633 lines
54 KiB
XML
633 lines
54 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741" ID-GBIF-Dataset="0ff5e644-31e2-4390-a30f-15225d9cbaa8" ID-PMC="PMC8967815" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1090-45" ID-Pensoft-UUID="2FE2177128BF5B8092D3A251DBEA4129" ID-PubMed="35586838" ID-ZooBank="DA810EFDD63C49C4B1CAD346B3C00C37" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1090-45" checkinTime="1648057134838" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Skuhrovec, Jiri, Gosik, Rafal, Caldara, Roberto, Tosevski, Ivo & Batyra, Aleksandra" docDate="2022" docId="ADB0D1D223755249A786687F3865040A" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1090: 45-84" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1090" docPubDate="2022-03-23" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741" docTitle="Gymnetron villosulum Gyllenhal 1838" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="2FE2177128BF5B8092D3A251DBEA4129" lastPageNumber="45" masterDocId="2FE2177128BF5B8092D3A251DBEA4129" masterDocTitle="Description of immature stages of Gymnetron species (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Curculioninae), with particular emphasis on the diagnostic morphological characters at the generic and specific levels" masterLastPageNumber="84" masterPageNumber="45" pageNumber="45" updateTime="1668151565147" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Description of immature stages of Gymnetron species (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Curculioninae), with particular emphasis on the diagnostic morphological characters at the generic and specific levels</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Skuhrovec, Jiri</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7691-5990</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Group Function of Invertebrate and Plant Biodiversity in Agro-Ecosystems, Crop Research Institute, Prague 6 - Ruzyne, Czech Republic</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">jirislavskuhrovec@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Gosik, Rafal</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Zoology and Nature Protection, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20 - 033 Lublin, Poland</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Caldara, Roberto</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Center of Alpine Entomology, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Tosevski, Ivo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>CABI, Rue des Grillons 1, 2800 Delemont, Switzerland & Institute for Plant Protection and Environment, Banatska 33, 11080 Zemun, Serbia</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Batyra, Aleksandra</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Zabia Wola 75 H, 23 - 107 Strzyzewice, Poland</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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||
<mods:part>
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||
<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2022-03-23</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>1090</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>45</mods:start>
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<mods:end>84</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-1090-45</mods:identifier>
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||
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">DA810EFDD63C49C4B1CAD346B3C00C37</mods:identifier>
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||
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">2FE2177128BF5B8092D3A251DBEA4129</mods:identifier>
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||
</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="194208509" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:ADB0D1D223755249A786687F3865040A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/ADB0D1D223755249A786687F3865040A" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="45" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
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<taxonomicName LSID="ADB0D1D2-2375-5249-A786-687F3865040A" authority="Gyllenhal, 1838" authorityName="Gyllenhal" authorityYear="1838" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Gymnetron" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gymnetron villosulum" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="villosulum">Gymnetron villosulum Gyllenhal, 1838</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="45" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
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<materialsCitation collectingDate="2012-07-16" collectorName="Tosevski" country="Serbia" elevation="139" latitude="44.516216" location="Boljetin" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="22.01535" specimenCount="4" specimenCount-larva="3" specimenCount-pupa="1">
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<collectingCountry name="Serbia">Serbia</collectingCountry>
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,
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:ADB0D1D223755249A786687F3865040A:B78B0835CC8FFB0219AFA77FF666A6F5" country="Serbia" latitude="44.516216" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="22.01535" name="Boljetin">Boljetin</location>
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, GPS
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<geoCoordinate degrees="44" direction="north" minutes="30.973" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="44.516216">44°30.973'N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="22" direction="east" minutes="0.921" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="22.01535">22°0.921'E</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<quantity metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.39" unit="m" value="139.0">
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<elevation metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.39" unit="m" value="139.0">139 m</elevation>
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</quantity>
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, ex gall
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Plantaginaceae" genus="Veronica" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Veronica anagallis-aquatica" order="Lamiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="anagallis-aquatica">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Veronica anagallis-aquatica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<collectingDate value="2012-07-16">16.07.2012</collectingDate>
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, leg.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Toševski">
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<collectorName>Tosevski</collectorName>
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</normalizedToken>
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(
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<specimenCount type="larva">3 larvae</specimenCount>
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and
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<specimenCount type="pupa">1 pupa</specimenCount>
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)
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="45" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Description of mature larva</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
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(Figs
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Gymnetron villosulum Gyllenhal mature larva A habitus B head, dorsal view. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662253" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">21A, B</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Gymnetron villosulum Gyllenhal mature larva, head and mouth parts A head B antenna C clypeus and labrum D epipharynx E left mandible F maxillolabial complex. Abbreviations: at - antenna, lr - labral rods, sb - sensillum basiconicum, Se - sensorium, st - stemma; setae: als - anteriolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal epicranial, les - lateral epicranial, ligs - ligular, lms - labral, mds - mandibular dorsal, mpxs - maxillary palps, pes - postepicranial, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postmental, prms - premental, stps - stipital, ves - ventral, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662254" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">22A-F</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Gymnetron villosulum Gyllenhal mature larva, habitus A lateral view of thoracic segments B lateral view of abdominal segment I C lateral view of abdominal segments VI-X. Abbreviations: Th 1 - 3 - numbers of thoracic segments, Ab 1 - 10 - numbers of abdominal segments; setae: as - alar, ds - dorsal, eps - epipleural, eus - eusternal, lsts - laterosternal, pda - pedal, pds - postdorsal, prns - pronotal, prs - prodorsal, ss - spiracular, ps - pleural, sts - sternal, ts - terminal." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662255" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">23A-C</figureCitation>
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).
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<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Measurements</emphasis>
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(in mm). Body length: 2.25-2.46. The widest point in the body (meso- and metathorax) measures up to 1.20. Head width: 0.40-0.51.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">General</emphasis>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Body elongate, slender, weakly curved, rounded in cross section (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Gymnetron villosulum Gyllenhal mature larva A habitus B head, dorsal view. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662253" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">21A</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662253" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" start="Figure 21" startId="F21">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Figure 21.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Gyllenhal" authorityYear="1838" class="Insecta" family="Scrophulariaceae" genus="Gymnetron" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gymnetron villosulum" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="villosulum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Gymnetron villosulum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Gyllenhal mature larva
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">A</emphasis>
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habitus
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">B</emphasis>
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head, dorsal view. Scale bar: 1 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Colouration</emphasis>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Head dark brown (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Gymnetron villosulum Gyllenhal mature larva A habitus B head, dorsal view. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662253" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">21B</figureCitation>
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). All thoracic and abdominal segments white with many reddish or brown asperities (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Gymnetron villosulum Gyllenhal mature larva A habitus B head, dorsal view. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662253" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">21A</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Vestiture</emphasis>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Setae on body thin, orange, distinctly different in length (minute to very short or long).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
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<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Head capsule</emphasis>
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(Figs
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Gymnetron villosulum Gyllenhal mature larva A habitus B head, dorsal view. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662253" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">21B</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Gymnetron villosulum Gyllenhal mature larva, head and mouth parts A head B antenna C clypeus and labrum D epipharynx E left mandible F maxillolabial complex. Abbreviations: at - antenna, lr - labral rods, sb - sensillum basiconicum, Se - sensorium, st - stemma; setae: als - anteriolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal epicranial, les - lateral epicranial, ligs - ligular, lms - labral, mds - mandibular dorsal, mpxs - maxillary palps, pes - postepicranial, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postmental, prms - premental, stps - stipital, ves - ventral, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662254" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">22A</figureCitation>
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). Head suboval, flattened laterally, endocarinal line present, clearly extending to 1/3 of the length of frons. Frontal sutures on head very broad and distinct. Stemma, in the form of a very small pigmented spot with convex cornea.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Des1</emphasis>
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short, located in middle of central part of epicranium;
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">des2</emphasis>
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absent; relatively long
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">des3</emphasis>
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located anteriorly on epicranium close to border with frontal suture;
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">des4</emphasis>
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absent;
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">des5</emphasis>
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long, located anterolaterally (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Gymnetron villosulum Gyllenhal mature larva, head and mouth parts A head B antenna C clypeus and labrum D epipharynx E left mandible F maxillolabial complex. Abbreviations: at - antenna, lr - labral rods, sb - sensillum basiconicum, Se - sensorium, st - stemma; setae: als - anteriolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal epicranial, les - lateral epicranial, ligs - ligular, lms - labral, mds - mandibular dorsal, mpxs - maxillary palps, pes - postepicranial, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postmental, prms - premental, stps - stipital, ves - ventral, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662254" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">22A</figureCitation>
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).
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Fs1</emphasis>
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absent;
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">fs2</emphasis>
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relatively long, located medially;
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">fs3</emphasis>
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absent;
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">fs4</emphasis>
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relatively long, located anteriorly; and
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">fs5</emphasis>
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long, located anterolaterally, close to antenna (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Gymnetron villosulum Gyllenhal mature larva, head and mouth parts A head B antenna C clypeus and labrum D epipharynx E left mandible F maxillolabial complex. Abbreviations: at - antenna, lr - labral rods, sb - sensillum basiconicum, Se - sensorium, st - stemma; setae: als - anteriolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal epicranial, les - lateral epicranial, ligs - ligular, lms - labral, mds - mandibular dorsal, mpxs - maxillary palps, pes - postepicranial, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postmental, prms - premental, stps - stipital, ves - ventral, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662254" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">22A</figureCitation>
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).
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Les1</emphasis>
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and
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">les2</emphasis>
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as long as
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">des5</emphasis>
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;
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">ves</emphasis>
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short. Epicranial area with two postepicranial setae.
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</paragraph>
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<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662254" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" start="Figure 22" startId="F22">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Figure 22.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Gyllenhal" authorityYear="1838" class="Insecta" family="Scrophulariaceae" genus="Gymnetron" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gymnetron villosulum" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="villosulum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Gymnetron villosulum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Gyllenhal mature larva, head and mouth parts
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">A</emphasis>
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head
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">B</emphasis>
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antenna
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">C</emphasis>
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clypeus and labrum
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">D</emphasis>
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epipharynx
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">E</emphasis>
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left mandible
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">F</emphasis>
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maxillolabial complex. Abbreviations: at - antenna, lr - labral rods, sb - sensillum basiconicum, Se - sensorium, st - stemma; setae:
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">als</emphasis>
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- anteriolateral,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">ams</emphasis>
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- anteromedial,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">cls</emphasis>
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- clypeal,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">des</emphasis>
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- dorsal epicranial,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">dms</emphasis>
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- dorsal malar,
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||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">fs</emphasis>
|
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- frontal epicranial,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">les</emphasis>
|
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- lateral epicranial,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">ligs</emphasis>
|
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- ligular,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">lms</emphasis>
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- labral,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">mds</emphasis>
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- mandibular dorsal,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">mpxs</emphasis>
|
||
- maxillary palps,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">pes</emphasis>
|
||
- postepicranial,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">pfs</emphasis>
|
||
- palpiferal,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">pms</emphasis>
|
||
- postmental,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">prms</emphasis>
|
||
- premental,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">stps</emphasis>
|
||
- stipital,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">ves</emphasis>
|
||
- ventral,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">vms</emphasis>
|
||
- ventral malar.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Antennae</emphasis>
|
||
membranous and distinctly convex basal membranous article bearing one relatively long conical sensorium and four sensilla basiconica (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Gymnetron villosulum Gyllenhal mature larva, head and mouth parts A head B antenna C clypeus and labrum D epipharynx E left mandible F maxillolabial complex. Abbreviations: at - antenna, lr - labral rods, sb - sensillum basiconicum, Se - sensorium, st - stemma; setae: als - anteriolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal epicranial, les - lateral epicranial, ligs - ligular, lms - labral, mds - mandibular dorsal, mpxs - maxillary palps, pes - postepicranial, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postmental, prms - premental, stps - stipital, ves - ventral, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662254" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">22B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Clypeus</emphasis>
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Gymnetron villosulum Gyllenhal mature larva, head and mouth parts A head B antenna C clypeus and labrum D epipharynx E left mandible F maxillolabial complex. Abbreviations: at - antenna, lr - labral rods, sb - sensillum basiconicum, Se - sensorium, st - stemma; setae: als - anteriolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal epicranial, les - lateral epicranial, ligs - ligular, lms - labral, mds - mandibular dorsal, mpxs - maxillary palps, pes - postepicranial, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postmental, prms - premental, stps - stipital, ves - ventral, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662254" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">22C</figureCitation>
|
||
) ~ 3-4
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
as wide as long with two relatively long
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">cls</emphasis>
|
||
, located posterolaterally, without sensillum; fused to labrum.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Mouth parts</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Labrum (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Gymnetron villosulum Gyllenhal mature larva, head and mouth parts A head B antenna C clypeus and labrum D epipharynx E left mandible F maxillolabial complex. Abbreviations: at - antenna, lr - labral rods, sb - sensillum basiconicum, Se - sensorium, st - stemma; setae: als - anteriolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal epicranial, les - lateral epicranial, ligs - ligular, lms - labral, mds - mandibular dorsal, mpxs - maxillary palps, pes - postepicranial, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postmental, prms - premental, stps - stipital, ves - ventral, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662254" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">22C</figureCitation>
|
||
) ~ 4
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
as wide as long, with three piliform
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">lms</emphasis>
|
||
, relatively long, almost of equal length;
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">lms1</emphasis>
|
||
located anteromedially,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">lms2</emphasis>
|
||
partly located close to clypeus, and
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">lms3</emphasis>
|
||
located anterolaterally. Epipharynx (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Gymnetron villosulum Gyllenhal mature larva, head and mouth parts A head B antenna C clypeus and labrum D epipharynx E left mandible F maxillolabial complex. Abbreviations: at - antenna, lr - labral rods, sb - sensillum basiconicum, Se - sensorium, st - stemma; setae: als - anteriolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal epicranial, les - lateral epicranial, ligs - ligular, lms - labral, mds - mandibular dorsal, mpxs - maxillary palps, pes - postepicranial, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postmental, prms - premental, stps - stipital, ves - ventral, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662254" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">22D</figureCitation>
|
||
) with two very long digitate
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">als</emphasis>
|
||
, almost identical in length; with three
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">ams</emphasis>
|
||
of different length,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">ams1</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">ams2</emphasis>
|
||
piliform and short, digitate
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">ams3</emphasis>
|
||
and enlarged in middle; without
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">mes</emphasis>
|
||
; labral rods indistinct, irregular in shape. Mandibles (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Gymnetron villosulum Gyllenhal mature larva, head and mouth parts A head B antenna C clypeus and labrum D epipharynx E left mandible F maxillolabial complex. Abbreviations: at - antenna, lr - labral rods, sb - sensillum basiconicum, Se - sensorium, st - stemma; setae: als - anteriolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal epicranial, les - lateral epicranial, ligs - ligular, lms - labral, mds - mandibular dorsal, mpxs - maxillary palps, pes - postepicranial, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postmental, prms - premental, stps - stipital, ves - ventral, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662254" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">22E</figureCitation>
|
||
) with two relatively long, piliform
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">mds</emphasis>
|
||
, located in distinct holes. Maxilla (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Gymnetron villosulum Gyllenhal mature larva, head and mouth parts A head B antenna C clypeus and labrum D epipharynx E left mandible F maxillolabial complex. Abbreviations: at - antenna, lr - labral rods, sb - sensillum basiconicum, Se - sensorium, st - stemma; setae: als - anteriolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal epicranial, les - lateral epicranial, ligs - ligular, lms - labral, mds - mandibular dorsal, mpxs - maxillary palps, pes - postepicranial, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postmental, prms - premental, stps - stipital, ves - ventral, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662254" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">22F</figureCitation>
|
||
): stipes with one
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">stps</emphasis>
|
||
, two
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">pfs</emphasis>
|
||
and without
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">mbs</emphasis>
|
||
and sensillum,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">stps</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">pfs1</emphasis>
|
||
long,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">pfs2</emphasis>
|
||
relatively long; mala with four short digitate
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">dms</emphasis>
|
||
; three
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">vms</emphasis>
|
||
, different lengths, one seta very short, and two setae minute. Maxillary palpi with two palpomeres; length ratio of basal and distal palpomeres: 1:0.5. Praelabium (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Gymnetron villosulum Gyllenhal mature larva, head and mouth parts A head B antenna C clypeus and labrum D epipharynx E left mandible F maxillolabial complex. Abbreviations: at - antenna, lr - labral rods, sb - sensillum basiconicum, Se - sensorium, st - stemma; setae: als - anteriolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal epicranial, les - lateral epicranial, ligs - ligular, lms - labral, mds - mandibular dorsal, mpxs - maxillary palps, pes - postepicranial, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postmental, prms - premental, stps - stipital, ves - ventral, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662254" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">22F</figureCitation>
|
||
) oval, with one long
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">prms</emphasis>
|
||
; ligula with sinuate margin and two very short
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">ligs</emphasis>
|
||
; premental sclerite broad, well visible. Postlabium (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Gymnetron villosulum Gyllenhal mature larva, head and mouth parts A head B antenna C clypeus and labrum D epipharynx E left mandible F maxillolabial complex. Abbreviations: at - antenna, lr - labral rods, sb - sensillum basiconicum, Se - sensorium, st - stemma; setae: als - anteriolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal epicranial, les - lateral epicranial, ligs - ligular, lms - labral, mds - mandibular dorsal, mpxs - maxillary palps, pes - postepicranial, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postmental, prms - premental, stps - stipital, ves - ventral, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662254" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">22F</figureCitation>
|
||
) with two
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">pms</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">pms1</emphasis>
|
||
absent, short
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">pms2</emphasis>
|
||
located laterally and very long
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">pms3</emphasis>
|
||
located medially; membranous area sparsely and finely asperate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Thorax</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Prothorax (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Gymnetron villosulum Gyllenhal mature larva, habitus A lateral view of thoracic segments B lateral view of abdominal segment I C lateral view of abdominal segments VI-X. Abbreviations: Th 1 - 3 - numbers of thoracic segments, Ab 1 - 10 - numbers of abdominal segments; setae: as - alar, ds - dorsal, eps - epipleural, eus - eusternal, lsts - laterosternal, pda - pedal, pds - postdorsal, prns - pronotal, prs - prodorsal, ss - spiracular, ps - pleural, sts - sternal, ts - terminal." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662255" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">23A</figureCitation>
|
||
) with six long and two very short to minute
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">prns</emphasis>
|
||
, small pigmented dorsal sclerite present with two long
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">prns</emphasis>
|
||
, this sclerite subdivided into two triangular plates medially; two long
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">ps</emphasis>
|
||
; and two short to very short
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">eus</emphasis>
|
||
. Mesothorax (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Gymnetron villosulum Gyllenhal mature larva, habitus A lateral view of thoracic segments B lateral view of abdominal segment I C lateral view of abdominal segments VI-X. Abbreviations: Th 1 - 3 - numbers of thoracic segments, Ab 1 - 10 - numbers of abdominal segments; setae: as - alar, ds - dorsal, eps - epipleural, eus - eusternal, lsts - laterosternal, pda - pedal, pds - postdorsal, prns - pronotal, prs - prodorsal, ss - spiracular, ps - pleural, sts - sternal, ts - terminal." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662255" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">23A</figureCitation>
|
||
) with two very short to minute
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">prs</emphasis>
|
||
, two long
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">pds</emphasis>
|
||
; one long
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">as</emphasis>
|
||
; one long and two very short to minute
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">ss</emphasis>
|
||
; one long
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">eps</emphasis>
|
||
; one long
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">ps</emphasis>
|
||
; and two short
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">eus</emphasis>
|
||
. Chaetotaxy of metathorax (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Gymnetron villosulum Gyllenhal mature larva, habitus A lateral view of thoracic segments B lateral view of abdominal segment I C lateral view of abdominal segments VI-X. Abbreviations: Th 1 - 3 - numbers of thoracic segments, Ab 1 - 10 - numbers of abdominal segments; setae: as - alar, ds - dorsal, eps - epipleural, eus - eusternal, lsts - laterosternal, pda - pedal, pds - postdorsal, prns - pronotal, prs - prodorsal, ss - spiracular, ps - pleural, sts - sternal, ts - terminal." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662255" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">23A</figureCitation>
|
||
) almost identical to that of mesothorax. Each pedal area of thoracic segments well separated, with three long and one very short to minute
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">pda</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662255" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" start="Figure 23" startId="F23">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Figure 23.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gyllenhal" authorityYear="1838" class="Insecta" family="Scrophulariaceae" genus="Gymnetron" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gymnetron villosulum" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="villosulum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Gymnetron villosulum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Gyllenhal mature larva, habitus
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">A</emphasis>
|
||
lateral view of thoracic segments
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">B</emphasis>
|
||
lateral view of abdominal segment I
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">C</emphasis>
|
||
lateral view of abdominal segments VI-X. Abbreviations: Th1-3 - numbers of thoracic segments, Ab1-10 - numbers of abdominal segments; setae:
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">as</emphasis>
|
||
- alar,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">ds</emphasis>
|
||
- dorsal,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">eps</emphasis>
|
||
- epipleural,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">eus</emphasis>
|
||
- eusternal,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">lsts</emphasis>
|
||
- laterosternal,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">pda</emphasis>
|
||
- pedal,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">pds</emphasis>
|
||
- postdorsal,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">prns</emphasis>
|
||
- pronotal,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">prs</emphasis>
|
||
- prodorsal,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">ss</emphasis>
|
||
- spiracular,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">ps</emphasis>
|
||
- pleural,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">sts</emphasis>
|
||
- sternal,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">ts</emphasis>
|
||
- terminal.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Abdomen</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Spiracles on abdominal segments I-VI close to the anterior margin and functional, spiracles on abdominal segment VII not functional, and abdominal segment VIII with atrophied spiracles. Abdominal segments I-VI (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Gymnetron villosulum Gyllenhal mature larva, habitus A lateral view of thoracic segments B lateral view of abdominal segment I C lateral view of abdominal segments VI-X. Abbreviations: Th 1 - 3 - numbers of thoracic segments, Ab 1 - 10 - numbers of abdominal segments; setae: as - alar, ds - dorsal, eps - epipleural, eus - eusternal, lsts - laterosternal, pda - pedal, pds - postdorsal, prns - pronotal, prs - prodorsal, ss - spiracular, ps - pleural, sts - sternal, ts - terminal." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662255" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">23B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
) with one short and one minute
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">prs</emphasis>
|
||
; one long
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">pds</emphasis>
|
||
; one long and one very short to minute
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">ss</emphasis>
|
||
; one long
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">eps</emphasis>
|
||
; one relatively long
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">ps</emphasis>
|
||
; one short
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">lsts</emphasis>
|
||
; and two very short and sometimes one additional minute
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">eus</emphasis>
|
||
. Abdominal segments VII-VIII (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Gymnetron villosulum Gyllenhal mature larva, habitus A lateral view of thoracic segments B lateral view of abdominal segment I C lateral view of abdominal segments VI-X. Abbreviations: Th 1 - 3 - numbers of thoracic segments, Ab 1 - 10 - numbers of abdominal segments; setae: as - alar, ds - dorsal, eps - epipleural, eus - eusternal, lsts - laterosternal, pda - pedal, pds - postdorsal, prns - pronotal, prs - prodorsal, ss - spiracular, ps - pleural, sts - sternal, ts - terminal." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662255" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">23C</figureCitation>
|
||
) with one very short
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">prs</emphasis>
|
||
; one long
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">pds</emphasis>
|
||
; one long and one very short to minute
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">ss</emphasis>
|
||
; one long
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">eps</emphasis>
|
||
; one relatively long
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">ps</emphasis>
|
||
; one short
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">lsts</emphasis>
|
||
; and two very short and sometimes one additional minute
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">eus</emphasis>
|
||
. Abdominal segment IX (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Gymnetron villosulum Gyllenhal mature larva, habitus A lateral view of thoracic segments B lateral view of abdominal segment I C lateral view of abdominal segments VI-X. Abbreviations: Th 1 - 3 - numbers of thoracic segments, Ab 1 - 10 - numbers of abdominal segments; setae: as - alar, ds - dorsal, eps - epipleural, eus - eusternal, lsts - laterosternal, pda - pedal, pds - postdorsal, prns - pronotal, prs - prodorsal, ss - spiracular, ps - pleural, sts - sternal, ts - terminal." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662255" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">23C</figureCitation>
|
||
) with one relatively long
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">ds</emphasis>
|
||
; two relatively long
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">ps</emphasis>
|
||
; and one short to very short
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">sts</emphasis>
|
||
. Abdominal segment X (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Gymnetron villosulum Gyllenhal mature larva, habitus A lateral view of thoracic segments B lateral view of abdominal segment I C lateral view of abdominal segments VI-X. Abbreviations: Th 1 - 3 - numbers of thoracic segments, Ab 1 - 10 - numbers of abdominal segments; setae: as - alar, ds - dorsal, eps - epipleural, eus - eusternal, lsts - laterosternal, pda - pedal, pds - postdorsal, prns - pronotal, prs - prodorsal, ss - spiracular, ps - pleural, sts - sternal, ts - terminal." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662255" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">23C</figureCitation>
|
||
) with one very short seta (
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">ts</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="45" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Description of pupa</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
|
||
(Figs
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="F24" captionText="Figure 24. Gymnetron villosulum Gyllenhal pupa habitus A ventral view B dorsal view. Scale bars: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741.figure24" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662256" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">24A-C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 25" captionStartId="F25" captionText="Figure 25. Gymnetron villosulum Gyllenhal pupa habitus A ventral view B dorsal view C lateral view. Abbreviations: a-pr - abdominal protuberances, p-pr - pronotal protuberances, ur - urogomphi; setae: as - apical, d - dorsal, ds - discal, fes - femoral, l, ls - lateral, os - orbital, pls - posterolateral, rs - rostral, v - ventral." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741.figure25" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662257" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">25A-C</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Measurements</emphasis>
|
||
