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<mods:title id="ABD50A59F7724B549BF15A7984EE0512">A synoptic review of the ants of California (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)</mods:title>
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<treatment id="9E2AA724FFF3FFF0FEBFFD0BC761FB03" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6268918" ID-GBIF-Taxon="120674376" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6268918" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9E2AA724FFF3FFF0FEBFFD0BC761FB03" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9E2AA724FFF3FFF0FEBFFD0BC761FB03" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<subSubSection id="5E9945B9FFF3FFF0FEBFFD0BC761FB03" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="163C1632FFF3FFF0FEBFFD0BC63EFCB6" blockId="37.[264,614,753,779]" box="[264,614,753,779]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<heading id="4D74A15EFFF3FFF0FEBFFD0BC63EFCB6" bold="true" box="[264,614,753,779]" fontSize="11" level="6" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" reason="0">
<emphasis id="24F7CA20FFF3FFF0FEBFFD0BC63EFCB6" bold="true" box="[264,614,753,779]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="D1836DB1FFF3FFF0FEE8FD0BC63EFCB6" ID-CoL="52V8" authority="Santschi" authorityName="Santschi" box="[351,614,753,779]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="24F7CA20FFF3FFF0FEE8FD0BC5ADFCB6" bold="true" box="[351,501,753,779]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Hypoponera</emphasis>
Santschi
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</emphasis>
</heading>
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<paragraph id="163C1632FFF3FFF0FEBFFCC6C7CCFBFB" blockId="37.[264,1323,828,1214]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
This is a cosmopolitan genus of small predacious ants, nesting in soil and rotten wood. Four species are known from California, of which one (
<taxonomicName id="D1836DB1FFF3FFF0FC2AFC9EC077FCC0" box="[925,1071,868,893]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="24F7CA20FFF3FFF0FC2AFC9EC077FCC0" box="[925,1071,868,893]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Hypoponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. CA­01) is apparently undescribed and not included in the keys cited below. It is similar to
<taxonomicName id="D1836DB1FFF3FFF0FB2FFC76C5E5FC73" authority="Forel" authorityName="Forel" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opacior">
<emphasis id="24F7CA20FFF3FFF0FB2FFC76C53BFC70" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Hypoponera opacior</emphasis>
(Forel)
</taxonomicName>
from which it can be distinguished by the orange­brown body color (usually dark brown in California
<taxonomicName id="D1836DB1FFF3FFF0FDCFFC26C6A3FC48" box="[632,763,988,1013]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opacior">
<emphasis id="24F7CA20FFF3FFF0FDCFFC26C6A3FC48" box="[632,763,988,1013]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">H. opacior</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), narrower head (CI 0.77­0.83, as opposed to 0.83­0.87 in
<taxonomicName id="D1836DB1FFF3FFF0FE2AFBFEC643FBA0" box="[413,539,1028,1053]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opacior">
<emphasis id="24F7CA20FFF3FFF0FE2AFBFEC643FBA0" box="[413,539,1028,1053]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">H. opacior</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and conspicuous standing pilosity on the venter of the head (such pilosity sparse in California populations of
<taxonomicName id="D1836DB1FFF3FFF0FCB3FBD6C7DAFBF8" box="[772,898,1068,1093]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opacior">
<emphasis id="24F7CA20FFF3FFF0FCB3FBD6C7DAFBF8" box="[772,898,1068,1093]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">H. opacior</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="163C1632FFF3FFF0FE8FFBAEC761FB03" blockId="37.[264,1323,828,1214]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
Species identification: keys in
<bibRefCitation id="72126BC3FFF3FFF0FD11FBAEC7DAFBD3" author="Creighton" box="[678,898,1108,1134]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" refString="Creighton, W. S. (1950 a) The ants of North America. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 104, 1 - 585." type="journal article" year="1950" yearSuffix="a">Creighton (1950a)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="72126BC3FFF3FFF0FC38FBAEC0A0FBD3" author="Wheeler" box="[911,1272,1108,1134]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" refString="Wheeler, G. C. &amp; Wheeler, J. (1986 g) The ants of Nevada. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, vii + 138 pp." type="book" year="1986" yearSuffix="g">
Wheeler and Wheeler (
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)
</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="72126BC3FFF3FFF0FEBFFB86C60FFB2B" author="Mackay" box="[264,599,1148,1174]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" refString="Mackay, W. &amp; Mackay, E. (2002) The ants of New Mexico (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Edwin Mellen Press, Lewiston, New York, 400 pp." type="book" year="2002">Mackay and Mackay (2002)</bibRefCitation>
. Additional references:
<bibRefCitation id="72126BC3FFF3FFF0FCC2FB86C0F9FB2B" author="Delabie" box="[885,1185,1148,1174]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" refString="Delabie, J. H. C. &amp; Blard, F. (2002) The tramp ant Hypoponera punctatissima (Roger) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae): new records from the southern hemisphere. Neotropical Entomology, 31, 149 - 151." type="journal article" year="2002">Delabie and Blard (2002)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="72126BC3FFF3FFF0FB1AFB86C527FB03" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" refString="Duffield, R. M., Blum, M. S. &amp; Wheeler, J. W. (1976) Alkyl pyrazine alarm pheromones in primitive ants with small colonial units. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. B. Comparative Biochemistry, 54, 439 - 440." type="journal article">
Duffield
<emphasis id="24F7CA20FFF3FFF0FAA2FB86C57EFB00" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">et al.</emphasis>
(1976)
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="72126BC3FFF3FFF0FE3DFB5EC62FFB03" box="[394,631,1188,1214]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" refString="Foitzik, S., Heinze, J., Oberstadt, B. &amp; Herbers, J. M. (2002) Mate guarding and alternative reproductive tactics in the ant Hypoponera opacior. Animal Behaviour, 63, 597 - 604." type="journal article">
Foitzik
<emphasis id="24F7CA20FFF3FFF0FE52FB5EC647FB00" box="[485,543,1188,1213]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">et al.</emphasis>
(2002)
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="72126BC3FFF3FFF0FD33FB5EC76EFB03" author="Taylor" box="[644,822,1188,1214]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" refString="Taylor, R. W. (1967 a) A monographic revision of the ant genus Ponera Latreille (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Pacific Insects Monograph, 13, 1 - 112." type="journal article" year="1967" yearSuffix="a">Taylor (1967a)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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