126 lines
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126 lines
13 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.102.24380" ID-PMC="PMC6033956" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-102-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="AA226A35FFF8FFBC37621A40C2518C67" ID-PubMed="30002597" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1306325" ModsDocID="1314-2003-102-1" checkinTime="1530324112772" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="DeFilipps, Robert A. & Krupnick, Gary A." docDate="2018" docId="F3545D92081CB0B72C2A0ABF1A0ACD7E" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 102: 1-341" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 102" docPubDate="2018-06-28" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.102.24380" docTitle="Allium sativum L." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" id="AA226A35FFF8FFBC37621A40C2518C67" lastPageNumber="5" masterDocId="AA226A35FFF8FFBC37621A40C2518C67" masterDocTitle="The medicinal plants of Myanmar" masterLastPageNumber="341" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="5" updateTime="1668138950833" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>The medicinal plants of Myanmar</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>DeFilipps, Robert A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Deceased</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Krupnick, Gary A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1357-4826</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, MRC- 166, Washington, DC, 20013 - 7012, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">krupnick@si.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2018</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2018-06-28</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>102</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>341</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.102.24380</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.102.24380</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-102-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">AA226A35FFF8FFBC37621A40C2518C67</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">1306325</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="150768694" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F3545D92081CB0B72C2A0ABF1A0ACD7E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F3545D92081CB0B72C2A0ABF1A0ACD7E" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<taxonomicName LSID="F3545D92-081C-B0B7-2C2A-0ABF1A0ACD7E" authority="L." authorityName="L." class="Liliopsida" family="Amaryllidaceae" genus="Allium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Allium sativum" order="Asparagales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sativum">Allium sativum L.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="names">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Names.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Myanmar</emphasis>
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:
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">kyet-thun hpyu</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">casaun-phet-tine</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">English</emphasis>
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: garlic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="range">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Range.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Central Asia. In Myanmar, grown mostly in Shan State as a cultivated plant.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="uses">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Uses.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Root (Bulb): Garlic is used to support blood and eye health, alleviate fevers and skin disorders, increase perspiration and semen production, stimulate the bowel and the bladder, and to promote virility and longevity. A half teaspoon of garlic powder, steeped in honey and taken at bedtime, is used as a vitalizing tonic to stimulate appetite and promote healthy sleep. It is used to break up phlegm, as well as to strengthen the blood and the gall bladder. Sap from cut garlic bulbs is a remedy for skin conditions, including ringworm, scabies, eczema, freckles and similar facial skin discolorations. Garlic milk, made by boiling seven large bulbs in 40 ticals (ca. 0.5 kg) of pure milk, cooling the mixture for about 10 minutes, and boiling it a second time, is ingested daily for hypertension. A teaspoon of garlic juice mixed with a bit of water and sugar is used to treat whooping cough; garlic juice is taken for coughs, bloated stomachs, and sores on the stomach. To alleviate flatulence, garlic is soaked in sesame oil with a bit of salt and ingested before meals. Infants are given single roasted garlic bulbs for colic and indigestion. For goiter, two drops of garlic oil are applied to the throat, as well as ingested three times a day. Garlic juice mixed with salt is consumed or rubbed at the temples as a remedy for headaches. Because of its germicidal properties, garlic is used to treat lung problems, deep wounds and sores; its juice is also rubbed on the body to ease aches and pains. A mixture consisting of two cloves of garlic boiled in sesame oil is poured warm into the ear as a remedy for deafness, infections, and aches. Garlic is a component of medicines that treat incompletely healed wounds, irregular menstruation, and various malaises (term used where cause of illness not specified in Agriculture Corporation 1980) of men.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="notes">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Notes.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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Medicinal uses of this species in India are discussed in
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<bibRefCitation author="Jain, SK" journalOrPublisher="Phytotherapy Research" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" refId="B50" refString="Jain, SK, DeFilipps, RA, 1991. Medicinal Plants of India. 2 Vols. Reference Publications, Inc, Algonac." title="Medicinal Plants of India. 2 Vols. Reference Publications, Inc, Algonac." year="1991">Jain and DeFilipps (1991)</bibRefCitation>
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. Chemical constituents, pharmacological action, and medicinal use of this species in Indian Ayurveda are discussed in detail by
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<bibRefCitation author="Kapoor, LD" journalOrPublisher="Phytotherapy Research" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" refId="B51" refString="Kapoor, LD, 1990. CRC Handbook of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton." title="CRC Handbook of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton." year="1990">Kapoor (1990)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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The medicinal uses of garlic in the Caribbean region, as well as its chemistry, biological activity, toxicity and dosages, are discussed by
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<bibRefCitation author="Germosen-Robineau, L" journalOrPublisher=".. y Tienen Faxones y Fabas Muy Diversos de Los Nuestros ... '' Origin, Evolution and Diversity of Cuban Plant Genetic Resources, Vol. 1. Institut fuer Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung, Gatersleben" pageId="172" pageNumber="173" refId="B40" refString="Germosen-Robineau, L, 1997. Farmacopea Vegetal Caribena, (1st edn). Ediciones Emile Desormeaux, Fort-de-France." title="Farmacopea Vegetal Caribena, (1 st edn). Ediciones Emile Desormeaux, Fort-de-France." year="1997">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Germosén-Robineau">Germosen-Robineau</normalizedToken>
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(1997)
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</bibRefCitation>
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. The chemical constituents, pharmacological activities, and traditional medicinal uses of garlic on a worldwide basis are discussed in detail by
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-365-1" author="Ross, IA" journalOrPublisher="Drug Development Research" pageId="174" pageNumber="175" refId="B98" refString="Ross, IA, 1999. Medicinal Plants of the World, Volume 1: Chemical Constituents, Traditional and Modern Uses. Humana Press, Totowa. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-365-1" title="Medicinal Plants of the World, Volume 1: Chemical Constituents, Traditional and Modern Uses. Humana Press, Totowa." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-365-1" year="1999">Ross (1999)</bibRefCitation>
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. A pharmacognostical profile including medicinal uses of this species in Africa is given in
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<bibRefCitation author="Iwu, MM" journalOrPublisher="African Journal of Traditional, Complementary, and Alternative Medicines" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" refId="B48" refString="Iwu, MM, 1993. Handbook of African Medicinal Plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida." title="Handbook of African Medicinal Plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida." year="1993">Iwu (1993)</bibRefCitation>
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. Details of the active chemical compounds, effects, herbal usage and pharmacological literature of garlic are given in
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<bibRefCitation author="Fleming, T" journalOrPublisher="ARS Pharmaceutica" pageId="172" pageNumber="173" refId="B36" refString="Fleming, T, 2000. PDR for Herbal Medicines (2nd edn). Medical Economics Company, Montvale." title="PDR for Herbal Medicines (2 nd edn). Medical Economics Company, Montvale." year="2000">Fleming (2000)</bibRefCitation>
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. A detailed discussion of garlic, i.e., natural history, association with humanity, antiherbivory and insect defenses, and medicinal uses (antibiotic and antitoxin actions, cholesterol regulation), is found in
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<bibRefCitation author="Kaufman, PB" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural Products" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" refId="B54" refString="Kaufman, PB, Cseke, LJ, Warber, S, Duke, JA, Brielmann, HL, 1999. Natural Products from Plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Boston, London, New York and Washington, D.C." title="Natural Products from Plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Boston, London, New York and Washington, D. C." year="1999">Kaufman et al. (1999)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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Garlic prolongs elasticity of the aorta (
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<bibRefCitation author="Leigh, E" journalOrPublisher="HerbalGram" pageId="174" pageNumber="175" pagination="18 - 19" refId="B65" refString="Leigh, E, 1998. Garlic prolongs elasticity of the aorta. HerbalGram 43: 18 - 19" title="Garlic prolongs elasticity of the aorta." volume="43" year="1998">Leigh 1998</bibRefCitation>
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), resulting in healthy functioning of the cardiovascular system. Garlic also has antimicrobial effects on
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<taxonomicName class="Saccharomycetes" family="Debaryomycetaceae" genus="Candida" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Candida albicans" order="Saccharomycetales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="albicans">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Candida albicans</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Eurotiomycetes" family="Onygenaceae" genus="Coccidioides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Coccidioides immitis" order="Onygenales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="immitis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Coccidioides immitis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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; fresh garlic juice lowers cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood, which helps to prevent blood clotting and thus heart attack and strokes; garlic has free radical scavenging activity which amplifies the bodily antioxidant system; and, garlic lowers concentrations of nitrates, the precursors of the carcinogen nitrosamine, in the gastric juice of the stomach and provides protection against the development of stomach cancer (
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<bibRefCitation author="Lau, B" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural Products" pageId="174" pageNumber="175" refId="B64" refString="Lau, B, 1996. Garlic and your health. Veggie Life 3(6): 46." title="Garlic and your health. Veggie Life 3 (6): 46." year="1996">Lau 1996</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="reference">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Reference.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<bibRefCitation author="Agricultural Corporation" journalOrPublisher="Phytotherapy Research" pageId="171" pageNumber="172" refId="B3" refString="Agricultural Corporation, 1980. Burmese Medicinal Plants. Agricultural Corporation, Rangoon. [In Burmese]" title="Burmese Medicinal Plants. Agricultural Corporation, Rangoon. [In Burmese]" year="1980">Agricultural Corporation (1980)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |