240 lines
43 KiB
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240 lines
43 KiB
XML
<document id="AD8D92E28ED461D0151AB950EFF0DBED" ID-CLB-Dataset="5772" ID-DOI="10.2478/aemnp-2019-0007" ID-GBIF-Dataset="64a55ff4-0a71-491f-a4f4-9b2cd5a41431" ID-ISSN="1804-6487" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4505468" ID-ZooBank="027CE86F-9E75-44C3-A35E-E0C20BA4B693" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1612478702002" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Yasunaga, Tomohide, Tamada, Yui, Hinami, Haruka, Miyazaki, Ayana, Duwal, Ram Keshari & Nagashima, Tetsuya" docDate="2019" docId="03CDBD54EC54FFF7FEB8FAC0FBDAFA03" docLanguage="en" docName="ActaEntMusNatPra.59.1.71-99.pdf" docOrigin="Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) 59 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aemnp-2019-0007" docStyle="DocumentStyle:BA2C5C8540539042E893A65A182CEA85.8:ActaEntMusNatPra.2018-.journal_article" docStyleId="BA2C5C8540539042E893A65A182CEA85" docStyleName="ActaEntMusNatPra.2018-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="8" docTitle="Hallodapus Fieber 1858" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="82" masterDocId="FFF4C52CEC5FFFFCFF87FFDDFF86FFB6" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic review for the Asian taxa of plant bug tribe Hallodapini, with emphasis on stridulatory mechanism (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae)" masterLastPageNumber="99" masterPageNumber="71" pageNumber="82" updateTime="1698927560138" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-ND-3.0">
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<mods:title id="75F315AD70B6B990D77C181E7288C416">Taxonomic review for the Asian taxa of plant bug tribe Hallodapini, with emphasis on stridulatory mechanism (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="004E92FA7EBDCD12962BBFD67492B057" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="A66E6A59476716E5526863577AB05A4A">Yasunaga, Tomohide</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="C10669928CB18E7F9865906FF3F28F4E">Research Associate, Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="33145E037EF6E43B36D74EFB6584AF53">Tamada, Yui</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="1DEE9AFF4513B109E67A2CFEEBE166C9">Nagasaki West High School, Biology Club, Takenokubo 12 -</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="7F083A76BB5482D3777FEE2113E2D35F">Hinami, Haruka</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="070478926AFAFDEFA0D4E0791B0A9755">Nagasaki West High School, Biology Club, Takenokubo 12 -</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="A23009B1046E7368996DD0C74F6B2A03">Miyazaki, Ayana</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="67838A1DCAE57C89501E972CFF366C91">Nagasaki West High School, Biology Club, Takenokubo 12 -</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="EB1E595925BD569343058B4C45DA8D06">Duwal, Ram Keshari</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="62901D1ECA49DBB0D135F5ADE6C8126F">Visiting Researcher, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada Environmental Health, K. W. Neatby: Bldg # 20, 960 Carling Avenue, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa Ontario, Canada K</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="D35944FF5DB4191FBFA9AD5FC9CA5EE6">Nagashima, Tetsuya</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="7701A3A773F091C02911FCA8878987E2">Nagasaki West High School, Biology Club, Takenokubo 12 -</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date id="B4F3FBC4B2067554448A3E93F1DB1435">2019</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03CDBD54EC54FFF7FEB8FAC0FBDAFA03" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4505104" ID-GBIF-Taxon="183238429" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4505104" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CDBD54EC54FFF7FEB8FAC0FBDAFA03" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CDBD54EC54FFF7FEB8FAC0FBDAFA03" lastPageNumber="82" pageId="11" pageNumber="82">
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<subSubSection id="C37E5FC9EC54FFF7FEB8FAC0FDC9FA83" box="[319,591,1309,1333]" pageId="11" pageNumber="82" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BDB0C42EC54FFF7FEB8FAC0FDC9FA83" blockId="11.[319,591,1309,1333]" box="[319,591,1309,1333]" pageId="11" pageNumber="82">
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<heading id="D093BB2EEC54FFF7FEB8FAC0FDC9FA83" box="[319,591,1309,1333]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="82" reason="3">
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<taxonomicName id="4C6477C1EC54FFF7FEB8FAC0FDC9FA83" ID-CoL="4STY" ID-ENA="237370" authority="Fieber, 1858" authorityName="Fieber" authorityYear="1858" box="[319,591,1309,1333]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Hallodapus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B910D050EC54FFF7FEB8FAC0FDC9FA83" bold="true" box="[319,591,1309,1333]" pageId="11" pageNumber="82">
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<emphasis id="B910D050EC54FFF7FEB8FAC0FE38FA83" bold="true" box="[319,446,1309,1333]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="82">Hallodapus</emphasis>
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Fieber, 1858
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C37E5FC9EC54FFF7FF10FA90FD00F8D2" pageId="11" pageNumber="82" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BDB0C42EC54FFF7FF10FA90FD00F8D2" blockId="11.[151,760,1357,2084]" pageId="11" pageNumber="82">
