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (13), lower tooth. R, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (14), lower tooth. S, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (15), lower tooth. T, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (16), lower tooth. U, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (17), lower tooth. Orientations: A, B = labial view; C – G = lingual (left), mesial (middle), and labial (right) views (note: mesial view in G = longitudinal cross-sectional view to show pulp cavity); H – U, lingual (left) and labial (right) views. All scales = 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262802/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="241">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
H), nearly complete lower tooth from OND locality; NMMP-KU-IR 1530(3) (
<figureCitation id="13352A08FFA42269FF51F996FEFDF93C" box="[254,322,1662,1687]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1723,1745]" captionTargetBox="[154,1436,193,1701]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1702]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Teeth of Glyphis pagoda from the upper Middle to lower Upper Miocene of Myanmar. A, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (6), lower tooth in matrix. B, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (6), lower tooth in close-up view (cf. Fig. 2 A). C, NMMP-KU-IR 1496, upper tooth. D, NMMP-KU-IR 1522 (1), lower tooth. E, NMMP-KU-IR 1522 (2), upper tooth. F, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (1), lower tooth. G, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (5), lower tooth. H, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (2), lower tooth. I, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (3), lower tooth. J, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (4), lower tooth. K, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (7), upper tooth. L, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (9), upper tooth. M, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (8), upper tooth. N, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (11), upper tooth. O, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (10), upper tooth. P, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (12), lower tooth. Q, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (13), lower tooth. R, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (14), lower tooth. S, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (15), lower tooth. T, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (16), lower tooth. U, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (17), lower tooth. Orientations: A, B = labial view; C – G = lingual (left), mesial (middle), and labial (right) views (note: mesial view in G = longitudinal cross-sectional view to show pulp cavity); H – U, lingual (left) and labial (right) views. All scales = 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262802/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="241">
Fig.
<date id="FFB0104DFFA42269FE9DF997FEFDF93C" box="[306,322,1663,1687]" pageId="4" pageNumber="241">2</date>
</figureCitation>
I), nearly complete lower tooth from OND locality; NMMP-KU-IR 1530(4) (
<figureCitation id="13352A08FFA42269FB31F996FB5EF93C" box="[1182,1249,1662,1687]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1723,1745]" captionTargetBox="[154,1436,193,1701]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1702]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Teeth of Glyphis pagoda from the upper Middle to lower Upper Miocene of Myanmar. A, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (6), lower tooth in matrix. B, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (6), lower tooth in close-up view (cf. Fig. 2 A). C, NMMP-KU-IR 1496, upper tooth. D, NMMP-KU-IR 1522 (1), lower tooth. E, NMMP-KU-IR 1522 (2), upper tooth. F, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (1), lower tooth. G, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (5), lower tooth. H, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (2), lower tooth. I, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (3), lower tooth. J, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (4), lower tooth. K, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (7), upper tooth. L, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (9), upper tooth. M, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (8), upper tooth. N, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (11), upper tooth. O, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (10), upper tooth. P, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (12), lower tooth. Q, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (13), lower tooth. R, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (14), lower tooth. S, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (15), lower tooth. T, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (16), lower tooth. U, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (17), lower tooth. Orientations: A, B = labial view; C – G = lingual (left), mesial (middle), and labial (right) views (note: mesial view in G = longitudinal cross-sectional view to show pulp cavity); H – U, lingual (left) and labial (right) views. All scales = 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262802/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="241">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
J), broken crown of lower tooth from OND locality; NMMP-KU-IR 1530(5) (
<figureCitation id="13352A08FFA42269FC91F94AFC3DF910" box="[830,898,1698,1723]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1723,1745]" captionTargetBox="[154,1436,193,1701]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1702]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Teeth of Glyphis pagoda from the upper Middle to lower Upper Miocene of Myanmar. A, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (6), lower tooth in matrix. B, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (6), lower tooth in close-up view (cf. Fig. 2 A). C, NMMP-KU-IR 1496, upper tooth. D, NMMP-KU-IR 1522 (1), lower tooth. E, NMMP-KU-IR 1522 (2), upper tooth. F, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (1), lower tooth. G, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (5), lower tooth. H, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (2), lower tooth. I, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (3), lower tooth. J, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (4), lower tooth. K, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (7), upper tooth. L, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (9), upper tooth. M, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (8), upper tooth. N, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (11), upper tooth. O, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (10), upper tooth. P, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (12), lower tooth. Q, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (13), lower tooth. R, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (14), lower tooth. S, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (15), lower tooth. T, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (16), lower tooth. U, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (17), lower tooth. Orientations: A, B = labial view; C – G = lingual (left), mesial (middle), and labial (right) views (note: mesial view in G = longitudinal cross-sectional view to show pulp cavity); H – U, lingual (left) and labial (right) views. All scales = 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262802/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="241">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
G), crown of lower tooth (broken longitudinally exposing cross-sectional surfaces) from OND locality; NMMP-KU-IR 1530(6) (
<figureCitation id="13352A08FFA42269FBB1F92EFBDEF974" box="[1054,1121,1734,1759]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1723,1745]" captionTargetBox="[154,1436,193,1701]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1702]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Teeth of Glyphis pagoda from the upper Middle to lower Upper Miocene of Myanmar. A, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (6), lower tooth in matrix. B, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (6), lower tooth in close-up view (cf. Fig. 2 A). C, NMMP-KU-IR 1496, upper tooth. D, NMMP-KU-IR 1522 (1), lower tooth. E, NMMP-KU-IR 1522 (2), upper tooth. F, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (1), lower tooth. G, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (5), lower tooth. H, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (2), lower tooth. I, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (3), lower tooth. J, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (4), lower tooth. K, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (7), upper tooth. L, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (9), upper tooth. M, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (8), upper tooth. N, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (11), upper tooth. O, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (10), upper tooth. P, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (12), lower tooth. Q, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (13), lower tooth. R, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (14), lower tooth. S, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (15), lower tooth. T, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (16), lower tooth. U, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (17), lower tooth. Orientations: A, B = labial view; C – G = lingual (left), mesial (middle), and labial (right) views (note: mesial view in G = longitudinal cross-sectional view to show pulp cavity); H – U, lingual (left) and labial (right) views. All scales = 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262802/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="241">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
A, B), complete lower tooth in matrix from OND locality; NMMP-KU-IR 1530(7) (
<figureCitation id="13352A08FFA42269FCA3F902FCEFF8A8" box="[780,848,1770,1795]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1723,1745]" captionTargetBox="[154,1436,193,1701]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1702]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Teeth of Glyphis pagoda from the upper Middle to lower Upper Miocene of Myanmar. A, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (6), lower tooth in matrix. B, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (6), lower tooth in close-up view (cf. Fig. 2 A). C, NMMP-KU-IR 1496, upper tooth. D, NMMP-KU-IR 1522 (1), lower tooth. E, NMMP-KU-IR 1522 (2), upper tooth. F, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (1), lower tooth. G, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (5), lower tooth. H, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (2), lower tooth. I, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (3), lower tooth. J, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (4), lower tooth. K, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (7), upper tooth. L, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (9), upper tooth. M, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (8), upper tooth. N, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (11), upper tooth. O, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (10), upper tooth. P, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (12), lower tooth. Q, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (13), lower tooth. R, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (14), lower tooth. S, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (15), lower tooth. T, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (16), lower tooth. U, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (17), lower tooth. Orientations: A, B = labial view; C – G = lingual (left), mesial (middle), and labial (right) views (note: mesial view in G = longitudinal cross-sectional view to show pulp cavity); H – U, lingual (left) and labial (right) views. All scales = 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262802/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="241">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
K), partial upper tooth from OND locality; NMMP- KU-IR 1530(8) (
<figureCitation id="13352A08FFA42269FEF4F8E6FE1EF88C" box="[347,417,1806,1831]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1723,1745]" captionTargetBox="[154,1436,193,1701]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1702]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Teeth of Glyphis pagoda from the upper Middle to lower Upper Miocene of Myanmar. A, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (6), lower tooth in matrix. B, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (6), lower tooth in close-up view (cf. Fig. 2 A). C, NMMP-KU-IR 1496, upper tooth. D, NMMP-KU-IR 1522 (1), lower tooth. E, NMMP-KU-IR 1522 (2), upper tooth. F, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (1), lower tooth. G, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (5), lower tooth. H, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (2), lower tooth. I, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (3), lower tooth. J, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (4), lower tooth. K, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (7), upper tooth. L, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (9), upper tooth. M, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (8), upper tooth. N, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (11), upper tooth. O, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (10), upper tooth. P, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (12), lower tooth. Q, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (13), lower tooth. R, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (14), lower tooth. S, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (15), lower tooth. T, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (16), lower tooth. U, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (17), lower tooth. Orientations: A, B = labial view; C – G = lingual (left), mesial (middle), and labial (right) views (note: mesial view in G = longitudinal cross-sectional view to show pulp cavity); H – U, lingual (left) and labial (right) views. All scales = 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262802/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="241">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
M), nearly complete upper tooth from OND locality; NMMP-KU-IR 1 530(9) (
<figureCitation id="13352A08FFA42269FA9AF8E6FAC4F88C" box="[1333,1403,1806,1831]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1723,1745]" captionTargetBox="[154,1436,193,1701]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1702]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Teeth of Glyphis pagoda from the upper Middle to lower Upper Miocene of Myanmar. A, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (6), lower tooth in matrix. B, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (6), lower tooth in close-up view (cf. Fig. 2 A). C, NMMP-KU-IR 1496, upper tooth. D, NMMP-KU-IR 1522 (1), lower tooth. E, NMMP-KU-IR 1522 (2), upper tooth. F, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (1), lower tooth. G, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (5), lower tooth. H, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (2), lower tooth. I, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (3), lower tooth. J, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (4), lower tooth. K, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (7), upper tooth. L, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (9), upper tooth. M, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (8), upper tooth. N, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (11), upper tooth. O, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (10), upper tooth. P, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (12), lower tooth. Q, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (13), lower tooth. R, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (14), lower tooth. S, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (15), lower tooth. T, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (16), lower tooth. U, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (17), lower tooth. Orientations: A, B = labial view; C – G = lingual (left), mesial (middle), and labial (right) views (note: mesial view in G = longitudinal cross-sectional view to show pulp cavity); H – U, lingual (left) and labial (right) views. All scales = 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262802/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="241">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
L), distal(?) half of upper tooth from OND locality; NMMP-KU-IR 1530(10) (
<figureCitation id="13352A08FFA42269FC58F8DAFB83F8E0" box="[1015,1084,1842,1867]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1723,1745]" captionTargetBox="[154,1436,193,1701]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1702]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Teeth of Glyphis pagoda from the upper Middle to lower Upper Miocene of Myanmar. A, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (6), lower tooth in matrix. B, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (6), lower tooth in close-up view (cf. Fig. 2 A). C, NMMP-KU-IR 1496, upper tooth. D, NMMP-KU-IR 1522 (1), lower tooth. E, NMMP-KU-IR 1522 (2), upper tooth. F, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (1), lower tooth. G, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (5), lower tooth. H, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (2), lower tooth. I, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (3), lower tooth. J, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (4), lower tooth. K, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (7), upper tooth. L, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (9), upper tooth. M, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (8), upper tooth. N, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (11), upper tooth. O, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (10), upper tooth. P, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (12), lower tooth. Q, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (13), lower tooth. R, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (14), lower tooth. S, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (15), lower tooth. T, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (16), lower tooth. U, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (17), lower tooth. Orientations: A, B = labial view; C – G = lingual (left), mesial (middle), and labial (right) views (note: mesial view in G = longitudinal cross-sectional view to show pulp cavity); H – U, lingual (left) and labial (right) views. All scales = 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262802/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="241">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
O), crown of upper tooth from OND locality; NMMP-KU-IR 1530(11) (
<figureCitation id="13352A08FFA42269FDC5F8BEFD10F8C4" box="[618,687,1878,1903]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1723,1745]" captionTargetBox="[154,1436,193,1701]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1702]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Teeth of Glyphis pagoda from the upper Middle to lower Upper Miocene of Myanmar. A, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (6), lower tooth in matrix. B, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (6), lower tooth in close-up view (cf. Fig. 2 A). C, NMMP-KU-IR 1496, upper tooth. D, NMMP-KU-IR 1522 (1), lower tooth. E, NMMP-KU-IR 1522 (2), upper tooth. F, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (1), lower tooth. G, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (5), lower tooth. H, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (2), lower tooth. I, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (3), lower tooth. J, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (4), lower tooth. K, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (7), upper tooth. L, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (9), upper tooth. M, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (8), upper tooth. N, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (11), upper tooth. O, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (10), upper tooth. P, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (12), lower tooth. Q, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (13), lower tooth. R, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (14), lower tooth. S, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (15), lower tooth. T, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (16), lower tooth. U, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (17), lower tooth. Orientations: A, B = labial view; C – G = lingual (left), mesial (middle), and labial (right) views (note: mesial view in G = longitudinal cross-sectional view to show pulp cavity); H – U, lingual (left) and labial (right) views. All scales = 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262802/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="241">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
N), incomplete crown of upper tooth from OND locality; NMMP- KU-IR 1530(12) (
<figureCitation id="13352A08FFA42269FECAF892FE14F838" box="[357,427,1914,1939]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1723,1745]" captionTargetBox="[154,1436,193,1701]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1702]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Teeth of Glyphis pagoda from the upper Middle to lower Upper Miocene of Myanmar. A, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (6), lower tooth in matrix. B, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (6), lower tooth in close-up view (cf. Fig. 2 A). C, NMMP-KU-IR 1496, upper tooth. D, NMMP-KU-IR 1522 (1), lower tooth. E, NMMP-KU-IR 1522 (2), upper tooth. F, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (1), lower tooth. G, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (5), lower tooth. H, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (2), lower tooth. I, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (3), lower tooth. J, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (4), lower tooth. K, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (7), upper tooth. L, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (9), upper tooth. M, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (8), upper tooth. N, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (11), upper tooth. O, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (10), upper tooth. P, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (12), lower tooth. Q, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (13), lower tooth. R, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (14), lower tooth. S, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (15), lower tooth. T, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (16), lower tooth. U, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (17), lower tooth. Orientations: A, B = labial view; C – G = lingual (left), mesial (middle), and labial (right) views (note: mesial view in G = longitudinal cross-sectional view to show pulp cavity); H – U, lingual (left) and labial (right) views. All scales = 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262802/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="241">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
P), nearly complete lower tooth from OND locality; NMMP-KU-IR 1530(13) (
<figureCitation id="13352A08FFA42269FA9CF892FAC7F838" box="[1331,1400,1914,1939]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1723,1745]" captionTargetBox="[154,1436,193,1701]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1702]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Teeth of Glyphis pagoda from the upper Middle to lower Upper Miocene of Myanmar. A, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (6), lower tooth in matrix. B, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (6), lower tooth in close-up view (cf. Fig. 2 A). C, NMMP-KU-IR 1496, upper tooth. D, NMMP-KU-IR 1522 (1), lower tooth. E, NMMP-KU-IR 1522 (2), upper tooth. F, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (1), lower tooth. G, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (5), lower tooth. H, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (2), lower tooth. I, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (3), lower tooth. J, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (4), lower tooth. K, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (7), upper tooth. L, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (9), upper tooth. M, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (8), upper tooth. N, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (11), upper tooth. O, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (10), upper tooth. P, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (12), lower tooth. Q, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (13), lower tooth. R, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (14), lower tooth. S, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (15), lower tooth. T, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (16), lower tooth. U, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (17), lower tooth. Orientations: A, B = labial view; C – G = lingual (left), mesial (middle), and labial (right) views (note: mesial view in G = longitudinal cross-sectional view to show pulp cavity); H – U, lingual (left) and labial (right) views. All scales = 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262802/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="241">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
Q), nearly complete lower(?) tooth from OND locality; NMMP-KU-IR 1530(14) (
<figureCitation id="13352A08FFA42269FBA9F876FBF5F81C" box="[1030,1098,1950,1975]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1723,1745]" captionTargetBox="[154,1436,193,1701]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1702]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Teeth of Glyphis pagoda from the upper Middle to lower Upper Miocene of Myanmar. A, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (6), lower tooth in matrix. B, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (6), lower tooth in close-up view (cf. Fig. 2 A). C, NMMP-KU-IR 1496, upper tooth. D, NMMP-KU-IR 1522 (1), lower tooth. E, NMMP-KU-IR 1522 (2), upper tooth. F, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (1), lower tooth. G, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (5), lower tooth. H, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (2), lower tooth. I, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (3), lower tooth. J, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (4), lower tooth. K, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (7), upper tooth. L, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (9), upper tooth. M, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (8), upper tooth. N, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (11), upper tooth. O, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (10), upper tooth. P, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (12), lower tooth. Q, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (13), lower tooth. R, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (14), lower tooth. S, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (15), lower tooth. T, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (16), lower tooth. U, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (17), lower tooth. Orientations: A, B = labial view; C – G = lingual (left), mesial (middle), and labial (right) views (note: mesial view in G = longitudinal cross-sectional view to show pulp cavity); H – U, lingual (left) and labial (right) views. All scales = 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262802/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="241">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
R), crown of lower tooth from OND locality; NMMP-KU-IR 1 530(15) (
<figureCitation id="13352A08FFA42269FDD1F82AFD76F870" box="[638,713,1986,2011]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1723,1745]" captionTargetBox="[154,1436,193,1701]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1702]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Teeth of Glyphis pagoda from the upper Middle to lower Upper Miocene of Myanmar. A, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (6), lower tooth in matrix. B, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (6), lower tooth in close-up view (cf. Fig. 2 A). C, NMMP-KU-IR 1496, upper tooth. D, NMMP-KU-IR 1522 (1), lower tooth. E, NMMP-KU-IR 1522 (2), upper tooth. F, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (1), lower tooth. G, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (5), lower tooth. H, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (2), lower tooth. I, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (3), lower tooth. J, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (4), lower tooth. K, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (7), upper tooth. L, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (9), upper tooth. M, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (8), upper tooth. N, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (11), upper tooth. O, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (10), upper tooth. P, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (12), lower tooth. Q, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (13), lower tooth. R, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (14), lower tooth. S, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (15), lower tooth. T, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (16), lower tooth. U, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (17), lower tooth. Orientations: A, B = labial view; C – G = lingual (left), mesial (middle), and labial (right) views (note: mesial view in G = longitudinal cross-sectional view to show pulp cavity); H – U, lingual (left) and labial (right) views. All scales = 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262802/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="241">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
S), complete lower tooth from OND locality; NMMP-KU-IR 1530(16) (
<figureCitation id="13352A08FFA52268FEA2FF7FFEEEFF1B" box="[269,337,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1723,1745]" captionTargetBox="[154,1436,193,1701]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1702]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Teeth of Glyphis pagoda from the upper Middle to lower Upper Miocene of Myanmar. A, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (6), lower tooth in matrix. B, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (6), lower tooth in close-up view (cf. Fig. 2 A). C, NMMP-KU-IR 1496, upper tooth. D, NMMP-KU-IR 1522 (1), lower tooth. E, NMMP-KU-IR 1522 (2), upper tooth. F, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (1), lower tooth. G, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (5), lower tooth. H, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (2), lower tooth. I, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (3), lower tooth. J, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (4), lower tooth. K, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (7), upper tooth. L, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (9), upper tooth. M, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (8), upper tooth. N, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (11), upper tooth. O, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (10), upper tooth. P, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (12), lower tooth. Q, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (13), lower tooth. R, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (14), lower tooth. S, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (15), lower tooth. T, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (16), lower tooth. U, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (17), lower tooth. Orientations: A, B = labial view; C – G = lingual (left), mesial (middle), and labial (right) views (note: mesial view in G = longitudinal cross-sectional view to show pulp cavity); H – U, lingual (left) and labial (right) views. All scales = 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262802/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="242">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
T), nearly complete lower tooth from OND locality; NMMP-KU-IR 1530(17) (
<figureCitation id="13352A08FFA52268FB66FF7FFAB2FF1B" box="[1225,1293,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1723,1745]" captionTargetBox="[154,1436,193,1701]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1702]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Teeth of Glyphis pagoda from the upper Middle to lower Upper Miocene of Myanmar. A, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (6), lower tooth in matrix. B, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (6), lower tooth in close-up view (cf. Fig. 2 A). C, NMMP-KU-IR 1496, upper tooth. D, NMMP-KU-IR 1522 (1), lower tooth. E, NMMP-KU-IR 1522 (2), upper tooth. F, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (1), lower tooth. G, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (5), lower tooth. H, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (2), lower tooth. I, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (3), lower tooth. J, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (4), lower tooth. K, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (7), upper tooth. L, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (9), upper tooth. M, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (8), upper tooth. N, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (11), upper tooth. O, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (10), upper tooth. P, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (12), lower tooth. Q, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (13), lower tooth. R, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (14), lower tooth. S, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (15), lower tooth. T, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (16), lower tooth. U, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (17), lower tooth. Orientations: A, B = labial view; C – G = lingual (left), mesial (middle), and labial (right) views (note: mesial view in G = longitudinal cross-sectional view to show pulp cavity); H – U, lingual (left) and labial (right) views. All scales = 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262802/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="242">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
U), crown of lower tooth from OND locality.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3146506FFA52265FF68FF37FA22FA36" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="245" pageId="5" pageNumber="242" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB1368DFFA52268FF68FF37FD3FFDB3" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1955]" pageId="5" pageNumber="242">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA52268FF68FF37FEE6FF53" bold="true" box="[199,345,223,248]" pageId="5" pageNumber="242">Description.</emphasis>
Twenty isolated teeth (
<figureCitation id="13352A08FFA52268FDCDFF37FD17FF53" box="[610,680,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1723,1745]" captionTargetBox="[154,1436,193,1701]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1702]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Teeth of Glyphis pagoda from the upper Middle to lower Upper Miocene of Myanmar. A, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (6), lower tooth in matrix. B, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (6), lower tooth in close-up view (cf. Fig. 2 A). C, NMMP-KU-IR 1496, upper tooth. D, NMMP-KU-IR 1522 (1), lower tooth. E, NMMP-KU-IR 1522 (2), upper tooth. F, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (1), lower tooth. G, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (5), lower tooth. H, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (2), lower tooth. I, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (3), lower tooth. J, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (4), lower tooth. K, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (7), upper tooth. L, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (9), upper tooth. M, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (8), upper tooth. N, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (11), upper tooth. O, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (10), upper tooth. P, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (12), lower tooth. Q, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (13), lower tooth. R, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (14), lower tooth. S, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (15), lower tooth. T, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (16), lower tooth. U, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (17), lower tooth. Orientations: A, B = labial view; C – G = lingual (left), mesial (middle), and labial (right) views (note: mesial view in G = longitudinal cross-sectional view to show pulp cavity); H – U, lingual (left) and labial (right) views. All scales = 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262802/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="242">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
), one of which still encased in matrix exposing only its labial side (
<figureCitation id="13352A08FFA52268FF30FEECFF5DFEB7" box="[159,226,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1723,1745]" captionTargetBox="[154,1436,193,1701]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1702]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Teeth of Glyphis pagoda from the upper Middle to lower Upper Miocene of Myanmar. A, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (6), lower tooth in matrix. B, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (6), lower tooth in close-up view (cf. Fig. 2 A). C, NMMP-KU-IR 1496, upper tooth. D, NMMP-KU-IR 1522 (1), lower tooth. E, NMMP-KU-IR 1522 (2), upper tooth. F, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (1), lower tooth. G, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (5), lower tooth. H, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (2), lower tooth. I, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (3), lower tooth. J, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (4), lower tooth. K, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (7), upper tooth. L, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (9), upper tooth. M, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (8), upper tooth. N, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (11), upper tooth. O, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (10), upper tooth. P, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (12), lower tooth. Q, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (13), lower tooth. R, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (14), lower tooth. S, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (15), lower tooth. T, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (16), lower tooth. U, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (17), lower tooth. Orientations: A, B = labial view; C – G = lingual (left), mesial (middle), and labial (right) views (note: mesial view in G = longitudinal cross-sectional view to show pulp cavity); H – U, lingual (left) and labial (right) views. All scales = 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262802/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="242">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
A, B); most teeth partially damaged or, where complete, generally show slight to moderate taphonomicallyinduced abrasion indicated by worn tooth surfaces (
<figureCitation id="13352A08FFA52268FD7BFECFFCA8FEEB" box="[724,791,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1723,1745]" captionTargetBox="[154,1436,193,1701]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1702]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Teeth of Glyphis pagoda from the upper Middle to lower Upper Miocene of Myanmar. A, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (6), lower tooth in matrix. B, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (6), lower tooth in close-up view (cf. Fig. 2 A). C, NMMP-KU-IR 1496, upper tooth. D, NMMP-KU-IR 1522 (1), lower tooth. E, NMMP-KU-IR 1522 (2), upper tooth. F, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (1), lower tooth. G, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (5), lower tooth. H, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (2), lower tooth. I, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (3), lower tooth. J, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (4), lower tooth. K, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (7), upper tooth. L, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (9), upper tooth. M, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (8), upper tooth. N, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (11), upper tooth. O, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (10), upper tooth. P, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (12), lower tooth. Q, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (13), lower tooth. R, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (14), lower tooth. S, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (15), lower tooth. T, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (16), lower tooth. U, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (17), lower tooth. Orientations: A, B = labial view; C – G = lingual (left), mesial (middle), and labial (right) views (note: mesial view in G = longitudinal cross-sectional view to show pulp cavity); H – U, lingual (left) and labial (right) views. All scales = 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262802/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="242">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
C, D); tooth size ranges from 10.0 mm to 18.5 mm in total tooth height (Appendix 1); orthodentine tooth histology with pulp cavity observable in specimens with damaged crown (
<figureCitation id="13352A08FFA52268FF41FE87FE8BFE23" box="[238,308,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1723,1745]" captionTargetBox="[154,1436,193,1701]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1702]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Teeth of Glyphis pagoda from the upper Middle to lower Upper Miocene of Myanmar. A, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (6), lower tooth in matrix. B, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (6), lower tooth in close-up view (cf. Fig. 2 A). C, NMMP-KU-IR 1496, upper tooth. D, NMMP-KU-IR 1522 (1), lower tooth. E, NMMP-KU-IR 1522 (2), upper tooth. F, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (1), lower tooth. G, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (5), lower tooth. H, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (2), lower tooth. I, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (3), lower tooth. J, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (4), lower tooth. K, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (7), upper tooth. L, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (9), upper tooth. M, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (8), upper tooth. N, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (11), upper tooth. O, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (10), upper tooth. P, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (12), lower tooth. Q, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (13), lower tooth. R, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (14), lower tooth. S, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (15), lower tooth. T, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (16), lower tooth. U, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (17), lower tooth. Orientations: A, B = labial view; C – G = lingual (left), mesial (middle), and labial (right) views (note: mesial view in G = longitudinal cross-sectional view to show pulp cavity); H – U, lingual (left) and labial (right) views. All scales = 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262802/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="242">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
G). Seven teeth identified as upper teeth characterized by broad, distally inclined triangular crown where crown width may slightly exceed crown height (Appendix 1). Crown inclinations suggesting as many as four of them are from the right side and three from the left side; remaining
<specimenCount id="9D08FD04FFA52268FC72FE50FBC6FE7B" box="[989,1145,439,464]" pageId="5" pageNumber="242" type="generic">13 specimens</specimenCount>
identified as lower teeth possess acutely-pointing, nearly erect cusp that may or may not have broad base. Six teeth are probably from the right side and seven possibly from left side.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB1368DFFA52268FF68FDCDFF45FBA2" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1955]" pageId="5" pageNumber="242">
Upper teeth―Crown ranging from about 8.0 mm to 12.4 mm in height (n = 6), from 9.8 mm to 11.9 mm in width (n = 2), and from 1.5 mm to 3.3 mm in thickness (n = 7) (Appendix 1; note that small sample size for crown widths is due to damaged crown base in most specimens); crown mesiodistally broad at base without prominent shoulders and overall narrows gradually apically; mesiodistal extensions of crown base short; lateral cusplets absent; fine, regularly-distributed serrations along mesial and distal cutting edges in which slight coarsening of serrations occur at basal one-third of crown; labial crown face smooth and slightly convex whereas lingual crown face smooth and flat; labial crown foot nearly straight whereas lingual crown foot gently curved; basal ledge or groove, and ornamentation (e.g., striations) absent on both sides of crown foot; tooth neck practically absent on both sides; crowns generally asymmetrical with varying degrees of distal inclination; root bilobed and as wide as crown, measuring from 11.5 mm to 11.9 mm (n = 2; Appendix 1, where root width equivalent to tooth width); root only slightly thicker than crown thickness, ranging from 2.4 mm to 3.9 mm (n = 5); labial root surface flat; lingual root surface gently convex without prominent lingual protuberance; prominent nutritive groove present; basal concavity very weak and may be interrupted by basally extending ridges of root that define nutritive groove (e.g.,
<figureCitation id="13352A08FFA52268FF38FC19FF66FBA2" box="[151,217,1009,1034]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1723,1745]" captionTargetBox="[154,1436,193,1701]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1702]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Teeth of Glyphis pagoda from the upper Middle to lower Upper Miocene of Myanmar. A, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (6), lower tooth in matrix. B, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (6), lower tooth in close-up view (cf. Fig. 2 A). C, NMMP-KU-IR 1496, upper tooth. D, NMMP-KU-IR 1522 (1), lower tooth. E, NMMP-KU-IR 1522 (2), upper tooth. F, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (1), lower tooth. G, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (5), lower tooth. H, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (2), lower tooth. I, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (3), lower tooth. J, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (4), lower tooth. K, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (7), upper tooth. L, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (9), upper tooth. M, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (8), upper tooth. N, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (11), upper tooth. O, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (10), upper tooth. P, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (12), lower tooth. Q, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (13), lower tooth. R, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (14), lower tooth. S, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (15), lower tooth. T, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (16), lower tooth. U, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (17), lower tooth. Orientations: A, B = labial view; C – G = lingual (left), mesial (middle), and labial (right) views (note: mesial view in G = longitudinal cross-sectional view to show pulp cavity); H – U, lingual (left) and labial (right) views. All scales = 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262802/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="242">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
E).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB1368DFFA52268FF68FBFDFC5EF9CF" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1955]" pageId="5" pageNumber="242">
Lower teeth―Crown narrower than that in upper teeth, ranging from about 8.0 mm to 13.5 mm in height (n = 11), from 3.6 mm to 8.6 mm in width (n = 10), and from 1.7 mm to 3.3 mm in thickness (n = 10) (Appendix 1); crown base may be mesiodistally narrow (e.g.,
<figureCitation id="13352A08FFA52268FD05FBB3FD52FBDF" box="[682,749,1115,1140]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1723,1745]" captionTargetBox="[154,1436,193,1701]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1702]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Teeth of Glyphis pagoda from the upper Middle to lower Upper Miocene of Myanmar. A, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (6), lower tooth in matrix. B, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (6), lower tooth in close-up view (cf. Fig. 2 A). C, NMMP-KU-IR 1496, upper tooth. D, NMMP-KU-IR 1522 (1), lower tooth. E, NMMP-KU-IR 1522 (2), upper tooth. F, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (1), lower tooth. G, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (5), lower tooth. H, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (2), lower tooth. I, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (3), lower tooth. J, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (4), lower tooth. K, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (7), upper tooth. L, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (9), upper tooth. M, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (8), upper tooth. N, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (11), upper tooth. O, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (10), upper tooth. P, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (12), lower tooth. Q, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (13), lower tooth. R, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (14), lower tooth. S, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (15), lower tooth. T, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (16), lower tooth. U, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (17), lower tooth. Orientations: A, B = labial view; C – G = lingual (left), mesial (middle), and labial (right) views (note: mesial view in G = longitudinal cross-sectional view to show pulp cavity); H – U, lingual (left) and labial (right) views. All scales = 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262802/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="242">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
B, D, F), moderately wide (e.g.,
<figureCitation id="13352A08FFA52268FBF5FBB3FB24FBDF" box="[1114,1179,1115,1140]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1723,1745]" captionTargetBox="[154,1436,193,1701]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1702]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Teeth of Glyphis pagoda from the upper Middle to lower Upper Miocene of Myanmar. A, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (6), lower tooth in matrix. B, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (6), lower tooth in close-up view (cf. Fig. 2 A). C, NMMP-KU-IR 1496, upper tooth. D, NMMP-KU-IR 1522 (1), lower tooth. E, NMMP-KU-IR 1522 (2), upper tooth. F, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (1), lower tooth. G, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (5), lower tooth. H, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (2), lower tooth. I, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (3), lower tooth. J, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (4), lower tooth. K, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (7), upper tooth. L, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (9), upper tooth. M, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (8), upper tooth. N, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (11), upper tooth. O, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (10), upper tooth. P, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (12), lower tooth. Q, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (13), lower tooth. R, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (14), lower tooth. S, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (15), lower tooth. T, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (16), lower tooth. U, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (17), lower tooth. Orientations: A, B = labial view; C – G = lingual (left), mesial (middle), and labial (right) views (note: mesial view in G = longitudinal cross-sectional view to show pulp cavity); H – U, lingual (left) and labial (right) views. All scales = 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262802/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="242">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
P, Q), or broad to form narrow shoulders extending outward (e.g.,
<figureCitation id="13352A08FFA52268FDD1FB96FD7FFB3C" box="[638,704,1150,1175]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1723,1745]" captionTargetBox="[154,1436,193,1701]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1702]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Teeth of Glyphis pagoda from the upper Middle to lower Upper Miocene of Myanmar. A, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (6), lower tooth in matrix. B, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (6), lower tooth in close-up view (cf. Fig. 2 A). C, NMMP-KU-IR 1496, upper tooth. D, NMMP-KU-IR 1522 (1), lower tooth. E, NMMP-KU-IR 1522 (2), upper tooth. F, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (1), lower tooth. G, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (5), lower tooth. H, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (2), lower tooth. I, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (3), lower tooth. J, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (4), lower tooth. K, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (7), upper tooth. L, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (9), upper tooth. M, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (8), upper tooth. N, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (11), upper tooth. O, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (10), upper tooth. P, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (12), lower tooth. Q, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (13), lower tooth. R, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (14), lower tooth. S, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (15), lower tooth. T, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (16), lower tooth. U, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (17), lower tooth. Orientations: A, B = labial view; C – G = lingual (left), mesial (middle), and labial (right) views (note: mesial view in G = longitudinal cross-sectional view to show pulp cavity); H – U, lingual (left) and labial (right) views. All scales = 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262802/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="242">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
T) and may even bear a pair of short, blunt lateral cusplets (e.g.,
<figureCitation id="13352A08FFA52268FF38FB4AFF63FB10" box="[151,220,1186,1211]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1723,1745]" captionTargetBox="[154,1436,193,1701]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1702]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Teeth of Glyphis pagoda from the upper Middle to lower Upper Miocene of Myanmar. A, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (6), lower tooth in matrix. B, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (6), lower tooth in close-up view (cf. Fig. 2 A). C, NMMP-KU-IR 1496, upper tooth. D, NMMP-KU-IR 1522 (1), lower tooth. E, NMMP-KU-IR 1522 (2), upper tooth. F, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (1), lower tooth. G, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (5), lower tooth. H, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (2), lower tooth. I, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (3), lower tooth. J, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (4), lower tooth. K, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (7), upper tooth. L, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (9), upper tooth. M, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (8), upper tooth. N, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (11), upper tooth. O, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (10), upper tooth. P, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (12), lower tooth. Q, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (13), lower tooth. R, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (14), lower tooth. S, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (15), lower tooth. T, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (16), lower tooth. U, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (17), lower tooth. Orientations: A, B = labial view; C – G = lingual (left), mesial (middle), and labial (right) views (note: mesial view in G = longitudinal cross-sectional view to show pulp cavity); H – U, lingual (left) and labial (right) views. All scales = 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262802/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="242">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
S); lingually curved crown developing apically into sharp, narrow cusp with a slight labial flex; spearheadlike slight mesiodistal expansion with well-developed cutting edges present at apex of tall narrow crown in which the rest of the those teeth tend to have weakly developed cutting edge (e.g.,
<figureCitation id="13352A08FFA52268FB9EFB01FBC7FAA9" box="[1073,1144,1257,1282]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1723,1745]" captionTargetBox="[154,1436,193,1701]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1702]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Teeth of Glyphis pagoda from the upper Middle to lower Upper Miocene of Myanmar. A, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (6), lower tooth in matrix. B, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (6), lower tooth in close-up view (cf. Fig. 2 A). C, NMMP-KU-IR 1496, upper tooth. D, NMMP-KU-IR 1522 (1), lower tooth. E, NMMP-KU-IR 1522 (2), upper tooth. F, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (1), lower tooth. G, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (5), lower tooth. H, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (2), lower tooth. I, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (3), lower tooth. J, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (4), lower tooth. K, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (7), upper tooth. L, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (9), upper tooth. M, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (8), upper tooth. N, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (11), upper tooth. O, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (10), upper tooth. P, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (12), lower tooth. Q, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (13), lower tooth. R, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (14), lower tooth. S, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (15), lower tooth. T, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (16), lower tooth. U, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (17), lower tooth. Orientations: A, B = labial view; C – G = lingual (left), mesial (middle), and labial (right) views (note: mesial view in G = longitudinal cross-sectional view to show pulp cavity); H – U, lingual (left) and labial (right) views. All scales = 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262802/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="242">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
B, F–J); fine, regularlydistributed serrations present along mesial and distal cutting edges in teeth with moderately wide crown base; labial crown face strongly convex; labial crown foot nearly straight whereas lingual crown foot gently curved; basal ledge or groove, and ornamentation (e.g., striations) absent on both sides of crown foot; lingual crown face flat and smooth, lacking ornamentation; tooth neck practically absent on both sides; crowns almost symmetrical or with slight inclination; root bilobed and slightly wider than crown base, measuring from 5.7 mm to 10.9 mm (n = 7; Appendix 1, where root width equivalent to total tooth width); root only slightly thicker than crown thickness, ranging from 1.9 mm to 5.5 mm (n = 9; Appendix 1 where root thickness equivalent to tooth thickness); labial root surface slightly rounded; lingual root surface convex without prominent lingual protuberance; prominent nutritive groove present; basal concavity weak (
<figureCitation id="13352A08FFA52268FDE6F9C0FD32F9EA" box="[585,653,1576,1601]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1723,1745]" captionTargetBox="[154,1436,193,1701]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1702]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Teeth of Glyphis pagoda from the upper Middle to lower Upper Miocene of Myanmar. A, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (6), lower tooth in matrix. B, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (6), lower tooth in close-up view (cf. Fig. 2 A). C, NMMP-KU-IR 1496, upper tooth. D, NMMP-KU-IR 1522 (1), lower tooth. E, NMMP-KU-IR 1522 (2), upper tooth. F, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (1), lower tooth. G, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (5), lower tooth. H, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (2), lower tooth. I, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (3), lower tooth. J, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (4), lower tooth. K, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (7), upper tooth. L, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (9), upper tooth. M, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (8), upper tooth. N, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (11), upper tooth. O, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (10), upper tooth. P, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (12), lower tooth. Q, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (13), lower tooth. R, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (14), lower tooth. S, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (15), lower tooth. T, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (16), lower tooth. U, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (17), lower tooth. Orientations: A, B = labial view; C – G = lingual (left), mesial (middle), and labial (right) views (note: mesial view in G = longitudinal cross-sectional view to show pulp cavity); H – U, lingual (left) and labial (right) views. All scales = 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262802/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="242">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
D, F, P, S, T) to moderate (
<figureCitation id="13352A08FFA52268FC19F9C0FC46F9EA" box="[950,1017,1576,1601]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1723,1745]" captionTargetBox="[154,1436,193,1701]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1702]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Teeth of Glyphis pagoda from the upper Middle to lower Upper Miocene of Myanmar. A, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (6), lower tooth in matrix. B, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (6), lower tooth in close-up view (cf. Fig. 2 A). C, NMMP-KU-IR 1496, upper tooth. D, NMMP-KU-IR 1522 (1), lower tooth. E, NMMP-KU-IR 1522 (2), upper tooth. F, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (1), lower tooth. G, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (5), lower tooth. H, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (2), lower tooth. I, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (3), lower tooth. J, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (4), lower tooth. K, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (7), upper tooth. L, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (9), upper tooth. M, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (8), upper tooth. N, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (11), upper tooth. O, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (10), upper tooth. P, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (12), lower tooth. Q, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (13), lower tooth. R, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (14), lower tooth. S, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (15), lower tooth. T, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (16), lower tooth. U, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (17), lower tooth. Orientations: A, B = labial view; C – G = lingual (left), mesial (middle), and labial (right) views (note: mesial view in G = longitudinal cross-sectional view to show pulp cavity); H – U, lingual (left) and labial (right) views. All scales = 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262802/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="242">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
B, H, I, Q) and may be interrupted by basally extending ridges of root that define nutritive groove (
<figureCitation id="13352A08FFA52268FCEEF9A4FC3BF9CF" box="[833,900,1612,1637]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1723,1745]" captionTargetBox="[154,1436,193,1701]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1702]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Teeth of Glyphis pagoda from the upper Middle to lower Upper Miocene of Myanmar. A, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (6), lower tooth in matrix. B, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (6), lower tooth in close-up view (cf. Fig. 2 A). C, NMMP-KU-IR 1496, upper tooth. D, NMMP-KU-IR 1522 (1), lower tooth. E, NMMP-KU-IR 1522 (2), upper tooth. F, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (1), lower tooth. G, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (5), lower tooth. H, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (2), lower tooth. I, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (3), lower tooth. J, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (4), lower tooth. K, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (7), upper tooth. L, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (9), upper tooth. M, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (8), upper tooth. N, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (11), upper tooth. O, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (10), upper tooth. P, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (12), lower tooth. Q, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (13), lower tooth. R, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (14), lower tooth. S, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (15), lower tooth. T, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (16), lower tooth. U, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (17), lower tooth. Orientations: A, B = labial view; C – G = lingual (left), mesial (middle), and labial (right) views (note: mesial view in G = longitudinal cross-sectional view to show pulp cavity); H – U, lingual (left) and labial (right) views. All scales = 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262802/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="242">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
F, Q, S).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB1368DFFA52268FF68F987FF5FF808" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1955]" pageId="5" pageNumber="242">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA52268FF68F987FE7DF923" bold="true" box="[199,450,1647,1672]" pageId="5" pageNumber="242">Taxonomic remarks.</emphasis>
Until recently, when the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA52268FCECF987FC25F92C" box="[835,922,1647,1671]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Glyphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="242" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA52268FCECF987FC25F92C" box="[835,922,1647,1671]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="242">Glyphis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was resurrected to be a valid taxon within
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA52268FF38F97BFED6F907" box="[151,361,1683,1708]" class="Elasmobranchii" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="242" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Carcharhiniformes</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA52268FED6F97BFD84F900" author="Compagno" box="[377,571,1683,1707]" pageId="5" pageNumber="242" refString="Compagno, L. J. V. (1984) FAO species catalogue. Vol. 4. Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Food and Agriculture Organization Fisheries Synopsis, 125 (4), 1 - 655." type="journal article" year="1984">Compagno 1984</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA52268FDE7F97BFD3CF900" author="Compagno" box="[584,643,1683,1707]" pageId="5" pageNumber="242" refString="Compagno, L. J. V. (1988) Sharks of the Order Carcharhiniformes. Princeton University Press, New Jersey, 486 pp." type="book" year="1988">1988</bibRefCitation>
), the species
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA52268FCB0F97BFC2BF900" box="[799,916,1683,1707]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Glyphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="242" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pagoda">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA52268FCB0F97BFC2BF900" box="[799,916,1683,1707]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="242">G. pagoda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
had been placed under at least the following eight other genera:
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA52268FEDAF95EFE44F965" box="[373,507,1718,1742]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Aprionodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="242" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA52268FEDAF95EFE44F965" box="[373,507,1718,1742]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="242">Aprionodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA52268FDA4F95EFD36F965" box="[523,649,1718,1742]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Odontaspididae" genus="Carcharias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="242" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA52268FDA4F95EFD36F965" box="[523,649,1718,1742]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="242">Carcharias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA52268FD35F95EFC99F965" box="[666,806,1718,1742]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Carcharinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="242" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA52268FD35F95EFC99F965" box="[666,806,1718,1742]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="242">Carcharinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA52268FC99F95EFC50F965" box="[822,1007,1718,1742]" class="Elasmobranchii" genus="Carchariolamna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="242" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA52268FC99F95EFC50F965" box="[822,1007,1718,1742]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="242">Carchariolamna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA52268FBAFF95EFB2BF965" box="[1024,1172,1718,1742]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Carcharodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="242" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA52268FBAFF95EFB2BF965" box="[1024,1172,1718,1742]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="242">Carcharodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA52268FB0BF95FFB55F965" box="[1188,1258,1719,1742]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Isurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="242" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA52268FB0BF95FFB55F965" box="[1188,1258,1719,1742]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="242">Isurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA52268FB55F95EFADCF965" box="[1274,1379,1718,1742]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Oxyrhina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="242" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA52268FB55F95EFADCF965" box="[1274,1379,1718,1742]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="242">Oxyrhina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA52268FF38F932FEB0F959" box="[151,271,1754,1778]" class="Mammalia" family="Viverridae" genus="Prionodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="242" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA52268FF38F932FEB0F959" box="[151,271,1754,1778]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="242">Prionodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see synonymy list above). We note that
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA52268FD57F932FCD1F959" box="[760,878,1754,1778]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Glyphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="242" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pagoda">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA52268FD57F932FCD1F959" box="[760,878,1754,1778]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="242">G. pagoda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(with an orthodentine tooth histology) does not belong to
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA52268FEB8F915FE11F8BD" box="[279,430,1789,1814]" class="Elasmobranchii" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="242" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Lamniformes</taxonomicName>
(i.e.,
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA52268FE51F915FDC2F8BE" box="[510,637,1789,1813]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Odontaspididae" genus="Carcharias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="242" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA52268FE51F915FDC2F8BE" box="[510,637,1789,1813]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="242">Carcharias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA52268FD3CF915FCF3F8BE" box="[659,844,1789,1813]" class="Elasmobranchii" genus="Carchariolamna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="242" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA52268FD3CF915FCF3F8BE" box="[659,844,1789,1813]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="242">Carchariolamna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA52268FCCCF915FC48F8BE" box="[867,1015,1789,1813]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Carcharodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="242" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA52268FCCCF915FC48F8BE" box="[867,1015,1789,1813]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="242">Carcharodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA52268FBA1F916FBEBF8BE" box="[1038,1108,1790,1813]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Isurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="242" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA52268FBA1F916FBEBF8BE" box="[1038,1108,1790,1813]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="242">Isurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA52268FB0EF915FAB5F8BE" box="[1185,1290,1789,1813]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Oxyrhina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="242" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA52268FB0EF915FAB5F8BE" box="[1185,1290,1789,1813]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="242">Oxyrhina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) which has osteodentine tooth histology (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA52268FDB4F8C8FCA7F892" author="Welton" box="[539,792,1824,1849]" pageId="5" pageNumber="242" refString="Welton, B. J. &amp; Farish, R. F. (1993) The Collector's Guide to Fossil Sharks and Rays from the Cretaceous of Texas. Before Time, Lewisville, Texas, 204 pp." type="book" year="1993">Welton &amp; Farish 1993</bibRefCitation>
). We note that a spearhead-shaped crown apex as defined by
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA52268FF15F8ACFED1F8F6" author="Noetling" box="[186,366,1860,1885]" pageId="5" pageNumber="242" refString="Noetling, F. (1901) Fauna of the Miocene beds of Burma. Memoirs of the Geological Society of India, Palaeontologia Indica, 1 (3), 1 - 378." type="journal article" year="1901">Noetling (1901)</bibRefCitation>
is a diagnostic characteristic for
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA52268FD4DF8ADFCEBF8F7" box="[738,852,1860,1884]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Glyphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="242" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pagoda">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA52268FD4DF8ADFCEBF8F7" box="[738,852,1860,1884]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="242">G. pagoda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and there is little doubt that previous reports of the species are genuinely reliable due to this unique crown morphology among Cenozoic elasmobranchs (see
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA52268FA96F880FF6BF808" author="Cappetta" pageId="5" pageNumber="242" refString="Cappetta, H. (2012) Chondrichthyes. Mesozoic and Cenozoic Elasmobranchii: Teeth. In: Schultze, H. - P. (Ed.), Handbook of Paleoichthyology. Vol. 3 E. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Munich, pp. 1 - 512." type="book chapter" year="2012">Cappetta 2012</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF716605FFA6226BFF38F953FAFBF84E" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262802/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="243" targetBox="[154,1436,193,1701]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="8BB1368DFFA6226BFF38F953FAFBF84E" blockId="6.[151,1436,1723,2021]" pageId="6" pageNumber="243">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA6226BFF38F953FEB3F97A" bold="true" box="[151,268,1723,1745]" pageId="6" pageNumber="243">FIGURE 2</emphasis>
. Teeth of
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA6226BFEDEF953FDAEF97A" box="[369,529,1723,1745]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Glyphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="243" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pagoda">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA6226BFEDEF953FDAEF97A" box="[369,529,1723,1745]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="243">Glyphis pagoda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the upper Middle to lower Upper Miocene of Myanmar.
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA6226BFB2AF953FB28F97A" bold="true" box="[1157,1175,1723,1745]" pageId="6" pageNumber="243">A</emphasis>
, NMMP-KU-IR 1530(6), lower tooth in matrix.
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA6226BFED1F932FE30F95B" bold="true" box="[382,399,1754,1776]" pageId="6" pageNumber="243">B</emphasis>
, NMMP-KU-IR 1530(6), lower tooth in close-up view (cf. Fig. 2A).
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA6226BFBF2F932FBD0F95B" bold="true" box="[1117,1135,1754,1776]" pageId="6" pageNumber="243">C</emphasis>
, NMMP-KU-IR 1496, upper tooth.
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA6226BFF78F910FF56F8A5" bold="true" box="[215,233,1784,1806]" pageId="6" pageNumber="243">D</emphasis>
, NMMP-KU-IR 1522(1), lower tooth.
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA6226BFD25F910FD24F8A5" bold="true" box="[650,667,1784,1806]" pageId="6" pageNumber="243">E</emphasis>
, NMMP-KU-IR 1522(2), upper tooth.
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA6226BFB95F910FBF8F8A5" bold="true" box="[1082,1095,1784,1806]" pageId="6" pageNumber="243">F</emphasis>
, NMMP-KU-IR 1530(1), lower tooth.
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA6226BFF78F8FFFF57F886" bold="true" box="[215,232,1815,1837]" pageId="6" pageNumber="243">G</emphasis>
, NMMP-KU-IR 1530(5), lower tooth.
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA6226BFD26F8FFFD22F886" bold="true" box="[649,669,1815,1837]" pageId="6" pageNumber="243">H</emphasis>
, NMMP-KU-IR 1530(2), lower tooth.
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA6226BFB92F8FFFBF8F886" bold="true" box="[1085,1095,1815,1837]" pageId="6" pageNumber="243">I</emphasis>
, NMMP-KU-IR 1530(3), lower tooth.
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA6226BFF78F8DEFF5BF8E7" bold="true" box="[215,228,1846,1868]" pageId="6" pageNumber="243">J</emphasis>
, NMMP-KU-IR 1530(4), lower tooth.
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA6226BFD2BF8DEFD27F8E7" bold="true" box="[644,664,1846,1868]" pageId="6" pageNumber="243">K</emphasis>
, NMMP-KU-IR 1530(7), upper tooth.
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA6226BFB98F8DEFBF7F8E7" bold="true" box="[1079,1096,1846,1868]" pageId="6" pageNumber="243">L</emphasis>
, NMMP-KU-IR 1530(9), upper tooth.
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA6226BFF78F8BCFF50F8C1" bold="true" box="[215,239,1876,1898]" pageId="6" pageNumber="243">M</emphasis>
, NMMP-KU-IR 1530(8), upper tooth.
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA6226BFD2DF8BCFD2BF8C1" bold="true" box="[642,660,1876,1898]" pageId="6" pageNumber="243">N</emphasis>
, NMMP-KU-IR 1530(11), upper tooth.
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA6226BFB9DF8BCFBF9F8C1" bold="true" box="[1074,1094,1876,1898]" pageId="6" pageNumber="243">O</emphasis>
, NMMP-KU-IR 1530(10), upper tooth.
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA6226BFF78F89BFF5BF822" bold="true" box="[215,228,1907,1929]" pageId="6" pageNumber="243">P</emphasis>
, NMMP-KU-IR 1530(12), lower tooth.
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA6226BFD2DF89BFD29F822" bold="true" box="[642,662,1907,1929]" pageId="6" pageNumber="243">Q</emphasis>
, NMMP-KU-IR 1530(13), lower tooth.
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA6226BFB9BF89BFBF9F822" bold="true" box="[1076,1094,1907,1929]" pageId="6" pageNumber="243">R</emphasis>
, NMMP-KU-IR 1530(14), lower tooth.
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA6226BFF78F87AFF5AF803" bold="true" box="[215,229,1938,1960]" pageId="6" pageNumber="243">S</emphasis>
, NMMP-KU-IR 1530(15), lower tooth.
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA6226BFD2BF87AFD2CF803" bold="true" box="[644,659,1938,1960]" pageId="6" pageNumber="243">T</emphasis>
, NMMP-KU-IR 1530(16), lower tooth.
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA6226BFB9CF87AFBFAF803" bold="true" box="[1075,1093,1938,1960]" pageId="6" pageNumber="243">U</emphasis>
, NMMP-KU-IR 1530(17), lower tooth. Orientations: A, B = labial view; C–G = lingual (left), mesial (middle), and labial (right) views (note: mesial view in G = longitudinal cross-sectional view to show pulp cavity); H–U, lingual (left) and labial (right) views. All scales = 5 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF716605FFA7226AFF38FBB7FEE9F9D5" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262803/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="244" targetBox="[155,1434,193,1093]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="8BB1368DFFA7226AFF38FBB7FEE9F9D5" blockId="7.[151,1437,1119,1662]" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA7226AFF38FBB7FEACFBDE" bold="true" box="[151,275,1119,1141]" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
Dentition of extant
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA7226AFE70FBB7FD91FBDE" box="[479,558,1119,1141]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Glyphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA7226AFE70FBB7FD91FBDE" box="[479,558,1119,1141]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">Glyphis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(A) compared with selected teeth of
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA7226AFC08FB88FBB0FBDE" box="[935,1039,1119,1141]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Glyphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pagoda">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA7226AFC08FB88FBB0FBDE" box="[935,1039,1119,1141]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">G. pagoda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the Miocene of Myanmar (B, C), and three separate morphological ranges in the dentition of
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA7226AFC8EFB96FCCFFB3F" box="[801,880,1150,1172]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Glyphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA7226AFC8EFB96FCCFFB3F" box="[801,880,1150,1172]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">Glyphis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that alluded the total intraindividual variation of
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA7226AFA29FB97FF5CFB19" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Glyphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pagoda">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA7226AFA29FB97FF5CFB19" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">G. pagoda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(1‒3).
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA7226AFE83FB74FE81FB19" bold="true" box="[300,318,1180,1202]" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">A</emphasis>
, upper and lower dental series of extant
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA7226AFD4FFB75FCFAFB19" box="[736,837,1180,1202]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Odontaspididae" genus="Carcharias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="glyphis">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA7226AFD4FFB75FCFAFB19" box="[736,837,1180,1202]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">G. glyphis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in labial view (jaw symphysis to the left; after Compagno 1984, p. 509).
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA7226AFE91FB53FEF0FB7A" bold="true" box="[318,335,1211,1233]" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">B</emphasis>
, isolated upper teeth of
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA7226AFDDBFB54FD59FB7A" box="[628,742,1211,1233]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Glyphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pagoda">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA7226AFDDBFB54FD59FB7A" box="[628,742,1211,1233]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">G. pagoda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
artificially aligned with size adjustment to show approximate correspondence with upper teeth of extant
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA7226AFDE9FB32FD14FB5B" box="[582,683,1242,1264]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Odontaspididae" genus="Carcharias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="glyphis">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA7226AFDE9FB32FD14FB5B" box="[582,683,1242,1264]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">G. glyphis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(top half of Fig. 3A): from left to right, NMMP-KU-IR 1522(2) (Fig. 2E), NMMP-KU-IR 1496 (Fig. 2C; image reversed), NMMP-KU-IR 1530(8) (Fig. 2M; image reversed), NMMP-KU-IR 1530(7) (Fig. 2K; image reversed), NMMP-KU-IR 1530(10) (Fig. 2O), NMMP-KU-IR 1530(11) (Fig. 2N).
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA7226AFB2DFAFFFB2BFA86" bold="true" box="[1154,1172,1303,1325]" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">C</emphasis>
, isolated lower teeth of
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA7226AFA29FAF0FF5CFAE7" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Glyphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pagoda">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA7226AFA29FAF0FF5CFAE7" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">G. pagoda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
artificially aligned with size adjustment to show approximate correspondence with lower teeth of extant
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA7226AFA29FADFFF5FFAC1" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Odontaspididae" genus="Carcharias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="glyphis">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA7226AFA29FADFFF5FFAC1" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">G. glyphis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(bottom half of Fig. 3A): from left to right, NMMP-KU-IR 1530(1) (Fig. 2F; image reversed), NMMP-KU-IR 1530(6) (Fig. 2B; image reversed), NMMP-KU-IR 1530(3) (Fig. 2I; image reversed), NMMP-KU-IR 1530(2) (Fig. 2H; image reversed), NMMP-KU-IR 1530(16) (Fig. 2T), NMMP-KU-IR 1530(15) (Fig. 2S; image reversed), NMMP-KU-IR 1522(1) (Fig. 2D; image reversed), NMMP-KU-IR 1530(12) (Fig. 2P; image reversed). 1, original range of morphological variation defined by Noetling (1901); 2, morphological range of
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA7226AFD6BFA38FC94FA4E" box="[708,811,1487,1509]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Glyphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pagoda">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA7226AFD6BFA38FC94FA4E" box="[708,811,1487,1509]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">G. pagoda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
teeth previously misidentified as or misclassified by previous workers to
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA7226AFEA7FA06FE41F9AF" authority="(Prionodon)" baseAuthorityName="Prionodon" box="[264,510,1518,1540]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Odontaspididae" genus="Carcharias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA7226AFEA7FA06FEC5F9AF" box="[264,378,1518,1540]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">Carcharias</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA7226AFE26FA06FE4AF9AF" box="[393,501,1518,1540]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">Prionodon</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
sp.,
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA7226AFD82FA07FD5FF9AF" box="[557,736,1518,1540]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Odontaspididae" genus="Carcharias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gangeticus" subGenus="Prionodon">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA7226AFD82FA07FDFAF9AF" box="[557,581,1519,1540]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">C.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA7226AFDFDFA07FDDBF9AF" box="[594,612,1519,1540]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">P.</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA7226AFDDCFA07FD5FF9AF" box="[627,736,1519,1540]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">gangeticus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA7226AFD42FA06FBB7F9AF" box="[749,1032,1518,1540]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Carcharinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gangeticus" subGenus="Prionodon">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA7226AFD42FA06FCD3F9AF" box="[749,876,1518,1540]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">Carcharinus</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA7226AFCD5FA07FC34F9AF" box="[890,907,1519,1540]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">P.</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA7226AFC34FA07FBB7F9AF" box="[923,1032,1519,1540]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">gangeticus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA7226AFBBAFA07FB2FF9AF" box="[1045,1168,1518,1540]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Carcharinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jhingrani">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA7226AFBBAFA07FB2FF9AF" box="[1045,1168,1518,1540]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">C. jhingrani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA7226AFB33FA06FA2AF9AF" box="[1180,1429,1518,1540]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Carcharodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carcharias">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA7226AFB33FA06FA2AF9AF" box="[1180,1429,1518,1540]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">Carcharodon carcharias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA7226AFF38F9E5FE93F989" box="[151,300,1548,1570]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Carcharodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megalodon">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA7226AFF38F9E5FE93F989" box="[151,300,1548,1570]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">C. megalodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, or
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA7226AFECCF9E5FE6AF989" box="[355,469,1548,1570]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Carcharodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tandoni">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA7226AFECCF9E5FE6AF989" box="[355,469,1548,1570]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">C. tandoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(e.g., see synonymy list in text); 3, morphological range of
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA7226AFBD2F9E5FB53F989" box="[1149,1260,1548,1570]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Glyphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pagoda">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA7226AFBD2F9E5FB53F989" box="[1149,1260,1548,1570]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">G. pagoda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
teeth previously misidentified as or misclassified by previous workers to
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA7226AFD56F9C3FC55F9EA" box="[761,1002,1579,1601]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Odontaspididae" genus="Carcharias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="collata" subGenus="Prionodon">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA7226AFD56F9C3FCD3F9EA" box="[761,876,1579,1601]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">Carcharias</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA7226AFCD1F9C4FC30F9EA" box="[894,911,1580,1601]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">P.</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA7226AFC0BF9C3FC55F9EA" box="[932,1002,1579,1601]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">collata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA7226AFC53F9C3FB5CF9EA" box="[1020,1251,1579,1601]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Carcharhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="collatus">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA7226AFC53F9C3FB5CF9EA" box="[1020,1251,1579,1601]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">Carcharhinus collatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA7226AFB5BF9C3FF67F9CB" class="Elasmobranchii" genus="Carchariolamna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heroni">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA7226AFB5BF9C3FF67F9CB" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">Carchariolamna heroni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA7226AFF4BF9A2FE7AF9CB" box="[228,453,1610,1632]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Oxyrhina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spallanzanii">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA7226AFF4BF9A2FE7AF9CB" box="[228,453,1610,1632]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">Oxyrhina spallanzanii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA7226AFE7EF9A2FE55F9F4" box="[465,490,1610,1631]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">O.</emphasis>
sp.,
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA7226AFDB7F9A3FD66F9CB" box="[536,729,1610,1632]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Isurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spallanzanii">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA7226AFDB7F9A3FD66F9CB" box="[536,729,1610,1632]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">Isurus spallanzanii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA7226AFD4AF9A3FCF4F9CB" box="[741,843,1610,1632]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Isurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rameshi">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA7226AFD4AF9A3FCF4F9CB" box="[741,843,1610,1632]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">I. rameshi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA7226AFCF8F9A3FC15F9CB" box="[855,938,1610,1632]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Isurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="desori">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA7226AFCF8F9A3FC15F9CB" box="[855,938,1610,1632]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">I. desori</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, or
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA7226AFC7EF9A3FBEAF9CB" box="[977,1109,1610,1632]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Isurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oxyrinchus">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA7226AFC7EF9A3FBEAF9CB" box="[977,1109,1610,1632]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">I. oxyrinchus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(e.g., see synonymy list in text). All scales = 5 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BB1368DFFA7226AFF68F94FFCABF875" blockId="7.[151,1436,1701,2015]" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">
<materialsCitation id="3B663CD0FFA7226AFF68F94FFCABF875" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1303593621" country="India" location="Orissa" pageId="7" pageNumber="244" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Orissa">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA7226AFF68F94FFEECF915" author="Hora" box="[199,339,1702,1726]" pageId="7" pageNumber="244" refString="Hora, S. L. (1939) On two small collections of fossil fish-remains from Balasore, Orissa. Records of the Geological Survey of India, 74 (2), 199 - 215." type="journal article" year="1939">Hora (1939)</bibRefCitation>
referred five teeth to
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA7226AFDFCF94EFD66F915" box="[595,729,1702,1726]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Aprionodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA7226AFDFCF94EFD66F915" box="[595,729,1702,1726]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">Aprionodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. from the Miocene of
<collectingRegion id="49CAF86FFFA7226AFBAAF94DFBF0F915" box="[1029,1103,1701,1726]" country="India" name="Odisha" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">Orissa</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F319761DFFA7226AFBF2F94DFB26F915" box="[1117,1177,1701,1726]" name="India" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">India</collectingCountry>
, at least one of which (text-fig. 6) exhibits a narrow crown with a spearhead-shaped apex and is interpreted to be a lower tooth of
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA7226AFA2BF922FF54F8AD" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Glyphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pagoda">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA7226AFA2BF922FF54F8AD" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">G. pagoda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Narrow teeth of
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA7226AFE1CF906FD99F8AD" box="[435,550,1774,1798]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Glyphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pagoda">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA7226AFE1CF906FD99F8AD" box="[435,550,1774,1798]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">G. pagoda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
without a spearhead-shaped apex, here interpreted to be distally located lower teeth, have also been referred to other taxa, such as
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA7226AFCBDF8FAFB3DF881" box="[786,1154,1810,1834]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Odontaspididae" genus="Carcharias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="collata" subGenus="Prionodon">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA7226AFCBDF8FAFC2FF881" box="[786,912,1810,1834]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">Carcharias</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA7226AFC09F8FAFBA1F881" box="[934,1054,1810,1834]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">Prionodon</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA7226AFB9BF8FAFB3DF881" box="[1076,1154,1810,1834]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">collata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA7226AFB3AF8FAFA2AF881" box="[1173,1429,1810,1834]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Carcharhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="collatus">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA7226AFB3AF8FAFA2AF881" box="[1173,1429,1810,1834]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">Carcharhinus collatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA7226AFF38F8DEFE1BF8E5" box="[151,420,1846,1870]" class="Elasmobranchii" genus="Carchariolamna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heroni">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA7226AFF38F8DEFE1BF8E5" box="[151,420,1846,1870]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">Carchariolamna heroni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA7226AFE19F8DEFD0BF8E5" box="[438,692,1846,1870]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Oxyrhina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spallanzanii">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA7226AFE19F8DEFD0BF8E5" box="[438,692,1846,1870]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">Oxyrhina spallanzanii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA7226AFD68F8DEFC8FF8E5" box="[711,816,1846,1870]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Oxyrhina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA7226AFD68F8DEFC8FF8E5" box="[711,816,1846,1870]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">Oxyrhina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.,
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA7226AFCC1F8DFFBF8F8E5" box="[878,1095,1846,1870]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Isurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spallanzanii">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA7226AFCC1F8DFFBF8F8E5" box="[878,1095,1846,1870]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">Isurus spallanzanii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA7226AFBF4F8DFFB6FF8E5" box="[1115,1232,1846,1870]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Isurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rameshi">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA7226AFBF4F8DFFB6FF8E5" box="[1115,1232,1846,1870]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">I. rameshi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA7226AFB4CF8DFFAFAF8E5" box="[1251,1349,1846,1870]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Isurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="desori">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA7226AFB4CF8DFFAFAF8E5" box="[1251,1349,1846,1870]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">I. desori</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA7226AFA23F8DFFEADF8D9" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Isurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oxyrinchus">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA7226AFA23F8DFFEADF8D9" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">I. oxyrinchus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see synonymy list for references). Likewise, broad triangular upper teeth of
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA7226AFBDFF8B2FB5DF8D9" box="[1136,1250,1882,1906]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Glyphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pagoda">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA7226AFBDFF8B2FB5DF8D9" box="[1136,1250,1882,1906]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">G. pagoda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were previously referred to different taxa, including
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA7226AFD86F896FC86F83D" authority="(Prionodon)" baseAuthorityName="Prionodon" box="[553,825,1918,1942]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Odontaspididae" genus="Carcharias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA7226AFD86F896FD17F83D" box="[553,680,1918,1942]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">Carcharias</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA7226AFD16F896FC8EF83D" box="[697,817,1918,1942]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">Prionodon</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
sp.,
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA7226AFCDFF896FABFF83D" box="[880,1280,1918,1942]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Odontaspididae" genus="Carcharias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gangeticus" subGenus="Prionodon">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA7226AFCDFF896FC51F83D" box="[880,1006,1918,1942]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">Carcharias</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA7226AFC50F896FBC8F83D" box="[1023,1143,1918,1942]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">Prionodon</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA7226AFB28F897FABFF83D" box="[1159,1280,1919,1942]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">gangeticus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA7226AFAA0F896FE10F811" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Carcharinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gangeticus" subGenus="Prionodon">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA7226AFAA0F896FA24F83D" box="[1295,1435,1918,1942]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">Carcharinus</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA7226AFF0FF84AFEA7F811" box="[160,280,1954,1978]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">Prionodon</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA7226AFE99F84BFE10F811" box="[310,431,1955,1978]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">gangeticus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA7226AFE63F84AFD69F811" box="[460,726,1954,1978]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Carcharinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jhingrani">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA7226AFE63F84AFD69F811" box="[460,726,1954,1978]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">Carcharinus jhingrani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA7226AFD5DF84AFBACF811" box="[754,1043,1954,1978]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Carcharodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carcharias">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA7226AFD5DF84AFBACF811" box="[754,1043,1954,1978]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">Carcharodon carcharias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA7226AFB9EF84AFAE8F811" box="[1073,1367,1954,1978]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Carcharodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megalodon">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA7226AFB9EF84AFAE8F811" box="[1073,1367,1954,1978]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">Carcharodon megalodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA7226AFF38F82EFE37F875" box="[151,392,1990,2014]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Carcharodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tandoni">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA7226AFF38F82EFE37F875" box="[151,392,1990,2014]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">Carcharodon tandoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see synonymy list for references).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB1368DFFA82265FF68FF7FFB27FC93" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1437]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA82265FF68FF7FFEC4FF1B" author="Noetling" box="[199,379,151,176]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" refString="Noetling, F. (1901) Fauna of the Miocene beds of Burma. Memoirs of the Geological Society of India, Palaeontologia Indica, 1 (3), 1 - 378." type="journal article" year="1901">Noetling (1901)</bibRefCitation>
described
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA82265FE58FF70FD15FF1B" box="[503,682,152,176]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Glyphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pagoda">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA82265FE58FF70FD15FF1B" box="[503,682,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">Glyphis pagoda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on the basis of teeth collected from an uncertain Miocene horizon near Thayetmyo,
<collectingCountry id="F319761DFFA82265FEF1FF55FE72FF7E" box="[350,461,189,213]" name="Myanmar" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
. Misidentifications of
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA82265FD62FF54FCFEFF7F" box="[717,833,188,212]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Glyphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pagoda">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA82265FD62FF54FCFEFF7F" box="[717,833,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">G. pagoda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as other taxa stem from the original diagnosis of the species, which was solely based on the presence of the spearhead-shaped crown apex. Case in point, among some other shark taxa
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA82265FEFBFEECFDB6FEB7" author="Noetling" box="[340,521,260,285]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" refString="Noetling, F. (1901) Fauna of the Miocene beds of Burma. Memoirs of the Geological Society of India, Palaeontologia Indica, 1 (3), 1 - 378." type="journal article" year="1901">Noetling (1901)</bibRefCitation>
reported were teeth of '
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA82265FCB6FEECFC7AFEB7" box="[793,965,260,284]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Isurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spallanzanii">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA82265FCB6FEECFC7AFEB7" box="[793,965,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">O. spallanzanii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
' from the same stratigraphic range where specimens of '
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA82265FEEEFEC0FE03FEEB" box="[321,444,296,320]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Glyphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pagoda">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA82265FEEEFEC0FE03FEEB" box="[321,444,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">O. pagoda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
' and '
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA82265FDA8FEC0FC22FE94" box="[519,925,296,320]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Odontaspididae" genus="Carcharias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gangeticus" subGenus="Prionodon">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA82265FDA8FEC0FD39FEEB" box="[519,646,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">Carcharias</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA82265FD39FEC0FCB1FEEB" box="[662,782,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">Prionodon</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA82265FC8BFEC0FC22FE94" box="[804,925,296,319]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">gangeticus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
' occurred. The teeth of
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA82265FB6DFEC0FACCFEEB" box="[1218,1395,296,320]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Isurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spallanzanii">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA82265FB6DFEC0FACCFEEB" box="[1218,1395,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">O. spallanzanii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are similar to
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA82265FEA1FEA4FE38FECF" box="[270,391,332,356]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Glyphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pagoda">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA82265FEA1FEA4FE38FECF" box="[270,391,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">O. pagoda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA82265FE6AFEA4FD69FECF" author="Noetling" box="[453,726,332,357]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" refString="Noetling, F. (1901) Fauna of the Miocene beds of Burma. Memoirs of the Geological Society of India, Palaeontologia Indica, 1 (3), 1 - 378." type="journal article" year="1901" yearSuffix="p">Noetling (1901, p. 373)</bibRefCitation>
noted that the &quot;species is easily distinguished from
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA82265FA9CFEA4FF54FE23" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Oxyrhina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pagoda">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA82265FA9CFEA4FF54FE23" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">Oxyrhina pagoda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
... by the absence of the arrow-head like expansion of the upper end [= crown apex].&quot; In fact, Noetling's (1901) specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA82265FE2BFE7CFD8EFE07" box="[388,561,404,428]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Isurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spallanzanii">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA82265FE2BFE7CFD8EFE07" box="[388,561,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">O. spallanzanii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are within the morphological range of lower teeth in extant
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA82265FB71FE7CFA8AFE07" box="[1246,1333,404,428]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Glyphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA82265FB71FE7CFA8AFE07" box="[1246,1333,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">Glyphis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. that may not necessarily exhibit the 'arrow-head like expansion' of the crown apex. Furthermore, Noetling's (1901) description and illustrations of teeth of
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA82265FDDFFE34FC87FE5F" box="[624,824,476,500]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Odontaspididae" genus="Carcharias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gangeticus" subGenus="Prionodon">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA82265FDDFFE34FD35FE58" box="[624,650,476,499]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">C.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA82265FD35FE35FD12FE5F" box="[666,685,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">P.</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA82265FD10FE35FC87FE5F" box="[703,824,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">gangeticus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are morphologically consistent with upper teeth of extant
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA82265FF4DFDE8FE86FDB3" box="[226,313,512,536]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Glyphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA82265FF4DFDE8FE86FDB3" box="[226,313,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">Glyphis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. (e.g., see
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA82265FE4FFE17FD6AFDB3" author="Muller" box="[480,725,511,536]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" refString="Muller, J. &amp; Henle, F. G. J. (1839) Systematische Bescheibuung der Plagiostomen. Veit, Berlin, 64 pp. [pp. 39 - 102]" type="book chapter" year="1839">Müller &amp; Henle 1839</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 13;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA82265FC80FDE8FC53FDB3" author="Compagno" box="[815,1004,512,536]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" refString="Compagno, L. J. V. (1984) FAO species catalogue. Vol. 4. Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Food and Agriculture Organization Fisheries Synopsis, 125 (4), 1 - 655." type="journal article" year="1984">Compagno 1984</bibRefCitation>
, p. 509;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA82265FBE3FDE8FB4DFDB3" author="Cappetta" box="[1100,1266,512,536]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" refString="Cappetta, H. (2012) Chondrichthyes. Mesozoic and Cenozoic Elasmobranchii: Teeth. In: Schultze, H. - P. (Ed.), Handbook of Paleoichthyology. Vol. 3 E. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Munich, pp. 1 - 512." type="book chapter" year="2012">Cappetta 2012</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 287, 288). The fact that localities where
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA82265FE5BFDCCFDD4FD97" box="[500,619,548,572]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Oxyrhina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pagoda">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA82265FE5BFDCCFDD4FD97" box="[500,619,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">G. pagoda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is reported generally also yield
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA82265FC46FDCCFB0AFD97" box="[1001,1205,548,572]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Odontaspididae" genus="Carcharias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gangeticus" subGenus="Prionodon">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA82265FC46FDCCFBBCFD90" box="[1001,1027,548,571]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">C.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA82265FBB7FDCDFB95FD97" box="[1048,1066,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">P.</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA82265FB93FDCDFB0AFD97" box="[1084,1205,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">gangeticus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA82265FB43FDCCFA23FD97" box="[1260,1436,548,572]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Isurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spallanzanii">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA82265FB43FDCCFA23FD97" box="[1260,1436,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">O. spallanzanii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(including those species under different generic assignments) does not contradict our interpretation that all these nominal taxa are conspecific. The original narrow definition of the species by
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA82265FBB3FD84FB6EFD2F" author="Noetling" box="[1052,1233,620,645]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" refString="Noetling, F. (1901) Fauna of the Miocene beds of Burma. Memoirs of the Geological Society of India, Palaeontologia Indica, 1 (3), 1 - 378." type="journal article" year="1901">Noetling (1901)</bibRefCitation>
clearly led to the perpetuation of misidentification of
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA82265FD82FD78FD1EFD03" box="[557,673,656,680]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Oxyrhina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pagoda">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA82265FD82FD78FD1EFD03" box="[557,673,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">G. pagoda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to other taxa from Miocene deposits in the region (including
<collectingCountry id="F319761DFFA82265FAF6FD67FA2BFD03" box="[1369,1428,655,680]" name="India" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">India</collectingCountry>
) as demonstrated in the synonymy list above. It is particularly ironic that
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA82265FC10FD5CFB07FD66" author="Noetling" box="[959,1208,692,717]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" refString="Noetling, F. (1895) On some marine fossils from the Miocene of Upper Burma. Memoirs of the Geological Society of India, 27 (1), 1 - 45." type="journal article" year="1895" yearSuffix="p">Noetling (1895, p. 45)</bibRefCitation>
noted, in describing his '
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA82265FF69FD30FE6AFD5B" authority="(Prionodon)" baseAuthorityName="Prionodon" box="[198,469,728,752]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Odontaspididae" genus="Carcharias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA82265FF69FD30FEFBFD5B" box="[198,324,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">Carcharias</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA82265FEFBFD30FE73FD5B" box="[340,460,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">Prionodon</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
sp. ' from the Miocene of
<collectingCountry id="F319761DFFA82265FCA2FD30FCC5FD5B" box="[781,890,728,752]" name="Myanmar" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
prior to his description of '
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA82265FB18FD30FA8FFD5B" box="[1207,1328,728,752]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Oxyrhina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pagoda">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA82265FB18FD30FA8FFD5B" box="[1207,1328,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">O. pagoda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
' in 1901, now interpreted to be
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA82265FE25FD14FE43FCBF" box="[394,508,764,788]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Oxyrhina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pagoda">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA82265FE25FD14FE43FCBF" box="[394,508,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">G. pagoda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, that &quot;I refrain from identifying them specifically [to a new species] … considering the great variety in the shape of the teeth according to position, even within the individual.&quot;
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB1368DFFA82265FF68FCACFA22FA36" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1437]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">
<figureCitation id="13352A08FFA82265FF68FCACFE9AFCF7" box="[199,293,836,861]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1119,1141]" captionTargetBox="[155,1434,193,1093]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,193,1098]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Dentition of extant Glyphis (A) compared with selected teeth of G. pagoda from the Miocene of Myanmar (B, C), and three separate morphological ranges in the dentition of Glyphis that alluded the total intraindividual variation of G. pagoda (1 ‒ 3). A, upper and lower dental series of extant G. glyphis in labial view (jaw symphysis to the left; after Compagno 1984, p. 509). B, isolated upper teeth of G. pagoda artificially aligned with size adjustment to show approximate correspondence with upper teeth of extant G. glyphis (top half of Fig. 3 A): from left to right, NMMP-KU-IR 1522 (2) (Fig. 2 E), NMMP-KU-IR 1496 (Fig. 2 C; image reversed), NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (8) (Fig. 2 M; image reversed), NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (7) (Fig. 2 K; image reversed), NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (10) (Fig. 2 O), NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (11) (Fig. 2 N). C, isolated lower teeth of G. pagoda artificially aligned with size adjustment to show approximate correspondence with lower teeth of extant G. glyphis (bottom half of Fig. 3 A): from left to right, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (1) (Fig. 2 F; image reversed), NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (6) (Fig. 2 B; image reversed), NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (3) (Fig. 2 I; image reversed), NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (2) (Fig. 2 H; image reversed), NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (16) (Fig. 2 T), NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (15) (Fig. 2 S; image reversed), NMMP-KU-IR 1522 (1) (Fig. 2 D; image reversed), NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (12) (Fig. 2 P; image reversed). 1, original range of morphological variation defined by Noetling (1901); 2, morphological range of G. pagoda teeth previously misidentified as or misclassified by previous workers to Carcharias (Prionodon) sp., C. (P.) gangeticus, Carcharinus (P.) gangeticus, C. jhingrani, Carcharodon carcharias, C. megalodon, or C. tandoni (e. g., see synonymy list in text); 3, morphological range of G. pagoda teeth previously misidentified as or misclassified by previous workers to Carcharias (P.) collata, Carcharhinus collatus, Carchariolamna heroni, Oxyrhina spallanzanii, O. sp., Isurus spallanzanii, I. rameshi, I. desori, or I. oxyrinchus (e. g., see synonymy list in text). All scales = 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262803/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">Figure 3</figureCitation>
illustrates the upper and lower dental series of extant
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA82265FC2CFCACFC51FCF7" box="[899,1006,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">G. g l y p h i s</emphasis>
as an example to show the diagnathic heterodonty present in the shark as well as to show tentative correspondences in tooth positions of selected teeth of
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA82265FF1AFC64FE96FC0F" box="[181,297,908,932]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Oxyrhina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pagoda">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA82265FF1AFC64FE96FC0F" box="[181,297,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">G. pagoda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
collected in the Miocene of
<collectingCountry id="F319761DFFA82265FDDEFC65FD61FC0E" box="[625,734,909,933]" name="Myanmar" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="13352A08FFA82265FD40FC64FC8BFC0F" box="[751,820,908,933]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1723,1745]" captionTargetBox="[154,1436,193,1701]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1702]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Teeth of Glyphis pagoda from the upper Middle to lower Upper Miocene of Myanmar. A, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (6), lower tooth in matrix. B, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (6), lower tooth in close-up view (cf. Fig. 2 A). C, NMMP-KU-IR 1496, upper tooth. D, NMMP-KU-IR 1522 (1), lower tooth. E, NMMP-KU-IR 1522 (2), upper tooth. F, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (1), lower tooth. G, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (5), lower tooth. H, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (2), lower tooth. I, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (3), lower tooth. J, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (4), lower tooth. K, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (7), upper tooth. L, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (9), upper tooth. M, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (8), upper tooth. N, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (11), upper tooth. O, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (10), upper tooth. P, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (12), lower tooth. Q, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (13), lower tooth. R, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (14), lower tooth. S, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (15), lower tooth. T, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (16), lower tooth. U, NMMP-KU-IR 1530 (17), lower tooth. Orientations: A, B = labial view; C – G = lingual (left), mesial (middle), and labial (right) views (note: mesial view in G = longitudinal cross-sectional view to show pulp cavity); H – U, lingual (left) and labial (right) views. All scales = 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262802/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
). It also lists, for each morphological range, names of previously misidentified taxa for
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA82265FDB3FC58FD2BFC63" box="[540,660,944,968]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Oxyrhina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pagoda">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA82265FDB3FC58FD2BFC63" box="[540,660,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">G. pagoda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see synonymy list above). Nevertheless, the wide morphological range observed in our fossil samples from
<collectingCountry id="F319761DFFA82265FDD9FC3DFD5CFC46" box="[630,739,981,1005]" name="Myanmar" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
may invoke the question of the possibility that our specimens may represent multiple species, rather than our interpretation that they are all conspecific. We contend that they are conspecific because the range of morphological variation seen in the teeth is within the range of intraindividual variation in extant
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA82265FEC3FBA8FE7CFBF3" box="[364,451,1088,1112]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Glyphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA82265FEC3FBA8FE7CFBF3" box="[364,451,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">Glyphis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA82265FE7CFBA8FD55FBF3" author="Compagno" box="[467,746,1087,1112]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" refString="Compagno, L. J. V. (1984) FAO species catalogue. Vol. 4. Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Food and Agriculture Organization Fisheries Synopsis, 125 (4), 1 - 655." type="journal article" year="1984" yearSuffix="p">Compagno 1984, p. 509</bibRefCitation>
), but more significantly because the 20 described fossil teeth are the only shark remains found and collected at those Miocene localities and at least 19 of them occurred in freshwater-deposits (
<collectingRegion id="49CAF86FFFA82265FE28FB6FFE43FB0B" box="[391,508,1159,1184]" country="Myanmar" name="Ayeyawady" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">Irrawaddy</collectingRegion>
sediments: see
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA82265FD6BFB6FFCE0FB0B" author="Bender" box="[708,863,1159,1184]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" refString="Bender, F. (1983) Geology of Burma. Gebruder Borntraeger, Berlin, 293 pp." type="book" year="1983">Bender 1983</bibRefCitation>
). Among extant sharks, those with low-salinity tolerance are rare. The only extant sharks that regularly inhabit or venture into freshwater environments are
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA82265FF6FFB38FEA8FB43" box="[192,279,1232,1256]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Glyphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA82265FF6FFB38FEA8FB43" box="[192,279,1232,1256]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">Glyphis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. and the bull shark
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA82265FDB0FB38FC0CFB43" authority="Valenciennes" authorityName="Valenciennes" box="[543,947,1231,1256]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Carcharhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucas">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA82265FDB0FB38FCB7FB43" box="[543,776,1232,1256]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">Carcharhinus leucas</emphasis>
(Valenciennes)
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA82265FC6DFB38FB3FFB43" author="Compagno" box="[962,1152,1232,1256]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" refString="Compagno, L. J. V. (1984) FAO species catalogue. Vol. 4. Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Food and Agriculture Organization Fisheries Synopsis, 125 (4), 1 - 655." type="journal article" year="1984">Compagno 1984</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA82265FB25FB38FB79FB43" author="Compagno" box="[1162,1222,1232,1256]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" refString="Compagno, L. J. V. (1988) Sharks of the Order Carcharhiniformes. Princeton University Press, New Jersey, 486 pp." type="book" year="1988">1988</bibRefCitation>
). Cases of their cooccurrence in the same river systems are known (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA82265FD7AFB1CFC29FAA7" author="Compagno" box="[725,918,1268,1292]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" refString="Compagno, L. J. V. (1988) Sharks of the Order Carcharhiniformes. Princeton University Press, New Jersey, 486 pp." type="book" year="1988">Compagno 1988</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA82265FC0AFB1DFB96FAA7" author="Berra" box="[933,1065,1268,1292]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" refString="Berra, T. M. (2010) Clarification of field characters for three freshwater sharks and a photographic atlas of Glyphis glyphis and G. garricki from the Adelaide River, Northern Territory, Australia. The Beagle, Records of the Museum and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory, 26, 109 - 114." type="journal article" year="2010">Berra 2010</bibRefCitation>
), but
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA82265FBC6FB1CFB6BFAA7" box="[1129,1236,1268,1292]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Carcharhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucas">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA82265FBC6FB1CFB6BFAA7" box="[1129,1236,1268,1292]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">C. leucas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which has more robust teeth and coarser serrations than
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA82265FDF8FAF0FD11FA9B" box="[599,686,1304,1328]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Glyphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA82265FDF8FAF0FD11FA9B" box="[599,686,1304,1328]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">Glyphis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA82265FD5BFAF0FC0CFA9B" author="Compagno" box="[756,947,1304,1328]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" refString="Compagno, L. J. V. (1984) FAO species catalogue. Vol. 4. Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Food and Agriculture Organization Fisheries Synopsis, 125 (4), 1 - 655." type="journal article" year="1984">Compagno 1984</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7CFFA82265FC10FAF0FC45FA9B" author="Compagno" box="[959,1018,1304,1328]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" refString="Compagno, L. J. V. (1988) Sharks of the Order Carcharhiniformes. Princeton University Press, New Jersey, 486 pp." type="book" year="1988">1988</bibRefCitation>
), is not recognized in the
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA82265FAB0FAF0FA2CFA9B" box="[1311,1427,1304,1328]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Oxyrhina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pagoda">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA82265FAB0FAF0FA2CFA9B" box="[1311,1427,1304,1328]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">G. pagoda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
- bearing Miocene deposits. Therefore, it is more parsimonious to consider that only one freshwater-tolerant shark species,
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0EFFA82265FF5AFA88FED7FAD3" box="[245,360,1376,1400]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Oxyrhina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pagoda">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9FFFA82265FF5AFA88FED7FAD3" box="[245,360,1376,1400]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">G. pagoda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, is present. It is also worth noting that the wide range of tooth morphologies (upper vs. lower as well as mesial vs. distal) represented in our sample is what one might expect to find from random surface sampling.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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