187 lines
21 KiB
XML
187 lines
21 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697" ID-GBIF-Dataset="89be094e-6732-48a6-b5aa-74053d16f748" ID-GBIF-Taxon="189599987" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1066-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="BD84F4C3157550C9B64120B2BE53F01A" ID-ZooBank="133CE040A5AF44F1BC9A558C2F06A8AA" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1066-1" checkinTime="1635480455043" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J. & Lombard, Amanda T." docDate="2021" docId="5847355BFDCCF463D752AB917FF1CDCD" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1066: 1-198" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1066" docPubDate="2021-10-28" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697" docTitle="Rhizosmilia robusta Cairns in Cairns & Keller 1993" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" id="BD84F4C3157550C9B64120B2BE53F01A" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="BD84F4C3157550C9B64120B2BE53F01A" masterDocTitle="Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa" masterLastPageNumber="198" masterPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1635513010010" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Filander, Zoleka N.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6905-4440</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Biodiversity and Coastal Research, Oceans and Coasts, Department of Environment, Forestry, and Fisheries, Cape Town, South Africa & Zoology Department, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">zfilander@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Kitahara, Marcelo V.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Departamento de Ciencias do Mar, Santos, Brazil & Centro de Biologia Marinha, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Sebastiao, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Cairns, Stephen D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Sink, Kerry J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>South African National Biodiversity Institute, Cape Town, South Africa & Institute for Coastal and Marine Research, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Lombard, Amanda T.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Institute for Coastal and Marine Research, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date>2021</mods:date>
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<mods:number>2021-10-28</mods:number>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>1066</mods:number>
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697</mods:url>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-1066-1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="189599987" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:5847355BFDCCF463D752AB917FF1CDCD" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/5847355BFDCCF463D752AB917FF1CDCD" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName authority="Cairns in Cairns & Keller, 1993" authorityName="Cairns in Cairns & Keller" authorityYear="1993" class="Anthozoa" family="Caryophylliidae" genus="Rhizosmilia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhizosmilia robusta" order="Scleractinia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="robusta">Rhizosmilia robusta Cairns in Cairns & Keller, 1993</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. A, B Heterocyathus alternatus (ORI _ DIIIe 1 _ 1, locality data unknown) A calicular view B lateral view C, D Heterocyathus monileseptatum sp. nov. (SAM _ H 1431, off Durban Harbour, 99 m) C calicular view D lateral view E, F Heterocyathus sulcatus (SAMC _ A 073123, off Shaka's Rock, 100 - 105 m) E calicular view F lateral view G, H Labyrinthocyathus delicatus (SAM _ H 2836, off East London, 146 - 238 m) G calicular view H lateral view I, K Monohedotrochus capensis comb. nov. I, J (SAMC _ A 088924, off Kidds Beach, 247 - 147 m) I calicular view J lateral view K (SAM _ H 3210, off Scottburgh, 690 m) calicular view L, M Polycyathus sp. (USNM 91677, off Port Dunford, 69 m) L calicular view M full view N, O Rhizosmilia robusta (USNM 91689, off Kosi Bay Estuary, 74 m) N calicular view O lateral view P Solenosmilia variabilis (SAM _ H 3158, off Cintsa, 630 m) P full view. Scale bars: 10 mm (A-G, I-O); 100 mm (H, P)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/604107" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fig. 4N, O</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Cairns in Cairns & Keller" authorityYear="1993" class="Anthozoa" family="Caryophylliidae" genus="Rhizosmilia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhizosmilia robusta" order="Scleractinia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="robusta">Rhizosmilia robusta</taxonomicName>
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Cairns in Cairns & Keller, 1993: 250-253, pl. 6, figs F-I. -
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<bibRefCitation author="Cairns, S" journalOrPublisher="Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris)" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="27 - 243" refId="B54" refString="Cairns, S, Zibrowius, H, 1997. Cnidaria Anthozoa: azooxanthellate Scleractinia from the Philippines and Indonesian regions. Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris) 172: 27 - 243" title="Cnidaria Anthozoa: azooxanthellate Scleractinia from the Philippines and Indonesian regions." volume="172" year="1997">Cairns and Zibrowius 1997</bibRefCitation>
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: 133-134. -
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<bibRefCitation author="Cairns, S" journalOrPublisher="Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="31 - 167" refId="B41" refString="Cairns, S, 1999a. Cnidaria Anthozoa: deep-water azooxanthellate Scleractinia from Vanuatu, and Wallis and Futuna Islands. Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle 180: 31 - 167" title="Cnidaria Anthozoa: deep-water azooxanthellate Scleractinia from Vanuatu, and Wallis and Futuna Islands." volume="180" year="1999 a">Cairns 1999a</bibRefCitation>
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: 107. -
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<bibRefCitation author="Cairns, S" journalOrPublisher="Atoll Research Bulletin" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="13 - 46" refId="B57" refString="Cairns, S, Hoeksema, B, van der Land, J, 1999. Appendix: List of Extant Stony Corals. Atoll Research Bulletin 459: 13 - 46" title="Appendix: List of Extant Stony Corals." volume="459" year="1999">Cairns et al. 1999</bibRefCitation>
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: 24. -
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<bibRefCitation author="Cairns, S" journalOrPublisher="Occasional Paper of the Bernice P Bishop Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B48" refString="Cairns, S, 2009. Online appendix: Phylogenetic list of 711 valid Recent azooxanthellate scleractinian species, with their junior synonyms and depth ranges. In: Roberts J, Wheeler, A, Freiwald, A, Cairns S (Eds) Cold water corals: The Biology and Geology of Deep-sea Corals Habitats. Cambridge University Press. https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/7548" title="Online appendix: Phylogenetic list of 711 valid Recent azooxanthellate scleractinian species, with their junior synonyms and depth ranges. In: Roberts J, Wheeler, A, Freiwald, A, Cairns S (Eds) Cold water corals: The Biology and Geology of Deep-sea Corals Habitats. Cambridge University Press. https: // repository. si. edu / handle / 10088 / 7548" year="2009">Cairns 2009</bibRefCitation>
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: 14. -
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<bibRefCitation author="Kitahara, M" journalOrPublisher="Systematics and Biodiversity" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="91 - 118" refId="B155" refString="Kitahara, M, Cairns, S, Miller, D, 2010a. Monophyletic origin of the Caryophyllia (Scleractinia; Caryophylliidae), with description of six new species. Systematics and Biodiversity 8: 91 - 118" title="Monophyletic origin of the Caryophyllia (Scleractinia; Caryophylliidae), with description of six new species." volume="8" year="2010 a">Kitahara et al. 2010a</bibRefCitation>
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108, figs 88-89. -
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<bibRefCitation author="Kitahara, M" journalOrPublisher="Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia (Sao Paulo)" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B157" refString="Kitahara, M, Cairns, S, Stolarski, J, Blair, D, Miller, D, 2010b. A comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) based on mitochondrial CO1 sequence data. PLoS ONE 5: e11490. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0011490" title="A comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) based on mitochondrial CO 1 sequence data. PLoS ONE 5: e 11490. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0011490" year="2010 b">Kitahara et al. 2010b</bibRefCitation>
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: 9. -
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<bibRefCitation author="Kitahara, M" journalOrPublisher="Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B154" refString="Kitahara, M, Cairns, S, 2021. Tropical Deep-Sea Benthos volume 32: Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from New Caledonia. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle. Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris" title="Tropical Deep-Sea Benthos volume 32: Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from New Caledonia. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle." year="2021">Kitahara and Cairns 2021</bibRefCitation>
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: 554-556, figs 305D-I, 306.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="type locality">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Type locality.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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Off Inhaca Island, Mozambique (RV 'Anton
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Bruun’">Bruun'</normalizedToken>
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stn. 373B:
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<geoCoordinate degrees="26" direction="south" minutes="00" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="00" value="-26.0">26°00'00"S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="33" direction="east" minutes="05" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="00" value="33.083332">33°05'00"E</geoCoordinate>
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); 135 m (
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<bibRefCitation author="Cairns, S" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the South African Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="213 - 292" refId="B50" refString="Cairns, S, Keller, N, 1993. New taxa distributional records of azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from the tropical southwest Indian Ocean, with comments on their zoogeography and ecology. Annals of the South African Museum 103 (5): 213 - 292" title="New taxa distributional records of azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from the tropical southwest Indian Ocean, with comments on their zoogeography and ecology." volume="103" year="1993">Cairns and Keller 1993</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="type material">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Type material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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The holotype is deposited at the NMNH (
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<bibRefCitation author="Cairns, S" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the South African Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="213 - 292" refId="B50" refString="Cairns, S, Keller, N, 1993. New taxa distributional records of azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from the tropical southwest Indian Ocean, with comments on their zoogeography and ecology. Annals of the South African Museum 103 (5): 213 - 292" title="New taxa distributional records of azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from the tropical southwest Indian Ocean, with comments on their zoogeography and ecology." volume="103" year="1993">Cairns and Keller 1993</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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USNM 91689 (
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<specimenCount type="generic">3 specimens</specimenCount>
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)
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</emphasis>
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: Eastern margin,
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<quantity metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.2" unit="km" value="42.0">42 km</quantity>
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south of Ponta Do Ouro/
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<quantity metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" unit="km" value="27.0">27 km</quantity>
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off Kosi Bay Estuary,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="27" direction="south" minutes="13" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="30.00" value="-27.225">27°13'30.00"S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="32" direction="east" minutes="49" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="30.00" value="32.825">32°49'30.00"E</geoCoordinate>
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;
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<specimenCount type="generic">
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<quantity metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.4" unit="m" value="74.0">74 m</quantity>
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.
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</specimenCount>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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Adapted from
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<bibRefCitation author="Cairns, S" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the South African Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="213 - 292" refId="B50" refString="Cairns, S, Keller, N, 1993. New taxa distributional records of azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from the tropical southwest Indian Ocean, with comments on their zoogeography and ecology. Annals of the South African Museum 103 (5): 213 - 292" title="New taxa distributional records of azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from the tropical southwest Indian Ocean, with comments on their zoogeography and ecology." volume="103" year="1993">Cairns and Keller 1993</bibRefCitation>
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: Colony phaceloid. Corallites trochoid, firmly attached through a massive pedicle (PD:GCD = 0.03), that expands into a thin encrusting base. Lower pedicel reinforced by concentric rings of hollow chambers. Calice elliptical (GCD:LCD = 1.18), with a jagged calicular margin. Holotype (USNM 91681) 31
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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26.20 mm in CD, 16.80 mm in PD, and 25 mm in H. Costae equal and bearing low and rounded granules. Intercostal striae shallow. Corallum white.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Septa arranged in five cycles according to the formula: S1> S2> S3> S4> S5. S1 moderately exsert, and extend to columella with vertical to straight axial margins. Higher cycle septa (S2-5) progressively less exsert and less wide, except for those S5 adjacent to S1 which are more exsert than S4. Axial margins of S2 also straight, but those of S3-4 slightly sinuous. S5 rudimentary and irregular in profile (i.e., may be straight to slightly sinuous or sinuous to dentate). All septal faces smooth, bearing only sparsely spaced low-profile granules. Small pali present before penultimate cycle, usually indistinguishable from columellar elements. Fossa deep and bearing endothecal dissepiments. Columella trabecular, composed of an irregular group of intertwined elements.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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Regional: Eastern margin of South Africa, off Kosi Bay Estuary (41 km south of Ponta Do Ouro: Mozambique); 75 m. Elsewhere: Mozambique; Madagascar (
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<bibRefCitation author="Cairns, S" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the South African Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="213 - 292" refId="B50" refString="Cairns, S, Keller, N, 1993. New taxa distributional records of azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from the tropical southwest Indian Ocean, with comments on their zoogeography and ecology. Annals of the South African Museum 103 (5): 213 - 292" title="New taxa distributional records of azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from the tropical southwest Indian Ocean, with comments on their zoogeography and ecology." volume="103" year="1993">Cairns and Keller 1993</bibRefCitation>
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); Philippines (
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<bibRefCitation author="Cairns, S" journalOrPublisher="Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris)" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="27 - 243" refId="B54" refString="Cairns, S, Zibrowius, H, 1997. Cnidaria Anthozoa: azooxanthellate Scleractinia from the Philippines and Indonesian regions. Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris) 172: 27 - 243" title="Cnidaria Anthozoa: azooxanthellate Scleractinia from the Philippines and Indonesian regions." volume="172" year="1997">Cairns and Zibrowius 1997</bibRefCitation>
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||
); New Caledonia (
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||
<bibRefCitation author="Kitahara, M" journalOrPublisher="Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B154" refString="Kitahara, M, Cairns, S, 2021. Tropical Deep-Sea Benthos volume 32: Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from New Caledonia. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle. Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris" title="Tropical Deep-Sea Benthos volume 32: Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from New Caledonia. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle." year="2021">Kitahara and Cairns 2021</bibRefCitation>
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); 66-996 m.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="remarks">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Remarks.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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As no new samples have been examined, the description above is adapted from
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<bibRefCitation author="Cairns, S" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the South African Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="213 - 292" refId="B50" refString="Cairns, S, Keller, N, 1993. New taxa distributional records of azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from the tropical southwest Indian Ocean, with comments on their zoogeography and ecology. Annals of the South African Museum 103 (5): 213 - 292" title="New taxa distributional records of azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from the tropical southwest Indian Ocean, with comments on their zoogeography and ecology." volume="103" year="1993">Cairns and Keller (1993)</bibRefCitation>
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, who noted that although the holotype is a phaceloid colony with four corallites, paratypes (specimen examined and imaged herein) represent individual corallites that were broken apart from a larger colony or have not yet formed a colony. Variation in septal cycles correlates to corallum size: the fourth septal cycle is complete at a GCD between 8 and 9 mm, whereas the fifth is completed when the corallite is> 19-21 mm in GCD. The largest corallite (Philippines, see
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<bibRefCitation author="Cairns, S" journalOrPublisher="Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris)" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="27 - 243" refId="B54" refString="Cairns, S, Zibrowius, H, 1997. Cnidaria Anthozoa: azooxanthellate Scleractinia from the Philippines and Indonesian regions. Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris) 172: 27 - 243" title="Cnidaria Anthozoa: azooxanthellate Scleractinia from the Philippines and Indonesian regions." volume="172" year="1997">Cairns and Zibrowius 1997</bibRefCitation>
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[page 134]), measures 29.8
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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36.7 mm in CD, 18.1 mm in PD, 41.6 mm in H, have eight pairs of S6, and one pair of S7 (total of 116 septa). Notable differences between
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Cairns in Cairns & Keller" authorityYear="1993" class="Anthozoa" family="Caryophylliidae" genus="Rhizosmilia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhizosmilia robusta" order="Scleractinia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="robusta">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Rhizosmilia robusta</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from the Pacific and southwestern Indian Ocean are the position of paliform lobes, which are present before the penultimate cycle (P4, if S5 is present; and P3 if S5 is absent) in the latter and occur before S4 (irrespective of the presence of S6-7) in the former. This is the only representative of the genus in South African waters.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
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||
</document> |