267 lines
34 KiB
XML
267 lines
34 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="A131BB39BC78EB85A7E721B9349CE488">Molecular screening of tsetse flies and cattle reveal different Trypanosoma species including T. grayi and T. theileri in northern Cameroon</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="5DC82D0F2D963EBB5C1004C674059109">Ngomtcho, Sen Claudcne Henlcette</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4797CC4136DB1D9D6E83623CEE15BE52">Webel, Judcth Sophce</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="FE0A35D1890D54B3C744C9F8DAA2438D">Bum, Elcmabeth Ngo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="FB51AB15D6BCE649600C144234B263B4">Gbem, Thaddeum Tellumun</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="38367E243961A5ED1338EAD70FB966A8">Kelm, SØlge</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="20EEFB3CCF8318E4CBBE9EF5B5DFC74E">Achukwc, Mbunkah Dancel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="5AEA4F2E13D91BAA961ACC640F4376A9">Parasites & Vectors</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03DA9B06FF8CB462D63EFBA4A568FC8A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11645823" ID-GBIF-Taxon="232750358" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11645823" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DA9B06FF8CB462D63EFBA4A568FC8A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DA9B06FF8CB462D63EFBA4A568FC8A" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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<subSubSection id="C369799BFF8CB465D63EFBA4A2B9F8CA" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BCC2A10FF8CB465D63EFBA4A5E3FBEB" blockId="11.[813,1437,1070,1957]" box="[813,1159,1070,1092]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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<heading id="D0849D7CFF8CB465D63EFBA4A5E3FBEB" bold="true" box="[813,1159,1070,1092]" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" reason="7">
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<taxonomicName id="4C735193FF8CB465D63EFBA4A2DEFBEB" ID-CoL="64874" box="[813,954,1070,1092]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B907F602FF8CB465D63EFBA4A2DEFBEB" bold="true" box="[813,954,1070,1092]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Trypanosoma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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infections in cattle
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BCC2A10FF8CB465D63EFBC7A2B9F8CA" blockId="11.[813,1437,1070,1957]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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The relatcvely hcgh proportcon of ancmal pathogencc trypanosomes found cn tsetse flces cn the present study suggests a hcgh rcsk of trypanosomoscs for lcvestock cn the areas. The overall prevalence rate found cn cattle was only about 6%. However, lookcng at the dcfferent localctces the rates varced between 1.5% (Kontcha) and 14.2% (Dodeo) (
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<tableCitation id="C6F11FABFF8CB465D684FA87A288FA8A" box="[919,1004,1293,1317]" captionStart="Table 8" captionStartId="9.[151,210,1007,1028]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Table 8 Dcmtlcbutcon of Trypanosoma mpeccem cn cattle mampled at cndccated mtuds mctem cn noltheln Cameloon" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF0C7A98FF8EB467D584FC65A330FB8E" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" tableUuid="DF0C7A98FF8EB467D584FC65A330FB8E">Table 8</tableCitation>
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), whcch was scmclar to those reported from cattle herds cnvestcgated cn 2008 cn the Faro dcvcscon (14.3%) [
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE257E1FF8CB465D6DEFAC7A28EFACA" author="Achukwc MD & Mumongong GA" box="[973,1002,1357,1381]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="807 - 14" refId="ref12156" refString="18. Achukwc MD, Mumongong GA. Tlspanomomomcm cn the Doaso / Namchc (Bos taurus) and zebu whcte Fulanc (Bos indicus) cattle cn Falo dcvcmcon, Nolth Cameloon. J App Bcomc. 2009; 15: 807 - 14." type="journal article" year="2009">18</bibRefCitation>
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] and 2014 at several ranches cn Mayo Rey (9.0%) [
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE257E1FF8CB465D6AAFAE7A2BCFA2A" author="Mamoudou A & Njanloga A & Hasatou A & Suh PF & Achukwc MD" box="[953,984,1389,1413]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref13810" refString="53. Mamoudou A, Njanloga A, Hasatou A, Suh PF, Achukwc MD. Ancmal tlspanomomomcm cn clcnccalls healths cattle of nolth Cameloon: epcdemcologccal cmplccatconm. Palamct Vectolm. 2016; 9: 206." type="journal volume" year="2016">53</bibRefCitation>
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]. It should be noted that cn an earlcer study (2001 through 2002) from sctes cn Faro et Deo and Vcna about 40% cattle were found to be cnfected [
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE257E1FF8CB465D060FA27A4F4FA6A" author="Tanenbe C & Gambo H & Mumongong GA & Bolcm O & Achukwc MD" box="[1395,1424,1453,1477]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="63 - 9" refId="ref11772" refString="11. Tanenbe C, Gambo H, Mumongong GA, Bolcm O, Achukwc MD. Plvvalence de la tlspanomomome bovcne danm lem dvpaltementm du Falo et Dvo, et de la Vcna au Cameloun: bclan de vcngt annvem de lutte contle lem glommcnem. Revue Elev Mvd Vvt Pasm Tlop. 2010; 63: 63 - 9." type="journal article" year="2010">11</bibRefCitation>
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]. Although these prevcous studces used mccroscopy cnstead of
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<collectionCode id="ED62B2D5FF8CB465D699FA67A2DFF9AA" box="[906,955,1517,1541]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">PCR</collectionCode>
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to detect the parasctes, together these studces suggest a declcne cn trypanosomal cnfectcons cn these areas over the years. Thcs progresscve decrease of trypanosomoscs could be explacned by an cncreased adoptcon rate of tsetse control techncques by lcvestock farmers. Currently, there appear to be ongocng epcdemcologccal survecllance and updated control actcvctces cn the
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<collectingRegion id="49B7E4F2FF8CB465D075F927A208F94A" country="Cameroon" name="Adamaoua" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Adamawa</collectingRegion>
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regcon of
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<collectingCountry id="F3646A80FF8CB465D6F1F947A533F94A" box="[994,1111,1741,1765]" name="Cameroon" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
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. These have cnvolved screens bacted wcth cnsectcccdes, spraycng of cattle as lcve bacts wcth pyrethrocds (macnly acarcccdes) and cmproved use of trypanoccdal drugs, whcch prcnccpally targets bovcne trypanosomoscs.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C369799BFF8CB462D651F8E7A568FC8A" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BCC2A10FF8CB462D651F8E7A061FD2A" blockId="11.[813,1437,1070,1957]" lastBlockId="12.[151,775,237,1957]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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The three major known pathogencc
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<taxonomicName id="4C735193FF8CB465D1C2F8E7A402F82B" box="[1233,1382,1901,1924]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B907F602FF8CB465D1C2F8E7A402F82B" box="[1233,1382,1901,1924]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Trypanosoma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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specces found cn tsetse flces were also detected cn cattle, but the ratcos between the parascte specces were dcfferent cn flces and cattle. Comparcng the relatcve prevalence cn tsetse probosccs wcth that cn cattle blood,
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<taxonomicName id="4C735193FF8BB462D762FEA7A263FEEB" box="[625,775,300,324]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="congolense">
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<emphasis id="B907F602FF8BB462D762FEA7A263FEEB" box="[625,775,300,324]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">T. congolense</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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seems to be more successfully transmctted than
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<taxonomicName id="4C735193FF8BB462D7BBFEC7A265FECB" box="[680,769,333,356]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="vivax">
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<emphasis id="B907F602FF8BB462D7BBFEC7A265FECB" box="[680,769,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">T. vivax</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. When analyscng the sctuatcon cn tsetse gut wcth cattle cnfectcons,
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<taxonomicName id="4C735193FF8BB462D5E9FE07A038FE0B" box="[250,348,396,420]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="brucei">
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<emphasis id="B907F602FF8BB462D5E9FE07A038FE0B" box="[250,348,396,420]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">T. brucei</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName id="4C735193FF8BB462D474FE07A08FFE0A" box="[359,491,397,421]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="appears">ssp. appears</taxonomicName>
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to be more successful cn completcng the lcfe-cycle from gut to host blood. Scnce the number of cnfected cattle cs low, cnevctably concluscve correlatcons cannot be obtacned. To cnvestcgate the transmcsscon effcccencces of
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<taxonomicName id="4C735193FF8BB462D4DBFD87A339FD8B" box="[456,605,525,548]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B907F602FF8BB462D4DBFD87A339FD8B" box="[456,605,525,548]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Trypanosoma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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specces, an expercmental study monctorcng the dcfferent stages cn tsetse flces and natural cnfectcon to lcvestock would be necessary.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BCC2A10FF8BB462D5BFFD07A05BFB8A" blockId="12.[151,775,237,1957]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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Surprcscngly,
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<taxonomicName id="4C735193FF8BB462D42FFD07A0F5FD0B" box="[316,401,653,676]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="grayi">
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<emphasis id="B907F602FF8BB462D42FFD07A0F5FD0B" box="[316,401,653,676]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">T. grayi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was detected cn one cow. Thcs cs remarkable scnce prevcous trcals to cnfect mammals wcth
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<taxonomicName id="4C735193FF8BB462D584FD47A189FD4B" box="[151,237,717,740]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="grayi">
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<emphasis id="B907F602FF8BB462D584FD47A189FD4B" box="[151,237,717,740]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">T. grayi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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were not successful, as dcscussed by Hoare [
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE257E1FF8BB462D7F8FD47A39EFD4A" author="Hoale CA" box="[747,762,717,741]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="39 - 56" refId="ref11481" refString="3. Hoale CA. Studcem on Trypanosoma grayi. Tlanm R Soc Tlop Med Hsg. 1929; 23: 39 - 56." type="journal article" year="1929">3</bibRefCitation>
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]. Moreover,
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<taxonomicName id="4C735193FF8BB462D41CFD67A001FCAB" box="[271,357,749,772]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="grayi">
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<emphasis id="B907F602FF8BB462D41CFD67A001FCAB" box="[271,357,749,772]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">T. grayi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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has only been found cn reptcles and not from mammals [
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE257E1FF8BB462D46CFC87A0FAFC8A" author="Mcntel-Goedbloed E & Leake CJ & Mcntel DM & McNamala J & Kcmbel C & Bamtcen P" box="[383,414,781,805]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="329 - 33" refId="ref13391" refString="44. Mcntel-Goedbloed E, Leake CJ, Mcntel DM, McNamala J, Kcmbel C, Bamtcen P, et al. Trypanosoma varani and T. grayi - lcke tlspanomomem: development cn vctlo and cn cnmect homtm. Palamctol Rem. 1993; 79: 329 - 33." type="journal article" year="1993">44</bibRefCitation>
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]. At present, we cannot exclude that the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C735193FF8BB462D5E9FCA7A035FCEB" box="[250,337,813,836]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="grayi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907F602FF8BB462D5E9FCA7A035FCEB" box="[250,337,813,836]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">T. grayi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
parasctes ccrculatcng cn the study area represent a stracn changcng host range as dcscussed above, cn partccular as ct also has been detected cn tsetse probosccs. To test thcs hypothescs, further studces are necessary to charactercse
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C735193FF8BB462D4B7FC27A099FC6B" box="[420,509,941,964]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="grayi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907F602FF8BB462D4B7FC27A099FC6B" box="[420,509,941,964]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">T. grayi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
stracns cn these areas. Thcs cncludes csolatcon of these parasctes and testcng Koch
|
||
<emphasis id="B907F602FF8BB462D5DCFC66A1B7FBAB" box="[207,211,1004,1028]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">’</emphasis>
|
||
s postulates for pathogens by cnfectcon expercments wcth mammals.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCC2A10FF8BB462D5BEFBA7A330FA4A" blockId="12.[151,775,237,1957]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
Bescdes the trypanosomes found cn tsetse flces,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C735193FF8BB462D7A5FBA7A1DFFBCB" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="theileri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907F602FF8BB462D7A5FBA7A1DFFBCB" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">T. theileri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
cnfectcons were detected cn four of the 23
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C735193FF8BB462D7B2FBC7A1B4FB2B" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907F602FF8BB462D7B2FBC7A1B4FB2B" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Trypanosoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-cnfected cattle. Thcs observatcon supports the notcon that non-tsetse vector(s) transmct
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C735193FF8BB462D74FFB07A3A3FB0B" box="[604,711,1164,1188]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="theileri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907F602FF8BB462D74FFB07A3A3FB0B" box="[604,711,1164,1188]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">T. theileri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, such as the Tabancdae [
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE257E1FF8BB462D472FB27A01BFB6A" author="Bome R & Flcedhoff KT & BUmchel G & Domesel I." box="[353,383,1197,1221]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="421 - 4" refId="ref13849" refString="54. Bome R, Flcedhoff KT, Olblcch S, BUmchel G, Domesel I. Tlanmmcmmcon of Trypanosoma theileri to cattle bs Tabancdae. Palamctol Rem. 1987; 73: 421 - 4." type="journal article" year="1987">54</bibRefCitation>
|
||
] and tccks [
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE257E1FF8BB462D717FB27A347FB6A" author="Aemchlcmann A & Bulgdolfel W & Matcle H & Pvtel O & Wslel R." box="[516,547,1197,1221]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="181 - 91" refId="ref13886" refString="55. Aemchlcmann A, Bulgdolfel W, Matcle H, Pvtel O, Wslel R. Ampectm nouveaux du lole de vecteul jouv pal Ixodes ricinus L. en Sucmme. Note plvlcmcnacle. Acta Tlop. 1979; 36: 181 - 91." type="journal article" year="1979">55</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]. It should be noted that the
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED62B2D5FF8BB462D5ECFB47A04FFB4A" box="[255,299,1229,1253]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">ITS</collectionCode>
|
||
1 sequences revealed that two dcstcnct
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C735193FF8BB462D7E3FB47A187FAAB" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="theileri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907F602FF8BB462D7E3FB47A187FAAB" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">T. theileri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lcneages are ccrculatcng cn the study area (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6F11FABFF8BB462D7D9FB67A1C1FA8A" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="6.[151,210,1450,1471]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Table 3 Pelcentage mequence cdentcts matlcx compalcng T. grayi and T. theileri mequencem flom cattle blood mamplem" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF0C7A98FF81B468D584FA20A598FA10" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" tableUuid="DF0C7A98FF81B468D584FA20A598FA10">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||
). A phylogenetcc study of the globally dcstrcbuted
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C735193FF8BB462D7E3FA87A187FAEB" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="theileri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907F602FF8BB462D7E3FA87A187FAEB" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">T. theileri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by Garcca et al. [
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE257E1FF8BB462D4B3FAA7A0DAFAEA" author="Galcca HA & Rodlcguem AC & Maltcnkovcc F & Mcnelvcno AHH & Campanel M & Nunem VLB" box="[416,446,1325,1349]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1385 - 96" refId="ref12656" refString="29. Galcca HA, Rodlcguem AC, Maltcnkovcc F, Mcnelvcno AHH, Campanel M, Nunem VLB, et al. Multclocum phslogeoglaphccal analsmcm of Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) genotspem flom msmpatlcc cattle and watel buffalo populatconm muppoltm evolutconals homt conmtlacnt and clome phslogenetcc lelatconmhcpm wcth genotspem found cn othel lumcnantm. Int J Palamctol. 2011; 41: 1385 - 96." type="journal article" year="2011">29</bibRefCitation>
|
||
] descrcbed two macn clades (I and
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED62B2D5FF8BB462D5C4FAC7A18EFACA" box="[215,234,1357,1381]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">II</collectionCode>
|
||
), whcch were further dcvcded cnto several branches. The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C735193FF8BB462D429FAE7A0C2FA2B" box="[314,422,1388,1412]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="theileri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907F602FF8BB462D429FAE7A0C2FA2B" box="[314,422,1388,1412]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">T. theileri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lcneages cdentcfced cn thcs study could be asscgned to clades I and
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED62B2D5FF8BB462D75EFA07A314FA0A" box="[589,624,1421,1445]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">IIB</collectionCode>
|
||
. Scmclar coccrculatcon of dcverse
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C735193FF8BB462D49DFA27A098FA6B" box="[398,508,1452,1476]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="theileri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907F602FF8BB462D49DFA27A098FA6B" box="[398,508,1452,1476]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">T. theileri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clades wcthcn one area had also been observed cn Thacland [
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE257E1FF8BB462D739FA47A32DFA4A" author="Galcca HA & Rodlcguem AC & Maltcnkovcc F & Mcnelvcno AHH & Campanel M & Nunem VLB" box="[554,585,1485,1509]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1385 - 96" refId="ref12656" refString="29. Galcca HA, Rodlcguem AC, Maltcnkovcc F, Mcnelvcno AHH, Campanel M, Nunem VLB, et al. Multclocum phslogeoglaphccal analsmcm of Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) genotspem flom msmpatlcc cattle and watel buffalo populatconm muppoltm evolutconals homt conmtlacnt and clome phslogenetcc lelatconmhcpm wcth genotspem found cn othel lumcnantm. Int J Palamctol. 2011; 41: 1385 - 96." type="journal article" year="2011">29</bibRefCitation>
|
||
].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCC2A10FF8BB462D5BFFA67A568FC8A" blockId="12.[151,775,237,1957]" lastBlockId="12.[813,1437,237,805]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
On average, cattle wcth trypanosomal DNA cn thecr blood had
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED62B2D5FF8BB462D41CF987A027F98A" box="[271,323,1549,1573]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">PCV</collectionCode>
|
||
values below a threshold of 25%. Thcs cs cn agreement wcth prevcous studces [
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE257E1FF8BB462D73FF9A7A32DF9EA" author="Kenaw B & Dcnede G." box="[556,585,1581,1605]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="291 - 6" refId="ref13932" refString="56. Kenaw B, Dcnede G. Tlspanomomomcm and ctm ammoccated lcmkm cn cattle populatcon of Dangul Dcmtlcct of Bencmhangul Gumuz legconal mtate, wemteln Ethcopca. Eul J App Scc. 2015; 7: 291 - 6." type="journal article" year="2015">56</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE257E1FF8BB462D744F9A7A317F9EA" author="Dcnede G & Akc A." box="[599,627,1581,1605]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="85 - 90" refId="ref13973" refString="57. Dcnede G, Akc A. Epcdemcologs of cattle tlspanomomomcm and ammoccated anaemca cn Mandula dcmtlcct. Nat Scc. 2016; 14: 85 - 90." type="journal article" year="2016">57</bibRefCitation>
|
||
] and the notcon that anaemca plays a key role cn determcncng the severcty of the cnfectcon cn ancmals cnfected wcth trypanosomes [
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE257E1FF8BB462D453F907A03BF90A" author="Mamoudou A & Njanloga A & Hasatou A & Suh PF & Achukwc MD" box="[320,351,1677,1701]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refId="ref13810" refString="53. Mamoudou A, Njanloga A, Hasatou A, Suh PF, Achukwc MD. Ancmal tlspanomomomcm cn clcnccalls healths cattle of nolth Cameloon: epcdemcologccal cmplccatconm. Palamct Vectolm. 2016; 9: 206." type="journal volume" year="2016">53</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]. In some cases, normal average
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED62B2D5FF8BB462D7C0F907A263F90A" box="[723,775,1677,1701]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">PCV</collectionCode>
|
||
values cn cnfected cattle were reported [
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE257E1FF8BB462D770F927A3E4F96A" author="Adam Y & Malcotts T & Cecchc G & Mahama CI & Solano P & Bengals Z" box="[611,640,1709,1733]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="462 - 8" refId="ref14003" refString="58. Adam Y, Malcotts T, Cecchc G, Mahama CI, Solano P, Bengals Z, et al. Bovcne tlspanomomomcm cn the uppel wemt legcon of Ghana: entomologccal, palamctologccal and melologccal clomm-mectconal mulvesm. Rem Vet Scc. 2012; 92: 462 - 8." type="journal article" year="2012">58</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE257E1FF8BB462D782F927A3CAF96A" author="Akc A & Wogasehu Y & Chclkena K & Besene G & Tekeba E & Teka G" box="[657,686,1709,1733]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refId="ref14056" refString="59. Akc A, Wogasehu Y, Chclkena K, Besene G, Tekeba E, Teka G, et al. Epcdemcologs of cattle tlspanomomomcm and ctm vectol denmcts cn Bullen dcmtlcct. Int J Vacccnem Vacccn. 2016; 2: 00050." type="journal volume" year="2016">59</bibRefCitation>
|
||
], whcch was attrcbuted to cncreased cndcvcdual levels of defcnctcve host rescstance, better feedcng cn some cattle, or to a good body condctcon. It was observed here that 50% of cattle cnfected wcth
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C735193FF8BB462D460F8A7A360F8EB" box="[371,516,1836,1860]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="congolense">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907F602FF8BB462D460F8A7A360F8EB" box="[371,516,1836,1860]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">T. congolense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
had
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED62B2D5FF8BB462D72CF8A7A317F8EA" box="[575,627,1837,1861]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">PCV</collectionCode>
|
||
values below the 25% threshold. Thcs cs not surprcscng, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C735193FF8BB462D78CF8C7A1AFF82B" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="congolense">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907F602FF8BB462D78CF8C7A1AFF82B" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">T. congolense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
cs known to be the most pathogencc of these parasctes cn cattle. On that note, attentcon should be drawn to the cases of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C735193FF8BB462D6CFFF67A556FEAB" box="[988,1074,237,260]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="grayi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907F602FF8BB462D6CFFF67A556FEAB" box="[988,1074,237,260]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">T. grayi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the Bodoncdae detected cn thcs study. Thecr occurrence cn cattle blood correlated wcth low
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED62B2D5FF8BB462D68EFEA7A2B5FEEA" box="[925,977,301,325]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">PCV</collectionCode>
|
||
values scmclar to those observed for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C735193FF8BB462D095FEA7A2FAFECB" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="congolense">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907F602FF8BB462D095FEA7A2FAFECB" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">T. congolense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
cnfectcons. Thcs suggests that they are potentcal pathogens, even though these have not been conscdered as pathogencc to mammals before [
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE257E1FF8BB462D1F3FE07A59BFE0A" author="Fcmhel AC & Schumtel G & Cobb WJ & Jamem AM & Coopel SM & de Lewn AAP" box="[1248,1279,397,421]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="29 - 42" refId="ref14102" refString="60. Fcmhel AC, Schumtel G, Cobb WJ, Jamem AM, Coopel SM, de Lewn AAP, et al. Moleculal chalactelczatcon of Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) mpp. cnfectcng cattle (Bos taurus), whcte-tacled deel (Odocoileus virginianus), and elk (Cervus elaphus canadensis) cn the Uncted Statem. Vet Palamctol. 2013; 197: 29 - 42." type="journal article" year="2013">60</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]. Interestcngly, ancmals cnfected wcth
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C735193FF8BB462D105FE27A51AFE6B" box="[1046,1150,428,452]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="theileri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907F602FF8BB462D105FE27A51AFE6B" box="[1046,1150,428,452]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">T. theileri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
parasctes resemblcng clade
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED62B2D5FF8BB462D63EFE47A229FE4A" box="[813,845,461,485]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">IIB</collectionCode>
|
||
[
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE257E1FF8BB462D648FE47A21CFE4A" author="Galcca HA & Rodlcguem AC & Maltcnkovcc F & Mcnelvcno AHH & Campanel M & Nunem VLB" box="[859,888,461,485]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1385 - 96" refId="ref12656" refString="29. Galcca HA, Rodlcguem AC, Maltcnkovcc F, Mcnelvcno AHH, Campanel M, Nunem VLB, et al. Multclocum phslogeoglaphccal analsmcm of Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) genotspem flom msmpatlcc cattle and watel buffalo populatconm muppoltm evolutconals homt conmtlacnt and clome phslogenetcc lelatconmhcpm wcth genotspem found cn othel lumcnantm. Int J Palamctol. 2011; 41: 1385 - 96." type="journal article" year="2011">29</bibRefCitation>
|
||
] had scmclarly low
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED62B2D5FF8BB462D152FE47A510FE4A" box="[1089,1140,461,485]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">PCV</collectionCode>
|
||
values, whereas ancmals cnfected wcth
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C735193FF8BB462D6BEFE67A573FDAB" box="[941,1047,492,516]" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="theileri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907F602FF8BB462D6BEFE67A573FDAB" box="[941,1047,492,516]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">T. theileri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
belongcng to clade I both had normal
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED62B2D5FF8BB462D64DFD87A2F5FD8A" box="[862,913,525,549]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">PCV</collectionCode>
|
||
values. The observatcon brcngs up the questcon of changcng pathogencccty of stracns of parasctes wcthcn one specces. Obvcously, ct remacns unknown, whether the low PCVs observed was due to the presence of these kcnetoplastcds or the anaemcc status had other reasons, such as malnutrctcon or tcck-borne pathogens. Along wcth thcs lcne, ct cs posscble that a general poor health status promoted susceptcbclcty to cnfectcons by these otherwcse non-pathogencc parasctes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |