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<document id="4DA588393F3C91E8CA554CE536C960B3" ID-CLB-Dataset="51565" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4092.4.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="feeced25-b2a6-446d-9b38-a2289465a178" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="262655" ID-ZooBank="EA66CAE5-F6CE-44BA-A5FF-67F2BEE6DEE8" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1458294474638" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Anderson, Owen F." docDate="2016" docId="03A4AB67FFF3FF9CFF1DFB50FDA960DF" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4092.4.1.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4092 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Tromikosoma rugosum Anderson, 2016, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="470" masterDocId="FF9DD31FFFE3FF8FFF8AFF94FFBD672D" masterDocTitle="A review of New Zealand and southeast Australian echinothurioids (Echinodermata: Echinothurioida) — excluding the subfamily Echinothuriinae — with a description of a new species of Tromikosoma" masterLastPageNumber="488" masterPageNumber="451" pageNumber="467" updateTime="1698187963890" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="B19D7B02AEACC9896DF4140CE256C989">A review of New Zealand and southeast Australian echinothurioids (Echinodermata: Echinothurioida) — excluding the subfamily Echinothuriinae — with a description of a new species of Tromikosoma</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="5480CA388CF4B1D15F99F3343D076536">Anderson, Owen F.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="E02193EC5F2E498EF056F03B3512D029">2016</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03A4AB67FFF3FF9CFF1DFB50FDA960DF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6055446" ID-GBIF-Taxon="117939321" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6055446" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A4AB67FFF3FF9CFF1DFB50FDA960DF" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A4AB67FFF3FF9CFF1DFB50FDA960DF" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="470" pageId="16" pageNumber="467">
<subSubSection id="C31749FAFFF3FF9FFF1DFB50FEF763D2" pageId="16" pageNumber="467" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BB21A71FFF3FF9FFF1DFB50FDA863F3" blockId="16.[151,533,1220,1279]" box="[151,533,1220,1246]" pageId="16" pageNumber="467">
<heading id="D0FAAD1DFFF3FF9FFF1DFB50FDA863F3" bold="true" box="[151,533,1220,1246]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="467" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B979C663FFF3FF9FFF1DFB50FDA863F3" bold="true" box="[151,533,1220,1246]" pageId="16" pageNumber="467">
<taxonomicName id="4C0D61F2FFF3FF9FFF1DFB50FE0C63F3" ID-CoL="7D7FC" box="[151,433,1220,1246]" class="Echinoidea" family="Echinothuriidae" genus="Tromikosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinothurioida" pageId="16" pageNumber="467" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="rugosum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B979C663FFF3FF9FFF1DFB50FE0C63F3" bold="true" box="[151,433,1220,1246]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="467">Tromikosoma rugosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24A7B18FFF3FF9FFE3DFB50FDA863F3" box="[439,533,1220,1246]" pageId="16" pageNumber="467" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB21A71FFF3FF9FFF1DFB72FEF763D2" blockId="16.[151,533,1220,1279]" box="[151,330,1254,1279]" pageId="16" pageNumber="467">
<emphasis id="B979C663FFF3FF9FFF1DFB72FF1D63D2" bold="true" box="[151,160,1254,1279]" pageId="16" pageNumber="467">(</emphasis>
<figureCitation id="133606F4FFF3FF9FFF2AFB72FEFF63D2" box="[160,322,1254,1279]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 14" captionStart-1="FIGURE 15" captionStart-2="FIGURE 16" captionStart-3="FIGURE 17" captionStartId-0="17.[151,250,1775,1797]" captionStartId-1="18.[151,250,1015,1037]" captionStartId-2="19.[151,250,1407,1429]" captionStartId-3="20.[151,250,1404,1426]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,1124,1753]" captionTargetBox-1="[299,1336,220,959]" captionTargetBox-2="[299,1251,179,1406]" captionTargetBox-3="[371,1216,217,1332]" captionTargetId-0="figure@17.[151,1436,1124,1754]" captionTargetId-1="figure@18.[226,1360,193,994]" captionTargetId-2="figure@19.[288,1298,135,1436]" captionTargetId-3="figure@20.[366,1221,158,1368]" captionTargetPageId-0="17" captionTargetPageId-1="18" captionTargetPageId-2="19" captionTargetPageId-3="20" captionText-0="FIGURE 14. Tromikosoma rugosum sp. nov. Holotype (NIWA 6610, 69 mm TD). Left, aboral view; right, oral view." captionText-1="FIGURE 15. Tromikosoma rugosum sp. nov. Holotype (NIWA 6610, 69 mm TD). Details of interambulacral (top) and ambulacral (bottom) plates: left, aboral; right, oral." captionText-2="FIGURE 16. Tromikosoma rugosum sp. nov. Holotype (NIWA 6610, 69 mm TD). A – C, valves and head of tridentate pedicellariae; D – E, valves of triphyllous pedicellariae." captionText-3="FIGURE 17. Tromikosoma rugosum sp. nov. Distribution of records in New Zealand, from material examined. Number of records = 3." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/262669/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/262670/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/262671/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/262672/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="467">Figures 14–17</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31749FAFFF3FF9FFF1DFABAFE5C62FA" pageId="16" pageNumber="467" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BB21A71FFF3FF9FFF1DFABAFE5C62FA" blockId="16.[151,1436,1326,1999]" pageId="16" pageNumber="467">
<emphasis id="B979C663FFF3FF9FFF1DFABAFEAC626A" bold="true" box="[151,273,1326,1351]" pageId="16" pageNumber="467">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Small (adults possibly not seen), up to
<quantity id="4CF5B794FFF3FF9FFD58FABAFC9F626A" box="[722,802,1326,1351]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.9" pageId="16" pageNumber="467" unit="mm" value="69.0">69 mm</quantity>
TD; colour of test and appendages brownish-white; test puffed-up and wrinkled, the ambitus rounded and ill-defined; interambulacra wider than ambulacra (possibly juvenile condition); primary tubercles absent adradial to pore series in oral ambulacra; adapical secondary plates of aboral ambulacra elongate, occasionally reaching the perradius; madreporite indistinct; tridentate pedicellariae with minutely serrated edges.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31749FAFFF3FF9FFF4DFA77FF4C61A1" pageId="16" pageNumber="467" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BB21A71FFF3FF9FFF4DFA77FD9A6132" blockId="16.[151,1436,1326,1999]" pageId="16" pageNumber="467">
<emphasis id="B979C663FFF3FF9FFF4DFA77FDD762D1" bold="true" box="[199,618,1507,1532]" pageId="16" pageNumber="467">
<typeStatus id="54B6A4D3FFF3FF9FFF4DFA77FE8B62D1" box="[199,310,1507,1532]" pageId="16" pageNumber="467" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
. East coast North Island
</emphasis>
:
<specimenCount id="9D0BD1F8FFF3FF9FFDF4FA77FCBC62D1" box="[638,769,1507,1532]" pageId="16" pageNumber="467" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
(
<quantity id="4CF5B794FFF3FF9FFC9EFA77FCD562D6" box="[788,872,1507,1532]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.9" pageId="16" pageNumber="467" unit="mm" value="69.0">69 mm</quantity>
TD),
<geoCoordinate id="EE397CB6FFF3FF9FFC3EFA77FB8162D6" box="[948,1084,1507,1532]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="16" pageNumber="467" precision="92" value="-38.996666">38° 59.8´S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE397CB6FFF3FF9FFBC7FA77FB5B62D6" box="[1101,1254,1507,1532]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="16" pageNumber="467" precision="92" value="179.26334">179° 15.8´E</geoCoordinate>
, 2756–
<quantity id="4CF5B794FFF3FF9FFAB7FA77FA2A62D6" box="[1341,1431,1507,1532]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.478" pageId="16" pageNumber="467" unit="m" value="2478.0">2478 m</quantity>
, NIWA6610. Stored in 80% ethanol.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB21A71FFF3FF9FFF4DF9BFFF4C61A1" blockId="16.[151,1436,1326,1999]" pageId="16" pageNumber="467">
<emphasis id="B979C663FFF3FF9FFF4DF9BFFDCE6169" bold="true" box="[199,627,1579,1604]" pageId="16" pageNumber="467">
<typeStatus id="54B6A4D3FFF3FF9FFF4DF9BFFEFC6169" box="[199,321,1579,1604]" pageId="16" pageNumber="467" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
. East coast North Island
</emphasis>
:
<specimenCount id="9D0BD1F8FFF3FF9FFD0FF9BFFCB56169" box="[645,776,1579,1604]" pageId="16" pageNumber="467" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
(
<quantity id="4CF5B794FFF3FF9FFC90F9BFFCD3616E" box="[794,878,1579,1603]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.3" pageId="16" pageNumber="467" unit="mm" value="43.0">43 mm</quantity>
TD),
<geoCoordinate id="EE397CB6FFF3FF9FFC32F9BFFB82616E" box="[952,1087,1579,1604]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="16" pageNumber="467" precision="92" value="-35.496666">35° 29.8´S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE397CB6FFF3FF9FFBDAF9BFFB5A616E" box="[1104,1255,1579,1603]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="16" pageNumber="467" precision="92" value="178.52">178° 31.2´E</geoCoordinate>
, 3036–
<quantity id="4CF5B794FFF3FF9FFAB7F9BFFA2A616E" box="[1341,1431,1579,1604]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.034" pageId="16" pageNumber="467" unit="m" value="3034.0">3034 m</quantity>
, NIWA64937.
<specimenCount id="9D0BD1F8FFF3FF9FFEBCF9DBFE05614A" box="[310,440,1614,1639]" pageId="16" pageNumber="467" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
(
<quantity id="4CF5B794FFF3FF9FFE40F9DAFDA1614A" box="[458,540,1614,1639]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.1" pageId="16" pageNumber="467" unit="mm" value="51.0">51 mm</quantity>
TD),
<geoCoordinate id="EE397CB6FFF3FF9FFDEFF9DBFD61614A" box="[613,732,1615,1639]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="16" pageNumber="467" precision="92" value="-39.0">39° 0.0´S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE397CB6FFF3FF9FFD61F9DBFC3C614A" box="[747,897,1615,1639]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="16" pageNumber="467" precision="92" value="179.32">179° 19.2´E</geoCoordinate>
, 2748–
<quantity id="4CF5B794FFF3FF9FFC5CF9DAFB92614A" box="[982,1071,1614,1639]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.605" pageId="16" pageNumber="467" unit="m" value="2605.0">2605 m</quantity>
, NIWA6611. All stored in 80% ethanol.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31749FAFFF3FF9FFF4DF902FB956182" box="[199,1064,1686,1711]" pageId="16" pageNumber="467" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BB21A71FFF3FF9FFF4DF902FB956182" blockId="16.[151,1436,1326,1999]" box="[199,1064,1686,1711]" pageId="16" pageNumber="467">
<emphasis id="B979C663FFF3FF9FFF4DF902FEF36182" bold="true" box="[199,334,1686,1711]" pageId="16" pageNumber="467">Etymology.</emphasis>
Named
<taxonomicName id="4C0D61F2FFF3FF9FFE26F90CFDB36182" box="[428,526,1688,1711]" class="Echinoidea" family="Echinothuriidae" genus="Tromikosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinothurioida" pageId="16" pageNumber="467" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="rugosum">
<emphasis id="B979C663FFF3FF9FFE26F90CFDB36182" box="[428,526,1688,1711]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="467">rugosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, because of its distinctive wrinkled appearance.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31749FAFFF3FF9DFF4DF92FFE4D60A9" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="469" pageId="16" pageNumber="467" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB21A71FFF3FF9FFF4DF92FFE7C60E2" blockId="16.[151,1436,1326,1999]" pageId="16" pageNumber="467">
<emphasis id="B979C663FFF3FF9FFF4DF92FFEE461F9" bold="true" box="[199,345,1723,1748]" pageId="16" pageNumber="467">Description.</emphasis>
Test of
<typeStatus id="54B6A4D3FFF3FF9FFE30F92FFDA161F9" box="[442,540,1723,1748]" pageId="16" pageNumber="467" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
(
<figureCitation id="133606F4FFF3FF9FFDA6F92FFD2361FE" box="[556,670,1723,1748]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1775,1797]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1124,1753]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[151,1436,1124,1754]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 14. Tromikosoma rugosum sp. nov. Holotype (NIWA 6610, 69 mm TD). Left, aboral view; right, oral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262669/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="467">Figure 14</figureCitation>
) small (
<quantity id="4CF5B794FFF3FF9FFD74F92FFCED61FE" box="[766,848,1723,1748]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.9" pageId="16" pageNumber="467" unit="mm" value="69.0">69 mm</quantity>
TD), circular, with rounded ambitus, the transition from the oral to the aboral surface not clearly defined. Test very flexible and thin and unable to maintain its form out of water, with the test surface much puffed-up and wrinkled, and very uneven. The test plates bear numerous fracture lines which blur delineation of the plate boundaries. Spines very fragile, only the basal sections of a few primary spines remaining. Colour of the test and spines of preserved specimens brownish-white, with little variation within and between specimens. Tubercles non-crenulate and perforate, circular except for a few of the primary tubercles near the ambitus which are slightly expanded laterally. Ratio of interambulacrum to ambulacrum at the ambitus about 1.3:1.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB21A71FFF2FF9EFF4DFF03FBB46630" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,1040]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
Interambulacral columns with about 15 plates, about 6 on the oral side and 9 on the aboral side. Ambulacral columns with about 20 plates, about 10 on each side; these number approximate as difficult to count due to the breaking up of the test plates. The specimen in NIWA 6611 (
<quantity id="4CF5B794FFF2FF9EFCC5FF4BFC1D67DA" box="[847,928,223,248]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.1" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" unit="mm" value="51.0">51 mm</quantity>
TD) has about 15–16 interambulacral plates and 18 ambulacral plates, divided evenly between the oral and aboral surfaces.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB21A71FFF2FF9EFF4DFEB3FACB654D" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,1040]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
Oral test plating (
<figureCitation id="133606F4FFF2FF9EFE06FEB3FE43666D" box="[396,510,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1015,1037]" captionTargetBox="[299,1336,220,959]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[226,1360,193,994]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 15. Tromikosoma rugosum sp. nov. Holotype (NIWA 6610, 69 mm TD). Details of interambulacral (top) and ambulacral (bottom) plates: left, aboral; right, oral." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262670/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">Figure 15</figureCitation>
): An inner series of large primary tubercles near the perradius on 1–3 of the outer plates in the ambulacra; areoles circular. No primary tubercles adradial to the pore series. The plate configuration difficult to determine over much of the surface due the breaking up of the plates, but where visible the secondary plates small and limited to the adradial half of the main plate. The outer secondary plate shares the adradial boundary with the main plate; the inner plate slightly smaller and laterally abutting the outer plate. The podia are fairly well developed but lack obvious terminal disks (although these can be made out in NIWA 6611) and are arranged in a single, uneven line. One or two large primary tubercles per plate in the outermost plate of each interambulacral column, those adradially placed combining with a smaller primary tubercle on a few adoral plates to form a series down each column. Secondary tubercles scattered thinly over the remainder of the oral surface.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB21A71FFF2FF9EFF4DFDF8FCE265DD" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,1040]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
Peristome
<quantity id="4CF5B794FFF2FF9EFECAFDF8FE2F65A9" box="[320,402,620,644]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" unit="mm" value="21.0">21 mm</quantity>
in diameter, bearing six ambulacral plates (with podia) per column (five in NIWA 6611). Peristomial plates angled with up to seven small tubercles spread either side of the roughly central podium. These tubercles about half the height of the plate and located more towards the adoral edge—the podium located nearer the opposite edge. Buccal sacs not discernable, possibly absent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB21A71FFF2FF9EFF4DFD68FC0E633D" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,1040]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
Aboral test plating (
<figureCitation id="133606F4FFF2FF9EFE21FD68FDA06438" box="[427,541,764,789]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1015,1037]" captionTargetBox="[299,1336,220,959]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[226,1360,193,994]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 15. Tromikosoma rugosum sp. nov. Holotype (NIWA 6610, 69 mm TD). Details of interambulacral (top) and ambulacral (bottom) plates: left, aboral; right, oral." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262670/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">Figure 15</figureCitation>
): Primary tubercles all smaller than those of the oral side, but fairly abundant. An inner series of primary tubercles near the perradius in the ambulacra on the outer 1–3 plates, and 1 or 2 smaller primary tubercles variably placed on plates further towards the apical system. Where visible, the arrangement of secondary plates with respect to the main plate is similar to the oral surface but differs in that the secondary plates are more elongate, the inner plate occasionally reaching the perradius, and the podia form into two parallel series. Plates of the interambulacra bear 1–2 primary tubercles, forming no obvious pattern, from the ambitus to the apical system (in NIWA 6611 a few of these plates have no tubercles and only one or two have two tubercles). Secondary tubercles scattered over the surface in a similar way to the oral surface.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF724AF9FFF2FF9EFF1DF97BFA8B6028" box="[151,1334,1775,1797]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262669/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" targetBox="[151,1436,1124,1753]" targetPageId="17">
<paragraph id="8BB21A71FFF2FF9EFF1DF97BFA8B6028" blockId="17.[151,1334,1775,1797]" box="[151,1334,1775,1797]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
<emphasis id="B979C663FFF2FF9EFF1DF97BFEA26029" bold="true" box="[151,287,1775,1797]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">FIGURE 14.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C0D61F2FFF2FF9EFEAFF97BFDB36028" box="[293,526,1775,1797]" class="Echinoidea" family="Echinothuriidae" genus="Tromikosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinothurioida" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="rugosum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B979C663FFF2FF9EFEAFF97BFDB36028" box="[293,526,1775,1797]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">Tromikosoma rugosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24A7B18FFF2FF9EFD9EF964FDDF6028" box="[532,610,1776,1797]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Holotype (NIWA6610, 69 mm TD). Left, aboral view; right, oral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF724AF9FFF1FF9DFF1DFC63FD266306" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262670/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="469" targetBox="[299,1336,220,959]" targetPageId="18">
<paragraph id="8BB21A71FFF1FF9DFF1DFC63FD266306" blockId="18.[151,1435,1015,1067]" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">
<emphasis id="B979C663FFF1FF9DFF1DFC63FE986321" bold="true" box="[151,293,1015,1037]" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">FIGURE 15.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C0D61F2FFF1FF9DFEBBFC63FDA26320" box="[305,543,1015,1037]" class="Echinoidea" family="Echinothuriidae" genus="Tromikosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinothurioida" pageId="18" pageNumber="469" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="rugosum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B979C663FFF1FF9DFEBBFC63FDA26320" box="[305,543,1015,1037]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">Tromikosoma rugosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24A7B18FFF1FF9DFDA1FC6CFDC26320" box="[555,639,1016,1037]" pageId="18" pageNumber="469" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Holotype (NIWA6610, 69 mm TD). Details of interambulacral (top) and ambulacral (bottom) plates: left, aboral; right, oral.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BB21A71FFF1FF9DFF4DFBC7FA2063F5" blockId="18.[151,1437,1107,2032]" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">
Apical system not well defined; ocular and genital plates barely distinguishable from anal and coronal plates. The madreporite indistinct, the genital pore appearing to open into a membranous area distal to plate G2, but other pores not distinguishable. In NIWA 6611 the plates of the apical system are slightly more clearly defined; the madreporite and ocular plates roughly circular, the former more distinctive and prominent than that of the
<typeStatus id="54B6A4D3FFF1FF9DFAB9FB2BFA2463F5" box="[1331,1433,1215,1240]" pageId="18" pageNumber="469" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB21A71FFF1FF9DFF4DFB77FDA26269" blockId="18.[151,1437,1107,2032]" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">
Spines: The spines all broken, only the very base of a few remain on any of the specimens, and no hoofs could be seen. Primary spines circular and hollow, very delicate, with about 30 longitudinal striations; the largest spine about
<quantity id="4CF5B794FFF1FF9DFF56FAB8FE8F626E" box="[220,306,1324,1348]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="469" unit="mm" value="0.9">0.9 mm</quantity>
diameter at the base.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB21A71FFF1FF9DFF4DFADBFCB562D5" blockId="18.[151,1437,1107,2032]" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">
Pedicellariae (
<figureCitation id="133606F4FFF1FF9DFEECFADBFE656245" box="[358,472,1359,1384]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1407,1429]" captionTargetBox="[299,1251,179,1406]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[288,1298,135,1436]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 16. Tromikosoma rugosum sp. nov. Holotype (NIWA 6610, 69 mm TD). A – C, valves and head of tridentate pedicellariae; D – E, valves of triphyllous pedicellariae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262671/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">Figure 16</figureCitation>
): Only a few specimens were found on the
<typeStatus id="54B6A4D3FFF1FF9DFC4AFADBFB986245" box="[960,1061,1359,1384]" pageId="18" pageNumber="469" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, and none at all on the
<typeStatus id="54B6A4D3FFF1FF9DFAA0FAC4FA246245" box="[1322,1433,1360,1384]" pageId="18" pageNumber="469" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
. One
<typeStatus id="54B6A4D3FFF1FF9DFF45FAE0FF4262A1" box="[207,255,1396,1420]" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">type</typeStatus>
of rostrate tridentate pedicellariae was found,
<quantity id="4CF5B794FFF1FF9DFC92FAE7FC1C62A6" box="[792,929,1395,1420]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="469" unit="mm" value="0.7" valueMax="0.9" valueMin="0.5">0.5–0.9 mm</quantity>
long, with open blades evenly tapering to a rounded tip; blade edges minutely serrated and strengthened in the proximal part with a dense meshwork. The triphyllous pedicellariae are about twice as long as wide, with truncated blades
<quantity id="4CF5B794FFF1FF9DFB83FA2FFBE262FE" box="[1033,1119,1467,1492]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="469" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
long and the cover-plate not well developed. Ophicephalous pedicellariae not found.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB21A71FFF1FF9DFF4DF997FC72616D" blockId="18.[151,1437,1107,2032]" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">Sphaeridia: Oval-shaped (about 0.7 long by 0.4 wide), transparent with no obvious ornamentation, located adoral to the foot of the podium of the inner secondary ambulacral plates.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB21A71FFF1FF9DFF4DF9D8FB8661FD" blockId="18.[151,1437,1107,2032]" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">
<emphasis id="B979C663FFF1FF9DFF4DF9D8FE82614E" box="[199,319,1612,1635]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">Size range</emphasis>
—The three specimens range from
<quantity id="4CF5B794FFF1FF9DFD53F9DFFCE8614E" box="[729,853,1611,1636]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.6" metricValueMax="6.9" metricValueMin="4.3" pageId="18" pageNumber="469" unit="mm" value="56.0" valueMax="69.0" valueMin="43.0">43–69 mm</quantity>
TD. It is uncertain as to whether these specimens represent juveniles or small adults of a species which reaches a maximum size more typical for the genus (
<quantity id="4CF5B794FFF1FF9DFAB3F9FBFF7E6186" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.85" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.7" pageId="18" pageNumber="469" unit="mm" value="185.0" valueMax="200.0" valueMin="170.0">170–200 mm</quantity>
TD). Although genital pores were not clearly distinguishable in these specimens, this does not necessarily indicate immaturity due to the difficulty in interpreting details of the apical system.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB21A71FFF1FF9DFF4DF94FFE4D60A9" blockId="18.[151,1437,1107,2032]" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">
<emphasis id="B979C663FFF1FF9DFF4DF94FFEE461D9" bold="true" box="[199,345,1755,1780]" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">Occurrence.</emphasis>
There are only three records (and three specimens) of
<taxonomicName id="4C0D61F2FFF1FF9DFC3DF948FB8961DE" box="[951,1076,1756,1779]" class="Echinoidea" family="Echinothuriidae" genus="Tromikosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinothurioida" pageId="18" pageNumber="469" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="rugosum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B979C663FFF1FF9DFC3DF948FB8961DE" box="[951,1076,1756,1779]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">T. rugosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24A7B18FFF1FF9DFBB0F948FB2F61DE" box="[1082,1170,1756,1779]" pageId="18" pageNumber="469" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, all collected from deep water off the east coast of the North Island, between the Bay of Plenty and Mahia Peninsula (
<figureCitation id="133606F4FFF1FF9DFB6FF96BFAE4603A" box="[1253,1369,1791,1816]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1404,1426]" captionTargetBox="[371,1216,217,1332]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[366,1221,158,1368]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 17. Tromikosoma rugosum sp. nov. Distribution of records in New Zealand, from material examined. Number of records = 3." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262672/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">Figure 17</figureCitation>
). The potential depth range for the species is
<quantity id="4CF5B794FFF1FF9DFDDDF8B7FD4A6016" box="[599,759,1827,1852]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.757" metricValueMax="3.036" metricValueMin="2.478" pageId="18" pageNumber="469" unit="m" value="2757.0" valueMax="3036.0" valueMin="2478.0">2478–3036 m</quantity>
. There has been relatively little sampling at these depths in the
<collectingCountry id="F31A5AE1FFF1FF9DFF4BF8DCFEEA604D" box="[193,343,1863,1888]" name="New Zealand" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
region (&lt;200 research trawls/dredges) and the number of records is unlikely to be a reflection of their abundance in this habitat.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31749FAFFF1FF9CFF4DF81BFDA960DF" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="470" pageId="18" pageNumber="469" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BB21A71FFF1FF9DFF4DF81BFC4160DD" blockId="18.[151,1437,1107,2032]" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">
<emphasis id="B979C663FFF1FF9DFF4DF81BFE866085" bold="true" box="[199,315,1935,1960]" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">Remarks.</emphasis>
This species is easily recognized and distinguished at a glance from other species of
<taxonomicName id="4C0D61F2FFF1FF9DFB77F81BFA296085" box="[1277,1428,1935,1960]" class="Echinoidea" family="Echinothuriidae" genus="Tromikosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinothurioida" pageId="18" pageNumber="469" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B979C663FFF1FF9DFB77F81BFA296085" box="[1277,1428,1935,1960]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">Tromikosoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, including similar sized specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C0D61F2FFF1FF9DFDD4F820FD6060E1" box="[606,733,1971,1996]" class="Echinoidea" family="Echinothuriidae" genus="Tromikosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinothurioida" pageId="18" pageNumber="469" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="australe">
<emphasis id="B979C663FFF1FF9DFDD4F820FD6060E1" box="[606,733,1971,1996]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="469">T. australe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, due to its exceedingly thin test, puffed-up and wrinkled appearance with a broadly rounded ambitus, and brownish-white colouration.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF724AF9FFF0FF9CFF1DFAEBFD7D6299" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262671/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" targetBox="[299,1251,179,1406]" targetPageId="19">
<paragraph id="8BB21A71FFF0FF9CFF1DFAEBFD7D6299" blockId="19.[151,1436,1407,1460]" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">
<emphasis id="B979C663FFF0FF9CFF1DFAEBFE9862B9" bold="true" box="[151,293,1407,1429]" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">FIGURE 16.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C0D61F2FFF0FF9CFEB8FAEBFD9D62BB" box="[306,544,1407,1430]" class="Echinoidea" family="Echinothuriidae" genus="Tromikosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinothurioida" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="rugosum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B979C663FFF0FF9CFEB8FAEBFD9D62BB" box="[306,544,1407,1430]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">Tromikosoma rugosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24A7B18FFF0FF9CFDA6FA14FD3C62B8" box="[556,641,1408,1429]" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Holotype (NIWA6610, 69 mm TD). A–C, valves and head of tridentate pedicellariae; D–E, valves of triphyllous pedicellariae.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BB21A71FFF0FF9CFF4DFA75FF566037" blockId="19.[151,1437,1505,2034]" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">
The small size of the specimens make it difficult to properly compare plating patterns with those of other species of
<taxonomicName id="4C0D61F2FFF0FF9CFE84F990FE1B6130" box="[270,422,1540,1565]" class="Echinoidea" family="Echinothuriidae" genus="Tromikosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinothurioida" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B979C663FFF0FF9CFE84F990FE1B6130" box="[270,422,1540,1565]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">Tromikosoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and so it is difficult to say with which it is most closely aligned. However from what can be seen of these patterns and of the arrangement of the primary tubercles it seems fairly typical of the genus. The lack of a primary tubercle outside the pore series in the oral ambulacra may separate it from
<taxonomicName id="4C0D61F2FFF0FF9CFB5BF9DAFAF1614B" box="[1233,1356,1613,1638]" class="Echinoidea" family="Echinothuriidae" genus="Tromikosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinothurioida" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="australe">
<emphasis id="B979C663FFF0FF9CFB5BF9DAFAF1614B" box="[1233,1356,1613,1638]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">T. australe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C0D61F2FFF0FF9CFA0DF9DAFF5861A4" class="Echinoidea" family="Echinothuriidae" genus="Tromikosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinothurioida" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="uranus">
<emphasis id="B979C663FFF0FF9CFA0DF9DAFF5861A4" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">T. uranus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(although the lack of such tubercles in smaller specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C0D61F2FFF0FF9CFC2EF9E6FBA061A7" box="[932,1053,1649,1674]" class="Echinoidea" family="Echinothuriidae" genus="Tromikosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinothurioida" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="australe">
<emphasis id="B979C663FFF0FF9CFC2EF9E6FBA061A7" box="[932,1053,1649,1674]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">T. australe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
examined suggests this may be a size-related character), and the separation of the primary plates of the aboral ambulacra by the elongated secondary plates has also been reported for
<taxonomicName id="4C0D61F2FFF0FF9CFD89F92EFDE461FC" box="[515,601,1722,1745]" class="Echinoidea" family="Echinothuriidae" genus="Tromikosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinothurioida" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="tenue">
<emphasis id="B979C663FFF0FF9CFD89F92EFDE461FC" box="[515,601,1722,1745]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">T. tenue</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and larger specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C0D61F2FFF0FF9CFCE5F92EFC5B61FF" box="[879,998,1721,1746]" class="Echinoidea" family="Echinothuriidae" genus="Tromikosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinothurioida" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="australe">
<emphasis id="B979C663FFF0FF9CFCE5F92EFC5B61FF" box="[879,998,1721,1746]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">T. australe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Where this arrangement was observed in
<taxonomicName id="4C0D61F2FFF0FF9CFF3FF94AFE8861D8" box="[181,309,1758,1781]" class="Echinoidea" family="Echinothuriidae" genus="Tromikosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinothurioida" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="rugosum">
<emphasis id="B979C663FFF0FF9CFF3FF94AFE8861D8" box="[181,309,1758,1781]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">T. rugosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, it appeared to be the exception rather than the rule, and it may be that this character is also sizerelated.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB21A71FFF0FF9CFF4DF8B1FDA960DF" blockId="19.[151,1437,1505,2034]" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">
The shape of the large tridentate pedicellariae is most like that of
<taxonomicName id="4C0D61F2FFF0FF9CFC3AF8B2FBF76010" box="[944,1098,1830,1853]" class="Echinoidea" family="Echinothuriidae" genus="Tromikosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinothurioida" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="panamense">
<emphasis id="B979C663FFF0FF9CFC3AF8B2FBF76010" box="[944,1098,1830,1853]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">T. panamense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a species it otherwise differs from in the lesser abundance small tubercles and non-exclusion of the primary ambulacral plate from the adradial boundary by the outer secondary plate—a marked feature of
<taxonomicName id="4C0D61F2FFF0FF9CFCCFF8FAFC6260A8" box="[837,991,1902,1925]" class="Echinoidea" family="Echinothuriidae" genus="Tromikosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinothurioida" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="panamense">
<emphasis id="B979C663FFF0FF9CFCCFF8FAFC6260A8" box="[837,991,1902,1925]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">T. panamense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The lack of an obvious madreporite in the apical system of the
<typeStatus id="54B6A4D3FFF0FF9CFE2DF805FDB46087" box="[423,521,1937,1962]" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
is unusual, this feature usually being fairly obvious in echinothurioids in general, although a similar characteristic was found in
<taxonomicName id="4C0D61F2FFF0FF9CFD25F822FC9460E3" box="[687,809,1973,1998]" class="Echinoidea" family="Echinothuriidae" genus="Tromikosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinothurioida" pageId="19" pageNumber="470" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="koehleri">
<emphasis id="B979C663FFF0FF9CFD25F822FC9460E3" box="[687,809,1973,1998]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">T. koehleri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with Mortensen (1935) also unable to distinguish the madreporite in the
<typeStatus id="54B6A4D3FFF0FF9CFEE1F84EFE2660DF" box="[363,411,2010,2034]" pageId="19" pageNumber="470">type</typeStatus>
specimen.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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