(in mm). Body length: 2.24-2.73. Body width: 1.30-1.55. Thorax width: 0.82-0.88.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741.figure24" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662256" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" start="Figure 24" startId="F24">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Figure 24.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gyllenhal" authorityYear="1838" class="Insecta" family="Scrophulariaceae" genus="Gymnetron" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gymnetron villosulum" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="villosulum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Gymnetron villosulum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Gyllenhal pupa habitus
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">A</emphasis>
|
||
ventral view
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">B</emphasis>
|
||
dorsal view. Scale bars: 1 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Body</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Brownish, pronotal protuberances (p-pr) sclerotized, smooth; head, rostrum and pronotum darker than rest of body. Rostrum moderately slender. Pronotal protuberances fused at basis. Pronotum 2.2
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
as wide as long. Mesonotum distinctly smaller than metanotum. Urogomphi short, conical, with sclerotized apices. Abdominal segment VIII with rounded, prominent abdominal protuberance dorsally (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 25" captionStartId="F25" captionText="Figure 25. Gymnetron villosulum Gyllenhal pupa habitus A ventral view B dorsal view C lateral view. Abbreviations: a-pr - abdominal protuberances, p-pr - pronotal protuberances, ur - urogomphi; setae: as - apical, d - dorsal, ds - discal, fes - femoral, l, ls - lateral, os - orbital, pls - posterolateral, rs - rostral, v - ventral." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741.figure25" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662257" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">25A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741.figure25" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662257" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" start="Figure 25" startId="F25">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Figure 25.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gyllenhal" authorityYear="1838" class="Insecta" family="Scrophulariaceae" genus="Gymnetron" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gymnetron villosulum" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="villosulum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Gymnetron villosulum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Gyllenhal pupa habitus
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">A</emphasis>
|
||
ventral view
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">B</emphasis>
|
||
dorsal view
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">C</emphasis>
|
||
lateral view. Abbreviations: a-pr - abdominal protuberances, p-pr - pronotal protuberances, ur - urogomphi; setae:
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">as</emphasis>
|
||
- apical,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">d</emphasis>
|
||
- dorsal,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">ds</emphasis>
|
||
- discal,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">fes</emphasis>
|
||
- femoral,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">l</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">ls</emphasis>
|
||
- lateral,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">os</emphasis>
|
||
- orbital,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">pls</emphasis>
|
||
- posterolateral,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">rs</emphasis>
|
||
- rostral,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">v</emphasis>
|
||
- ventral.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Chaetotaxy</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Sparse, setae short to medium, transparent. Head with one medium
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">os</emphasis>
|
||
. Rostrum with one
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">rs</emphasis>
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 25" captionStartId="F25" captionText="Figure 25. Gymnetron villosulum Gyllenhal pupa habitus A ventral view B dorsal view C lateral view. Abbreviations: a-pr - abdominal protuberances, p-pr - pronotal protuberances, ur - urogomphi; setae: as - apical, d - dorsal, ds - discal, fes - femoral, l, ls - lateral, os - orbital, pls - posterolateral, rs - rostral, v - ventral." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741.figure25" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662257" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">25A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Pronotum with one elongate
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">as</emphasis>
|
||
, one
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">ls</emphasis>
|
||
, and four
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">pls</emphasis>
|
||
all almost equal in length. Dorsal parts of meso- and metathorax with two setae of various length, placed medially. Apices of femora with one medium-sized
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">fes</emphasis>
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 25" captionStartId="F25" captionText="Figure 25. Gymnetron villosulum Gyllenhal pupa habitus A ventral view B dorsal view C lateral view. Abbreviations: a-pr - abdominal protuberances, p-pr - pronotal protuberances, ur - urogomphi; setae: as - apical, d - dorsal, ds - discal, fes - femoral, l, ls - lateral, os - orbital, pls - posterolateral, rs - rostral, v - ventral." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741.figure25" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662257" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">25A-C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Abdominal segments I-VIII with two medium-sized setae (one placed medially, the other laterally). Each lateral part of abdominal segments I-VIII with one medium-sized seta. Ventral parts of abdominal segments I-VIII with two medium-sized setae. Abdominal segment IX with two minute setae ventrally (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 25" captionStartId="F25" captionText="Figure 25. Gymnetron villosulum Gyllenhal pupa habitus A ventral view B dorsal view C lateral view. Abbreviations: a-pr - abdominal protuberances, p-pr - pronotal protuberances, ur - urogomphi; setae: as - apical, d - dorsal, ds - discal, fes - femoral, l, ls - lateral, os - orbital, pls - posterolateral, rs - rostral, v - ventral." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.78741.figure25" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662257" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">25A-C</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="45" type="notes">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Biological notes.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
|
||
The host plants of this species are several
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Plantaginaceae" genus="Veronica" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Veronica" order="Lamiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Veronica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species:
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="V. anagallis-aquatica" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" rank="species" species="anagallis-aquatica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">V. anagallis-aquatica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L.,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="V. anagalloides" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" rank="species" species="anagalloides">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">V. anagalloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Guss.,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="V. beccabunga" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" rank="species" species="beccabunga">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">V. beccabunga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L.,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="V. catenata" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" rank="species" species="catenata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">V. catenata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Pennell,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="V. scutellata" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" rank="species" species="scutellata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">V. scutellata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L. (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kleine, P" journalOrPublisher="Entomologische Blaetter" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" pagination="275 - 294" refId="B23" refString="Kleine, P, 1910. Die Lariiden und Rhynchophoren und ihre Nahrungspflanzen. Entomologische Blaetter 6: 275 - 294" title="Die Lariiden und Rhynchophoren und ihre Nahrungspflanzen." volume="6" year="1910">Kleine 1910</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Urban, C" journalOrPublisher="Entomologische Blaetter" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" pagination="97 - 104" refId="B47" refString="Urban, C, 1930. Beitraege zur Naturgeschichte einiger Ruesselkaefer III. Entomologische Blaetter 26: 97 - 104" title="Beitraege zur Naturgeschichte einiger Ruesselkaefer III." volume="26" year="1930">Urban 1930</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hustache, A" journalOrPublisher="Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" pagination="399 - 435" refId="B21" refString="Hustache, A, 1931. Curculionidae Gallo-Rhenans. Mecinini. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France 100: 399 - 435" title="Curculionidae Gallo-Rhenans. Mecinini." volume="100" year="1931">Hustache 1931</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hoffmann, A" journalOrPublisher="Faune de France" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" pagination="1209 - 1839" refId="B20" refString="Hoffmann, A, 1958. Coleopteres Curculionides (Troisieme partie). Faune de France 62: 1209 - 1839" title="Coleopteres Curculionides (Troisieme partie)." volume="62" year="1958">Hoffmann 1958</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sprick, P" journalOrPublisher="Mitteilungen der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Rheinischer Koleopterologen" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" pagination="73 - 104" refId="B43" refString="Sprick, P, 1997. Beitraege zur Oekologie phytophager Kaefer (Col. Chrysomelidae, Curculionoidea). II. Plausibilitaetspruefungen von Wirtspflanzenangaben bei phytophagen Kaefern unter besonderer Beruecksichtigung sekuendaerer Pflanzeninhaltsstoffe. Mitteilungen der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Rheinischer Koleopterologen 7 (2): 73 - 104" title="Beitraege zur Oekologie phytophager Kaefer (Col. Chrysomelidae, Curculionoidea). II. Plausibilitaetspruefungen von Wirtspflanzenangaben bei phytophagen Kaefern unter besonderer Beruecksichtigung sekuendaerer Pflanzeninhaltsstoffe." volume="7" year="1997">Sprick 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The adults appear on the host plants in May. The females oviposit during June in the ovarial tissue, inducing a bulbous gall in which the larva develops.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="45" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">Remarks and comparative notes.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="45">
|
||
This species is common in the whole of Europe and Anatolia. The adult is closely related to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="G. miyoshii" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="miyoshii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">G. miyoshii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a vicariant species living in eastern Asia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Caldara, R" journalOrPublisher="Aldrovandia" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" pagination="27 - 104" refId="B7" refString="Caldara, R, 2008a. Revisione delle specie paleartiche del genere Gymnetron (Insecta, Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Aldrovandia 4: 27 - 104" title="Revisione delle specie paleartiche del genere Gymnetron (Insecta, Coleoptera: Curculionidae)." volume="4" year="2008 a">Caldara 2008a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Alonso-Zarazaga, MA" journalOrPublisher="Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa SEA, Monografias electronicas 8" pageId="0" pageNumber="45" publicationUrl="www.sea-entomologia.org" refId="B2" refString="Alonso-Zarazaga, MA, Barrios, H, Borovec, R, Bouchard, P, Caldara, R, Colonnelli, E, Gueltekin, L, Hlavac, P, Korotyaev, B, Lyal, CHC, Machado, A, Meregalli, M, Pierotti, H, Ren, L, Sanchez-Ruiz, M, Sforzi, A, Silfverberg, H, Skuhrovec, J, Tryzna, M, Velazquez de Castro, AJ, Yunakov, NN, 2017. Cooperative Catalogue of Palaearctic ColeopteraCurculionoidea. Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa SEA, Monografias electronicas 8, www.sea-entomologia.org" title="Cooperative Catalogue of Palaearctic ColeopteraCurculionoidea." url="www.sea-entomologia.org" year="2017">Alonso-Zarazaga et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The immature stages confirm this relationship, as they share the postdorsal segment on the abdominal segments with one
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">pds</emphasis>
|
||
and the dorsal epicranium without
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="45">des4</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |