282 lines
30 KiB
XML
282 lines
30 KiB
XML
<document id="14CBCB081DBE8A06457CB087B4DB8D54" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4803.2.3" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3909109" ID-ZooBank="325DB7EF-94F7-4726-BC18-7B074D3CB886" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1593158469765" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Jones, Christian M., Driggers Iii, William B., Hannan, Kristin M., Hoffmayer, Eric R., Jones, Lisa M. & Raredon, Sandra J." docDate="2020" docId="0391567A6673FFC3FF0B05C968A69FFA" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4803.2.3.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4803 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Mobula birostris" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="302" masterDocId="FFA82E026666FFD6FF9C0710685E9811" masterDocTitle="An annotated checklist of the chondrichthyan fishes inhabiting the northern Gulf of Mexico Part 1: Batoidea" masterLastPageNumber="315" masterPageNumber="281" pageNumber="302" updateTime="1700277151863" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:titleInfo id="EFB94F8925EA4B64C3F15F81529A4B5E">
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<mods:title id="3C80EDD23AF97AB2F01DAA3E8795B086">An annotated checklist of the chondrichthyan fishes inhabiting the northern Gulf of Mexico Part 1: Batoidea</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="B329CAC7CA70981C6D7ACDD39B7366A1" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="53A2F170AAEB89770C4CFB60AC550DF8">Jones, Christian M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="33D2D3C62846D67DC1D30560F71993AC">National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Mississippi Laboratories, 3209 Frederic Street, Pascagoula, Mississippi, U. S. A.</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:namePart id="4AF6B52B13D23C1A621E1C77752353B6">Driggers Iii, William B.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="3A8720860B6F873A99640787F98FBBDF">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="C05B462FD0EA4D322E295A323A68B19A">Hannan, Kristin M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="F9268A7CD0A9828AEA0690DC3C71528A">Riverside Technologies Inc., Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Mississippi Laboratories, 3209 Frederic Street, Pascagoula, Mississippi, U. S. A. kristin. hannan @ noaa. gov; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 2687 - 3331</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:namePart id="E0DBF618D8B6EA267907EC0A847072D3">Hoffmayer, Eric R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="06C8CCCB8DCDDE07FC6E440DFFE01AD9">Jones, Lisa M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="596CB04C36B02E258992A0FAF30CCBF9">Raredon, Sandra J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="A76E912F9F1490531A8C8384ADDFFCB1">Smithsonian Institution, Division of Fishes, Museum Support Center, 4210 Silver Hill Road, Suitland, Maryland, U. S. A. raredons @ si. edu; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 8295 - 6000</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="A709F81760B1137DB0E7C1D8CBA37378">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="44CDCECBBAD899D1A55AB3E80F975517">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="BF88B3721F39A890FE690E40094211DE">
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<mods:date id="5054BF92A6030E8A9C9DD3C3CC00C7FC">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="CFF681BA8C0E75563FB7A14DABCFDA07">2020-06-26</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="C8582AFFD1B8A5864428C5360B16698C" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="256EB41C46DC80849ADE401554763193">4803</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="FA912DADEA49E73DB50FF89EA79AEAE1" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="D70A9DC504D8B335DFCB1C170CED9F45">2</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="0708D031E5EE08C2CB629709F0A6230E">281</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="19301346B268FBBA21A636FAF828F023">315</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="BD7803B118B18374021ADF1500DC79C4">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="376BE8E6286E70E7236FF57E50566C51" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4803.2.3</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="ADA1230CC8A71F999C3234127552804C" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="F8B44E35EAC7DBC5D67384FC7973BF51" type="Zenodo-Dep">3909109</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="5FEDBB4E6EAFE7E25A9A2027ED6CF95C" type="ZooBank">325DB7EF-94F7-4726-BC18-7B074D3CB886</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="0391567A6673FFC3FF0B05C968A69FFA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0391567A6673FFC3FF0B05C968A69FFA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0391567A6673FFC3FF0B05C968A69FFA" lastPageNumber="302" pageId="21" pageNumber="302">
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<subSubSection id="C322B4E76673FFC3FF0B05C969549B24" pageId="21" pageNumber="302" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B87E76C6673FFC3FF0B05C96B949AE2" blockId="21.[151,970,729,756]" box="[151,970,729,756]" pageId="21" pageNumber="302">
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<heading id="D0CF50006673FFC3FF0B05C96B949AE2" bold="true" box="[151,970,729,756]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="302" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B94C3B7E6673FFC3FF0B05C96B949AE2" bold="true" box="[151,970,729,756]" pageId="21" pageNumber="302">
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<taxonomicName id="4C389CEF6673FFC3FF0B05C96A629AE2" authority="(Walbaum, 1792)" baseAuthorityName="Walbaum" baseAuthorityYear="1792" box="[151,572,729,756]" class="Chondrichthyes" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Mobula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="302" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="birostris">
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<emphasis id="B94C3B7E6673FFC3FF0B05C9693E9AE5" bold="true" box="[151,352,729,756]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="302">Mobula birostris</emphasis>
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(Walbaum, 1792)
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</taxonomicName>
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—giant manta, giant manta ray
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B87E76C6673FFC3FF0B040D69549B24" blockId="21.[151,702,797,1343]" box="[151,266,797,821]" pageId="21" pageNumber="302">Synonyms:</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C322B4E76673FFC3FF0B042C69969D31" pageId="21" pageNumber="302" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B87E76C6673FFC3FF0B042C6AE09B45" blockId="21.[151,702,797,1343]" box="[151,702,827,852]" pageId="21" pageNumber="302">
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<taxonomicName id="4C389CEF6673FFC3FF0B042C6AE09B45" authority="Hamilton and Newman, 1849" authorityName="Hamilton and Newman" authorityYear="1849" box="[151,702,827,852]" class="Chondrichthyes" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Brachioptilon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="302" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hamiltoni">
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<emphasis id="B94C3B7E6673FFC3FF0B042C69D59B45" box="[151,395,828,852]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="302">Brachioptilon hamiltoni</emphasis>
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Hamilton and Newman, 1849
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B87E76C6673FFC3FF0B044B6A159B62" blockId="21.[151,702,797,1343]" box="[151,587,858,883]" pageId="21" pageNumber="302">
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<taxonomicName id="4C389CEF6673FFC3FF0B044B6A159B62" authority="Valenciennes, 1839" authorityName="Valenciennes" authorityYear="1839" box="[151,587,858,883]" class="Chondrichthyes" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Cephaloptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="302" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="diabolus">
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<emphasis id="B94C3B7E6673FFC3FF0B044B69DE9B62" box="[151,384,859,883]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="302">Cephaloptera diabolus</emphasis>
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Valenciennes, 1839
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B87E76C6673FFC3FF0B04696A4F9B80" blockId="21.[151,702,797,1343]" box="[151,529,889,914]" pageId="21" pageNumber="302">
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<taxonomicName id="4C389CEF6673FFC3FF0B04696A4F9B80" authority="Bancroft, 1829" authorityName="Bancroft" authorityYear="1829" box="[151,529,889,914]" class="Chondrichthyes" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Cephalopterus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="302" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="manta">
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<emphasis id="B94C3B7E6673FFC3FF0B0469692C9B80" box="[151,370,889,913]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="302">Cephalopterus manta</emphasis>
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Bancroft, 1829
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B87E76C6673FFC3FF0B04886A739BA1" blockId="21.[151,702,797,1343]" box="[151,557,919,944]" pageId="21" pageNumber="302">
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<taxonomicName id="4C389CEF6673FFC3FF0B04886A739BA1" authority="Mitchill, 1824" authorityName="Mitchill" authorityYear="1824" box="[151,557,919,944]" class="Chondrichthyes" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Cephalopterus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="302" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vampyrus">
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<emphasis id="B94C3B7E6673FFC3FF0B048869CB9BA1" box="[151,405,920,944]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="302">Cephalopterus vampyrus</emphasis>
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Mitchill, 1824
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B87E76C6673FFC3FF0B04A76A7B9BDE" blockId="21.[151,702,797,1343]" box="[151,549,950,975]" pageId="21" pageNumber="302">
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<taxonomicName id="4C389CEF6673FFC3FF0B04A76A7B9BDE" authority="(Walbaum, 1792)" baseAuthorityName="Walbaum" baseAuthorityYear="1792" box="[151,549,950,975]" class="Chondrichthyes" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Ceratoptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="302" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="birostris">
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<emphasis id="B94C3B7E6673FFC3FF0B04A769309BDE" box="[151,366,951,975]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="302">Ceratoptera birostris</emphasis>
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(Walbaum, 1792)
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B87E76C6673FFC3FF0B04C66AD89BFC" blockId="21.[151,702,797,1343]" box="[151,646,981,1006]" pageId="21" pageNumber="302">
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<taxonomicName id="4C389CEF6673FFC3FF0B04C66AD89BFC" authority="Muller and Henle, 1841" authorityName="Muller and Henle" authorityYear="1841" box="[151,646,981,1006]" class="Chondrichthyes" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Ceratoptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="302" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ehrenbergii">
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<emphasis id="B94C3B7E6673FFC3FF0B04C669D39BFC" box="[151,397,981,1005]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="302">Ceratoptera ehrenbergii</emphasis>
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Müller and Henle, 1841
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B87E76C6673FFC3FF0B04E46A139C1D" blockId="21.[151,702,797,1343]" box="[151,589,1011,1036]" pageId="21" pageNumber="302">
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<taxonomicName id="4C389CEF6673FFC3FF0B04E46A139C1D" authority="Muller and Henle, 1841" authorityName="Muller and Henle" authorityYear="1841" box="[151,589,1011,1036]" class="Chondrichthyes" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Ceratoptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="302" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="johnii">
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<emphasis id="B94C3B7E6673FFC3FF0B04E4690A9C1D" box="[151,340,1012,1036]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="302">Ceratoptera johnii</emphasis>
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Müller and Henle, 1841
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B87E76C6673FFC3FF0B03036A459C3A" blockId="21.[151,702,797,1343]" box="[151,539,1042,1067]" pageId="21" pageNumber="302">
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<taxonomicName id="4C389CEF6673FFC3FF0B03036A459C3A" authority="Swainson, 1839" authorityName="Swainson" authorityYear="1839" box="[151,539,1042,1067]" class="Chondrichthyes" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Ceratoptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="302" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lesueurii">
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<emphasis id="B94C3B7E6673FFC3FF0B0303692C9C3A" box="[151,370,1043,1067]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="302">Ceratoptera lesueurii</emphasis>
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Swainson, 1839
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B87E76C6673FFC3FF0B032269849C58" blockId="21.[151,702,797,1343]" box="[151,474,1073,1098]" pageId="21" pageNumber="302">
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<taxonomicName id="4C389CEF6673FFC3FF0B032269849C58" authority="Lloyd, 1908" authorityName="Lloyd" authorityYear="1908" box="[151,474,1073,1098]" class="Chondrichthyes" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Ceratoptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="302" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orissa">
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<emphasis id="B94C3B7E6673FFC3FF0B032269099C58" box="[151,343,1074,1097]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="302">Ceratoptera orissa</emphasis>
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Lloyd, 1908
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B87E76C6673FFC3FF0B03406A5D9C79" blockId="21.[151,702,797,1343]" box="[151,515,1103,1128]" pageId="21" pageNumber="302">
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<taxonomicName id="4C389CEF6673FFC3FF0B03406A5D9C79" authority="Holmes, 1859" authorityName="Holmes" authorityYear="1859" box="[151,515,1103,1128]" class="Sarcopterygii" genus="Diabolichthys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dipteriformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="302" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elliotti">
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<emphasis id="B94C3B7E6673FFC3FF0B034069309C79" box="[151,366,1104,1128]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="302">Diabolichthys elliotti</emphasis>
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Holmes, 1859
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B87E76C6673FFC3FF0B037F69B39C96" blockId="21.[151,702,797,1343]" box="[151,493,1134,1159]" pageId="21" pageNumber="302">
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<emphasis id="B94C3B7E6673FFC3FF0B037F690A9C96" box="[151,340,1135,1159]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="302">Manatia lacepedei</emphasis>
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Billberg, 1833
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B87E76C6673FFC3FF0B039E69B59CB4" blockId="21.[151,702,797,1343]" box="[151,491,1165,1190]" pageId="21" pageNumber="302">
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<taxonomicName id="4C389CEF6673FFC3FF0B039E69B59CB4" authority="Bancroft, 1829" authorityName="Bancroft" authorityYear="1829" box="[151,491,1165,1190]" class="Chondrichthyes" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Manta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="302" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="americana">
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<emphasis id="B94C3B7E6673FFC3FF0B039E69129CB4" box="[151,332,1166,1189]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="302">Manta americana</emphasis>
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Bancroft, 1829
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B87E76C6673FFC3FF0B03BD69B59CD5" blockId="21.[151,702,797,1343]" box="[151,491,1195,1220]" pageId="21" pageNumber="302">
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<taxonomicName id="4C389CEF6673FFC3FF0B03BD69B59CD5" authority="(Walbaum, 1792)" baseAuthorityName="Walbaum" baseAuthorityYear="1792" box="[151,491,1195,1220]" class="Chondrichthyes" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Manta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="302" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="birostris">
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<emphasis id="B94C3B7E6673FFC3FF0B03BD696B9CD5" box="[151,309,1196,1220]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="302">Manta birostris</emphasis>
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(Walbaum, 1792)
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B87E76C6673FFC3FF0B03DB69969CF2" blockId="21.[151,702,797,1343]" box="[151,456,1226,1251]" pageId="21" pageNumber="302">
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<taxonomicName id="4C389CEF6673FFC3FF0B03DB69969CF2" authority="Whitley, 1936" authorityName="Whitley" authorityYear="1936" box="[151,456,1226,1251]" class="Chondrichthyes" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Manta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="302" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pinchoti">
|
|
<emphasis id="B94C3B7E6673FFC3FF0B03DB696D9CF2" box="[151,307,1227,1251]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="302">Manta pinchoti</emphasis>
|
|
Whitley, 1936
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B87E76C6673FFC3FF0B03FA69DD9D10" blockId="21.[151,702,797,1343]" box="[151,387,1257,1281]" pageId="21" pageNumber="302">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C389CEF6673FFC3FF0B03FA69DD9D10" authority="Baer, 1899" authorityName="Baer" authorityYear="1899" box="[151,387,1257,1281]" class="Chondrichthyes" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Manta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="302" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="raya">
|
|
<emphasis id="B94C3B7E6673FFC3FF0B03FA69509D10" box="[151,270,1258,1281]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="302">Manta raya</emphasis>
|
|
Baer, 1899
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B87E76C6673FFC3FF0B021969969D31" blockId="21.[151,702,797,1343]" box="[151,456,1287,1312]" pageId="21" pageNumber="302">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C389CEF6673FFC3FF0B021969969D31" authority="Walbaum, 1792" authorityName="Walbaum" authorityYear="1792" box="[151,456,1287,1312]" class="Chondrichthyes" family="Rajidae" genus="Raja" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rajiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="302" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="birostris">
|
|
<emphasis id="B94C3B7E6673FFC3FF0B0219697C9D31" box="[151,290,1288,1312]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="302">Raja birostris</emphasis>
|
|
Walbaum, 1792
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="C322B4E76673FFC3FF0B0237698D9D2E" box="[151,467,1318,1343]" pageId="21" pageNumber="302" type="reference_group">
|
|
<paragraph id="8B87E76C6673FFC3FF0B0237698D9D2E" blockId="21.[151,702,797,1343]" box="[151,467,1318,1343]" pageId="21" pageNumber="302">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C389CEF6673FFC3FF0B0237698D9D2E" authority="Lacepede, 1802" authorityName="Lacepede" authorityYear="1802" box="[151,467,1318,1343]" class="Chondrichthyes" family="Rajidae" genus="Raja" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rajiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="302" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fimbriata">
|
|
<emphasis id="B94C3B7E6673FFC3FF0B023769759D2E" box="[151,299,1319,1343]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="302">Raja fimbriata</emphasis>
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFA99A9D6673FFC3FEAE0236698D9D2E" author="Lacepede, B. G. E." box="[306,467,1318,1343]" pageId="21" pageNumber="302" refId="ref18643" refString="Lacepede, B. G. E. (1802) Histoire Naturelle des Poissons. Vol. 4. Plassan, Paris, xliv + 728 pp., 16 pls." type="book" year="1802">Lacepède, 1802</bibRefCitation>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="C322B4E76673FFC3FF0B027C6CC49E4E" pageId="21" pageNumber="302" type="distribution">
|
|
<paragraph id="8B87E76C6673FFC3FF0B027C68BB9DDE" blockId="21.[151,1437,1388,2027]" pageId="21" pageNumber="302">
|
|
<emphasis id="B94C3B7E6673FFC3FF0B027C696F9D96" bold="true" box="[151,305,1388,1415]" pageId="21" pageNumber="302">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
|
This species is largely pelagic and sightings have been made throughout the northern GOM (SEFSC, unpublished data).
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFA99A9D6673FFC3FEEF02816B619DBA" author="Pattengill-Semmens, C. V. & Gittings, S. R." box="[371,831,1425,1451]" pageId="21" pageNumber="302" pagination="500 - 511" refId="ref19877" refString="Pattengill-Semmens, C. V. & Gittings, S. R. (2003) A rapid assessment of the Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary (stony corals, algae and fishes). Atoll Research Bulletin, 496, 500 - 511. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00775630.496 - 27.501" type="journal article" year="2003">Pattengill-Semmens and Gittings (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
indicate year round presence at the Flower Gardens Banks.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B87E76C6673FFC3FF5B02C86CC49E4E" blockId="21.[151,1437,1388,2027]" pageId="21" pageNumber="302">
|
|
<emphasis id="B94C3B7E6673FFC3FF5B02C8698F9DE2" bold="true" box="[199,465,1496,1523]" pageId="21" pageNumber="302">First Record in GOM.</emphasis>
|
|
With the emergence of a second putative manta species in the northern GOM (
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C389CEF6673FFC3FAD902C969FB9E09" authority=", See Below" authorityName="See Below" class="Chondrichthyes" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Mobula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="302" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="birostris">
|
|
<emphasis id="B94C3B7E6673FFC3FAD902C96DC29DE2" box="[1349,1436,1497,1523]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="302">Mobula</emphasis>
|
|
cf.
|
|
<emphasis id="B94C3B7E6673FFC3FF2002ED69449E06" box="[188,282,1533,1559]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="302">birostris</emphasis>
|
|
, See Below
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
), it is difficult to determine which sightings refer to
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C389CEF6673FFC3FC6902EE6C279E06" box="[1013,1145,1533,1559]" class="Chondrichthyes" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Mobula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="302" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="birostris">
|
|
<emphasis id="B94C3B7E6673FFC3FC6902EE6C279E06" box="[1013,1145,1533,1559]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="302">M. birostris</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and which to
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C389CEF6673FFC3FA8702EE68999E2A" class="Chondrichthyes" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Mobula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="302" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="birostris">
|
|
<emphasis id="B94C3B7E6673FFC3FA8702EE6D649E06" box="[1307,1338,1534,1559]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="302">M.</emphasis>
|
|
cf.
|
|
<emphasis id="B94C3B7E6673FFC3FAF902ED68999E2A" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="302">birostris</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. At present however, the first record of this species from the northern GOM appears to be a sighting by Royal Marine Captain Triscott from off the mouth of the
|
|
<collectingRegion id="49FC298E6673FFC3FD5201556B109E4E" box="[718,846,1605,1631]" country="United States of America" name="Mississippi" pageId="21" pageNumber="302">Mississippi</collectingRegion>
|
|
River in 1808 (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFA99A9D6673FFC3FC6101556CD09E4E" author="Guyon, G." box="[1021,1166,1605,1631]" pageId="21" pageNumber="302" pagination="2396" refId="ref17866" refString="Guyon, G. (1849) Occurrence of Branchioptilon hamiltoni in the Gulf of Mexico. Zoologist, 7, 2396." type="journal article" year="1849">Guyon 1849</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="C322B4E76673FFC3FF5B017968A69FFA" pageId="21" pageNumber="302" type="discussion">
|
|
<paragraph id="8B87E76C6673FFC3FF5B01796CCA9FB2" blockId="21.[151,1437,1388,2027]" pageId="21" pageNumber="302">
|
|
<emphasis id="B94C3B7E6673FFC3FF5B017969659E92" bold="true" box="[199,315,1641,1667]" pageId="21" pageNumber="302">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
|
The taxonomic history of this species is long and convoluted (see Synonyms above). Many proposed synonyms are based on poor descriptions or even poorer illustrations and in many cases the only evidence toward synonymy with
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C389CEF6673FFC3FECC01A16A519EDA" box="[336,527,1713,1739]" class="Chondrichthyes" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Mobula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="302" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="birostris">
|
|
<emphasis id="B94C3B7E6673FFC3FECC01A16A519EDA" box="[336,527,1713,1739]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="302">Mobula birostris</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is the size of the individual(s) reported and/or the location of capture/sighting. The presence of a second putative manta species in the western Atlantic confuses the issue even further. In some cases (
|
|
<emphasis id="B94C3B7E6673FFC3FF7F01EA69559F02" box="[227,267,1786,1811]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="302">e.g.</emphasis>
|
|
Lacapede 1802) there is associated information in a description that contradicts synonymy with
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C389CEF6673FFC3FAD901E968AB9F26" class="Chondrichthyes" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Mobula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="302" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="birostris">
|
|
<emphasis id="B94C3B7E6673FFC3FAD901E968AB9F26" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="302">Mobula birostris</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
as much as confirms it. Until recently (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFA99A9D6673FFC3FD36000D6BD19F26" author="Marshall, A. D. & Compagno, L. J. V. & Bennett, M. B." box="[682,911,1821,1847]" pageId="21" pageNumber="302" pagination="1 - 28" refId="ref18860" refString="Marshall, A. D., Compagno, L. J. V. & Bennett, M. B. (2009) Redescription of the genus Manta with resurrection of Manta alfredi (Krefft, 1868) (Chondrichthyes; Myliobatoidei; Mobulidae). Zootaxa, 2301 (1), 1 - 28. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2301.1.1" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
|
Marshall
|
|
<emphasis id="B94C3B7E6673FFC3FC89000E6B139F26" box="[789,845,1821,1847]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="302">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
2009
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
),
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C389CEF6673FFC3FC3E000D6CB59F29" authority="(Krefft, 1868)" baseAuthorityName="Krefft" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[930,1259,1821,1848]" class="Chondrichthyes" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Mobula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="302" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alfredi">
|
|
<emphasis id="B94C3B7E6673FFC3FC3E000D6C179F26" box="[930,1097,1821,1847]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="302">Mobula alfredi</emphasis>
|
|
(Krefft, 1868)
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
was considered a synonym of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C389CEF6673FFC3FEA8005169AE9F4A" box="[308,496,1857,1883]" class="Chondrichthyes" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Mobula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="302" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="birostris">
|
|
<emphasis id="B94C3B7E6673FFC3FEA8005169AE9F4A" box="[308,496,1857,1883]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="302">Mobula birostris</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and both of these species were previously placed in the genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C389CEF6673FFC3FB3A00526DC29F4A" authority="Bancroft, 1829" authorityName="Bancroft" authorityYear="1829" box="[1190,1436,1857,1883]" class="Chondrichthyes" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Manta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="302" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B94C3B7E6673FFC3FB3A00526CB19F4A" box="[1190,1263,1858,1883]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="302">Manta</emphasis>
|
|
Bancroft, 1829
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
until that genus was invalidated by a recent revision (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFA99A9D6673FFC3FD4300756BFA9F6E" author="White, W. T. & Corrigan, S. & Yang, L. & Henderson, A. C. & Bazinet, A. L. & Swofford, D. L. & Naylor, G. J. P." box="[735,932,1893,1919]" pageId="21" pageNumber="302" pagination="50 - 75" refId="ref20831" refString="White, W. T., Corrigan, S., Yang, L., Henderson, A. C., Bazinet, A. L., Swofford, D. L. & Naylor, G. J. P. (2018) Phylogeny of the manta and devilrays (Chondrichthyes: Mobulidae), with an updated taxonomic arrangement for the family. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 182 (1), 50 - 75. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlx 018" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
|
White
|
|
<emphasis id="B94C3B7E6673FFC3FCB700766B3C9F6E" box="[811,866,1893,1919]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="302">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
2018
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFA99A9D6673FFC3FC2900756C119F6E" author="Childs, J. N." box="[949,1103,1893,1919]" pageId="21" pageNumber="302" refId="ref16447" refString="Childs, J. N. (2001) The occurrence, habitat use, and behavior of sharks and rays associating with topographic highs in the Northwestern Gulf of Mexic o. Unpublished Thesis, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas, 213 pp." type="book" year="2001">Childs (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
and
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFA99A9D6673FFC3FB1F00756D3B9F6E" author="Stewart, J. D. & Nuttall, M. & Hickerson, E. L. & Johnston, M. A." box="[1155,1381,1893,1919]" pageId="21" pageNumber="302" pagination="111" refId="ref20390" refString="Stewart, J. D. & Nuttall, M. & Hickerson, E. L. & Johnston, M. A. (2018) Important juvenile manta ray habitat at Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. Marine Biology, 165 (7), 111. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 018 - 3364 - 5" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
|
Stewart
|
|
<emphasis id="B94C3B7E6673FFC3FB4200766D4B9F6E" box="[1246,1301,1893,1919]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="302">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
(2018)
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
both indicated that the Flower Garden Banks serve as important juvenile habitat for this species.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B87E76C6673FFC3FF5B00BC68A69FFA" blockId="21.[151,1437,1388,2027]" pageId="21" pageNumber="302">
|
|
<emphasis id="B94C3B7E6673FFC3FF5B00BC699F9FD6" bold="true" box="[199,449,1964,1991]" pageId="21" pageNumber="302">Conservation Status.</emphasis>
|
|
Vulnerable (IUCN), and listed as Threatened under the
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F32FA7FC6673FFC3FBA000BD6C8A9FD6" box="[1084,1236,1965,1991]" name="United States of America" pageId="21" pageNumber="302">United States</collectingCountry>
|
|
Endangered Species Act.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |