298 lines
31 KiB
XML
298 lines
31 KiB
XML
<document id="296C03663A9B068C9E006F3AAAC10D59" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3635.1.5" ID-GBIF-Dataset="39284d80-b99d-4d38-8817-5f7333c37c0b" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="283524" ID-ZooBank="12504540-48AC-448F-B1EE-12874191087B" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460585651270" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Jønsson, Knud Andreas, Poulsen, Michael Køie, Haryoko, Tri, Reeve, Andrew Hart & Fabre, Pierre-Henri" docDate="2013" docId="03B77472FFC1C319FF7A00D98E1CF86C" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03635p061.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3635 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Tyto almae Jønsson, Poulsen, Haryoko, Reeve & Fabre, 2013, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="57" masterDocId="FF8E0C0AFFC5C31FFFED02148C12FFED" masterDocTitle="A new species of masked-owl (Aves: Strigiformes: Tytonidae) from Seram, Indonesia" masterLastPageNumber="61" masterPageNumber="51" pageNumber="55" updateTime="1698325056160" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="1DF4C11687AB92AB45391D723A69603B" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="AFD1C55E5D52879234880CE9EF3EBBCF">
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<mods:title id="3517EEAFA6FF6FB9BA00C42579C00BE1">A new species of masked-owl (Aves: Strigiformes: Tytonidae) from Seram, Indonesia</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="7361BEE55C319C10A40C8E39A2576CC9" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="AE254FF1B30135A391B3E26C35C4690D">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="F072F49B44AB45185ADBC4E63DBA10FF">Jønsson, Knud Andreas</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:roleTerm id="834BBCC8F5D8355701D49EE964620854">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="5DF05366BF9E527989CCD7EE5603AA08">Poulsen, Michael Køie</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:roleTerm id="50A87F2E02B036F91C766551BC6461F9">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="BFD09C7CD6DA56303A4A98FBD7B7968B">Haryoko, Tri</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:roleTerm id="31B68BBE8C2F7FFCC85E923CB5AE0BCE">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="21C514D7DDF89B8A85CCA6F7E6F137F0">Reeve, Andrew Hart</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:roleTerm id="D15BCBB3E0B96B9D8C82D260F94311E8">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="7F8B808C964A2DAD620556B1B89BD076">Fabre, Pierre-Henri</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="40871F5FE508237BFC17A68741316B35">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="1A6714874761B46AE014196FF2F8E922">
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<mods:date id="B75FABF8A8424D7FFC12D48CB3F9E217">2013</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="B842FCBEFD8E57682339BD65B342E5FE" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="885D5A53E67C847538D4F31E1090ED26">3635</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="0134E5107FAF03B3D1CE26FBE03EA4F5" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="75A84D28D3621C2D46E5E57E97C91D2E">1</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="48381D1D262E6A26800F11A35F8A3FFE">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="C77B45CEDA7A670B5C65C231EC92BF9C" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3635.1.5</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03B77472FFC1C319FF7A00D98E1CF86C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5624986" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127663605" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5624986" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B77472FFC1C319FF7A00D98E1CF86C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B77472FFC1C319FF7A00D98E1CF86C" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="57" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">
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<subSubSection id="C30496EFFFC1C31BFF7A00D98D64FCEA" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BA1C564FFC1C31BFF7A00D98D9AFD0A" blockId="4.[151,392,717,775]" box="[151,392,717,743]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">
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<heading id="D0E97208FFC1C31BFF7A00D98D9AFD0A" bold="true" box="[151,392,717,743]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B96A1976FFC1C31BFF7A00D98D9AFD0A" bold="true" box="[151,392,717,743]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1EBEE7FFC1C31BFF7A00D98D09FD0A" box="[151,283,717,743]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="almae" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B96A1976FFC1C31BFF7A00D98D09FD0A" bold="true" box="[151,283,717,743]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">Tyto almae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A259A40DFFC1C31BFEC600D98D9AFD0A" box="[299,392,717,743]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA1C564FFC1C31BFF7A00FB8D64FCEA" blockId="4.[151,392,717,775]" box="[151,374,751,775]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">Seram Masked Owl</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30496EFFFC1C31BFF7A012C8FE2FC51" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BA1C564FFC1C31BFF7A012C8FE2FC51" blockId="4.[151,1436,823,2036]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">
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<emphasis id="B96A1976FFC1C31BFF7A012C8D19FCBD" bold="true" box="[151,267,824,848]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">
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<typeStatus id="54A57BC6FFC1C31BFF7A012C8D14FCBD" box="[151,262,824,848]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense (MZB), Cibinong,
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<collectingCountry id="F30985F4FFC1C31BFC6401238FEBFCA2" box="[905,1017,823,847]" name="Indonesia" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
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, study skin voucher: MZB 33.231, female (ovary 17 ×
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<quantity id="4CE66881FFC1C31BFE9401488DADFC99" box="[377,447,860,884]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
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), Mount Binaiya, at Waensela above Kanikeh Village, Manusela National Park, Seram,
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<collectingCountry id="F30985F4FFC1C31BFF7A016B8CFCFC7A" box="[151,238,895,919]" name="Indonesia" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">Maluku</collectingCountry>
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Province,
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<collectingCountry id="F30985F4FFC1C31BFE82016B8DCDFC7A" box="[367,479,895,919]" name="Indonesia" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
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, elevation
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<quantity id="4CE66881FFC1C31BFD8D016B8ED1FC7A" box="[608,707,895,919]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" unit="m" value="1350.0">1,350 m</quantity>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE2AA3A3FFC1C31BFD3E016B8F47FC7A" box="[723,853,895,919]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" precision="1" value="-3.1444666">3°08.668’S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE2AA3A3FFC1C31BFC89016B8811FC7A" box="[868,1027,895,919]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" precision="1" value="129.4739">129°28.434’E</geoCoordinate>
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, mist-netted on
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<date id="FFA0E3A4FFC1C31BFB29016B8985FC7A" box="[1220,1431,895,919]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" value="2012-02-10">10 February 2012</date>
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; prepared by Knud Andreas Jønsson, field catalogue number KAJ1-
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<date id="FFA0E3A4FFC1C31BFC6901B08FFFFC51" box="[900,1005,932,956]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" value="12-10-02">10.02.12</date>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30496EFFFC1C31BFF2A01DC8F6FFA7D" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BA1C564FFC1C31BFF2A01DC8836FBE8" blockId="4.[151,1436,823,2036]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">
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<emphasis id="B96A1976FFC1C31BFF2A01DC8E1EFC0D" bold="true" box="[199,524,967,992]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">
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Measurements of
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<typeStatus id="54A57BC6FFC1C31BFE7301DC8E15FC0D" box="[414,519,968,992]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Wing length (chord):
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<quantity id="4CE66881FFC1C31BFCE401D38F78FC32" box="[777,874,967,991]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.52" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" unit="mm" value="252.0">252 mm</quantity>
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||
; tarsus:
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||
<quantity id="4CE66881FFC1C31BFC2501D38823FC32" box="[968,1073,967,991]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.36" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" unit="mm" value="63.6">63.6 mm</quantity>
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; tail:
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<quantity id="4CE66881FFC1C31BFB9C01D388C3FC32" box="[1137,1233,967,991]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.16" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" unit="mm" value="116.0">116 mm</quantity>
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||
; bill from base of skull:
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||
<quantity id="4CE66881FFC1C31BFF3101F88D51FBE9" box="[220,323,1004,1028]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7399999999999998" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" unit="mm" value="37.4">37.4 mm</quantity>
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; bill height at base:
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||
<quantity id="4CE66881FFC1C31BFDC901F88E99FBE9" box="[548,651,1004,1028]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.61" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" unit="mm" value="16.1">16.1 mm</quantity>
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; bill width:
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||
<quantity id="4CE66881FFC1C31BFCFC01F88F6AFBE9" box="[785,888,1004,1028]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3699999999999999" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" unit="mm" value="13.7">13.7 mm</quantity>
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; weight:
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||
<quantity id="4CE66881FFC1C31BFC3301F88832FBE8" box="[990,1056,1004,1029]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="5.4" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" unit="g" value="540.0">540 g</quantity>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA1C564FFC1C31BFF2A061B8F6FFA7D" blockId="4.[151,1436,823,2036]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">
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<emphasis id="B96A1976FFC1C31BFF2A061B8DFBFBC5" bold="true" box="[199,489,1039,1064]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">
|
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Description of
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<typeStatus id="54A57BC6FFC1C31BFE9606048DF6FBC5" box="[379,484,1040,1064]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Facial area light pinkish cinnamon, more dusky in the eye-pit, with short feathers that do not cover the auricular troughs (probably as a consequence of heavy moult), with a ruff of orange tawny feathers with dark brown tips bordering the facial area outside the auricular troughs. Crown, nape, mantle and wing coverts ochraceous orange, each feather with a short white stripe embedded within dusky-mottled feather-tips; lower back to upper tail-coverts with more spindle-shaped and pale buffy spots within the dark feather-tips. Greater wing-coverts and remiges ochraceous orange with well-spaced fuscous bars and only a few darker mottles between bars; upper side of rectrices similar, ochraceous tawny with five exposed fuscous bars, each
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<quantity id="4CE66881FFC1C31BFB2906F38931FAED" box="[1220,1315,1255,1280]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" unit="mm" value="6.5" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="5.0">5–8 mm</quantity>
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wide, and with a few dusky mottles or stipples within the broader ochraceous zones. The entire extent of the underparts, including wing linings, yellow-ocher with whitish basal parts of the feathers, and small, roundish subterminal spots on most feathers of the breast and belly; tarsi with yellow-ocher feathers all the way to the base of the toes. Irides dark brown, bill pale horn, feet pinkish drab with pale grey talons.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30496EFFFC1C31BFF2A078F88E4F841" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BA1C564FFC1C31BFF2A078F88E4F841" blockId="4.[151,1436,823,2036]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">
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<emphasis id="B96A1976FFC1C31BFF2A078F8D53FA59" bold="true" box="[199,321,1435,1460]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Head large and round with a heart-shaped facial area, tail short, and legs rather long as is typical of masked-owls of the genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C1EBEE7FFC1C31BFE2807D58E87FA3A" authority="Bruce 1999" authorityName="Bruce" authorityYear="1999" box="[453,661,1471,1496]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96A1976FFC1C31BFE2807D58DE0FA35" box="[453,498,1473,1496]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">Tyto</emphasis>
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(Bruce 1999)
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</taxonomicName>
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. The general colouration, size and geographical location initially led us to believe that it belonged within
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<taxonomicName id="4C1EBEE7FFC1C31BFDDA07F18ECBFA11" box="[567,729,1508,1532]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sororcula">
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<emphasis id="B96A1976FFC1C31BFDDA07F18ECBFA11" box="[567,729,1508,1532]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">Tyto sororcula</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Generally similar to both forms of
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<taxonomicName id="4C1EBEE7FFC1C31BFB9B07F18905FA11" box="[1142,1303,1508,1532]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sororcula">
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<emphasis id="B96A1976FFC1C31BFB9B07F18905FA11" box="[1142,1303,1508,1532]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">Tyto sororcula</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
, but differs by having yellow ochre instead of white or whitish underparts. Also shows a unique pattern on crown and upper back, with a short white or buff shaft stripe within the dusky terminal part of each feather, instead of two roundish, or bar- or heart-shaped white spots per feather, as in most
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<taxonomicName id="4C1EBEE7FFC1C31BFCF004458F58F985" box="[797,842,1617,1640]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B96A1976FFC1C31BFCF004458F58F985" box="[797,842,1617,1640]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">Tyto</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
species. Additionally, feathers of the mid- and lower back have only a limited amount of light (buffy) mottles within the dusky terminal parts, unlike in
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<taxonomicName id="4C1EBEE7FFC1C31BFB0A04618976F961" box="[1255,1380,1652,1676]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="sororcula" subSpecies="cayelii">
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<emphasis id="B96A1976FFC1C31BFB0A04618976F961" box="[1255,1380,1652,1676]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">T. s. cayelii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and, notably,
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<taxonomicName id="4C1EBEE7FFC1C31BFF15048D8D88F95D" box="[248,410,1688,1712]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="sororcula" subSpecies="sororcula">
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||
<emphasis id="B96A1976FFC1C31BFF15048D8D88F95D" box="[248,410,1688,1712]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">T. s. sororcula</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
. In the latter subspecies, distal parts of the dorsal feathers are densely mottled with dusky and white, and there is also a broad mottled zone inside each of the dark bars, giving a rather ‘peppered’ greyish appearance to much of the upperparts. The tail of
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C1EBEE7FFC1C31BFD0804F58F54F915" box="[741,838,1760,1784]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="almae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A1976FFC1C31BFD0804F58F54F915" box="[741,838,1760,1784]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">T. almae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is extensively golden brown with broad dark bars, showing no pale mottling, and only a trace of dark mottling between the bars. This is unlike the more extensive dark mottling found in both forms of
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A1976FFC1C31BFDB1053D8EFCF8AD" box="[604,750,1832,1856]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1EBEE7FFC1C31BFDB1053D8EF8F8AD" box="[604,746,1832,1856]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sororcula">T. sororcula</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
which additionally shows pale mottling. Thus, with more extensively golden brown and distinctly barred wings and tail,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1EBEE7FFC1C31BFC8505598FDBF889" box="[872,969,1868,1892]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="almae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A1976FFC1C31BFC8505598FDBF889" box="[872,969,1868,1892]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">T. almae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is phenotypically quite distinct from the two currently recognized forms of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1EBEE7FFC1C31BFDF605658EA8F865" box="[539,698,1904,1928]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sororcula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A1976FFC1C31BFDF605658EA8F865" box="[539,698,1904,1928]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">Tyto sororcula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Furthermore,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1EBEE7FFC1C31BFC8E05658FD2F865" box="[867,960,1904,1928]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="almae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A1976FFC1C31BFC8E05658FD2F865" box="[867,960,1904,1928]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">T. almae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has longer and completely feathered tarsi, similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1EBEE7FFC1C31BFEE505818D95F841" box="[264,391,1940,1964]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="sororcula" subSpecies="cayelii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A1976FFC1C31BFEE505818D95F841" box="[264,391,1940,1964]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">T. s. cayelii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, whereas the lower tarsi of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1EBEE7FFC1C31BFD5005818F4FF841" box="[701,861,1940,1964]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="sororcula" subSpecies="sororcula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A1976FFC1C31BFD5005818F4FF841" box="[701,861,1940,1964]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">T. s. sororcula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have short bristle-like feathers only.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30496EFFFC1C319FF3D05AC8E1CF86C" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="57" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA1C564FFC1C31BFF3D05AC8F25F819" blockId="4.[151,1436,823,2036]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A1976FFC1C31BFF3D05AC8D45F83D" bold="true" box="[208,343,1976,2000]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
The specific epithet honours Alma Jønsson, daughter of the senior author, acknowledging that she had to be without her father while he was out exploring.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF6195ECFFC0C31AFF7A05688F8DF803" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/283525/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="56" targetBox="[198,1390,195,1893]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA1C564FFC0C31AFF7A05688F8DF803" blockId="5.[151,1436,1916,2030]" pageId="5" pageNumber="56">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A1976FFC0C31AFF7A05688D1FF87C" bold="true" box="[151,269,1916,1939]" pageId="5" pageNumber="56">FIGURE 1</emphasis>
|
||
. Comparisons of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1EBEE7FFC0C31AFE2805698DFCF87F" box="[453,494,1917,1938]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A1976FFC0C31AFE2805698DFCF87F" box="[453,494,1917,1938]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="56">Tyto</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
owl specimens. From left to right:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1EBEE7FFC0C31AFCB20569882CF87F" box="[863,1086,1916,1938]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="sororcula" subSpecies="cayelii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A1976FFC0C31AFCB20569882CF87F" box="[863,1086,1916,1938]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="56">Tyto sororcula cayelii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Buru (AMNH 629476, type specimen), photo by M. Shanley and T. J. Trombone;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1EBEE7FFC0C31AFD2705888F28F85C" box="[714,826,1947,1969]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="almae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A1976FFC0C31AFD2705888F28F85C" box="[714,826,1947,1969]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="56">Tyto almae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Seram (MZB 33.231), photo by K. A. Jønsson;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1EBEE7FFC0C31AFA9C05888D73F822" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="sororcula" subSpecies="sororcula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A1976FFC0C31AFA9C05888D73F822" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="56">Tyto sororcula sororcula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Tanimbar (RMNH.AVES.162520), photo by Eelco Kruidenier; and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1EBEE7FFC0C31AFB8905AF8973F822" box="[1124,1377,1977,2000]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="sororcula" subSpecies="sororcula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A1976FFC0C31AFB8905AF8973F822" box="[1124,1377,1977,2000]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="56">Tyto sororcula sororcula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Tanimbar (BMNH 1883.5.30.89, type specimen), photo by Hein van Grouw.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF6195ECFFC3C319FF7A00758F5BFD59" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/283526/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" targetBox="[161,1435,205,587]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA1C564FFC3C319FF7A00758F5BFD59" blockId="6.[151,1437,609,692]" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A1976FFC3C319FF7A00758D1CFD9A" bold="true" box="[151,270,609,632]" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">FIGURE 2</emphasis>
|
||
. Close-up photos of heads of:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1EBEE7FFC3C319FDB900778F24FD9A" box="[596,822,609,632]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="sororcula" subSpecies="cayelii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A1976FFC3C319FDB900778F24FD9A" box="[596,822,609,632]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Tyto sororcula cayelii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Buru (AMNH 629476, type specimen), photo by M. Shanley and T. J. Trombone;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1EBEE7FFC3C319FE2600958E28FD7B" box="[459,570,640,662]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="almae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A1976FFC3C319FE2600958E28FD7B" box="[459,570,640,662]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Tyto almae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Seram (MZB 33.231), photo by K. A. Jønsson; and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1EBEE7FFC3C319FB7200958989FD7B" box="[1183,1435,640,662]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="sororcula" subSpecies="sororcula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A1976FFC3C319FB7200958989FD7B" box="[1183,1435,640,662]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Tyto sororcula sororcula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Tanimbar (RMNH.AVES.162520), photo by Eelco Kruidenier.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF6195ECFFC3C319FF7A07068F5BFA8B" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/283527/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" targetBox="[160,1436,742,1269]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA1C564FFC3C319FF7A07068F5BFA8B" blockId="6.[151,1436,1298,1382]" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A1976FFC3C319FF7A07068D02FAC5" bold="true" box="[151,272,1298,1321]" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">FIGURE 3</emphasis>
|
||
. Close-up photos of tails of:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1EBEE7FFC3C319FDA607008F3CFAC4" box="[587,814,1299,1321]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="sororcula" subSpecies="cayelii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A1976FFC3C319FDA607008F3CFAC4" box="[587,814,1299,1321]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Tyto sororcula cayelii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Buru (AMNH 629476, type specimen), photo by M. Shanley and T. J. Trombone;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1EBEE7FFC3C319FE2607278E28FAAA" box="[459,570,1329,1352]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="almae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A1976FFC3C319FE2607278E28FAAA" box="[459,570,1329,1352]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Tyto almae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Seram (MZB 33.231), photo by K. A. Jønsson; and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1EBEE7FFC3C319FB7207278989FAAA" box="[1183,1435,1329,1352]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="sororcula" subSpecies="sororcula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A1976FFC3C319FB7207278989FAAA" box="[1183,1435,1329,1352]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Tyto sororcula sororcula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Tanimbar (RMNH.AVES.162520), photo by Eelco Kruidenier.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA1C564FFC3C319FF2A07868E1CF86C" blockId="6.[151,1437,1426,1921]" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A1976FFC3C319FF2A07868D7CFA46" bold="true" box="[199,366,1426,1451]" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Both known records of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1EBEE7FFC3C319FD9007808EB8FA46" box="[637,682,1428,1451]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A1976FFC3C319FD9007808EB8FA46" box="[637,682,1428,1451]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Tyto</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
owls from Seram are from within the protected Manusela National Park. Manusela National Park covers about 10% of Seram (
|
||
<quantity id="4CE66881FFC3C319FCC207AD8FBAFA3C" box="[815,936,1465,1489]" metricMagnitude="7" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.71" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" unit="km" value="17100.0">17,100 km</quantity>
|
||
2). This is one of the only areas in Seram that is visited with any regularity by ornithologists (Bowler & Taylor 1989, 1993; Marsden
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A1976FFC3C319FB7E07CB88DAFA1B" box="[1171,1224,1502,1526]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1997; Rheindt & Hutchinson 2007a,b) and other individuals who would recognize the scientific significance of a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1EBEE7FFC3C319FB29041788E3F9F7" box="[1220,1265,1539,1562]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A1976FFC3C319FB29041788E3F9F7" box="[1220,1265,1539,1562]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Tyto</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
owl on Seram. The natural vegetation of Seram is tropical lowland evergreen and semi-evergreen rain forest, with tropical montane rain forest above ~
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D180EEDFFC3C319FE31045D8E3DF98C" box="[476,559,1609,1633]" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" type="generic">
|
||
<quantity id="4CE66881FFC3C319FE31045D8E39F98C" box="[476,555,1609,1633]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" unit="m" value="800.0">800 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
Seram is still well-forested, although the low-lying areas where the human population is concentrated along the coast and in the west have been cleared (BirdLife International 2012). It is very problematic to assess the threat status of this species as so little is known about its distribution, status and habitat requirements. The little information available suggests that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1EBEE7FFC3C319FC6E04A38FCDF923" box="[899,991,1718,1742]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="almae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A1976FFC3C319FC6E04A38FCDF923" box="[899,991,1718,1742]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">T. almae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not threatened at present, but lives at rather low population densities within montane and perhaps lowland rain forest on Seram. Timber extraction and bird trapping for the wild bird trade are known threats to other forest bird species of Seram (Marsden 1998; Chan
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A1976FFC3C319FA6504EB8CBFF8D7" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2004; BirdLife International 2012). The most likely threat to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1EBEE7FFC3C319FC9605378FE4F8D7" box="[891,1014,1826,1850]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="almae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A1976FFC3C319FC9605378FE4F8D7" box="[891,1014,1826,1850]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Tyto almae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is disappearance of its forest habitat due to anthropogenic activities. The existence of Manusela National Park may be of high importance for the longterm conservation of this species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |