treatments-xml/data/E6/9C/FE/E69CFE8B3FA2540883CC7352B315C882.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1031.56035" ID-GBIF-Dataset="71d0f8e1-34d4-4be1-83fc-c60fc8b2be2d" ID-PMC="PMC8062386" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1031-183" ID-Pensoft-UUID="091EDCFF65A65B93AECA39AC32A1C79F" ID-PubMed="33958913" ID-ZooBank="1014D0C2C459448CA15E69084DD2039E" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1031-183" checkinTime="1618544342754" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Decaens, Thibaud, Beneluz, Frederic, Ballesteros-Mejia, Liliana, Bonilla, Diego &amp; Rougerie, Rodolphe" docDate="2021" docId="E69CFE8B3FA2540883CC7352B315C882" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1031: 183-204" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1031" docPubDate="2021-04-15" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1031.56035" docTitle="Automeris mineros Decaens, Rougerie &amp; Bonilla 2021, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="CE1EAA15-8197-4B98-A2F4-062C40A83153" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="4" id="091EDCFF65A65B93AECA39AC32A1C79F" lastPageNumber="183" masterDocId="091EDCFF65A65B93AECA39AC32A1C79F" masterDocTitle="Description of three new species of Automeris Huebner, 1819 from Colombia and Brazil (Lepidoptera, Saturniidae, Hemileucinae)" masterLastPageNumber="204" masterPageNumber="183" pageNumber="183" updateTime="1668150145509" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>Description of three new species of Automeris Huebner, 1819 from Colombia and Brazil (Lepidoptera, Saturniidae, Hemileucinae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Decaens, Thibaud</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0915-3882</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Paul Valery Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">thibaud.decaens@cefe.cnrs.fr</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Beneluz, Frederic</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Socie ́ te ́ entomologique Antilles-Guyane (SEAG), 18, Lotissement Amaryllis, F- 97354 Remire-Montjoly, French Guiana</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Ballesteros-Mejia, Liliana</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2790-8652</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Institut de Systematique, Evolution, Biodiversite (ISYEB), Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Universite, EPHE, Univ des Antilles, Paris, France &amp; CESAB, Centre de Synthese et d'Analyse sur la Biodiversite, Montpellier, France &amp; Grupo de Investigacion Diseno, Imagen y Comunicacion. Facultad de Creacion y Comunicacion. Universidad El Bosque, Bogota, Colombia</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Bonilla, Diego</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Tapuragua Reserva Natural de la sociedad civil, Yopal, Casanare, Colombia</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Rougerie, Rodolphe</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0937-2815</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Institut de Systematique, Evolution, Biodiversite (ISYEB), Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Universite, EPHE, Univ des Antilles, Paris, France</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date>2021</mods:date>
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<mods:number>2021-04-15</mods:number>
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<mods:number>1031</mods:number>
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<mods:start>183</mods:start>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1031.56035</mods:url>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="181019301" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:CE1EAA15-8197-4B98-A2F4-062C40A83153" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E69CFE8B3FA2540883CC7352B315C882" lastPageNumber="183" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="183">
<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/CE1EAA15-8197-4B98-A2F4-062C40A83153" authority="Decaëns, Rougerie &amp; Bonilla" authorityName="Decaens, Rougerie &amp; Bonilla" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Saturniidae" genus="Automeris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Automeris mineros" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mineros" status="sp. nov.">
Automeris mineros 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Decaëns">Decaens</normalizedToken>
, Rougerie &amp; Bonilla
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="183">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Specimens of the new species of Automeris spp. A dorsal view of A. mineros sp. nov., holotype ♂ B dorsal view of A. mineros sp. nov., paratype (allotype) ♀ C dorsal view of A. belemensis sp. nov., holotype ♂ D dorsal view of A. llaneros sp. nov., holotype ♂ E ventral view of A. mineros sp. nov., holotype ♂ F Ventral view of A. mineros sp. nov., paratype (allotype) ♀ G ventral view of A. belemensis sp. nov., holotype ♂ H ventral view of A. llaneros sp. nov., holotype ♂. Scale bars: 1 cm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1031.56035.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/532101" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Figures 1A, B, E, F</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Genitalia ♂ of the new species of Automeris spp. A A. mineros sp. nov., paratype ♂ (BC-Dec 0549) B A. belemensis sp. nov., paratype ♂ (BC-INCT 1136) C A. llaneros sp. nov., paratype ♂ (BC-Dec 0712). For each species, the dorsal and ventral views of the genitalia, and the dorsal and lateral views of the aedeagus are represented from the left to the right. Scale bars: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1031.56035.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/532102" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">, 2A</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="183" type="type material">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Type material.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="183">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Holotype</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Colombia • ♂ (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Specimens of the new species of Automeris spp. A dorsal view of A. mineros sp. nov., holotype ♂ B dorsal view of A. mineros sp. nov., paratype (allotype) ♀ C dorsal view of A. belemensis sp. nov., holotype ♂ D dorsal view of A. llaneros sp. nov., holotype ♂ E ventral view of A. mineros sp. nov., holotype ♂ F Ventral view of A. mineros sp. nov., paratype (allotype) ♀ G ventral view of A. belemensis sp. nov., holotype ♂ H ventral view of A. llaneros sp. nov., holotype ♂. Scale bars: 1 cm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1031.56035.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/532101" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">1A, E</figureCitation>
); 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Boyacá">Boyaca</normalizedToken>
department, near Quipama, Vereda Caviche; 
<geoCoordinate degrees="5.575" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="55" value="5.575">5.575°N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="74.2595" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-74.2595">74.2595°W</geoCoordinate>
; elevation: 1500 m; 1-3 Dec. 2002; at MV light; DB and G. Lecourt leg.; BOLD SampleID: BC-Dec0551; Deposited in IAvH.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1031.56035.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/532101" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" start="Figure 1" startId="F1">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="183">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Figure 1.</emphasis>
Specimens of the new species of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1819" class="Insecta" family="Saturniidae" genus="Automeris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Automeris" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Automeris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">A</emphasis>
dorsal view of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. mineros" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" rank="species" species="mineros">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">A. mineros</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov., holotype ♂ 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">B</emphasis>
dorsal view of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. mineros" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" rank="species" species="mineros">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">A. mineros</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov., paratype (allotype) ♀ 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">C</emphasis>
dorsal view of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. belemensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" rank="species" species="belemensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">A. belemensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov., holotype ♂ 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">D</emphasis>
dorsal view of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. llaneros" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" rank="species" species="llaneros">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">A. llaneros</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov., holotype ♂ 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">E</emphasis>
ventral view of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. mineros" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" rank="species" species="mineros">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">A. mineros</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov., holotype ♂ 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">F</emphasis>
Ventral view of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. mineros" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" rank="species" species="mineros">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">A. mineros</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov., paratype (allotype) ♀ 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">G</emphasis>
ventral view of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. belemensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" rank="species" species="belemensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">A. belemensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov., holotype ♂ 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">H</emphasis>
ventral view of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. llaneros" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" rank="species" species="llaneros">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">A. llaneros</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov., holotype ♂. Scale bars: 1 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="183">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Paratypes</emphasis>
(19 ♂♂ and 6 ♀♀). Colombia • 15 ♂♂ and 5 ♀♀, all same data as holotype; all specimens collected at MV light except one pair 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">ab ovo</emphasis>
, reared on 
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Rosaceae" genus="Pyracantha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pyracantha regersiana" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="regersiana">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Pyracantha regersiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Rouen (France) by TD, and 3 ♂♂ and 2 ♀♀ ab ovo, reared on 
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Quercus" order="Fagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Quercus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. in 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Bogotá">Bogota</normalizedToken>
(Colombia) by L.D. Ramirez and DB. Deposited as follow: 2 ♂♂ and 2 ♀ (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Specimens of the new species of Automeris spp. A dorsal view of A. mineros sp. nov., holotype ♂ B dorsal view of A. mineros sp. nov., paratype (allotype) ♀ C dorsal view of A. belemensis sp. nov., holotype ♂ D dorsal view of A. llaneros sp. nov., holotype ♂ E ventral view of A. mineros sp. nov., holotype ♂ F Ventral view of A. mineros sp. nov., paratype (allotype) ♀ G ventral view of A. belemensis sp. nov., holotype ♂ H ventral view of A. llaneros sp. nov., holotype ♂. Scale bars: 1 cm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1031.56035.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/532101" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">1B, F</figureCitation>
; allotype; BOLD SampleID: BC-Dec0547) in IAvH, 5 ♂♂ in MNHN (BOLD SampleID: BC-Dec0548, BC-Dec0549, BC-Dec0550), 6 ♂♂ and 1 ♀ in CTD, 1 ♂ in CFB, 4 ♂♂ and 2 ♀♀ in CCGM, 1 ♂ and 1 ♀ in CDB.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="183" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="183">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Decaens, Rougerie &amp; Bonilla" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Saturniidae" genus="Automeris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Automeris mineros" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mineros">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Automeris mineros</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. is similar to the reddish forms of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. midea" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" rank="species" species="midea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">A. midea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a species with a large and essentially Amazonian distribution (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Distribution maps of Automeris species within the subgroup of A. bilinea, based on georeferenced records collected from BOLD, and known geographic distribution of the three new species of Automeris spp." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1031.56035.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/532103" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">3</figureCitation>
). However, the vivid coloration, which is occasional in the later, is consistent among all the specimens of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. mineros" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" rank="species" species="mineros">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">A. mineros</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. that have been examined. It is also possible to separate the two species by additional fine characters of the habitus. In 
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. mineros" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" rank="species" species="mineros">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">A. mineros</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov., the antemedian area of the forewings appears lighter than the median area due to the presence of a dense dusting of yellow scales, while this zone is generally concolourous with or darker than the rest of the wing in 
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. midea" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" rank="species" species="midea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">A. midea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 4. Neighbour joining tree (K 2 P distances) built from DNA barcodes (COI) of specimens from the three new species of Automeris and their closest relatives. The labels of the terminal branches successively give the following information: sample ID code in the Barcode of Life Data system, country, and exact collecting site when available, Barcode Identification Number (BIN) automatically assigned to each sequence in BOLD. All specimens of A. lemensis and one of A. bilinea have no BIN number due to the short length of their COI sequences." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1031.56035.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/532104" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">4</figureCitation>
). The apex of the forewing tends to be less acute in 
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. mineros" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" rank="species" species="mineros">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">A. mineros</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. The width of the yellow periocellar ring of the hindwing is also wider in 
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. mineros" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" rank="species" species="mineros">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">A. mineros</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
than in most of the examined specimens of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. midea" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" rank="species" species="midea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">A. midea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Finally, the veins on the ventral side of the forewings are clearly highlighted in orange in 
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. mineros" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" rank="species" species="mineros">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">A. mineros</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov., and are more sharply contrasting with the surrounding ground colour than in 
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. midea" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" rank="species" species="midea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">A. midea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Distinction based on male genitalia is less conclusive, although we can however note the truncated instead of triangular shape of the saccus, as well as the median plate of the gnathos which is less massive in 
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. mineros" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" rank="species" species="mineros">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">A. mineros</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. and clearly marked by a median projection. Interestingly, DNA barcodes clearly separate 
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. mineros" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" rank="species" species="mineros">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">A. mineros</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. from all closely related species in a distinct cluster of sequences (BINBOLD:ABY4503; see fig. 4). The nearest neighbour is 
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. belizonensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" rank="species" species="belizonensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">A. belizonensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(1.8% minimum p-distance), from which it can be distinguished by the more rounded shape of the forewings and the more vivid coloration of the hindwings.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="183" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="183">
♂ (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Specimens of the new species of Automeris spp. A dorsal view of A. mineros sp. nov., holotype ♂ B dorsal view of A. mineros sp. nov., paratype (allotype) ♀ C dorsal view of A. belemensis sp. nov., holotype ♂ D dorsal view of A. llaneros sp. nov., holotype ♂ E ventral view of A. mineros sp. nov., holotype ♂ F Ventral view of A. mineros sp. nov., paratype (allotype) ♀ G ventral view of A. belemensis sp. nov., holotype ♂ H ventral view of A. llaneros sp. nov., holotype ♂. Scale bars: 1 cm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1031.56035.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/532101" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">1A, E</figureCitation>
). 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Wingspan</emphasis>
: 77-84 mm. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Head</emphasis>
: dark brown, labial palpi and antennae orange brown. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Thorax</emphasis>
: dorsally dark brown with red orange piliform scales on the ventral side; legs dark brown. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Abdomen</emphasis>
: dark orange brown with dark brown piliform scales on the dorsal side; eighth abdominal segment lacking any remarkable sclerotised structure. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Forewings</emphasis>
: length 40-42 mm, slightly elongated, rounded apex, straight outer margin; dorsal ground colour orange brown, suffused with yellow scales in the ante- and postmedian areas and, to a lesser extent, by pink scales in the median area; antemedial line faint, almost indistinct, only visible as yellow scales bordering its distal edge; postmedial line barely preapical (1-3 mm), slightly convex from apex to vein CuA2, then bent toward the anal margin, yellow in colour, lined distally by a line of black scales; discocellular mark rectangular, darker than the surrounding wing surface, with a dark brown spot in its centre, and three to four small spots of the same colour at its corners. Ventral side with a large dull orange area extending on the main basomedian area, with veins marked in distinctive orange scales; apical area dark brown, extending along outer margin and toward tornus. Postmedial line well marked, dark reddish brown; marginal band diffuse, suffused with yellow scales and disappearing toward apex. Discocellular mark large and black, with a white discal spot in its centre and surrounded by a thin diffuse ring of yellow scales. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Hindwings</emphasis>
: basomedian area vivid orange-red with a 7-12 mm 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
6-8 mm eyespot in its centre formed by, from its centre: a small well marked white pupil surrounded by a dark brown iris, a first large black periocellar ring, a second large yellow ring of the same width, and finally a barely visible line of black scales enclosing the eyespot. Postmedial line black and lunular, distally bordered by a thin line of yellow scales, and proximally by another thin line of yellow and black scales; postmedian area formed by a thin vivid orange-red band and bordered by a large orange-brown marginal band covered with yellow scales. Ventral side light brown, suffused with yellow scales, particularly on the marginal band; venation distally marked with orange scales. Postmedial line dark brown, becoming faint toward the anal margin; discal cell with a small white spot.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="183">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Wingspan</emphasis>
♀ (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Specimens of the new species of Automeris spp. A dorsal view of A. mineros sp. nov., holotype ♂ B dorsal view of A. mineros sp. nov., paratype (allotype) ♀ C dorsal view of A. belemensis sp. nov., holotype ♂ D dorsal view of A. llaneros sp. nov., holotype ♂ E ventral view of A. mineros sp. nov., holotype ♂ F Ventral view of A. mineros sp. nov., paratype (allotype) ♀ G ventral view of A. belemensis sp. nov., holotype ♂ H ventral view of A. llaneros sp. nov., holotype ♂. Scale bars: 1 cm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1031.56035.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/532101" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">1B, F</figureCitation>
): 94 mm. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Head, thorax, and abdomen</emphasis>
of the same colour as in the male. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Forewings</emphasis>
: length 47 mm, elongated, rounded apex, almost straight border; dorsal ground colour dark purplish brown, suffused with light grey scales in the median area, except for a large oblique band lacking these scales approximately half way between the dark rectangular discal mark and the apex; postmedian area suffused with yellow scales. Both ante- and postmedial lines yellow, the latter straight and slightly preapical (3 mm). Ventral side light orange brown, the venation marked by orange scales, marginal band suffused with orange scales; postmedial line dark brown; large black discocellular mark, with a large white discal spot in its centre. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Hindwings</emphasis>
: Basomedian area brownish red; eyespot with the same structure as in the male, slightly duller in colour; black and lunular postmedial line, bordered by a line of yellow scales on both edges; postmedian area brownish red; marginal band covered with yellow scales. Ventral side light brown, suffused with yellow to pink scales; venation distally marked by orange scales; discal point small and white.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="183">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Genitalia</emphasis>
♂ (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Genitalia ♂ of the new species of Automeris spp. A A. mineros sp. nov., paratype ♂ (BC-Dec 0549) B A. belemensis sp. nov., paratype ♂ (BC-INCT 1136) C A. llaneros sp. nov., paratype ♂ (BC-Dec 0712). For each species, the dorsal and ventral views of the genitalia, and the dorsal and lateral views of the aedeagus are represented from the left to the right. Scale bars: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1031.56035.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/532102" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">2A</figureCitation>
): typical of the 
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. bilinea" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" rank="species" species="bilinea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">A. bilinea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
subgroup as described in 
<bibRefCitation author="Lemaire, C" journalOrPublisher="Goecke &amp; Evers, Keltern" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" refId="B19" refString="Lemaire, C, 2002. The Saturniidae of America (= Attacidae). Vol 4 - Hemileucinae. Goecke &amp; Evers, Keltern" title="The Saturniidae of America (= Attacidae). Vol 4 - Hemileucinae." year="2002">Lemaire (2002)</bibRefCitation>
. Uncus well developed, slightly extending beyond the distal end of the valves, with a broad bifid dorsal protuberance. Dorsal lobes of valves weakly developed and sharp. Median plate of gnathos strongly sclerotised with its posterior margin concave and with a small median projection. Saccus short and anteriorly truncated. Phallus straight, with a small lateral spine on its base; its posterior, tapering end slightly bent upward, with the weakly developed vesica expanding ventrally.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1031.56035.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/532102" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" start="Figure 2" startId="F2">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="183">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Figure 2.</emphasis>
Genitalia ♂ of the new species of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1819" class="Insecta" family="Saturniidae" genus="Automeris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Automeris" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Automeris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">A</emphasis>
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. mineros" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" rank="species" species="mineros">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">A. mineros</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov., paratype ♂ (BC-Dec0549) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">B</emphasis>
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. belemensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" rank="species" species="belemensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">A. belemensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov., paratype ♂ (BC-INCT1136) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">C</emphasis>
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. llaneros" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" rank="species" species="llaneros">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">A. llaneros</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov., paratype ♂ (BC-Dec0712). For each species, the dorsal and ventral views of the genitalia, and the dorsal and lateral views of the aedeagus are represented from the left to the right. Scale bars: 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="183">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Genitalia</emphasis>
♀: not examined.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="183" type="immature stages">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Immature stages.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="183">
Eggs were obtained from a wild collected female. Larvae hatched 22 days after and readily fed on 
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Rosaceae" genus="Pyracantha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pyracantha regersiana" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="regersiana">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Pyracantha regersiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Rosaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="family">Rosaceae</taxonomicName>
) in France (rearing #17 by TD) and on 
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Quercus" order="Fagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Quercus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. (
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Fagaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="family">Fagaceae</taxonomicName>
) in Colombia (rearing by L. D. Ramirez and DB). Native foodplants remain unknown. Rearing was successful in plastic boxes, feeding larvae with fresh branches changed every 2-4 days. Larvae completed six instars within two months on 
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. regersiana" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" rank="species" species="regersiana">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">P. regersiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and pupated in a brown cocoon.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="183">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Eggs</emphasis>
are white with a black micropyle, laterally flattened, 2 mm diameter 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.8 mm height, laid in dense cluster of several dozens. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">First larval instar</emphasis>
: head black. Body 4 mm upon hatching, 6 mm maximal length; pale yellow with black scoli and spines. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Second instar</emphasis>
: Head black. Body 7-8 mm maximal length; brownish yellow dorsally, dull yellow ventrally; scoli and spines dark brown. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Third instar</emphasis>
: Head black. Body: 14 mm maximal length; brownish yellow dorsally, green yellow ventrally; scoli and spines dark brown. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Fourth instar</emphasis>
: Head black. Body 19-20 mm maximal length; dark brown dorsally with fine light green stripes, light green ventrally; scoli and spines dark brown to black. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Fifth instar</emphasis>
: Head green. Body: 35-40 mm maximal length; light green colour with pink dorsal ornamentation, a lateral ivory strip ventrally and dorsally bordered with a thin black line; scoli and spines light green. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Sixth instar</emphasis>
: Same colour and ornamentation as previous instar; 35-40 mm maximal length. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Pupa and cocoon</emphasis>
: Last instar larvae spin a thin and supple cocoon of beige silk. Pupa 24-37 mm long, dark brown. Reared adults emerged from the cocoon early in the morning one to two months after pupation.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="183" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="183">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Decaens, Rougerie &amp; Bonilla" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Saturniidae" genus="Automeris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Automeris mineros" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mineros">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Automeris mineros</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. is known form the type locality only, in the Oriental Cordillera of Colombia near Muzo (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Distribution maps of Automeris species within the subgroup of A. bilinea, based on georeferenced records collected from BOLD, and known geographic distribution of the three new species of Automeris spp." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1031.56035.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/532103" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">3</figureCitation>
), a region from which a number of new taxa of 
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Saturniidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Saturniidae</taxonomicName>
were described recently (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1944.1.2" author="Decaens, T" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" pagination="34 - 52" refId="B4" refString="Decaens, T, Rougerie, R, 2008. Description of two new species of Hemileucinae (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) from the region of Muzo in Colombia - evidence from morphology and DNA barcodes. Zootaxa 1944: 34 - 52, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1944.1.2" title="Description of two new species of Hemileucinae (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) from the region of Muzo in Colombia - evidence from morphology and DNA barcodes." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1944.1.2" volume="1944" year="2008">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Decaëns">Decaens</normalizedToken>
and Rougerie 2008
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1031.56035.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/532103" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" start="Figure 3" startId="F3">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="183">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Figure 3.</emphasis>
Distribution maps of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1819" class="Insecta" family="Saturniidae" genus="Automeris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Automeris" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Automeris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species within the subgroup of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. bilinea" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" rank="species" species="bilinea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">A. bilinea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, based on georeferenced records collected from BOLD, and known geographic distribution of the three new species of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1819" class="Insecta" family="Saturniidae" genus="Automeris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Automeris" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Automeris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="183" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="183">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="183">This species is named in reference to emerald mining, which represents an emblematic economic activity in the region surrounding the type locality.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>