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<emphasis id="B910D050EC54FFF7FF10FA90FE8DFAD2" bold="true" box="[151,267,1357,1380]" pageId="11" pageNumber="82">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Body rather small, elongate, slender but female predominantly brachypterous (
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<figureCitation id="135F10C7EC54FFF7FE55FAB0FDCFFA32" box="[466,585,1389,1412]" captionStart="Figs 19–24" captionStartId="5.[151,188,1624,1643]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,189,1603]" captionTargetId="figure-14@5.[151,1437,189,1603]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figs 19–24. Habitus images of Asian Hallodapus species. 19 – H. spinosus sp. nov., ♁ (Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand); 20 – H. brunneus (Poppius, 1915), ♁ (Ishigaki Island, Japan). 21–24 – Hallodapus species collected by engine vacuum netting method in Nagasaki, Japan: 21 – H. centrimaculatus (Poppius, 1909); 22 – H. linnavuorii Miyamoto, 1965; 23 – H. kyushuensis Miyamoto, 1965; 24 – H. ravenar (Kirkaldy, 1902)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4505474" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4505474/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="82">Figs 19–24</figureCitation>
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); dorsum weakly shining, impunctate, with sparsely distributed, pale, simple, upright setae; general coloration basically brown, with pale or white maculae on corium and/or clavus, lacking greenish tinge; more or less prognathous head; eye small, contiguous to flattened pronotum collar; stridulatory device involving dorsobasal surface of metafemur and embolial edge present both in macropterous and brachypterous forms; scent efferent system small; parempodia setiform (
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<figureCitation id="135F10C7EC54FFF7FDE0F9B0FD30F932" box="[615,694,1645,1668]" captionStart="Figs 86–100" captionStartId="14.[151,188,1959,1978]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,189,1792]" captionTargetId="figure-13@14.[151,1436,189,1795]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figs 86–100. Scanning electron micrographs for Japanese Hallodapus species (Nagasaki). 86–94 – Hallodapus centrimaculatus (Poppius, 1909): 86 – brachypterous ♀, dorsal habitus; 87 – ditto, ventral habitus; 88 – thorax, left lateral view; 89 – ♀ FWS; 90 – ♀ MFP; 91 – ♁ pretarsus (hind leg); 92 – ♁ head and thorax, right lateral view; 93 – ♁ stridulatory device (right); 94 – pygophore, right lateral view. 95–97 – H. kyushuensis Miyamoto, 1965, ♁: 95 – left lateral habitus; 96 – FWS; 97 – MFP. 98–100 – H. linnavuorii (Miyamoto, 1965), brachypterous ♀: 98 – stridulatory device (left); 99 – FWS; 100 – MFP." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4505490" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4505490/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="82">Figs 91</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="135F10C7EC54FFF7FD47F9B0FD6DF932" box="[704,747,1645,1668]" captionStart="Figs 116–130" captionStartId="16.[151,188,1949,1968]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,190,1863]" captionTargetId="figure-13@16.[151,1436,190,1867]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figs 116–130. Scanning electron micrographs for new Hallodapus species. 116–118 – H. jingfui sp. nov., ♁ (Taiwan): 116 – dorsal habitus; 117 – FWS; 118 – MFP. 119–124 – H. spinosus sp. nov., ♁ (Thailand): 119 – dorsal habitus; 120 – left lateral habitus; 121 – scent efferent system; 122 – FWS; 123 – MFP; 124 – pygophore with exposed endosoma. 125–130 – H. susurratus sp. nov., ♁ (Thailand): 125 – dorsal habitus of anterior body; 126 – FWS; 127 – MFP; 128 – thoracic pleura; 129 – pretarsus (hind leg); 130 – pygophore." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4505494" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4505494/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="82">129</figureCitation>
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); pygophore usually smooth, rarely with a pygophoral spine (in
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<taxonomicName id="4C6477C1EC54FFF7FF3AF970FEBDF972" authority="Yasunaga & Tamada & Hinami & Miyazaki & Duwal & Nagashima, 2019" authorityName="Yasunaga & Tamada & Hinami & Miyazaki & Duwal & Nagashima" authorityYear="2019" box="[189,315,1709,1732]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Hallodapus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinosus" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B910D050EC54FFF7FF3AF970FEBDF972" box="[189,315,1709,1732]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="82">H. spinosus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2236D2BEC54FFF7FEC4F970FE11F972" box="[323,407,1709,1732]" pageId="11" pageNumber="82" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C6477C1EC54FFF7FE4AF970FDE6F972" authority="Yasunaga & Tamada & Hinami & Miyazaki & Duwal & Nagashima, 2019" authorityName="Yasunaga & Tamada & Hinami & Miyazaki & Duwal & Nagashima" authorityYear="2019" box="[461,608,1709,1732]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Hallodapus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="susurratus" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B910D050EC54FFF7FE4AF970FDE6F972" box="[461,608,1709,1732]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="82">H. susurratus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2236D2BEC54FFF7FDEFF970FD46F972" box="[616,704,1709,1732]" pageId="11" pageNumber="82" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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); left paramere developed (
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<figureCitation id="135F10C7EC54FFF7FE02F910FE5AF952" box="[389,476,1741,1764]" captionStart="Figs 71–85" captionStartId="13.[151,188,1951,1970]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,191,1834]" captionTargetId="figure-14@13.[151,1436,191,1836]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figs 71–85. Scanning electron micrographs for Asian hallodapines.71–72 – Cleotomiris yamadakazi Yasunaga, 2012, paratype♁ (Thailand): 71 – thorax, left lateral view; 72 – smooth dorsal surface of metafemur.73 – Cleotomiroides tobii Yasunaga, 2012, paratype♁ (Thailand), head and thorax, left lateral view. 74–76 – C. ishikawachui sp. nov., holotype♁: 74 – head and thorax, left lateral view; 75 – basal part of metafemur; 76 – pretarsus (hind leg). 77–82 – Hallodapus albofasciatus (Motschulsky, 1863) (Thailand): 77 –♁ FWS; 78 –♁ MFP; 79 – metatarsus; 80 – brachypterous♀, habitus; 81 –♀ FWS; 82 – ♀ MFP. 83–85 – H. sibiricus Poppius, 1912,♁ (Russian Primorsky): 83 – FWS; 84 –MFP; 85 – metatarsus; 86 – apical part of pygophore, caudal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4505488" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4505488/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="82">Figs 85</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="135F10C7EC54FFF7FE6CF910FD91F952" box="[491,535,1741,1764]" captionStart="Figs 116–130" captionStartId="16.[151,188,1949,1968]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,190,1863]" captionTargetId="figure-13@16.[151,1436,190,1867]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figs 116–130. Scanning electron micrographs for new Hallodapus species. 116–118 – H. jingfui sp. nov., ♁ (Taiwan): 116 – dorsal habitus; 117 – FWS; 118 – MFP. 119–124 – H. spinosus sp. nov., ♁ (Thailand): 119 – dorsal habitus; 120 – left lateral habitus; 121 – scent efferent system; 122 – FWS; 123 – MFP; 124 – pygophore with exposed endosoma. 125–130 – H. susurratus sp. nov., ♁ (Thailand): 125 – dorsal habitus of anterior body; 126 – FWS; 127 – MFP; 128 – thoracic pleura; 129 – pretarsus (hind leg); 130 – pygophore." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4505494" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4505494/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="82">130</figureCitation>
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); endosoma slender, elongate or sometimes very long, with well-marked secondary gonopore (
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<figureCitation id="135F10C7EC54FFF7FEBAF8D0FE09F892" box="[317,399,1805,1828]" captionStart="Figs 86–100" captionStartId="14.[151,188,1959,1978]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,189,1792]" captionTargetId="figure-13@14.[151,1436,189,1795]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figs 86–100. Scanning electron micrographs for Japanese Hallodapus species (Nagasaki). 86–94 – Hallodapus centrimaculatus (Poppius, 1909): 86 – brachypterous ♀, dorsal habitus; 87 – ditto, ventral habitus; 88 – thorax, left lateral view; 89 – ♀ FWS; 90 – ♀ MFP; 91 – ♁ pretarsus (hind leg); 92 – ♁ head and thorax, right lateral view; 93 – ♁ stridulatory device (right); 94 – pygophore, right lateral view. 95–97 – H. kyushuensis Miyamoto, 1965, ♁: 95 – left lateral habitus; 96 – FWS; 97 – MFP. 98–100 – H. linnavuorii (Miyamoto, 1965), brachypterous ♀: 98 – stridulatory device (left); 99 – FWS; 100 – MFP." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4505490" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4505490/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="82">Figs 94</figureCitation>
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,
|
||
<figureCitation id="135F10C7EC54FFF7FE1EF8D0FE45F892" box="[409,451,1805,1828]" captionStart="Figs 101–115" captionStartId="15.[151,188,1949,1968]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,189,1790]" captionTargetId="figure-14@15.[151,1436,187,1793]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figs 101–115. Scanning electron micrographs for Hallodapus species. 101–109 – H. ravenar (Kirkaldy, 1902) (Nagasaki, Japan): 101 – brachypterous ♀, ventral habitus; 102 – ♀ FWS; 103 – ♀ MFP; 104 – rudimental hindwing of brachypterous ♀; 105 – mesofemoral trichobothria; 106 – metafemoral trichobothrium; 107 –♁ apex of pygophore with exposed endosoma, ventral view; 108 – egg; 109 – operculum. 110–111 – H. brunneus (Poppius, 1915): 110 – ♀ FWS; 111 – ♁ MFP. 112–113 – H. fasciatus (Poppius, 1909), ♁: 112 – FWS; 113 – MFP. 114–115 – H. sp., ♀ (Tianjin, China): 114 – dorsal habitus; 115 – stridulatory device (left)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4505492" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4505492/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="82">107</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="135F10C7EC54FFF7FE4AF8D0FDA9F892" box="[461,559,1805,1828]" captionStart="Figs 174–180" captionStartId="23.[151,188,1996,2015]" captionTargetBox="[161,1418,398,1956]" captionTargetId="figure-14@23.[151,1436,372,1972]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figs 174–180. Male genitalia of Hallodapus species. 174–176 – H. jingfui sp. nov., holotype: 174 – pygophore with phallotheca, ventral view; 175 – left paramere; 176 – endosoma. 177–178 – H. brunneus (Poppius, 1915) (Ishigaki Island, Japan): 177 – phallotheca; 178 – endosoma. 179 – H. linnavuorii (Miyamoto, 1965) (Nagasaki, Japan), endosoma; 180 – H. kyushuensis (Miyamoto, 1965) (Okinawa, Japan), endosoma. Scale bars 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4505504" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4505504/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="82">178–180</figureCitation>
|
||
); ovipositors short, with developed apices; posterior wall simple; sclerotized ring small but clearly rimmed (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135F10C7EC54FFF7FE65F890FDFDF8D2" box="[482,635,1869,1892]" captionStart="Figs 201–217" captionStartId="26.[151,188,1876,1895]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,191,1746]" captionTargetId="figure-13@26.[151,1437,186,1746]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Figs 201–217. Female genitalia and wing structures (216–218) of Asian hallodapines. 201–202 – Hallodapus brunneus (Poppius, 1915) (Yonakuni Island, Japan): 201 – bursa copulatrix with gonapophysis I, ventral view; 202 – gonapophysis II. 203 – H. centrimaculatus (Poppius, 1909) (Nagasaki), bursa copulatrix with gonapophysis I. 204–205 – H. kyushuensis (Miyamoto, 1965) (Okinawa Island): 204 – bursa copulatrix with gonapophysis I; 205 – gonapophysis II. 206–208 – H. linnavuorii (Miyamoto, 1965) (Nagasaki): 206 – bursa copulatrix; 207 – apex of gonapophysis I; 208 – gonapophysis II. 209 – H. ravenar (Kirkaldy, 1902) (Nagasaki), bursa copulatrix with gonapophysis I. 210–211 – Alloeomimella muiri (Schuh, 1984) (Nakhon Nayok, Thailand):210 – bursa copulatrix; 211 – gonapophysis II. 212–213 – Acrorrhinium kranion Yasunaga,Yamada &Artchawakom,2013 (Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand): 212 – gonapophysis I; 213 – gonapophysis II; 214–215 – Cleotomiroides tobii Yasunaga, 2012 (Nakhon Ratchasima): 214 – gonapophysis I; 215 – gonapophysis II. 216 – forewing of Hallodapus kyushuensis (Nagasaki). 217 – dorsal habitus of H. linnavuorii (Nagasaki)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4505510" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4505510/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="82">Figs 201–209</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C37E5FC9EC54FFF7FF10F8B0FEB5F792" pageId="11" pageNumber="82" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDB0C42EC54FFF7FF10F8B0FEB5F792" blockId="11.[151,760,1357,2084]" pageId="11" pageNumber="82">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910D050EC54FFF7FF10F8B0FEACF832" bold="true" box="[151,298,1901,1924]" pageId="11" pageNumber="82">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
Known widely from the Old World (Palearctic Region to southern Africa, northeast to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3734CD2EC54FFF7FDECF850FD2AF812" box="[619,684,1933,1956]" name="Japan" pageId="11" pageNumber="82">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3734CD2EC54FFF7FD32F850FD71F812" box="[693,759,1933,1956]" name="South Korea" pageId="11" pageNumber="82">Korea</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Russian Far East, and Oriental Region southeast across Wallacea to New
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3734CD2EC54FFF7FE18F810FE6BF852" box="[415,493,1997,2020]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="11" pageNumber="82">Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||
and northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3734CD2EC54FFF7FD04F810FD6AF852" box="[643,748,1997,2020]" name="Australia" pageId="11" pageNumber="82">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
); most speciose in the Ethiopian and Oriental Regions (SCHUH 2013).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C37E5FC9EC54FFF7FCBBFF63FBDAFA03" pageId="11" pageNumber="82" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDB0C42EC54FFF7FCBBFF63FB67FD23" blockId="11.[828,1437,190,1461]" pageId="11" pageNumber="82">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910D050EC54FFF7FCBBFF63FC3DFF63" bold="true" box="[828,955,190,213]" pageId="11" pageNumber="82">Discussion.</emphasis>
|
||
This is the most speciose genus in the tribe
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6477C1EC54FFF7FCBBFF03FC3AFF43" authorityName="Van Duzee" authorityYear="1916" box="[828,956,222,245]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hallodapini">Hallodapini</taxonomicName>
|
||
, including about 50 valid species from the Old World. Majority of them are thermophilic, known predominantly from tropical and subtropical climate zones. All
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6477C1EC54FFF7FCBBFEE3FC31FEE3" authorityName="Fieber" authorityYear="1858" box="[828,951,318,341]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Hallodapus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910D050EC54FFF7FCBBFEE3FC31FEE3" box="[828,951,318,341]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="82">Hallodapus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species we have examined (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6E639F9EC54FFF7FB5EFEE3FAA3FEE3" box="[1241,1317,318,341]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="6.[151,198,190,209]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Table 1. Significant taxonomic characters and known habitats for 33 Asian species of Hallodapini. Abbreviations: SD – stridulatory device; PS – male pygophoral spine; OS – female ovipositor spine. Hab (habit or habitat): inhabiting ground (G) or aerial parts of plants (P); collected at UV light (L)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF1B5CCAEC59FFFAFF10FF63FE98FE8A" pageId="11" pageNumber="82" tableUuid="DF1B5CCAEC59FFFAFF10FF63FE98FE8A">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
) are equipped with the distinct stridulatory device (e.g.,
|
||
<figureCitation id="135F10C7EC54FFF7FA98FE83FA1EFEC3" box="[1311,1432,350,373]" captionStart="Figs 40–55" captionStartId="10.[151,188,1979,1998]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,186,1824]" captionTargetId="figure-13@10.[151,1436,186,1824]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figs 40–55. Stridulatory device (MFP, except for FWS on 55) of Asian hallodapines observed by a compound microscope. 40–41 – Hallodapus brunneus (Poppius, 1915); 42–43 – H. centrimaculatus (Poppius, 1909); 44 – H. fasciatus (Poppius, 1909) (Nakhon Nayok, Thailand); 45–46 – H. kyushuensis Miyamoto, 1965; 47 – H. spinosus sp. nov.; 48–50 – H. ravenar (Kirkaldy, 1902); 51 – H. linnavuorii Miyamoto, 1965; 52 – H. jingfui sp. nov.; 53 – H. sibiricus Poppius, 1912 (S. Primorsky, Russia); 54 – Alloeomimella muiri (Schuh, 1984); 55 – Wygomiris paveli sp. nov." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4505484" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4505484/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="82">Figs 41–53</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="135F10C7EC54FFF7FCBBFEA3FC52FE23" box="[828,980,382,405]" captionStart="Figs 71–85" captionStartId="13.[151,188,1951,1970]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,191,1834]" captionTargetId="figure-14@13.[151,1436,191,1836]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figs 71–85. Scanning electron micrographs for Asian hallodapines.71–72 – Cleotomiris yamadakazi Yasunaga, 2012, paratype♁ (Thailand): 71 – thorax, left lateral view; 72 – smooth dorsal surface of metafemur.73 – Cleotomiroides tobii Yasunaga, 2012, paratype♁ (Thailand), head and thorax, left lateral view. 74–76 – C. ishikawachui sp. nov., holotype♁: 74 – head and thorax, left lateral view; 75 – basal part of metafemur; 76 – pretarsus (hind leg). 77–82 – Hallodapus albofasciatus (Motschulsky, 1863) (Thailand): 77 –♁ FWS; 78 –♁ MFP; 79 – metatarsus; 80 – brachypterous♀, habitus; 81 –♀ FWS; 82 – ♀ MFP. 83–85 – H. sibiricus Poppius, 1912,♁ (Russian Primorsky): 83 – FWS; 84 –MFP; 85 – metatarsus; 86 – apical part of pygophore, caudal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4505488" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4505488/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="82">77–78, 81–84</figureCitation>
|
||
). Our recent attempt successfully detected stridulation in two Japanese species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6477C1EC54FFF7FB49FE43FA1AFE03" baseAuthorityName="Poppius" baseAuthorityYear="1909" box="[1230,1436,414,437]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Hallodapus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="centrimaculatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910D050EC54FFF7FB49FE43FA1AFE03" box="[1230,1436,414,437]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="82">H. centrimaculatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(approx. 2,100 Hz) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6477C1EC54FFF7FBB4FE63FB20FE63" baseAuthorityName="Kirkaldy" baseAuthorityYear="1902" box="[1075,1190,446,469]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Hallodapus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ravenar">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910D050EC54FFF7FBB4FE63FB20FE63" box="[1075,1190,446,469]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="82">H. ravenar</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(800 Hz), in laboratory observation (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135F10C7EC54FFF7FC46FE03FB88FE43" box="[961,1038,478,501]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[854,885,2034,2053]" captionTargetBox="[155,821,1698,2077]" captionTargetId="figure-85@7.[153,822,1697,2079]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 32. Sound patterns emitted by two Japanese Hallodapus species (detected with courtship behavior)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4505478" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4505478/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="82">Fig. 32</figureCitation>
|
||
).As exhibiting significant interspecific variation, extent and shape of MFP can be regarded as the effective key character for species identification (as in
|
||
<figureCitation id="135F10C7EC54FFF7FAE8FDC3FC05FDE3" captionStart="Figs 40–55" captionStartId="10.[151,188,1979,1998]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,186,1824]" captionTargetId="figure-13@10.[151,1436,186,1824]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figs 40–55. Stridulatory device (MFP, except for FWS on 55) of Asian hallodapines observed by a compound microscope. 40–41 – Hallodapus brunneus (Poppius, 1915); 42–43 – H. centrimaculatus (Poppius, 1909); 44 – H. fasciatus (Poppius, 1909) (Nakhon Nayok, Thailand); 45–46 – H. kyushuensis Miyamoto, 1965; 47 – H. spinosus sp. nov.; 48–50 – H. ravenar (Kirkaldy, 1902); 51 – H. linnavuorii Miyamoto, 1965; 52 – H. jingfui sp. nov.; 53 – H. sibiricus Poppius, 1912 (S. Primorsky, Russia); 54 – Alloeomimella muiri (Schuh, 1984); 55 – Wygomiris paveli sp. nov." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4505484" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4505484/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="82">Figs 40–53</figureCitation>
|
||
). The stridulatory mechanism is equally possessed by both male and female adults (cf.
|
||
<figureCitation id="135F10C7EC54FFF7FB4FFD83FA13FDC3" box="[1224,1429,606,629]" captionStart="Figs 40–55" captionStartId="10.[151,188,1979,1998]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,186,1824]" captionTargetId="figure-13@10.[151,1436,186,1824]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figs 40–55. Stridulatory device (MFP, except for FWS on 55) of Asian hallodapines observed by a compound microscope. 40–41 – Hallodapus brunneus (Poppius, 1915); 42–43 – H. centrimaculatus (Poppius, 1909); 44 – H. fasciatus (Poppius, 1909) (Nakhon Nayok, Thailand); 45–46 – H. kyushuensis Miyamoto, 1965; 47 – H. spinosus sp. nov.; 48–50 – H. ravenar (Kirkaldy, 1902); 51 – H. linnavuorii Miyamoto, 1965; 52 – H. jingfui sp. nov.; 53 – H. sibiricus Poppius, 1912 (S. Primorsky, Russia); 54 – Alloeomimella muiri (Schuh, 1984); 55 – Wygomiris paveli sp. nov." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4505484" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4505484/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="82">Figs 40–46, 48–49</figureCitation>
|
||
) but absent in immature forms (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135F10C7EC54FFF7FB03FDA3FB52FD23" box="[1156,1236,638,661]" captionStart="Figs 40–55" captionStartId="10.[151,188,1979,1998]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,186,1824]" captionTargetId="figure-13@10.[151,1436,186,1824]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figs 40–55. Stridulatory device (MFP, except for FWS on 55) of Asian hallodapines observed by a compound microscope. 40–41 – Hallodapus brunneus (Poppius, 1915); 42–43 – H. centrimaculatus (Poppius, 1909); 44 – H. fasciatus (Poppius, 1909) (Nakhon Nayok, Thailand); 45–46 – H. kyushuensis Miyamoto, 1965; 47 – H. spinosus sp. nov.; 48–50 – H. ravenar (Kirkaldy, 1902); 51 – H. linnavuorii Miyamoto, 1965; 52 – H. jingfui sp. nov.; 53 – H. sibiricus Poppius, 1912 (S. Primorsky, Russia); 54 – Alloeomimella muiri (Schuh, 1984); 55 – Wygomiris paveli sp. nov." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4505484" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4505484/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="82">Fig. 50</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDB0C42EC54FFF7FCDDFD43FAB8FC63" blockId="11.[828,1437,190,1461]" pageId="11" pageNumber="82">
|
||
In addition to stridulation, we observed and videoed remarkable intraspecific conflict occasionally occurring between males of each
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6477C1EC54FFF7FBBBFD03FAEBFD43" baseAuthorityName="Poppius" baseAuthorityYear="1909" box="[1084,1389,734,757]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Hallodapus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="centrimaculatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910D050EC54FFF7FBBBFD03FAEBFD43" box="[1084,1389,734,757]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="82">Hallodapus centrimaculatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6477C1EC54FFF7FCBBFD23FC36FCA3" baseAuthorityName="Kirkaldy" baseAuthorityYear="1902" box="[828,944,766,789]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Hallodapus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ravenar">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910D050EC54FFF7FCBBFD23FC36FCA3" box="[828,944,766,789]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="82">H. ravenar</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in laboratory condition. Thus far as we recognized, no previous work has ever reported such fighting behavior for the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6477C1EC54FFF7FC69FCE3FBC0FCE3" box="[1006,1094,830,853]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Miridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. We have not yet clarified when and why they fight, and further continuing investigation is required to elucidate the meaning of their conflict. Some of our sample movies are available from the the websites mentioned in Online supplimentary data (p. 98).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDB0C42EC54FFF7FCDDFC03FBDAFA03" blockId="11.[828,1437,190,1461]" pageId="11" pageNumber="82">
|
||
All
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6477C1EC54FFF7FC04FC03FC79FC43" authorityName="Fieber" authorityYear="1858" box="[899,1023,990,1013]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Hallodapus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910D050EC54FFF7FC04FC03FC79FC43" box="[899,1023,990,1013]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="82">Hallodapus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
congeners are presumed to be epigeic, inhabiting ground densely covered with weeds and/or shrubs (cf.
|
||
<figureCitation id="135F10C7EC54FFF7FC3FFBC3FB9AFB83" box="[952,1052,1054,1077]" captionStart="Figs 1–8" captionStartId="3.[151,188,1923,1942]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,371,1909]" captionTargetId="figure-14@3.[151,1437,369,1911]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figs 1–8. Habitats of epigeic hallodapine plant bugs (1–2), sampling method (3–5), and oviposition (6) and eggs of Japanese Hallodapus species (laboratory observation) (7–8). 1 – typical habitat of Hallodapus centrimaculatus (Poppius, 1909), H. kyushuensis Miyamoto, 1965 and H. linnavuorii Miyamoto, 1965 in Nagasaki, Japan; 2 – habitat of Alloeomimella muiri (Schuh, 1984), Hallodapus albofasciatus (Motschulsky, 1863), H. ravenar (Kirkaldy, 1902) and H. spinosus sp. nov. in Nakhon Nayok, Thailand; 3–5 – engine vacuum netting method for sampling ground-inhabiting heteropterans; 6 – brachypterous female of H. centrimaculatus ovipositing into weed (Artemisia sp.) stem near root; 7 – eggs (opercula) of H. centrimaculatus; 8 – egg of H. ravenar (same egg as in Figs 108–109)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4505470" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4505470/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="82">Figs 1−2</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF571B3EC54FFF7FBB6FBC3FB68FB83" author="YASUNAGA T." box="[1073,1262,1054,1077]" pageId="11" pageNumber="82" pagination="111 - 351" refId="ref15966" refString="YASUNAGA T. 2001: Family Miridae Hahn, plant bugs. In: YASUNAGA T., TAKAI M. & KAWASAWA T. (eds.): A field guide to Japanese bugs II. Zenkoku Noson Kyoiku Kyokai Publ. Co. Ltd., Tokyo, pp. 2 - 96, 111 - 351 pp. (in Japanese)." type="book chapter" year="2001">YASUNAGA (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
considered that (at least Japanese) species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6477C1EC54FFF7FBF3FBE3FB76FBE3" authorityName="Fieber" authorityYear="1858" box="[1140,1264,1086,1109]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Hallodapus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910D050EC54FFF7FBF3FBE3FB76FBE3" box="[1140,1264,1086,1109]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="82">Hallodapus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are predaceous. During our laboratory observation, four Japanese species,
|
||
<emphasis id="B910D050EC54FFF7FCBBFBA3FB36FB23" box="[828,1200,1150,1173]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="82">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6477C1EC54FFF7FCBBFBA3FB8CFB23" baseAuthorityName="Poppius" baseAuthorityYear="1909" box="[828,1034,1150,1173]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Hallodapus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="centrimaculatus">H. centrimaculatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6477C1EC54FFF7FB95FBA3FB36FB23" authorityName="Miyamoto" authorityYear="1965" box="[1042,1200,1150,1173]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Hallodapus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kyushuensis">H. kyushuensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6477C1EC54FFF7FB3AFBA3FACDFB23" box="[1213,1355,1150,1173]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Hallodapus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="linnavuori">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910D050EC54FFF7FB3AFBA3FACDFB23" box="[1213,1355,1150,1173]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="82">H. linnavuori</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6477C1EC54FFF7FA05FBA3FC16FB03" baseAuthorityName="Kirkaldy" baseAuthorityYear="1902" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Hallodapus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ravenar">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910D050EC54FFF7FA05FBA3FC16FB03" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="82">H. ravenar</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, did not attack or prey on live tiny arthropods but prefer to feed on the cadavers of various insects and spiders (sometimes much larger than these hallodapines) as well as birds’ droppings. This evidence could imply that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6477C1EC54FFF7FABBFB23FCE7FA83" authorityName="Fieber" authorityYear="1858" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Hallodapus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910D050EC54FFF7FABBFB23FCE7FA83" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="82">Hallodapus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species are scavengers instead of predators. The eggs and oviposition were for the first time confirmed for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6477C1EC54FFF7FA05FAE3FC6EFAC3" baseAuthorityName="Poppius" baseAuthorityYear="1909" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Hallodapus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="centrimaculatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910D050EC54FFF7FA05FAE3FC6EFAC3" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="82">H. centrimaculatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6477C1EC54FFF7FB9CFA83FB09FAC3" baseAuthorityName="Kirkaldy" baseAuthorityYear="1902" box="[1051,1167,1374,1397]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Hallodapus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ravenar">
|
||
<emphasis id="B910D050EC54FFF7FB9CFA83FB09FAC3" box="[1051,1167,1374,1397]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="82">H. ravenar</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="135F10C7EC54FFF7FB1AFA83FB7AFAC3" box="[1181,1276,1374,1397]" captionStart="Figs 1–8" captionStartId="3.[151,188,1923,1942]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,371,1909]" captionTargetId="figure-14@3.[151,1437,369,1911]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figs 1–8. Habitats of epigeic hallodapine plant bugs (1–2), sampling method (3–5), and oviposition (6) and eggs of Japanese Hallodapus species (laboratory observation) (7–8). 1 – typical habitat of Hallodapus centrimaculatus (Poppius, 1909), H. kyushuensis Miyamoto, 1965 and H. linnavuorii Miyamoto, 1965 in Nagasaki, Japan; 2 – habitat of Alloeomimella muiri (Schuh, 1984), Hallodapus albofasciatus (Motschulsky, 1863), H. ravenar (Kirkaldy, 1902) and H. spinosus sp. nov. in Nakhon Nayok, Thailand; 3–5 – engine vacuum netting method for sampling ground-inhabiting heteropterans; 6 – brachypterous female of H. centrimaculatus ovipositing into weed (Artemisia sp.) stem near root; 7 – eggs (opercula) of H. centrimaculatus; 8 – egg of H. ravenar (same egg as in Figs 108–109)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4505470" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4505470/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="82">Figs 7–8</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="135F10C7EC54FFF7FA8FFA83FAEFFAC3" box="[1288,1385,1374,1397]" captionStart="Figs 101–115" captionStartId="15.[151,188,1949,1968]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,189,1790]" captionTargetId="figure-14@15.[151,1436,187,1793]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figs 101–115. Scanning electron micrographs for Hallodapus species. 101–109 – H. ravenar (Kirkaldy, 1902) (Nagasaki, Japan): 101 – brachypterous ♀, ventral habitus; 102 – ♀ FWS; 103 – ♀ MFP; 104 – rudimental hindwing of brachypterous ♀; 105 – mesofemoral trichobothria; 106 – metafemoral trichobothrium; 107 –♁ apex of pygophore with exposed endosoma, ventral view; 108 – egg; 109 – operculum. 110–111 – H. brunneus (Poppius, 1915): 110 – ♀ FWS; 111 – ♁ MFP. 112–113 – H. fasciatus (Poppius, 1909), ♁: 112 – FWS; 113 – MFP. 114–115 – H. sp., ♀ (Tianjin, China): 114 – dorsal habitus; 115 – stridulatory device (left)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4505492" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4505492/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="82">108–109</figureCitation>
|
||
); the female adults of both species were found to oviposit near the roots of weeds (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135F10C7EC54FFF7FB8AFA43FBC9FA03" box="[1037,1103,1438,1461]" captionStart="Figs 1–8" captionStartId="3.[151,188,1923,1942]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,371,1909]" captionTargetId="figure-14@3.[151,1437,369,1911]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figs 1–8. Habitats of epigeic hallodapine plant bugs (1–2), sampling method (3–5), and oviposition (6) and eggs of Japanese Hallodapus species (laboratory observation) (7–8). 1 – typical habitat of Hallodapus centrimaculatus (Poppius, 1909), H. kyushuensis Miyamoto, 1965 and H. linnavuorii Miyamoto, 1965 in Nagasaki, Japan; 2 – habitat of Alloeomimella muiri (Schuh, 1984), Hallodapus albofasciatus (Motschulsky, 1863), H. ravenar (Kirkaldy, 1902) and H. spinosus sp. nov. in Nakhon Nayok, Thailand; 3–5 – engine vacuum netting method for sampling ground-inhabiting heteropterans; 6 – brachypterous female of H. centrimaculatus ovipositing into weed (Artemisia sp.) stem near root; 7 – eggs (opercula) of H. centrimaculatus; 8 – egg of H. ravenar (same egg as in Figs 108–109)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4505470" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4505470/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="82">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |