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<mods:title id="969BEFB1AF8DB884FA617CCEF45F1E18">Phylogenetic reassessment of the Exophthalmus genus complex (Curculionidae: Entiminae: Eustylini, Geonemini)</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03C887FF9020FFDDFF00E2B6FA3DF911" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:943BC8FD-B813-4207-A0E9-2529AA8715F5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C887FF9020FFDDFF00E2B6FA3DF911" lastPageNumber="550" pageId="40" pageNumber="550">
<subSubSection id="C37B65629020FFDDFF00E2B6FD55FA51" box="[230,713,1475,1497]" pageId="40" pageNumber="550" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BDE36E99020FFDDFF00E2B6FD55FA51" blockId="40.[230,713,1475,1497]" box="[230,713,1475,1497]" pageId="40" pageNumber="550">
<heading id="D09681859020FFDDFF00E2B6FD55FA51" box="[230,713,1475,1497]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="40" pageNumber="550" reason="4">
<taxonomicName id="4C614D6A9020FFDDFF00E2B6FE0CFA50" ID-CoL="8HGMT" authority="Franz, 2012" authorityName="Franz" authorityYear="2012" box="[230,400,1475,1496]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Compsoricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="550" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">COMPSORICUS</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B915EAFB9020FFDDFE71E2B3FD90FA50" bold="true" box="[407,524,1475,1496]" pageId="40" pageNumber="550">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22657809020FFDDFE71E2B3FD90FA50" box="[407,524,1475,1496]" pageId="40" pageNumber="550" rank="genus">GEN. NOV.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="135A2A6C9020FFDDFDF9E2B6FD5DFA51" box="[543,705,1475,1497]" captionStart="Figures 103 &amp; 104" captionStartId="40.[164,254,901,920]" captionTargetBox="[166,775,197,871]" captionTargetId="figure-621@40.[166,775,197,540]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="Figures 103 &amp; 104. Compsoricus maricao (Wolcott), dorsal and lateral habitus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5406968" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5406968/files/figure.png" pageId="40" pageNumber="550">FIGS 103, 104</figureCitation>
)
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C37B65629020FFDDFF42E29FFA3DF911" pageId="40" pageNumber="550" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BDE36E99020FFDDFF42E29FFBA7FA69" blockId="40.[164,779,1514,1903]" lastBlockId="40.[826,1441,198,1505]" pageId="40" pageNumber="550">
<emphasis id="B915EAFB9020FFDDFF42E29FFE87FA77" box="[164,283,1514,1535]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="550">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
The habitus of
<taxonomicName id="4C614D6A9020FFDDFE0FE29FFDEAFA77" authorityName="Franz" authorityYear="2012" box="[489,630,1514,1535]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Compsoricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="550" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B915EAFB9020FFDDFE0FE29FFDEAFA77" box="[489,630,1514,1535]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="550">Compsoricus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
superficially resembles that of certain South American species of
<taxonomicName id="4C614D6A9020FFDDFF42E152FE94F9B4" authorityName="Schoenherr" authorityYear="1823" box="[164,264,1575,1596]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Compsus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="550" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B915EAFB9020FFDDFF42E152FE94F9B4" box="[164,264,1575,1596]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="550">Compsus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C614D6A9020FFDDFED9E152FE02F9B4" authorityName="Pascoe" authorityYear="1881" box="[319,414,1575,1596]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Exorides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="550" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B915EAFB9020FFDDFED9E152FE02F9B4" box="[319,414,1575,1596]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="550">Exorides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: e.g. of
<taxonomicName id="4C614D6A9020FFDDFE15E152FF40F9D3" authority="Marshall, 1922" authorityName="Marshall" authorityYear="1922" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Compsus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="550" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zebra">
<emphasis id="B915EAFB9020FFDDFE15E152FD05F9B4" box="[499,665,1575,1596]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="550">Compsus zebra</emphasis>
Marshall, 1922
</taxonomicName>
, as described in
<bibRefCitation id="EFF04B189020FFDDFE78E130FD4EF9D4" author="Marshall GAK" box="[414,722,1605,1628]" pageId="40" pageNumber="550" pagination="181 - 224" refId="ref28051" refString="Marshall GAK. 1922 a. On new genera and species of Neotropical Curculionidae. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 55: 181 - 224." type="journal article" year="1922">Marshall (1922a: 199200)</bibRefCitation>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C614D6A9020FFDDFF42E111FEF6F9F2" baseAuthorityName="Harold" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[164,362,1636,1658]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Exorides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="550" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wagneri">
<emphasis id="B915EAFB9020FFDDFF42E111FEF6F9F2" box="[164,362,1636,1658]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="550">Exorides wagneri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as redescribed in
<bibRefCitation id="EFF04B189020FFDDFDA4E111FD7AF9F2" author="Franz NM" box="[578,742,1636,1658]" pageId="40" pageNumber="550" pagination="41 - 80" refId="ref26957" refString="Franz NM. 2010 a. Redescriptions of critical type species in the Eustylini Lacordaire (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae). Journal of Natural History 44: 41 - 80." type="journal article" year="2010">Franz (2010a)</bibRefCitation>
. In particular, the integument is shiny black and the pronotum and elytra display a characteristic pattern of large and widely rounded, glabrous longitudinal elevations (character 39, state 1), which alternate with linear to zigzag stripes of variously greenish to yellowish to purple metallic scales [
<figureCitation id="135A2A6C9020FFDDFDE7E069FD03F8B9" box="[513,671,1820,1842]" captionStart="Figures 103 &amp; 104" captionStartId="40.[164,254,901,920]" captionTargetBox="[166,775,197,871]" captionTargetId="figure-621@40.[166,775,197,540]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="Figures 103 &amp; 104. Compsoricus maricao (Wolcott), dorsal and lateral habitus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5406968" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5406968/files/figure.png" pageId="40" pageNumber="550">Figs 103, 104</figureCitation>
; see also the original species descriptions by
<bibRefCitation id="EFF04B189020FFDDFD81E04FFC97F8C7" author="Wolcott GN" box="[615,779,1850,1872]" pageId="40" pageNumber="550" pagination="1 - 313" refId="ref29418" refString="Wolcott GN. 1923 [1924]. ' Insectae Portoricensis. ' A preliminary annotated check-list of the insects of Puerto Rico, with descriptions of some new species. Journal of the Department of Agriculture of Porto Rico 7: 1 - 313." type="journal article" year="1923">Wolcott, 1923</bibRefCitation>
(1924): 125126; and 1948 (1951): 389390]. These traits alone distinguish this new genus from other Puerto Rican and Greater Antillean eustyline weevils, including Puerto Rican species presently (mis-)classified in
<taxonomicName id="4C614D6A9020FFDDFC3DE657FB1CFEBF" authorityName="Schoenherr" authorityYear="1823" box="[987,1152,290,311]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Exophthalmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="550" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B915EAFB9020FFDDFC3DE657FB1CFEBF" box="[987,1152,290,311]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="550">Exophthalmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, such as
<taxonomicName id="4C614D6A9020FFDDFB1AE657FBD5FEDD" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Exophthalmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="550" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quinquedecimpunctatus">
<emphasis id="B915EAFB9020FFDDFB1AE657FBD5FEDD" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="550">Exophthalmus quinquedecimpunctatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C614D6A9020FFDDFB68E635FA06FEDE" authorityName="Chevrolat" authorityYear="1876" box="[1166,1434,320,342]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Exophthalmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="550" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="roseipes">
<emphasis id="B915EAFB9020FFDDFB68E635FA06FEDE" box="[1166,1434,320,342]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="550">Exophthalmus roseipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Moreover, and in spite of the presence of the striking yet presumably convergent pronotal and elytral elevations,
<taxonomicName id="4C614D6A9020FFDDFC63E6E9FB8AFE39" authorityName="Franz" authorityYear="2012" box="[901,1046,412,433]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Compsoricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="550" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B915EAFB9020FFDDFC63E6E9FB8AFE39" box="[901,1046,412,433]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="550">Compsoricus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from
<taxonomicName id="4C614D6A9020FFDDFB50E6E9FA81FE39" authorityName="Schoenherr" authorityYear="1823" box="[1206,1309,412,433]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Compsus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="550" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B915EAFB9020FFDDFB50E6E9FA81FE39" box="[1206,1309,412,433]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="550">Compsus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as well as other South American eustyline taxa by the combination of the following traits (see also above): labial prementum chordate (character 3, state 2); rostrum in lateral profile slightly arched and tumescent in mid region (character 9, state 1); epistoma of rostrum shallow, in lateral profile neither sharply angled nor abruptly descending (character 11, state 0; character 12, state 0); rostrum dorsally sparsely covered in scales, with a slight and widely rounded median elevation (character 16, state 1), not narrowly or widely depressed (character 19, state 0); occipital sutures of rostrum not extending to subapex (character 26, state 0); transition of rostrum to head in lateral profile abruptly angulate, marked by a circum-capital suture (character 31, state 1); head lacking an anteocular invagination (character 34, state 0); metatibial apex ventrally glabrous, without appressed lamellate scales (character 59, state 0); elytra posteriorly not tuberculate (character 65, state 0), yet with long anteapical posterior projections (character 67, state 1); wings with denticles distributed in a linear field along the proximal margin of the anal region (character 84, state 1; character 85, state 2); aedeagus lacking complex, asymmetrical, anteriorly positioned sclerites (character 107, state 0), instead with a single, elongate, ampullatetubular, centrally positioned endophallic sclerite (character 110, state 1; character 111, state 0; character 114, state 1); and collum and ramus of spermatheca separate, not forming a sharp narrow triangle (character 140, state 0). Molecular evidence (
<emphasis id="B915EAFB9020FFDDFC4CE224FC45FAEE" box="[938,985,1361,1382]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="550">COI</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="B915EAFB9020FFDDFBE9E224FBA3FAEE" box="[1039,1087,1361,1382]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="550">EF1</emphasis>
-a) also supports the placement of
<taxonomicName id="4C614D6A9020FFDDFCBFE205FC76FA0D" authorityName="Franz" authorityYear="2012" box="[857,1002,1392,1413]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Compsoricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="550" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B915EAFB9020FFDDFCBFE205FC76FA0D" box="[857,1002,1392,1413]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="550">Compsoricus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
among Caribbean eustylines such as the Puerto Rican
<emphasis id="B915EAFB9020FFDDFBEBE2FBFB4CFA2B" box="[1037,1232,1422,1443]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="550">Exphophthalmus</emphasis>
species (see comments above), and clearly separate from South American eustylines (Mazo).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE36E99020FFDDFCDCE17CFBB9F9D3" blockId="40.[826,1441,1544,1627]" pageId="40" pageNumber="550">
<emphasis id="B915EAFB9020FFDDFCDCE17CFB6CF995" box="[826,1264,1544,1566]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="550">
<typeStatus id="54DA884B9020FFDDFCDCE17CFCF2F996" box="[826,878,1545,1566]" pageId="40" pageNumber="550">Type</typeStatus>
species:
<taxonomicName id="4C614D6A9020FFDDFC3EE17DFB6CF995" baseAuthorityName="Wolcott" baseAuthorityYear="1924" box="[984,1264,1544,1565]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Compsoricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="550" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maricao">
<emphasis id="B915EAFB9020FFDDFC3EE17DFB6CF995" bold="true" box="[984,1264,1544,1565]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="550">Compsoricus maricao</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
[
<bibRefCitation id="EFF04B189020FFDDFAE7E17DFA3DF995" author="Wolcott GN" box="[1281,1441,1544,1566]" pageId="40" pageNumber="550" pagination="1 - 313" refId="ref29418" refString="Wolcott GN. 1923 [1924]. ' Insectae Portoricensis. ' A preliminary annotated check-list of the insects of Puerto Rico, with descriptions of some new species. Journal of the Department of Agriculture of Porto Rico 7: 1 - 313." type="journal article" year="1923">Wolcott, 1923</bibRefCitation>
(1924): 125],
<emphasis id="B915EAFB9020FFDDFC31E152FBC4F9B4" bold="true" box="[983,1112,1575,1596]" pageId="40" pageNumber="550">comb. nov</emphasis>
. (for
<taxonomicName id="4C614D6A9020FFDDFB7BE152FAF7F9B4" box="[1181,1387,1575,1596]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Compsus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="550" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maricao">
<emphasis id="B915EAFB9020FFDDFB7BE152FAF7F9B4" box="[1181,1387,1575,1596]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="550">Compsus maricao</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), by present designation.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE36E99020FFDDFCDCE1F6FA3DF911" blockId="40.[826,1441,1666,1719]" box="[826,1441,1666,1689]" pageId="40" pageNumber="550">
<emphasis id="B915EAFB9020FFDDFCDCE1F6FAAEF910" box="[826,1330,1666,1688]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="550">
Additional species:
<taxonomicName id="4C614D6A9020FFDDFBF8E1F7FAAEF910" baseAuthorityName="Wolcott" baseAuthorityYear="1951" box="[1054,1330,1666,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Compsoricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="550" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luquillo">
<emphasis id="B915EAFB9020FFDDFBF8E1F7FAAEF910" bold="true" box="[1054,1330,1666,1688]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="550">Compsoricus luquillo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
[
<bibRefCitation id="EFF04B189020FFDDFAA5E1F6FA3DF911" author="Wolcott GN" box="[1347,1441,1667,1689]" pageId="40" pageNumber="550" pagination="1 - 975" refId="ref29559" refString="Wolcott GN. 1948 [1951]. The insects of Puerto Rico. Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico 32: 1 - 975." type="journal article" year="1948">Wolcott,</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
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