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<mods:affiliation id="127A51076C7507667107030C584BA420">Ichthyology and Molecular Systematics Research Laboratory, Zoology Section, Department of Biology, School of Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran. https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 9736 - 397 X</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="542775E563D91AFAFF1FC5036574C613">Staatliches Museum f ¸ r Naturkunde in Stuttgart, Rosenstein 1, 70191 Stuttgart, Germany. https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 1476 - 6990</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="6455CED1A681BE7F8C7B08C38293A4F1">Sungur, Sevil</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="BB0FFD7647864D7264CEC23D6950018C">Health Services Vocational School, Nevþehir Hacý BektaþVeli University, Nevþehir, T ¸ rkiye. https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 4018 - 6375</mods:affiliation>
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<heading id="D0C54A462E22FFA9FF42FE55E085FE1F" box="[151,978,439,466]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" reason="5">
<taxonomicName id="4C3286A92E22FFA9FF42FE55E172FE1F" ID-CoL="3F7VR" ID-ENA="37273" authority="Girard, 1859" authorityName="Girard" authorityYear="1859" box="[151,549,439,466]" family="Poeciliidae" genus="Gambusia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="holbrooki">
<emphasis id="B94621382E22FFA9FF42FE55E172FE1F" bold="true" box="[151,549,439,466]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<emphasis id="B94621382E22FFA9FF42FE55E2D3FE1C" bold="true" box="[151,388,439,466]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Gambusia holbrooki</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA380DB2E22FFA9FE5EFE55E172FE1F" author="Girard, C. F." box="[395,549,439,465]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" pagination="56 - 68" refId="ref54618" refString="Girard, C. F. (1859) Ichthyological notices. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 11, 56 - 68." type="journal article" year="1859">Girard, 1859</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
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[I]—Eastern mosquitofish; Gambosia
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<paragraph id="8B8DFD2A2E22FFA9FF42FE39E140FDAF" blockId="41.[151,1437,439,1222]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<emphasis id="B94621382E22FFA9FF42FE39E24DFE3B" bold="true" box="[151,282,475,501]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
Original description:
<taxonomicName id="4C3286A92E22FFA9FDF3FE39E0A0FE3B" ID-CoL="3F7VR" authority="Girard, 1859: 390" authorityName="Girard" authorityPageNumber="390" authorityYear="1859" box="[550,1015,475,502]" family="Poeciliidae" genus="Gambusia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="holbrooki">
<emphasis id="B94621382E22FFA9FDF3FE39E044FE3B" box="[550,787,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Gambusia holbrooki</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA380DB2E22FFA9FCF4FE39E0A0FE3B" author="Girard, C. F." box="[801,1015,475,502]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" pagination="56 - 68" refId="ref54618" refString="Girard, C. F. (1859) Ichthyological notices. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 11, 56 - 68." type="journal article" year="1859">Girard, 1859: 390</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
[Palatka, eastern
<collectingRegion id="49F633C82E22FFA9FB06FE39E670FE3B" box="[1235,1319,475,501]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Florida</collectingRegion>
, (Palatka, eastern
<collectingRegion id="49F633C82E22FFA9FEEFFE1DE2DCFDD7" box="[314,395,511,537]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Florida</collectingRegion>
and Charleston,
<collectingRegion id="49F633C82E22FFA9FD99FE1DE1ADFDD7" box="[588,762,511,537]" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">South Carolina</collectingRegion>
),
<collectingCountry id="F325BDBA2E22FFA9FCDBFE1DE01DFDD7" box="[782,842,511,537]" name="United States of America" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">USA</collectingCountry>
;
<typeStatus id="548943882E22FFA9FC83FE1DE096FDD7" box="[854,961,511,537]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
: ANSP 6976;
<typeStatus id="548943882E22FFA9FBB4FE1DE79FFDD7" box="[1121,1224,511,537]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
selected by Huber (2019: 64)].—Syrian synonyms: None.—Revisions:
<bibRefCitation id="EFA380DB2E22FFA9FCE3FDC1E71BFDF3" author="Rauchenberger, M." box="[822,1100,547,573]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" pagination="1 - 74" refId="ref58190" refString="Rauchenberger, M. (1989) Systematics and biogeography of the genus Gambusia (Cyprinodontiformes: Poecilidae). American Museum Novitates, 2951, 1 - 74." type="journal article" year="1989">Rauchenberger (1989: 3)</bibRefCitation>
.—Illustration:
<bibRefCitation id="EFA380DB2E22FFA9FB28FDC1E282FDAF" author="McEachran, J. D. &amp; Fechhelm, J. D." pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refId="ref57398" refString="McEachran, J. D. &amp; Fechhelm, J. D. (1998) Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico. Vol. 1. Myxiniformes to Gasterosteiformes. University of Texas Press, Austin, Texas, 1112 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.7560 / 752061" type="book" year="1998">McEachran &amp; Fechhelm (1998: 924</bibRefCitation>
, fig.).
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B94621382E22FFA9FF42FD89E21AFD4B" bold="true" box="[151,333,619,645]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
Status in
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.
</emphasis>
First record from Syria by
<bibRefCitation id="EFA380DB2E22FFA9FDA9FD89E044FD4B" author="Khalil, M." box="[636,787,619,645]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" pagination="593 - 597" refId="ref55977" refString="Khalil, M. (1930) Introduction of Gambusia affinis into Egypt, Cyprus and Syria. Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparee, 8 (6), 593 - 597. https: // doi. org / 10.1051 / parasite / 1930086593" type="journal article" year="1930">Khalil (1930)</bibRefCitation>
as
<taxonomicName id="4C3286A92E22FFA9FCE2FD89E0A0FD4B" baseAuthorityName="Baird &amp; Girard" baseAuthorityYear="1853" box="[823,1015,619,645]" family="Poeciliidae" genus="Gambusia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="affinis">
<emphasis id="B94621382E22FFA9FCE2FD89E0A0FD4B" box="[823,1015,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Gambusia affinis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; confirmed by
<bibRefCitation id="EFA380DB2E22FFA9FB74FD89E6CFFD4B" author="Beckman, W. C." box="[1185,1432,619,645]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refId="ref50605" refString="Beckman, W. C. (1962) The Freshwater Fishes of Syria and their General Biology and Management. FAO, Rome, 297 pp." type="book" year="1962">Beckman (1962: 170)</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFA380DB2E22FFA9FF04FD72E2F1FD67" author="Krupp, F." box="[209,422,655,682]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" pagination="45 - 50" refId="ref56428" refString="Krupp, F. (1992 b) The establishment of the North-American mosquito fish, Gambasia holbrooki, in Syrian inland waters), Zoology in the Middle East, 6 (1), 45 - 50. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 09397140.1992.10637612" type="journal article" year="1992">Krupp (1992b: 47)</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFA380DB2E22FFA9FE65FD6DE17FFD67" author="Ali, A." box="[432,552,655,681]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refId="ref49707" refString="Ali, A. (2003) A study of the qualitative and quantitative composition and biogeographical distribution of fish in the Khabur River Basin. Master Thesis, Tishreen University, Syria. 106 pp." type="book" year="2003">Ali (2003)</bibRefCitation>
; Hurani (2005);
<bibRefCitation id="EFA380DB2E22FFA9FD37FD6DE0FEFD67" author="Saad, A. &amp; Hammoud, N. &amp; Khalaf, Gh. &amp; Alzin, Gh. &amp; Al Hawi, E. &amp; Ali, A." box="[738,937,655,681]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refId="ref58612" refString="Saad, A., Hammoud, N., Khalaf, Gh., Alzin, Gh., Al Hawi, E. &amp; Ali, A. (2006) A comparative study of the biological diversity of fish fauna in the Orontes River basin in both Syria and Lebanon. Sustainable Agricultural Development and Food Security Conference, 6 - 9 November 2006. Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria. [unknown pagination]" type="proceedings" year="2006">
Saad
<emphasis id="B94621382E22FFA9FCF5FD72E00FFD67" box="[800,856,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">et al.</emphasis>
(2006)
</bibRefCitation>
.—Syrian material: MNHN, MSL.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C328AEA12E22FFA9FF42FD51E1B2FC23" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B8DFD2A2E22FFA9FF42FD51E21EFC07" blockId="41.[151,1437,439,1222]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<emphasis id="B94621382E22FFA9FF42FD51E298FD03" bold="true" box="[151,463,691,717]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Distribution and habitat.</emphasis>
Distribution in
<collectingCountry id="F325BDBA2E22FFA9FD40FD51E183FD03" box="[661,724,691,717]" name="Syria" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Syria</collectingCountry>
: Widespread all basins of
<collectingCountry id="F325BDBA2E22FFA9FBCCFD51E703FD03" box="[1049,1108,691,717]" name="Syria" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Syria</collectingCountry>
(introduced since 1926).— Distribution in River Basin: 1-Dajleh &amp; Khabour, 2-Euphrates &amp;
<collectingRegion id="49F633C82E22FFA9FC1DFD35E74AFD3F" box="[968,1053,727,753]" country="Syria" name="Halab" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Aleppo</collectingRegion>
, 3-Desert, 4-Orontes, 5-Barada &amp; Awaj, 6-Coastal, 7-Al-Yarmouk.—General distribution: North America: Atlantic and Gulf Coast drainages, eastern
<collectingCountry id="F325BDBA2E22FFA9FEEEFCFDE220FCF7" box="[315,375,799,825]" name="United States of America" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">USA</collectingCountry>
; widely introduced elsewhere for mosquito control.—Distribution in Ecoregion: 436-Coastal Levant, 437-Orontes, 438-
<collectingCountry id="F325BDBA2E22FFA9FDC5FCA1E10AFC93" box="[528,605,835,861]" name="Jordan" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Jordan</collectingCountry>
River, 440-Arabian Interior, 441-Lower Tigris &amp; Euphrates, 442-Upper Tigris &amp; Euphrates.—Habitat: This species often occurs in shallow, often stagnant ponds and the shallow edges of lakes and streams where predatory fishes are largely absent and temperatures are high. Freshwater, brackish.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8DFD2A2E22FFA9FF42FC31E1B2FC23" blockId="41.[151,1437,439,1222]" box="[151,741,979,1006]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<emphasis id="B94621382E22FFA9FF42FC31E2F3FC23" bold="true" box="[151,420,979,1005]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Economic importance.</emphasis>
No commercial importance.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C328AEA12E22FFA9FF42FC15E196FBFB" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" type="conservation">
<paragraph id="8B8DFD2A2E22FFA9FF42FC15E784FBDF" blockId="41.[151,1437,439,1222]" box="[151,1235,1015,1042]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<emphasis id="B94621382E22FFA9FF42FC15E2ECFBDF" bold="true" box="[151,443,1015,1041]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Reasons of introduction.</emphasis>
Biocontrol: to prevent eutrophication, aquatic plants, and pest control.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8DFD2A2E22FFA9FF42FBF9E196FBFB" blockId="41.[151,1437,439,1222]" box="[151,705,1051,1078]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<emphasis id="B94621382E22FFA9FF42FBF9E268FBFB" bold="true" box="[151,319,1051,1077]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Conservation.</emphasis>
Not relevant (introduced species).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C328AEA12E22FFA9FF42FBDDE7D6FB08" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B8DFD2A2E22FFA9FF42FBDDE7D6FB08" blockId="41.[151,1437,439,1222]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<emphasis id="B94621382E22FFA9FF42FBDDE25CFB97" bold="true" box="[151,267,1087,1113]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Remarks.</emphasis>
It was introduced from the island of
<collectingCountry id="F325BDBA2E22FFA9FD70FBDDE1ACFB97" box="[677,763,1087,1113]" name="France" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Corsica</collectingCountry>
to
<collectingCountry id="F325BDBA2E22FFA9FCC8FBA2E037FB94" box="[797,864,1088,1114]" name="Egypt" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Egypt</collectingCountry>
in 1926 and then to
<collectingCountry id="F325BDBA2E22FFA9FB97FBDDE72AFB97" box="[1090,1149,1087,1113]" name="Syria" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Syria</collectingCountry>
from
<collectingCountry id="F325BDBA2E22FFA9FB15FBA2E654FB94" box="[1216,1283,1088,1114]" name="Egypt" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Egypt</collectingCountry>
in 1927, with the aim of combating mosquitoes in the jungle swamps and the Syrian Jazira region (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA380DB2E22FFA9FB41FB81E671FBB3" author="Khalil, M." box="[1172,1318,1123,1149]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" pagination="593 - 597" refId="ref55977" refString="Khalil, M. (1930) Introduction of Gambusia affinis into Egypt, Cyprus and Syria. Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparee, 8 (6), 593 - 597. https: // doi. org / 10.1051 / parasite / 1930086593" type="journal article" year="1930">Khalil, 1930</bibRefCitation>
). Previous records of
<taxonomicName id="4C3286A92E22FFA9FE9EFB65E15BFB6F" baseAuthorityName="Baird &amp; Girard" baseAuthorityYear="1853" box="[331,524,1159,1185]" family="Poeciliidae" genus="Gambusia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="affinis">
<emphasis id="B94621382E22FFA9FE9EFB65E15BFB6F" box="[331,524,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Gambusia affinis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<collectingCountry id="F325BDBA2E22FFA9FDE7FB65E13AFB6F" box="[562,621,1159,1185]" name="Syria" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Syria</collectingCountry>
refer to
<taxonomicName id="4C3286A92E22FFA9FD05FB65E06BFB6F" authorityName="Girard" authorityYear="1859" box="[720,828,1159,1185]" family="Poeciliidae" genus="Gambusia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="holbrooki">
<emphasis id="B94621382E22FFA9FD05FB65E06BFB6F" box="[720,828,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">holbrooki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, it should be determined whether there is a single species or whether both
<taxonomicName id="4C3286A92E22FFA9FDFEFB4EE1C4FB0B" baseAuthorityName="Baird &amp; Girard" baseAuthorityYear="1853" box="[555,659,1195,1222]" family="Poeciliidae" genus="Gambusia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="affinis">
<emphasis id="B94621382E22FFA9FDFEFB4EE1C4FB0B" box="[555,659,1195,1222]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">G. affinis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C3286A92E22FFA9FD1CFB4EE00FFB0B" authorityName="Girard" authorityYear="1859" box="[713,856,1195,1222]" family="Poeciliidae" genus="Gambusia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="holbrooki">
<emphasis id="B94621382E22FFA9FD1CFB4EE00FFB0B" box="[713,856,1195,1222]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">G. holbrooki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are present in the country.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>