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<document id="54F4E8B4E9F73171696EDE40EB6C325C" ID-CLB-Dataset="123829" ID-DOI="10.1111/zoj.12199" ID-GBIF-Dataset="02f79ff2-493a-449e-8206-5662abfa5c52" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5331625" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630169864101" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Lopardo, Lara &amp; Hormiga, Gustavo" docDate="2015" docId="03832D77102E930AFF38E719FC025940" docLanguage="en" docName="zoj12199.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 173 (3)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12199" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FBF0BF18BB2B256F1F8008F27D80BF37.3:ZoolJLinnSoc.2010-2016.journal_article" docStyleId="FBF0BF18BB2B256F1F8008F27D80BF37" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2010-2016.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Phricotelus Simon 1895" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="631" masterDocId="FFBA550F10469360FFC3E17AFF985E2F" masterDocTitle="Out of the twilight zone: phylogeny and evolutionary morphology of the orb-weaving spider family Mysmenidae, with a focus on spinneret spigot morphology in symphytognathoids (Araneae, Araneoidea)" masterLastPageNumber="786" masterPageNumber="527" pageNumber="631" updateTime="1699186269595" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="93278CAB8EFE77F1DB3E642593BA38BB">Out of the twilight zone: phylogeny and evolutionary morphology of the orb-weaving spider family Mysmenidae, with a focus on spinneret spigot morphology in symphytognathoids (Araneae, Araneoidea)</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03832D77102E930AFF38E719FC025940" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7005025" ID-GBIF-Taxon="199502771" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7005025" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03832D77102E930AFF38E719FC025940" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03832D77102E930AFF38E719FC025940" lastPageId="106" lastPageNumber="631" pageId="104" pageNumber="631">
<subSubSection id="C330CFEA102E9308FF38E719FD135857" box="[251,651,1634,1656]" pageId="104" pageNumber="631" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B959C61102E9308FF38E719FD135857" blockId="104.[251,651,1634,1689]" box="[251,651,1634,1656]" pageId="104" pageNumber="631">
GENUS
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E2102E9308FE90E719FD135857" ID-CoL="6P93" authority="SIMON, 1895" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1895" box="[339,651,1634,1656]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Phricotelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="104" pageNumber="631" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E4073102E9308FE90E719FE685857" box="[339,496,1635,1656]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="631">PHRICOTELUS</emphasis>
SIMON, 1895
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C330CFEA102E9308FE9BE7F9FDB658B6" box="[344,558,1666,1689]" pageId="104" pageNumber="631" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B959C61102E9308FE9BE7F9FDB658B6" blockId="104.[251,651,1634,1689]" box="[344,558,1666,1689]" pageId="104" pageNumber="631">
(
<figureCitation id="131180E4102E9308FEA2E7F9FE4458B7" box="[353,476,1666,1688]" captionStart="Figure 135" captionStartId="151.[164,243,1132,1151]" captionTargetBox="[167,1441,203,1097]" captionTargetId="figure-281@151.[164,1444,197,1103]" captionTargetPageId="151" captionText="Figure 135. Cleared genitalia: A, Iardinis mussardi (Symphytognathidae) male holotype, right palp, inverted, prolateral view; B, same, retrolateral view, same scale as in panel A; C, Phricotelus stelliger (symphytognathoid) female type, cleared epigynum, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371575" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371575/files/figure.png" pageId="104" pageNumber="631">FIGS 135C</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="131180E4102E9308FE2AE7F9FDBE58B6" box="[489,550,1667,1689]" captionStart="Figure 144" captionStartId="160.[144,223,1513,1532]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,194,1483]" captionTargetId="figure-93@160.[144,1424,194,1483]" captionTargetPageId="160" captionText="Figure 144. Composite images of Mysmenidae species and outgroups. A, MYSM-023-MAD (Mysmeninae, Mysmenidae), male, lateral view. B, Phricotelus stelliger (Araneoidea), female, type, lateral view. C, Iardinis mussardi (Symphytognathidae), male holotype, dorsal view. D–F, Leucauge venusta (Tetragnathidae); D, male, lateral view; E, female, lateral view; F, female, dorsal view. G–J, Linyphia triangularis (Linyphiidae); G, male, lateral view; H, male, ventral view; I, female, dorsal view; J, female, lateral view. K, Elanapis aisen (Anapidae), male, ventral view; L, Mysmena (= Tamasesia) rotunda, female, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–C, K, 0.5 mm; D–J, 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371589" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371589/files/figure.png" pageId="104" pageNumber="631">144B</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3ABB4F102E9308FF53E7BAFD815940" pageId="104" pageNumber="631">
<subSubSection id="C330CFEA102E9308FF53E7BAFE6C58FA" box="[144,500,1728,1750]" pageId="104" pageNumber="631" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B959C61102E9308FF53E7BAFE6C58FA" blockId="104.[144,759,1728,1903]" box="[144,500,1728,1750]" pageId="104" pageNumber="631">
<treatmentCitation id="0A8BBA70102E9308FF53E7BAFE7758FA" author="Simon E" box="[144,495,1728,1750]" page="919" pageId="104" pageNumber="631" year="1895">
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E2102E9308FF53E7BAFE7758FA" ID-CoL="6P93" authority="Simon, 1895 a: 919" authorityName="Simon" authorityPageNumber="919" authorityYear="1895" box="[144,495,1728,1750]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Phricotelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="104" pageNumber="631" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E4073102E9308FF53E7BAFE8858FA" box="[144,272,1728,1749]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="631">Phricotelus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE190102E9308FEDBE7BAFE7758FA" author="Simon E" box="[280,495,1728,1750]" pageId="104" pageNumber="631" pagination="761 - 1084" refId="ref66334" refString="Simon E. 1895 a. Histoire naturelle des araignees. Paris. 1: 761 - 1084." type="journal article" year="1895">Simon, 1895a: 919</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C330CFEA102E9308FE3FE7BAFD29593C" pageId="104" pageNumber="631" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="8B959C61102E9308FE3FE7BAFD29593C" blockId="104.[144,759,1728,1903]" pageId="104" pageNumber="631">
<typeStatus id="549122C3102E9308FE3FE7BAFDAB58FA" box="[508,563,1728,1749]" pageId="104" pageNumber="631">Type</typeStatus>
species by original designation and monotypy:
<treatmentCitation id="0A8BBA70102E9308FDCEE7A4FEF0593D" author="Simon E" page="919" pageId="104" pageNumber="631" year="1895">
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E2102E9308FDCEE7A4FEF0593D" ID-CoL="77CGV" authority="Simon, 1895 a: 919" authorityName="Simon" authorityPageNumber="919" authorityYear="1895" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Phricotelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="104" pageNumber="631" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stelliger">
<emphasis id="B95E4073102E9308FDCEE7A4FD6E58DC" box="[525,758,1758,1779]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="631">Phricotelus stelliger</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE190102E9308FF53E787FEF0593D" author="Simon E" box="[144,360,1789,1811]" pageId="104" pageNumber="631" pagination="761 - 1084" refId="ref66334" refString="Simon E. 1895 a. Histoire naturelle des araignees. Paris. 1: 761 - 1084." type="journal article" year="1895">Simon, 1895a: 919</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
(
<typeStatus id="549122C3102E9308FEBFE787FE36593D" box="[380,430,1789,1810]" pageId="104" pageNumber="631">type</typeStatus>
specimen examined);
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C330CFEA102E9308FD7EE787FD815940" pageId="104" pageNumber="631" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B959C61102E9308FD7EE787FD815940" blockId="104.[144,759,1728,1903]" pageId="104" pageNumber="631">
<treatmentCitation id="0A8BBA70102E9308FD7EE787FE9A591E" author="Levi H" page="534" pageId="104" pageNumber="631" year="1972">
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE190102E9308FD7EE787FE9A591E" author="Levi H" pageId="104" pageNumber="631" pagination="533 - 538" refId="ref64171" refString="Levi H. 1972. Taxonomic-nomenclatural notes on misplaced theridiid spiders (Araneae: Theridiidae), with observations on Anelosimus. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 91: 533 - 538." type="journal article" year="1972">Levi, 1972: 534</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(transferred from
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E2102E9308FE31E666FD4B591D" ID-CoL="H6P" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1881" box="[498,723,1820,1842]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiosomatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="104" pageNumber="631" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Theridiosomatidae</taxonomicName>
to
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E2102E9308FF53E640FEE8597F" ID-CoL="626LX" authorityName="Hickman" authorityYear="1931" box="[144,368,1850,1872]" class="Arachnida" family="Symphytognathidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="104" pageNumber="631" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Symphytognathidae</taxonomicName>
);
<treatmentCitation id="0A8BBA70102E9308FE41E640FDCC5960" author="Brignoli P" box="[386,596,1850,1872]" page="731" pageId="104" pageNumber="631" year="1980">
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE190102E9308FE41E640FDCC5960" author="Brignoli P" box="[386,596,1850,1872]" pageId="104" pageNumber="631" pagination="727 - 738" refId="ref61128" refString="Brignoli P. 1980. On few Mysmenidae from the Oriental and Australian regions (Araneae). Revue Suisse De Zoologie 87: 727 - 738." type="journal article" year="1980">Brignoli, 1980: 731</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
,
<treatmentCitation id="0A8BBA70102E9308FD9CE640FD245960" author="Brignoli P" box="[607,700,1850,1871]" page="14" pageId="104" pageNumber="631" year="1981">
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBE190102E9308FD9CE640FD245960" author="Brignoli P" box="[607,700,1850,1871]" pageId="104" pageNumber="631" pagination="9 - 19" refId="ref61156" refString="Brignoli P. 1981. Spiders from the Philippines IV. A new Ogulnius and notes on some other Oriental and Japanese Theridiosomatidae (Araneae). Acta Arachnologica, Tokyo 30: 9 - 19." type="journal article" year="1981">1981: 14</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(provisional transfer to
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E2102E9308FEBBE623FD955940" ID-CoL="624Q2" authorityName="Petrunkevitch" authorityYear="1928" box="[376,525,1881,1903]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="104" pageNumber="631" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mysmenidae</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
<subSubSection id="C330CFEA102E930AFCE5E719FC025940" lastPageId="106" lastPageNumber="633" pageId="104" pageNumber="631" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B959C61102E930AFCE5E719FC025940" blockId="104.[806,1421,1635,1901]" lastBlockId="106.[806,1421,1666,1903]" lastPageId="106" lastPageNumber="633" pageId="104" pageNumber="631">
<emphasis id="B95E4073102E9308FCE5E719FB955857" box="[806,1037,1635,1656]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="631">Familial placement:</emphasis>
Araneoidea
<emphasis id="B95E4073102E9308FB62E719FAA45857" box="[1185,1340,1635,1656]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="631">incertae sedis</emphasis>
. Alternative equally parsimonious placements of
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E2102E9308FAD3E7FBFA1558B9" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1895" box="[1296,1421,1665,1686]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Phricotelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="104" pageNumber="631" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E4073102E9308FAD3E7FBFA1558B9" box="[1296,1421,1665,1686]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="631">Phricotelus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
imply various relationships to
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E2102E9308FB43E7DAFA8A5899" authorityName="Wunderlich" authorityYear="1986" box="[1152,1298,1696,1718]" class="Arachnida" family="Synaphridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="104" pageNumber="631" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Synaphridae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E2102E9308FADFE7DAFA115899" box="[1308,1417,1696,1718]" class="Arachnida" family="Anapidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="104" pageNumber="631" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Anapidae</taxonomicName>
, or
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E2102E9308FC87E7C4FBB858FB" authorityName="Hickman" authorityYear="1931" box="[836,1056,1726,1748]" class="Arachnida" family="Symphytognathidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="104" pageNumber="631" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Symphytognathidae</taxonomicName>
; therefore, its placement becomes unresolved in the strict consensus cladogram. In the resulting three MPTs,
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E2102E9308FBFFE786FB24593E" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1895" box="[1084,1212,1788,1809]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Phricotelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="104" pageNumber="631" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E4073102E9308FBFFE786FB24593E" box="[1084,1212,1788,1809]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="631">Phricotelus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is placed as the most basal species of
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E2102E9308FBA8E660FB7C591F" box="[1131,1252,1818,1840]" class="Arachnida" family="Anapidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="104" pageNumber="631" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Anapidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E2102E9308FB3CE660FAED591F" box="[1279,1397,1818,1840]" class="Arachnida" family="Anapidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="104" pageNumber="631" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Anapidae</taxonomicName>
+
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E2102E9308FCE5E643FB965960" authorityName="Hickman" authorityYear="1931" box="[806,1038,1849,1871]" class="Arachnida" family="Symphytognathidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="104" pageNumber="631" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Symphytognathidae</taxonomicName>
, or
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E2102E9308FBFFE643FB495960" authorityName="Wunderlich" authorityYear="1986" box="[1084,1233,1849,1871]" class="Arachnida" family="Synaphridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="104" pageNumber="631" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Synaphridae</taxonomicName>
. Although much of the morphology for
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E2102E9308FBE5E622FB035943" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1895" box="[1062,1179,1879,1901]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Phricotelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="104" pageNumber="631" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stelliger">
<emphasis id="B95E4073102E9308FBE5E622FB035943" box="[1062,1179,1879,1901]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="631">P. stelliger</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
needs to be properly scored, the
<typeStatus id="549122C3102C930AFED6E7F9FEDE58B7" box="[277,326,1667,1688]" pageId="106" pageNumber="633">type</typeStatus>
species of this genus, only known by females, was not placed within or closely related to
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E2102C930AFF7CE7BAFEF958F9" box="[191,353,1728,1750]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="106" pageNumber="633" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mysmenidae</taxonomicName>
. Furthermore, its placement within symphytognathoids also remains uncertain. Morphologically,
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E2102C930AFEB0E787FD98593D" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1895" box="[371,512,1789,1810]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" genus="Phricotelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="106" pageNumber="633" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95E4073102C930AFEB0E787FD98593D" box="[371,512,1789,1810]" italics="true" pageId="106" pageNumber="633">Phricotelus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has none of the synapomorphic features that diagnose
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E2102C930AFD9CE661FD6B591E" box="[607,755,1819,1841]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="106" pageNumber="633" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mysmenidae</taxonomicName>
, and thus its placement in a different family was expected. Although females have long scape, no epigynal plate (
<figureCitation id="131180E4102C930AFC26E7F8FBCE58B7" box="[997,1110,1666,1688]" captionStart="Figure 135" captionStartId="151.[164,243,1132,1151]" captionTargetBox="[167,1441,203,1097]" captionTargetId="figure-281@151.[164,1444,197,1103]" captionTargetPageId="151" captionText="Figure 135. Cleared genitalia: A, Iardinis mussardi (Symphytognathidae) male holotype, right palp, inverted, prolateral view; B, same, retrolateral view, same scale as in panel A; C, Phricotelus stelliger (symphytognathoid) female type, cleared epigynum, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371575" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371575/files/figure.png" pageId="106" pageNumber="633">Fig. 135C</figureCitation>
), no pore-bearing depression on lateral edges of the carapace, and a narrow posterior respiratory spiracle located in front of the spinnerets, the species differs from
<taxonomicName id="4C2AE7E2102C930AFB1BE7A4FAF158DB" box="[1240,1385,1758,1780]" class="Arachnida" family="Mysmenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="106" pageNumber="633" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mysmenidae</taxonomicName>
in the absence of femoral spots, two pairs of spermathecae, and abdomen extremely projected posteriorly (see
<figureCitation id="131180E4102C930AFCE5E640FC03597F" box="[806,923,1850,1872]" captionStart="Figure 135" captionStartId="151.[164,243,1132,1151]" captionTargetBox="[167,1441,203,1097]" captionTargetId="figure-281@151.[164,1444,197,1103]" captionTargetPageId="151" captionText="Figure 135. Cleared genitalia: A, Iardinis mussardi (Symphytognathidae) male holotype, right palp, inverted, prolateral view; B, same, retrolateral view, same scale as in panel A; C, Phricotelus stelliger (symphytognathoid) female type, cleared epigynum, ventral view. See Appendix 3 for the list of abbreviations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371575" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371575/files/figure.png" pageId="106" pageNumber="633">Figs 135C</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="131180E4102C930AFC6DE640FC735960" box="[942,1003,1850,1871]" captionStart="Figure 144" captionStartId="160.[144,223,1513,1532]" captionTargetBox="[144,1424,194,1483]" captionTargetId="figure-93@160.[144,1424,194,1483]" captionTargetPageId="160" captionText="Figure 144. Composite images of Mysmenidae species and outgroups. A, MYSM-023-MAD (Mysmeninae, Mysmenidae), male, lateral view. B, Phricotelus stelliger (Araneoidea), female, type, lateral view. C, Iardinis mussardi (Symphytognathidae), male holotype, dorsal view. D–F, Leucauge venusta (Tetragnathidae); D, male, lateral view; E, female, lateral view; F, female, dorsal view. G–J, Linyphia triangularis (Linyphiidae); G, male, lateral view; H, male, ventral view; I, female, dorsal view; J, female, lateral view. K, Elanapis aisen (Anapidae), male, ventral view; L, Mysmena (= Tamasesia) rotunda, female, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–C, K, 0.5 mm; D–J, 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5371589" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5371589/files/figure.png" pageId="106" pageNumber="633">144B</figureCitation>
; further morphological details not observed).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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