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<document id="7C416441D89B985348B3684E7E87C550" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4020.3.7" ID-GBIF-Dataset="0485814f-c455-410f-883d-d84e904669e3" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="240356" ID-ZooBank="E4BC27F4-67DE-4598-BB06-627C9332D101" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461271248405" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Suárez, William &amp; Olson, Storrs L." docDate="2015" docId="03A4E42AFFE1143E26F96562F05F83D8" docLanguage="en" docName="zt04020p553.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4020 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Tyto pollens Wetmore" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="540" masterDocId="FF9D9C52FFE71439266E600AF5708565" masterDocTitle="Systematics and distribution of the giant fossil barn owls of the West Indies (Aves: Strigiformes: Tytonidae)" masterLastPageNumber="553" masterPageNumber="533" pageNumber="539" updateTime="1698611823307" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="9704F886233B07F7164D85F4AFCAB25B">Systematics and distribution of the giant fossil barn owls of the West Indies (Aves: Strigiformes: Tytonidae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:namePart id="87F776C5EF97CF4D63D68308BA7C0EF9">Suárez, William</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="AF6D07156DB86FCA9AA73D817328548E">Olson, Storrs L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="6DC148716AD88560F840E752AEAB4484">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="6BD5B8BB666FC0B48D36D2A7A4B61350">2015</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="31B9B856EF0825BE8E0FE799362580A8" type="volume">
<mods:number id="53504F14F0B890AD4C7F9DBB8FFA7F47">4020</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="7B4D18526D81CF93C701CD2B011033E2" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4020.3.7</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="CE9A827F73BA4C5B111361C87767F2D6" type="GBIF-Dataset">0485814f-c455-410f-883d-d84e904669e3</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03A4E42AFFE1143E26F96562F05F83D8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5625592" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119638806" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5625592" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A4E42AFFE1143E26F96562F05F83D8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A4E42AFFE1143E26F96562F05F83D8" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="540" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">
<subSubSection id="C31706B7FFE1143F26F96562F58F80A2" pageId="6" pageNumber="539" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BB2553CFFE1143F26F96562F4D280E7" blockId="6.[151,839,1384,1479]" box="[151,418,1384,1410]" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">
<heading id="D0FAE250FFE1143F26F96562F4D280E7" bold="true" box="[151,418,1384,1410]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="539" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFE1143F26F96562F4D280E7" authority="Wetmore" authorityName="Wetmore" box="[151,418,1384,1410]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="539" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pollens">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFE1143F26F96562F4D280E7" bold="true" box="[151,418,1384,1410]" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFE1143F26F96562F45980E7" bold="true" box="[151,297,1384,1410]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">Tyto pollens</emphasis>
Wetmore
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB2553CFFE1143F26F96581F58F80A2" blockId="6.[151,839,1384,1479]" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">
Bahaman Giant Barn Owl; Lechuza Gigante de Las
<collectingCountry id="F31A15ACFFE1143F248E6581F63780C1" box="[736,839,1419,1444]" name="Bahamas" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">Bahamas</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="133649B9FFE1143F26F165A4F59280A2" box="[159,226,1454,1479]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="12.[151,249,1523,1545]" captionTargetBox="[282,1314,414,1488]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[260,1326,409,1501]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 6. Proximal ends of right tarsometatarsi in anterior view (A – D) and distal ends of left (E, F) and right (G, H) tarsometatarsi in anterior view of giant species of Tyto from Cuba. A, T. noeli (adult) WS 15, image reversed to facilitate comparisons; B, T. cravesae, new species (juvenile, paratype) MNHNCu 75.595; C, T. cravesae, new species (adult, paratype) MNHNCu 75.596; D, T. pollens (adult), OA 3215; E, T. noeli (adult) WS 18 A; F, T. noeli (juvenile) WS 916; G, T. cravesae, new species (juvenile, paratype) WS 09 I; H, T. cravesae, new species (adult, paratype) MNHNCu 75.592. Scale = 1 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/240362/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
D)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31706B7FFE1143F26F965F8F1458306" pageId="6" pageNumber="539" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BB2553CFFE1143F26F965F8F4228343" blockId="6.[151,1436,1521,1635]" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1D7212FFE1143F26F965F8F4228343" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFE1143F26F965F8F49C8362" authority="Wetmore, 1937: 436" authorityName="Wetmore" authorityPageNumber="436" authorityYear="1937" box="[151,492,1521,1543]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="539" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pollens">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFE1143F26F965F8F4638362" box="[151,275,1521,1543]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">Tyto pollens</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AAC732DFFE1143F277565F8F49C8362" author="Wetmore" box="[283,492,1521,1543]" page="436" pageId="6" pageNumber="539" year="1937">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C28CDFFE1143F277565F8F4CB8362" author="Wetmore" box="[283,443,1521,1543]" pageId="6" pageNumber="539" refString="Wetmore, A. (1937) Bird remains from cave deposits on Great Exuma Island in the Bahamas. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 80, 427 - 441." type="journal article" year="1937">Wetmore, 1937</bibRefCitation>
: 436
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(type-locality “cave deposits on Great Exuma,
<collectingCountry id="F31A15ACFFE1143F25B965FBF15A8362" box="[983,1066,1521,1543]" name="Bahamas" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">Bahama</collectingCountry>
Islands” = Little Exuma Island
<emphasis id="B979892EFFE1143F231865FBF0EC8362" box="[1398,1436,1521,1543]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">fide</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C28CDFFE1143F26A9661AF4368343" author="Hecht" box="[199,326,1552,1574]" pageId="6" pageNumber="539" refString="Hecht, M. K. (1955) The comparison of recent and fossil amphibian, reptilian, and mammalian faunas in the Bahamas. Year Book of the American Philosophical Society, 1954, 133 - 135." type="journal article" year="1955">Hecht, 1955</bibRefCitation>
).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB2553CFFE1143F26F9663AF1458306" blockId="6.[151,1436,1521,1635]" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1D7212FFE1143F26F9663AF1458306" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFE1143F26F9663AF7738320" authority="Arredondo, 1972b: 131" authorityName="Arredondo" authorityPageNumber="131" authorityYear="1972" box="[151,515,1583,1605]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="539" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="riveroi">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFE1143F26F9663AF47D8320" box="[151,269,1584,1605]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">Tyto riveroi</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AAC732DFFE1143F277A6625F7738320" author="Arredondo" box="[276,515,1583,1605]" page="131" pageId="6" pageNumber="539" year="1972">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C28CDFFE1143F277A6625F4A18320" author="Arredondo" box="[276,465,1583,1605]" pageId="6" pageNumber="539" refString="Arredondo, O. (1972 b) Especie nueva de lechuza gigante (Strigiformes: Tytonidae) del Pleistoceno cubano. Boletin de la Sociedad Venezolana de Ciencias Naturales, 30, 129 - 140." type="journal article" year="1972" yearSuffix="b">Arredondo, 1972b</bibRefCitation>
: 131
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24A3455FFE1143F24616625F7DF8321" box="[527,687,1583,1604]" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFE1143F24616625F7DF8321" bold="true" box="[527,687,1583,1604]" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">new synonymy</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
(type-locality “Cueva de Bellamar, poco más de 1 Km. al Sur de la costa interior de la Bahía de Matanzas, Municipio de Matanzas,” Matanzas Province,
<collectingCountry id="F31A15ACFFE1143F259E6647F15A8306" box="[1008,1066,1613,1635]" name="Cuba" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">Cuba</collectingCountry>
).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31706B7FFE1143E26F9669AF4DD85B1" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="540" pageId="6" pageNumber="539" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BB2553CFFE1143F26F9669AF69383CD" blockId="6.[151,1436,1680,2029]" box="[151,995,1680,1705]" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFE1143F26F9669AF47B83CC" bold="true" box="[151,267,1680,1705]" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">
<typeStatus id="54B6EB9EFFE1143F26F9669AF47683CC" box="[151,262,1680,1705]" pageId="6" pageNumber="539" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
Left femur
<collectionCode id="ED1CCDF9FFE1143F27FF669AF4BD83CD" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33791" box="[401,461,1680,1704]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33791" name="Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">MCZ</collectionCode>
2262. Collected by Vivienne Knowles in 1937.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB2553CFFE1143F26A966BEF72B8270" blockId="6.[151,1436,1680,2029]" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFE1143F26A966BEF4C283A8" bold="true" box="[199,434,1716,1741]" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">Material examined.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B979892EFFE1143F27D466BEF69483A8" box="[442,996,1716,1741]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">
Hendry Cave, Royal Island, Eleuthera,
<collectingCountry id="F31A15ACFFE1143F251266BEF69483A8" box="[892,996,1716,1741]" name="Bahamas" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">Bahamas</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B979892EFFE1143F258466BEF17983A8" bold="true" box="[1002,1033,1716,1741]" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">—</emphasis>
Coracoid: incomplete right (
<collectionCode id="ED1CCDF9FFE1143F232766BFF0EC83A8" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[1353,1436,1717,1741]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">USNM</collectionCode>
615825). Carpometacarpus: nearly complete right (
<collectionCode id="ED1CCDF9FFE1143F248066D2F6318395" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[750,833,1752,1776]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">USNM</collectionCode>
615826). Tarsometatarsus: incomplete left (
<collectionCode id="ED1CCDF9FFE1143F232766D2F0EC8395" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[1353,1436,1752,1776]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">USNM</collectionCode>
615827, lacking fragments of midshaft).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB2553CFFE1143F26A9672BF4F882E5" blockId="6.[151,1436,1680,2029]" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFE1143F26A9672BF7EA825C" box="[199,666,1824,1849]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">
Banana Hole, New Providence,
<collectingCountry id="F31A15ACFFE1143F245C672AF7EA825C" box="[562,666,1824,1849]" name="Bahamas" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">Bahamas</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B979892EFFE1143F24F1672AF7CD825C" bold="true" box="[671,701,1824,1849]" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">—</emphasis>
Femur: proximal right (UF 41807). Tibiotarsus: distal half of left (UF 41804). Tarsometatarsus: complete left (UF 3196), incomplete left (UF 41808, lacking proximal end and trochlea for digit IV).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB2553CFFE1143F26A96787F5AF8288" blockId="6.[151,1436,1680,2029]" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFE1143F26A96787F6DF82C1" box="[199,943,1932,1957]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">Cueva de Bellamar, Municipality of Matanzas, Matanzas Province</emphasis>
,
<collectingCountry id="F31A15ACFFE1143F25D36786F68982C0" box="[957,1017,1932,1957]" name="Cuba" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFE1143F25D36786F68982C0" box="[957,1017,1932,1957]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">Cuba</emphasis>
</collectingCountry>
.
<emphasis id="B979892EFFE1143F25916786F16D82C0" bold="true" box="[1023,1053,1932,1957]" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">—</emphasis>
Tarsometatarsus: distal half of left (
<collectionCode id="ED1CCDF9FFE1143F26F067BAF59C82AD" box="[158,236,1968,1992]" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">DPUH</collectionCode>
1252,
<typeStatus id="54B6EB9EFFE1143F275167BAF4D182AC" box="[319,417,1968,1993]" pageId="6" pageNumber="539" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFE1143F27A267BBF74582AD" box="[460,565,1969,1992]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="539" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="riveroi">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFE1143F27A267BBF74582AD" box="[460,565,1969,1992]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">T. riveroi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), proximal half of right (
<collectionCode id="ED1CCDF9FFE1143F253467BAF6C982AD" box="[858,953,1968,1992]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/b49z-cz3a" name="Coleccion Zoologia, Academia de Ciencias de Cuba" pageId="6" pageNumber="539">CZACC</collectionCode>
unnumbered), proximal end of right (OA 3215).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB2553CFFE0143E26A9609DF4DD85B1" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1725]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">
There also exist specimens from Andros,
<collectingCountry id="F31A15ACFFE0143E24AD609DF65D85D5" box="[707,813,151,176]" name="Bahamas" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">Bahamas</collectingCountry>
, in the Florida Museum of Natural History (D. W. Steadman, pers. comm.).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31706B7FFE0143E26A960D5F6EA8401" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB2553CFFE0143E26A960D5F6EA8401" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1725]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFE0143E26A960D5F40D859D" bold="true" box="[199,381,223,248]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">Measurements.</emphasis>
See
<tableCitation id="C68F6087FFE0143E27D860D5F744859D" box="[438,564,223,248]" captionStart-0="TABLE 1" captionStart-1="TABLE 2" captionStartId-0="4.[151,239,1232,1255]" captionStartId-1="5.[151,239,152,175]" captionTargetBox-0="[159,1382,1314,2028]" captionTargetPageId-0="4" captionText-0="TABLE 1. Measurements (mm) of pectoral elements of Tyto cravesae, new species, compared with other large fossil tytonids from the West Indies." captionText-1="TABLE 2. Measurements (mm) of pelvic elements of Tyto cravesae, new species, compared with other fossil large tytonids from the West Indies." httpUri-0="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF7205B4FFE3143D26F964DAF4A98062" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" tableUuid-0="DF7205B4FFE3143D26F964DAF4A98062">Tables 1–2</tableCitation>
. Measurements of the three fragmentary tarsometatarsi of
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFE0143E22BE60EBF048859D" box="[1232,1336,224,248]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="riveroi">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFE0143E22BE60EBF1AD859D" box="[1232,1245,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">T</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B979892EFFE0143E228360EBF048859D" box="[1261,1336,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">riveroi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are here compared with those of
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFE0143E27DF610FF7518478" box="[433,545,260,285]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pollens">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFE0143E27DF610FF7518478" box="[433,545,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">T. pollens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="F31A15ACFFE0143E2405610EF78E8478" box="[619,766,260,285]" name="Bahamas" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">the Bahamas</collectingCountry>
(in parentheses, from
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C28CDFFE0143E226B610EF1C68478" author="Brodkorb" box="[1029,1206,260,285]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" refString="Brodkorb, P. (1959) The Pleistocene avifauna of Arredondo, Florida. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum of Biological Sciences, 4, 269 - 291." type="journal article" year="1959">Brodkorb 1959</bibRefCitation>
: 357, table 2): least width of shaft 8.4, 8.5 (8.6); width through trochleae, 21.5 (21.2); width of shaft at level of distalmost proximal foramen 13.6, 14.4 (13.7), depth through calcaneal ridge 13.9 (13.4).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31706B7FFE0143E26A96165F06684ED" box="[199,1302,367,392]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BB2553CFFE0143E26A96165F06684ED" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1725]" box="[199,1302,367,392]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFE0143E26A96165F41084ED" bold="true" box="[199,352,367,392]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">Distribution.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="F31A15ACFFE0143E27096165F4A184ED" box="[359,465,367,392]" name="Bahamas" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">Bahamas</collectingCountry>
, islands of the Great
<collectingCountry id="F31A15ACFFE0143E24D36165F66984ED" box="[701,793,367,392]" name="Bahamas" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">Bahama</collectingCountry>
Bank;
<collectingCountry id="F31A15ACFFE0143E25046165F6D884ED" box="[874,936,367,392]" name="Cuba" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">Cuba</collectingCountry>
, Matanzas Province (see
<figureCitation id="133649B9FFE0143E22AA6165F07484ED" box="[1220,1284,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,249,1986,2008]" captionTargetBox="[303,1283,1194,1964]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[303,1283,1194,1964]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Map of the West Indies showing the distribution of giant fossil species of Tyto." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/240357/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31706B7FFE0143E26A9619EF05F83D8" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BB2553CFFE0143E26A9619EF01B8705" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1725]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFE0143E26A9619EF44B84C8" bold="true" box="[199,315,404,429]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">Remarks.</emphasis>
This is the rarest, largest, and most robust of the Antillean barn owls, as well as being the largest representative of the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFE0143E27A661B3F48684B5" box="[456,502,441,464]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFE0143E27A661B3F48684B5" box="[456,502,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">Tyto</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the New World. The species was originally named from a nearly complete femur (the
<typeStatus id="54B6EB9EFFE0143E26A461D6F4408490" box="[202,304,476,501]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
), an incomplete coracoid, the shaft of a major metacarpal, and the “head” of a tibiotarsus, from cave deposits thought to have come from the island Great Exuma in
<collectingCountry id="F31A15ACFFE0143E25F161F5F145877D" box="[927,1077,511,536]" name="Bahamas" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">the Bahamas</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C28CDFFE0143E2227620AF18A877D" author="Wetmore" box="[1097,1274,512,536]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" refString="Wetmore, A. (1937) Bird remains from cave deposits on Great Exuma Island in the Bahamas. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 80, 427 - 441." type="journal article" year="1937">Wetmore 1937</bibRefCitation>
). It was later determined that the cave was located on Little Exuma (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C28CDFFE0143E2493622EF6F58758" author="Hecht" box="[765,901,548,573]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" refString="Hecht, M. K. (1955) The comparison of recent and fossil amphibian, reptilian, and mammalian faunas in the Bahamas. Year Book of the American Philosophical Society, 1954, 133 - 135." type="journal article" year="1955">Hecht 1955</bibRefCitation>
). The femur was characterized as slightly larger than that of
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFE0143E27736243F4EA8705" box="[285,410,583,608]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ostologa">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFE0143E27736243F45B8705" box="[285,299,585,608]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">T</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B979892EFFE0143E2757624DF4EA8705" box="[313,410,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">ostologa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
of Hispaniola with the trochanteric ridge larger and more robust (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C28CDFFE0143E22146242F02F8705" author="Wetmore" box="[1146,1375,583,608]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" refString="Wetmore, A. (1937) Bird remains from cave deposits on Great Exuma Island in the Bahamas. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 80, 427 - 441." type="journal article" year="1937">Wetmore 1937: 436</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB2553CFFE0143E26A96266F65D86AD" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1725]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C28CDFFE0143E26A96266F4F987E0" author="Brodkorb" box="[199,393,620,645]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" refString="Brodkorb, P. (1959) The Pleistocene avifauna of Arredondo, Florida. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum of Biological Sciences, 4, 269 - 291." type="journal article" year="1959">Brodkorb (1959)</bibRefCitation>
recorded
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFE0143E246B6267F70687E0" box="[517,630,620,645]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pollens">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFE0143E246B6267F70687E0" box="[517,630,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">T. pollens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from deposits in Banana Hole, New Providence Island. Additional material from the same site was reported by
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C28CDFFE0143E24CD6285F6AA87CD" author="Olson" box="[675,986,655,680]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" refString="Olson, S. L. &amp; Hilgartner, W. B. (1982) Fossil and subfossil birds from the Bahamas. Smithsonian Contribution to Paleobiology, 48, 22 - 56." type="journal article" year="1982">Olson &amp; Hilgartner (1982)</bibRefCitation>
, who confirmed its distinction from
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFE0143E23E9629BF58887A8" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ostologa">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFE0143E23E9629BF58887A8" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">T. ostologa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFE0143E275E62BFF4F287A8" box="[304,386,692,717]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="noeli">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFE0143E275E62BFF4F287A8" box="[304,386,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">T. noeli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. New material of
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFE0143E243D62BFF7B087A8" box="[595,704,692,717]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pollens">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFE0143E243D62BFF7B087A8" box="[595,704,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">T. pollens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was collected by an expedition of the Smithsonian Institution in 1990 from Hendry Cave, Royal Island, Eleuthera,
<collectingCountry id="F31A15ACFFE0143E249862DDF6108795" box="[758,864,727,752]" name="Bahamas" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">Bahamas</collectingCountry>
. This consisted of a coracoid, carpometacarpus, tarsometatarsus, and few pedal phalanges. The owl remains were decidedly scarce in comparison with bones of its principal prey, the Bahaman hutia
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFE0143E2448632AF6ED865D" authority="Allen" authorityName="Allen" box="[550,925,799,824]" class="Mammalia" family="Capromyidae" genus="Geocapromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ingrahami">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFE0143E2448632AF64F865D" box="[550,831,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">Geocapromys ingrahami</emphasis>
(Allen)
</taxonomicName>
. The carpometacarpus of
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFE0143E22A6632BF047865D" box="[1224,1335,799,824]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pollens">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFE0143E22A6632BF1A5865D" box="[1224,1237,801,824]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">T</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B979892EFFE0143E22886315F047865D" box="[1254,1335,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">pollens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is much larger and more robust than in any specimen of
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFE0143E24D3634FF64B8638" box="[701,827,836,861]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ostologa">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFE0143E24D3634FF64B8638" box="[701,827,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">T. ostologa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
available suggesting a proportionately larger wing in the former. Otherwise, the new material mentioned above provides evidence of overlap in size between
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFE0143E23406363F0EC86E5" box="[1326,1436,871,896]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pollens">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFE0143E23406363F04C86E5" box="[1326,1340,873,896]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">T</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B979892EFFE0143E2325636DF0EC86E5" box="[1355,1436,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">pollens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFE0143E26A96387F43586C0" box="[199,325,908,933]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ostologa">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFE0143E26A96387F5A486C1" box="[199,212,909,932]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">T</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B979892EFFE0143E268A6386F43586C0" box="[228,325,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">ostologa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<tableCitation id="C68F6087FFE0143E273A6386F4B886C1" box="[340,456,908,933]" captionStart-0="TABLE 1" captionStart-1="TABLE 2" captionStartId-0="4.[151,239,1232,1255]" captionStartId-1="5.[151,239,152,175]" captionTargetBox-0="[159,1382,1314,2028]" captionTargetPageId-0="4" captionText-0="TABLE 1. Measurements (mm) of pectoral elements of Tyto cravesae, new species, compared with other large fossil tytonids from the West Indies." captionText-1="TABLE 2. Measurements (mm) of pelvic elements of Tyto cravesae, new species, compared with other fossil large tytonids from the West Indies." httpUri-0="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF7205B4FFE3143D26F964DAF4A98062" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" tableUuid-0="DF7205B4FFE3143D26F964DAF4A98062">Table 1–2</tableCitation>
), but the former can be recognized by its decided robustness and other characters (see
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C28CDFFE0143E26F963BAF44F86AD" author="Wetmore" box="[151,319,944,968]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" refString="Wetmore, A. (1937) Bird remains from cave deposits on Great Exuma Island in the Bahamas. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 80, 427 - 441." type="journal article" year="1937">Wetmore 1937</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C28CDFFE0143E272563A5F48886AD" author="Brodkorb" box="[331,504,943,968]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" refString="Brodkorb, P. (1959) The Pleistocene avifauna of Arredondo, Florida. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum of Biological Sciences, 4, 269 - 291." type="journal article" year="1959">Brodkorb 1959</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C28CDFFE0143E246A63A5F65086AD" author="Olson" box="[516,800,943,968]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" refString="Olson, S. L. &amp; Hilgartner, W. B. (1982) Fossil and subfossil birds from the Bahamas. Smithsonian Contribution to Paleobiology, 48, 22 - 56." type="journal article" year="1982">Olson &amp; Hilgartner 1982</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB2553CFFE0143E26A963DFF0398151" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1725]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">
It is likely that
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFE0143E27E063DFF7728688" box="[398,514,980,1005]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pollens">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFE0143E27E063DFF7728688" box="[398,514,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">T. pollens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was present on all of the islands of the Great
<collectingCountry id="F31A15ACFFE0143E223863DEF1C28688" box="[1110,1202,980,1005]" name="Bahamas" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">Bahama</collectingCountry>
Bank inhabited by
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFE0143E26F963F2F4878175" authority="Chapman. There" authorityName="Chapman. There" box="[151,503,1015,1040]" class="Mammalia" family="Capromyidae" genus="Geocapromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFE0143E26F963F2F442816A" box="[151,306,1016,1039]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">Geocapromys</emphasis>
Chapman. There
</taxonomicName>
is as yet no evidence of the species from the islands of the Little
<collectingCountry id="F31A15ACFFE0143E229B63FDF0218175" box="[1269,1361,1015,1040]" name="Bahamas" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">Bahama</collectingCountry>
Bank, where
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFE0143E268C6417F40C8151" box="[226,380,1053,1076]" class="Mammalia" family="Capromyidae" genus="Geocapromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFE0143E268C6417F40C8151" box="[226,380,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">Geocapromys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may not have existed until introduced by Amerindians (see
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C28CDFFE0143E224E6416F04D8151" author="Olson" box="[1056,1341,1052,1077]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" refString="Olson, S. L. &amp; Hilgartner, W. B. (1982) Fossil and subfossil birds from the Bahamas. Smithsonian Contribution to Paleobiology, 48, 22 - 56." type="journal article" year="1982">Olson &amp; Hilgartner 1982</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB2553CFFE0143E26A96435F58D8362" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1725]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C28CDFFE0143E26A96435F4D1813D" author="Arredondo" box="[199,417,1087,1112]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" refString="Arredondo, O. (1972 b) Especie nueva de lechuza gigante (Strigiformes: Tytonidae) del Pleistoceno cubano. Boletin de la Sociedad Venezolana de Ciencias Naturales, 30, 129 - 140." type="journal article" year="1972" yearSuffix="b">Arredondo (1972b)</bibRefCitation>
described a new species,
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFE0143E24A9644BF63A813D" box="[711,842,1089,1112]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="riveroi">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFE0143E24A9644BF63A813D" box="[711,842,1089,1112]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">Tyto riveroi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, based on the distal half of a tarsometatarsus from a cave deposit in Matanzas Province,
<collectingCountry id="F31A15ACFFE0143E2428646EF7F48118" box="[582,644,1124,1149]" name="Cuba" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">Cuba</collectingCountry>
, that was much larger than
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFE0143E25B7646FF1428118" box="[985,1074,1124,1149]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="noeli">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFE0143E25B7646FF1428118" box="[985,1074,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">T. noeli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. For reasons discussed below, Arredondo was always under the impression that
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFE0143E24AB6483F64281C5" box="[709,818,1159,1184]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="noeli">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFE0143E24AB6483F64281C5" box="[709,818,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">Tyto noeli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFE0143E252D6483F6CF81C5" box="[835,959,1159,1184]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ostologa">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFE0143E252D6483F6CF81C5" box="[835,959,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">T. ostologa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFE0143E25906483F11B81C5" box="[1022,1131,1159,1184]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pollens">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFE0143E25906483F11B81C5" box="[1022,1131,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">T. pollens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were all of about the same size, therefore making
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFE0143E27F164A7F77681A1" box="[415,518,1197,1220]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="riveroi">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFE0143E27F164A7F77681A1" box="[415,518,1197,1220]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">T. riveroi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
distinctive by its greater size, which is not correct. We have located additional specimens from
<collectingCountry id="F31A15ACFFE0143E273E64C5F4FB818D" box="[336,395,1231,1256]" name="Cuba" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">Cuba</collectingCountry>
that are referable to
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFE0143E241A64DBF7AB818D" box="[628,731,1233,1256]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="riveroi">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFE0143E241A64DBF7AB818D" box="[628,731,1233,1256]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">T. riveroi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This material (topotypes) includes two proximal ends of right tarsometatarsi lacking articular surfaces (see Material examined), collected by Manuel Rivero de la Calle at the same time and place as the
<typeStatus id="54B6EB9EFFE0143E27A3651DF7438055" box="[461,563,1303,1328]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
. These fossils had never been mentioned in the literature, even though one of them was included in Arredondo’s paleontological collection. We were able to make direct comparisons of that specimen (OA 3215) with the tarsometatarsus of
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFE0143E24AD656BF640801D" box="[707,816,1375,1400]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pollens">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFE0143E24AD656BF640801D" box="[707,816,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">T. pollens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In size,
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFE0143E25F6656BF68F801D" box="[920,1023,1377,1400]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="riveroi">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFE0143E25F6656BF6D5801D" box="[920,933,1377,1400]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">T</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B979892EFFE0143E25DA656BF68F801D" box="[948,1023,1377,1400]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">riveroi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is similar to
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFE0143E22FB656BF070801D" box="[1173,1280,1375,1400]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pollens">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFE0143E22FB656BF070801D" box="[1173,1280,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">T. pollens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and there are no other distinctions to be made between them. Therefore we consider
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFE0143E25C3658FF18D80F8" authority="Arredondo 1972" authorityName="Arredondo" authorityYear="1972" box="[941,1277,1412,1437]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="riveroi">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFE0143E25C3658FF15C80F9" box="[941,1068,1413,1436]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">Tyto riveroi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C28CDFFE0143E225B658EF18D80F8" author="Arredondo" box="[1077,1277,1412,1437]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" refString="Arredondo, O. (1972 b) Especie nueva de lechuza gigante (Strigiformes: Tytonidae) del Pleistoceno cubano. Boletin de la Sociedad Venezolana de Ciencias Naturales, 30, 129 - 140." type="journal article" year="1972" yearSuffix="b">Arredondo 1972b</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, to be a junior subjective synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFE0143E27C965A3F7BF80A5" authority="Wetmore 1937" authorityName="Wetmore" authorityYear="1937" box="[423,719,1447,1472]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pollens">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFE0143E27C965A3F4C480A5" box="[423,436,1449,1472]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">T</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B979892EFFE0143E27A965ADF76880A5" box="[455,536,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">pollens</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C28CDFFE0143E244D65A2F7BF80A5" author="Wetmore" box="[547,719,1448,1472]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" refString="Wetmore, A. (1937) Bird remains from cave deposits on Great Exuma Island in the Bahamas. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 80, 427 - 441." type="journal article" year="1937">Wetmore 1937</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Fossils erroneously identified as
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFE0143E223065A3F1B880A5" box="[1118,1224,1448,1472]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="riveroi">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFE0143E223065A3F11B80A5" box="[1118,1131,1449,1472]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">T</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B979892EFFE0143E221365A3F1B880A5" box="[1149,1224,1449,1472]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">riveroi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C28CDFFE0143E229465ADF5AC8081" author="Salgado" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" refString="Salgado, E. J, Calvache, D. G, Macphee, R. D. E. &amp; Gould, G. C. (1992) The monkey caves of Cuba. Cave Sciences, 19, 25 - 28." type="journal article" year="1992">
Salgado
<emphasis id="B979892EFFE0143E230E65A3F0EC80A5" box="[1376,1436,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">et al.</emphasis>
(1992
</bibRefCitation>
: 28, table 1) from cave deposits in Pinar del Río Province, were based on part of the
<typeStatus id="54B6EB9EFFE0143E22CB65C7F1A58080" box="[1189,1237,1485,1509]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">type</typeStatus>
material of
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFE0143E230F65C6F586836D" class="Aves" family="Strigidae" genus="Bubo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="osvaldoi">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFE0143E230F65C6F586836D" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">Bubo osvaldoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB2553CFFE0143E26A9661EF05F83D8" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1725]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C28CDFFE0143E26A9661EF4C68348" author="Brodkorb" box="[199,438,1556,1581]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" refString="Brodkorb, P. (1959) The Pleistocene avifauna of Arredondo, Florida. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum of Biological Sciences, 4, 269 - 291." type="journal article" year="1959">Brodkorb (1959:357)</bibRefCitation>
considered the possibility that
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFE0143E2574661FF6D38348" box="[794,931,1556,1581]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pollens">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFE0143E2574661FF6D38348" box="[794,931,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">Tyto pollens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFE0143E25B2661FF12A8348" box="[988,1114,1556,1581]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ostologa">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFE0143E25B2661FF12A8348" box="[988,1114,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">T. ostologa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were possibly differentiated only at the subspecific level but we agree with other authors (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C28CDFFE0143E25316632F17C8335" author="Wetmore" box="[863,1036,1592,1616]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" refString="Wetmore, A. (1922) Remains of birds from caves in the Republic of Haiti. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 74, 1 - 4." type="journal article" year="1922">Wetmore 1922</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C28CDFFE0143E22776632F1248335" author="Wetmore" box="[1049,1108,1592,1616]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" refString="Wetmore, A. (1937) Bird remains from cave deposits on Great Exuma Island in the Bahamas. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 80, 427 - 441." type="journal article" year="1937">1937</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C28CDFFE0143E220C663DF05D8335" author="Arredondo" box="[1122,1325,1591,1616]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" refString="Arredondo, O. (1972 a) Nueva especie de ave fosil (Strigiformes: Tytonidae) del Pleistoceno superior de Cuba. Boletin de la Sociedad Venezolana de Ciencias Naturales, 29, 415 - 431." type="journal article" year="1972" yearSuffix="a">Arredondo 1972a</bibRefCitation>
; Olson &amp; Hilgartner 1984;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C28CDFFE0143E27306656F7DC8311" author="Steadman" box="[350,684,1628,1653]" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" refString="Steadman, D. W. &amp; Hilgartner, W. B. (1999) A new species of extinct barn owl (Aves: Tyto) from Barbuda, Lesser Antilles. Smithsonian Contribution to Paleobiology, 89, 75 - 83." type="journal article" year="1999">Steadman &amp; Hilgartner 1999</bibRefCitation>
) in considering them distinct at the species level, along with the other taxa recognized here. The rarity of
<taxonomicName id="4C0D2EBFFFE0143E2408668BF79E83FD" box="[614,750,1663,1688]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="540" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pollens">
<emphasis id="B979892EFFE0143E2408668BF79E83FD" box="[614,750,1663,1688]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">Tyto pollens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<collectingCountry id="F31A15ACFFE0143E257D6675F63E83FD" box="[787,846,1663,1688]" name="Cuba" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">Cuba</collectingCountry>
is difficult to understand, although it could possibly be related to the much greater number of other avian predators on that island as opposed to
<collectingCountry id="F31A15ACFFE0143E22F966AEF05A83D8" box="[1175,1322,1700,1725]" name="Bahamas" pageId="7" pageNumber="540">the Bahamas</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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