treatments-xml/data/BD/47/87/BD4787A8FFBFD3680BC3FB2FFE4104A2.xml

<document id="A35A195BF2F6C7F855B6CDC9C3412B77" ID-CLB-Dataset="22341" ID-DOI="10.5852/ejt.2018.411" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6fd99cca-afd1-4289-9fce-2e4e43e33a1b" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3805999" ID-ZooBank="20D7A744-CE8B-4E6C-92DA-71A9B8C3D805" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="julia" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="julia" checkinTime="1588790263828" checkinUser="valdenar" docAuthor="Rousseau, Julie, Gale, Andrew Scott &amp; Thuy, Ben" docDate="2018" docId="BD4787A8FFBFD3680BC3FB2FFE4104A2" docLanguage="en" docName="ejt-411_rousseau_gale_thuy.pdf.imf" docOrigin="European Journal of Taxonomy 411" docStyle="DocumentStyle:EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911.14:EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleId="EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911" docStyleName="EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Ophiogaleus , Thuy 2013" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="16" masterDocId="417EFFD0FFB4D367097AFFA4FFBC0019" masterDocTitle="New articulated asteroids (Echinodermata, Asteroidea) and ophiuroids (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea) from the Late Jurassic (Volgian / Tithonian) of central Spitsbergen" masterLastPageNumber="26" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="12" updateTime="1698756022748" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="AD2716E1EB2B4CD1BA46ED464790578B">New articulated asteroids (Echinodermata, Asteroidea) and ophiuroids (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea) from the Late Jurassic (Volgian / Tithonian) of central Spitsbergen</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="8E3FC5067368519A077FDF022E21F8A0">Rousseau, Julie</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="056F9747E5E7674957059D44099E49EA">Gale, Andrew Scott</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="60C94A2E4085BD72BF31B277EED08238">European Journal of Taxonomy</mods:title>
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<treatment id="BD4787A8FFBFD3680BC3FB2FFE4104A2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3816203" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163970925" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3816203" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BD4787A8FFBFD3680BC3FB2FFE4104A2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/BD4787A8FFBFD3680BC3FB2FFE4104A2" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<subSubSection id="7DF46535FFBFD36C0BC3FB2FFCC704BF" box="[697,891,1163,1190]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="355136BEFFBFD36C0BC3FB2FFCC704BF" blockId="11.[697,891,1163,1227]" box="[697,891,1163,1190]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<heading id="6E1981D2FFBFD36C0BC3FB2FFCC704BF" box="[697,891,1163,1190]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="F2EE4D3DFFBFD36C0BC3FB2FFCEE04BF" authorityName=", Thuy" authorityYear="2013" box="[697,850,1163,1190]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiacanthidae" genus="Ophiogaleus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="079AEAACFFBFD36C0BC3FB2FFCEE04BF" bold="true" box="[697,850,1163,1190]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Ophiogaleus</emphasis>
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sp.
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<subSubSection id="7DF46535FFBFD36C0B9DFB14FCF104D2" box="[743,845,1200,1227]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="description">
<paragraph id="355136BEFFBFD36C0B9DFB14FCF104D2" blockId="11.[697,891,1163,1227]" box="[743,845,1200,1227]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<figureCitation id="ADD52A3BFFBFD36C0B9DFB14FCF104D2" box="[743,845,1200,1227]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Fig" captionStartId-0="13.[189,232,1858,1884]" captionStartId-1="14.[189,232,1753,1779]" captionTargetBox-0="[250,1346,301,1813]" captionTargetBox-1="[291,1319,265,1715]" captionTargetId-0="figure@13.[240,1347,289,1816]" captionTargetId-1="figure@14.[255,1332,255,1726]" captionTargetPageId-0="13" captionTargetPageId-1="14" captionText-0="Fig. 4. Ophiogaleus sp. PMO 217.899a. A. Specimen preserving the ventral side of the disc area, two nearly complete arms and proximal area of a third arm. B. Detail view of the disc area. C. Drawing detail of the area shown in B. D. Detail view of a proximal section of arm. Abbreviations: abgp = abradial genital plate; adgp = adradial genital plate; ds = disc spine; lopa = lateral oral papillae; op = oral plate; sart = spine articulation; v = vertebra." captionText-1="Fig. 5. Ophiogaleus sp. A–E. PMO 218.060, specimen preserving the ventral side of the disc area and the base of all five arms. The specimen has been split through a horizontal plane and is visible as part (A) and counterpart (B). Photographs in A and B by H.A. Nakrem. C. Drawing detail of the oral and interradial area. D. Detail view of proximal arm segments with articulated spines. E. Detail view of distal arm segment. F. PMO 218.053a, partly disarticulated arm portion composed of three median segments showing details of the ventral side of the arms. Abbreviations: abgp = abradial genital plate; adgp = adradial genital plate; as = arm spine; cs = arm in cross section; dp = dental plate; ds = disc spine; lap = lateral arm plate; op = oral plate; rs = radial shield; vap = ventral arm plate." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3806013" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3806017" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3806013/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3806017/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figs 4–5</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="7DF46535FFBFD36C09C7FB57FA9D05B3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="materials_examined">
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<emphasis id="079AEAACFFBFD36C09C7FB57FE160514" bold="true" box="[189,426,1267,1293]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Material examined</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="355136BEFFBFD36C09C7FA87FA9D05B3" blockId="11.[189,1399,1313,1451]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<materialsCitation id="85863CE3FFBFD36C09C7FA87FB370578" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4170264304" collectionCode="PMO" country="Norway" latitude="78.34317" location="Janusfjellet" municipality="Spitsbergen" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" specimenCode="217.899a" specimenCount="1">
<collectingCountry id="4DF9762EFFBFD36C09C7FA87FE800524" box="[189,316,1315,1341]" name="Norway" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">NORWAY</collectingCountry>
: central 
<collectingMunicipality id="D535ACC4FFBFD36C08D2FA87FD890524" box="[424,565,1315,1341]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Spitsbergen</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<location id="30316065FFBFD36C0B3CFA87FD730524" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BD4787A8FFBFD3680BC3FB2FFE4104A2:30316065FFBFD36C0B3CFA87FD730524" box="[582,719,1315,1341]" country="Norway" latitude="78.34317" municipality="Spitsbergen" name="Janusfjellet" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Janusfjellet</location>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="50DA5079FFBFD36C0B9AFA85FC2D0524" box="[736,913,1313,1341]" degrees="78" direction="north" minutes="20" orientation="latitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" precision="1" seconds="35.4" value="78.34317">78°20′35.4″ N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="50DA5079FFBFD36C0AD8FA85FBF30524" box="[930,1103,1313,1341]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">15°49′85.2″ E</geoCoordinate>
, 
<location id="30316065FFBFD36C0D1BFA87FACB0524" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BD4787A8FFBFD3680BC3FB2FFE4104A2:30316065FFBFD36C0D1BFA87FACB0524" box="[1121,1399,1315,1341]" country="Norway" latitude="78.34317" municipality="Spitsbergen" name="Lower Middle Volgian" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Lower Middle Volgian</location>
(
<location id="30316065FFBFD36C09BFFAE3FE2A057B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BD4787A8FFBFD3680BC3FB2FFE4104A2:30316065FFBFD36C09BFFAE3FE2A057B" box="[197,406,1351,1378]" country="Norway" latitude="78.34317" municipality="Spitsbergen" name="Middle Tithonian" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Middle Tithonian</location>
), 
<location id="30316065FFBFD36C08DDFAE3FD290578" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BD4787A8FFBFD3680BC3FB2FFE4104A2:30316065FFBFD36C08DDFAE3FD290578" box="[423,661,1351,1377]" country="Norway" latitude="78.34317" municipality="Spitsbergen" name="Slottsmoya Member" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Slottsmøya Member</location>
, 
<location id="30316065FFBFD36C0BE7FAE3FC050578" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BD4787A8FFBFD3680BC3FB2FFE4104A2:30316065FFBFD36C0BE7FAE3FC050578" box="[669,953,1351,1377]" country="Norway" latitude="78.34317" municipality="Spitsbergen" name="Agardhfjellet Formation" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Agardhfjellet Formation</location>
(
<collectionCode id="53FFAE7BFFBFD36C0ABCFAE3FBBB0578" box="[966,1031,1351,1377]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">PMO</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="65489EC5FFBFD36C0D77FAE3FBC30578" box="[1037,1151,1351,1377]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">217.899a</specimenCode>
);
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="85863CE3FFBFD36C0DEAFAE3FA9D05B3" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4170264302" collectionCode="PMO" location="Konusdalen" longitude="15.870973" municipality="Spitsbergen" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" specimenCode="218.053a, 218.060" specimenCount="9">
central 
<collectingMunicipality id="D535ACC4FFBFD36C0D9FFAE3FACE0578" box="[1253,1394,1351,1377]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Spitsbergen</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<location id="30316065FFBFD36C09C7FAC8FEF0059F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BD4787A8FFBFD3680BC3FB2FFE4104A2:30316065FFBFD36C09C7FAC8FEF0059F" box="[189,332,1388,1414]" longitude="15.870973" municipality="Spitsbergen" name="Konusdalen" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Konusdalen</location>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="50DA5079FFBFD36C082CFACEFDBC059F" box="[342,512,1386,1414]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">78°19′97.1″ N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="50DA5079FFBFD36C0B70FACEFD0C059F" box="[522,688,1386,1414]" degrees="15" direction="east" minutes="52" orientation="longitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" precision="1" seconds="15.5" value="15.870973">15°52′15.5″ E</geoCoordinate>
, from the same layer of sideritic concretions (
<collectionCode id="53FFAE7BFFBFD36C0DC6FAC8FB41059F" box="[1212,1277,1388,1414]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">PMO</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="65489EC5FFBFD36C0C79FACFFACE059F" box="[1283,1394,1387,1414]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">218.053a</specimenCode>
, 
<collectionCode id="53FFAE7BFFBFD36C09C7FA34FF4105B3" box="[189,253,1424,1450]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">PMO</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="65489EC5FFBFD36C087EFA34FED505B2" box="[260,361,1424,1451]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">218.060</specimenCode>
). In total, 
<specimenCount id="23E8FD37FFBFD36C08A4FA34FDD205B3" box="[478,622,1424,1450]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="generic">9 specimens</specimenCount>
were collected from the 
<location id="30316065FFBFD36C0AE9FA34FBA505B3" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BD4787A8FFBFD3680BC3FB2FFE4104A2:30316065FFBFD36C0AE9FA34FBA505B3" box="[915,1049,1424,1450]" longitude="15.870973" municipality="Spitsbergen" name="Janusfjellet" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Janusfjellet</location>
and 
<location id="30316065FFBFD36C0D2BFA34FB6105B3" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BD4787A8FFBFD3680BC3FB2FFE4104A2:30316065FFBFD36C0D2BFA34FB6105B3" box="[1105,1245,1424,1450]" longitude="15.870973" municipality="Spitsbergen" name="Konusdalen" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Konusdalen</location>
sites.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7DF46535FFBFD36B09C7FA77FCC005EB" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="description">
<paragraph id="355136BEFFBFD36C09C7FA77FEF205F4" blockId="11.[189,334,1491,1517]" box="[189,334,1491,1517]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<heading id="6E1981D2FFBFD36C09C7FA77FEF205F4" bold="true" box="[189,334,1491,1517]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" reason="3">
<emphasis id="079AEAACFFBFD36C09C7FA77FEF205F4" bold="true" box="[189,334,1491,1517]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Description</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="355136BEFFBFD36C09C7F9A7FCF5067F" blockId="11.[189,1399,1539,1638]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
PMO 217.899a (
<figureCitation id="ADD52A3BFFBFD36C08FFF9A7FE720604" box="[389,462,1539,1565]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="13.[189,232,1858,1884]" captionTargetBox="[250,1346,301,1813]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[240,1347,289,1816]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 4. Ophiogaleus sp. PMO 217.899a. A. Specimen preserving the ventral side of the disc area, two nearly complete arms and proximal area of a third arm. B. Detail view of the disc area. C. Drawing detail of the area shown in B. D. Detail view of a proximal section of arm. Abbreviations: abgp = abradial genital plate; adgp = adradial genital plate; ds = disc spine; lopa = lateral oral papillae; op = oral plate; sart = spine articulation; v = vertebra." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3806013" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3806013/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
) is an articulated disc with five fragmentary arms and with the splitting plane close to the ventral side of the skeleton. The disc is distorted and the reconstructed diameter is 
<quantity id="F2169B5BFFBFD36C0C74F983FACB065B" box="[1294,1399,1575,1602]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.49" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="mm" value="14.9">14.9 mm</quantity>
(average of narrowest 
<quantity id="F2169B5BFFBFD36C08BEF9E8FD90067F" box="[452,556,1612,1638]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.17" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="mm" value="11.7">11.7 mm</quantity>
and broadest 18.0 mm).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="355136BEFFBFD36C09C7F92AFE270723" blockId="11.[189,1399,1678,1850]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
The oral plates are long and devoid of lateral wings. The dental plates (
<figureCitation id="ADD52A3BFFBFD36C0D6FF92AFBE106B0" box="[1045,1117,1678,1705]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="13.[189,232,1858,1884]" captionTargetBox="[250,1346,301,1813]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[240,1347,289,1816]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 4. Ophiogaleus sp. PMO 217.899a. A. Specimen preserving the ventral side of the disc area, two nearly complete arms and proximal area of a third arm. B. Detail view of the disc area. C. Drawing detail of the area shown in B. D. Detail view of a proximal section of arm. Abbreviations: abgp = abradial genital plate; adgp = adradial genital plate; ds = disc spine; lopa = lateral oral papillae; op = oral plate; sart = spine articulation; v = vertebra." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3806013" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3806013/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
B–C) have two or three very small, blunt oral apical papillae. The lateral oral papillae are not unambiguously discernible, but seem to be similar to the apical ones. The adoral shields are long and slender, but their exact outline is not visible. The oral shields (
<figureCitation id="ADD52A3BFFBFD36C0B61F958FDDF070F" box="[539,611,1788,1814]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="13.[189,232,1858,1884]" captionTargetBox="[250,1346,301,1813]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[240,1347,289,1816]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 4. Ophiogaleus sp. PMO 217.899a. A. Specimen preserving the ventral side of the disc area, two nearly complete arms and proximal area of a third arm. B. Detail view of the disc area. C. Drawing detail of the area shown in B. D. Detail view of a proximal section of arm. Abbreviations: abgp = abradial genital plate; adgp = adradial genital plate; ds = disc spine; lopa = lateral oral papillae; op = oral plate; sart = spine articulation; v = vertebra." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3806013" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3806013/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
B–C) are small and nearly pentagonal with concave proximal and latero-distal edges.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="355136BEFFBFD36C09C7F8C7FACB07F2" blockId="11.[189,1399,1891,2027]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
The interradial areas (
<figureCitation id="ADD52A3BFFBFD36C08B2F8C7FDAD0764" box="[456,529,1891,1917]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="13.[189,232,1858,1884]" captionTargetBox="[250,1346,301,1813]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[240,1347,289,1816]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 4. Ophiogaleus sp. PMO 217.899a. A. Specimen preserving the ventral side of the disc area, two nearly complete arms and proximal area of a third arm. B. Detail view of the disc area. C. Drawing detail of the area shown in B. D. Detail view of a proximal section of arm. Abbreviations: abgp = abradial genital plate; adgp = adradial genital plate; ds = disc spine; lopa = lateral oral papillae; op = oral plate; sart = spine articulation; v = vertebra." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3806013" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3806013/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
B–C) are not indented and covered by moderately dense, small, conical spines, three to four times as long as thick. The interradial disc scales, if present at all, must have been very thin. The radial shields are elongated, oval to slightly pear-shaped, around three times as long as broad and about one fourth of the disc radius. The adradial genital plates are long and slender, longer
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="355136BEFFB8D36B09C7FEAFFEC40150" blockId="12.[189,1399,267,329]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">than the radial shield, while the abradial genital plates are bar-like and a third of the adradial genital plates in length.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="355136BEFFB8D36B09C7FED5FD27030B" blockId="12.[189,1399,369,787]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
The six basalmost arm segments are incorporated into the disc. The longest preserved arm has a length of 
<quantity id="F2169B5BFFB8D36B09A7FE30FEF901B6" box="[221,325,404,431]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.45" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="24.5">24.5 mm</quantity>
from the edge of the disc onwards and comprises 20 segments. The arms taper very slowly, suggesting a considerable original arm length. The proximal arm segments are wider than long, while the distalmost arm segment is nearly as wide as long. The tentacle pores are moderately large, developed as between-plate openings on all segments preserved. The lateral arm plates present a strongly bulging distal portion bearing spine articulations, which gives a clearly noded aspect to the arm segments (
<figureCitation id="ADD52A3BFFB8D36B09BCFDE2FE9B0279" box="[198,295,582,608]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="13.[189,232,1858,1884]" captionTargetBox="[250,1346,301,1813]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[240,1347,289,1816]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 4. Ophiogaleus sp. PMO 217.899a. A. Specimen preserving the ventral side of the disc area, two nearly complete arms and proximal area of a third arm. B. Detail view of the disc area. C. Drawing detail of the area shown in B. D. Detail view of a proximal section of arm. Abbreviations: abgp = abradial genital plate; adgp = adradial genital plate; ds = disc spine; lopa = lateral oral papillae; op = oral plate; sart = spine articulation; v = vertebra." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3806013" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3806013/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 4D</figureCitation>
). The outer surface of the lateral arm plates seems to be coarsely reticulated, but details are not well preserved. The spine articulations are ear-shaped, large and free-standing on the bulging distal portion of the lateral arm plates. The spines are erect, slender, conical and seemingly smooth. The spine length equals the length of two segments. There are at least five spines proximally. The lateral arm plates abut ventrally from the proximal-most segments onwards. The outline of the ventral arm plates is not discernible on specimen PMO 217.899a.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="355136BEFFB8D36B09C7FC9EFECA04C5" blockId="12.[189,1399,826,1244]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
PMO 218.060 (
<figureCitation id="ADD52A3BFFB8D36B0800FC9EFE7E034C" box="[378,450,826,853]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="14.[189,232,1753,1779]" captionTargetBox="[291,1319,265,1715]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[255,1332,255,1726]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Fig. 5. Ophiogaleus sp. A–E. PMO 218.060, specimen preserving the ventral side of the disc area and the base of all five arms. The specimen has been split through a horizontal plane and is visible as part (A) and counterpart (B). Photographs in A and B by H.A. Nakrem. C. Drawing detail of the oral and interradial area. D. Detail view of proximal arm segments with articulated spines. E. Detail view of distal arm segment. F. PMO 218.053a, partly disarticulated arm portion composed of three median segments showing details of the ventral side of the arms. Abbreviations: abgp = abradial genital plate; adgp = adradial genital plate; as = arm spine; cs = arm in cross section; dp = dental plate; ds = disc spine; lap = lateral arm plate; op = oral plate; rs = radial shield; vap = ventral arm plate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3806017" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3806017/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
A–E) is an articulated disc preserving portions of all five arms and visible on two slabs of rock as a part (PMO 218.060a, 
<figureCitation id="ADD52A3BFFB8D36B0BA9FCF9FC8C0361" box="[723,816,861,888]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="14.[189,232,1753,1779]" captionTargetBox="[291,1319,265,1715]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[255,1332,255,1726]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Fig. 5. Ophiogaleus sp. A–E. PMO 218.060, specimen preserving the ventral side of the disc area and the base of all five arms. The specimen has been split through a horizontal plane and is visible as part (A) and counterpart (B). Photographs in A and B by H.A. Nakrem. C. Drawing detail of the oral and interradial area. D. Detail view of proximal arm segments with articulated spines. E. Detail view of distal arm segment. F. PMO 218.053a, partly disarticulated arm portion composed of three median segments showing details of the ventral side of the arms. Abbreviations: abgp = abradial genital plate; adgp = adradial genital plate; as = arm spine; cs = arm in cross section; dp = dental plate; ds = disc spine; lap = lateral arm plate; op = oral plate; rs = radial shield; vap = ventral arm plate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3806017" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3806017/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
) and counterpart (PMO 218.060b, 
<figureCitation id="ADD52A3BFFB8D36B0DAFFCF9FA8E0361" box="[1237,1330,861,888]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="14.[189,232,1753,1779]" captionTargetBox="[291,1319,265,1715]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[255,1332,255,1726]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Fig. 5. Ophiogaleus sp. A–E. PMO 218.060, specimen preserving the ventral side of the disc area and the base of all five arms. The specimen has been split through a horizontal plane and is visible as part (A) and counterpart (B). Photographs in A and B by H.A. Nakrem. C. Drawing detail of the oral and interradial area. D. Detail view of proximal arm segments with articulated spines. E. Detail view of distal arm segment. F. PMO 218.053a, partly disarticulated arm portion composed of three median segments showing details of the ventral side of the arms. Abbreviations: abgp = abradial genital plate; adgp = adradial genital plate; as = arm spine; cs = arm in cross section; dp = dental plate; ds = disc spine; lap = lateral arm plate; op = oral plate; rs = radial shield; vap = ventral arm plate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3806017" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3806017/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 5B</figureCitation>
). The specimen is similar to PMO 217.899a with respect to disc and arm morphology, but supplements the latter in some aspects. The lateral oral papillae are small, elongate, oval, and similar in size and shape to the apical oral papillae. Due to incipient disarticulation, the disposition of the lateral oral papillae is not clearly visible, although it seems as if they formed a single loosely contiguous row along the jaw edge with at least five lateral papillae per half-jaw. The interradial disc scales are better visible than in the previously described specimen. They are thin, minute, and circular to oval in outline (
<figureCitation id="ADD52A3BFFB8D36B0D9CFB97FAD50454" box="[1254,1385,1075,1102]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="14.[189,232,1753,1779]" captionTargetBox="[291,1319,265,1715]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[255,1332,255,1726]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Fig. 5. Ophiogaleus sp. A–E. PMO 218.060, specimen preserving the ventral side of the disc area and the base of all five arms. The specimen has been split through a horizontal plane and is visible as part (A) and counterpart (B). Photographs in A and B by H.A. Nakrem. C. Drawing detail of the oral and interradial area. D. Detail view of proximal arm segments with articulated spines. E. Detail view of distal arm segment. F. PMO 218.053a, partly disarticulated arm portion composed of three median segments showing details of the ventral side of the arms. Abbreviations: abgp = abradial genital plate; adgp = adradial genital plate; as = arm spine; cs = arm in cross section; dp = dental plate; ds = disc spine; lap = lateral arm plate; op = oral plate; rs = radial shield; vap = ventral arm plate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3806017" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3806017/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 5A, C</figureCitation>
). One median to distal arm segment (
<figureCitation id="ADD52A3BFFB8D36B0B1CFBF2FD7C0468" box="[614,704,1110,1137]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="14.[189,232,1753,1779]" captionTargetBox="[291,1319,265,1715]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[255,1332,255,1726]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Fig. 5. Ophiogaleus sp. A–E. PMO 218.060, specimen preserving the ventral side of the disc area and the base of all five arms. The specimen has been split through a horizontal plane and is visible as part (A) and counterpart (B). Photographs in A and B by H.A. Nakrem. C. Drawing detail of the oral and interradial area. D. Detail view of proximal arm segments with articulated spines. E. Detail view of distal arm segment. F. PMO 218.053a, partly disarticulated arm portion composed of three median segments showing details of the ventral side of the arms. Abbreviations: abgp = abradial genital plate; adgp = adradial genital plate; as = arm spine; cs = arm in cross section; dp = dental plate; ds = disc spine; lap = lateral arm plate; op = oral plate; rs = radial shield; vap = ventral arm plate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3806017" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3806017/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 5E</figureCitation>
) is preserved in cross section and shows a dorso-ventrally compressed, oval arm section with the ventro-distal portions of the lateral arm plates slightly protruding ventralwards and at least seven arm spines per lateral arm plate forming an almost continuous collar around the arm.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="355136BEFFB8D36B09C7FAA7FCC005EB" blockId="12.[189,1399,1283,1523]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
PMO 218.053a (
<figureCitation id="ADD52A3BFFB8D36B08FDFAA7FE5C0507" box="[391,480,1283,1310]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="14.[189,232,1753,1779]" captionTargetBox="[291,1319,265,1715]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[255,1332,255,1726]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Fig. 5. Ophiogaleus sp. A–E. PMO 218.060, specimen preserving the ventral side of the disc area and the base of all five arms. The specimen has been split through a horizontal plane and is visible as part (A) and counterpart (B). Photographs in A and B by H.A. Nakrem. C. Drawing detail of the oral and interradial area. D. Detail view of proximal arm segments with articulated spines. E. Detail view of distal arm segment. F. PMO 218.053a, partly disarticulated arm portion composed of three median segments showing details of the ventral side of the arms. Abbreviations: abgp = abradial genital plate; adgp = adradial genital plate; as = arm spine; cs = arm in cross section; dp = dental plate; ds = disc spine; lap = lateral arm plate; op = oral plate; rs = radial shield; vap = ventral arm plate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3806017" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3806017/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 5F</figureCitation>
) is a partly disarticulated arm portion composed of three median segments. The specimen is well in agreement with those previously described in terms of arm morphology, but provides further insights into the ventral side of the arms. The ventral portion of the lateral arm plate is wide and contiguous over half of the arm segment length. The ventral arm plate is roughly diamondshaped, much wider distally than proximally, with convex distal edge, concave latero-proximal edges and pointed proximal tip. The tentacle pores are encompassed by lateral and ventral arm plates and covered by two elongate, rounded triangular tentacle scales.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7DF46535FFB8D36809C7F9BFFE4104A2" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="355136BEFFB8D36B09C7F9BFFE93062C" blockId="12.[189,303,1563,1589]" box="[189,303,1563,1589]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<heading id="6E1981D2FFB8D36B09C7F9BFFE93062C" bold="true" box="[189,303,1563,1589]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" reason="3">
<emphasis id="079AEAACFFB8D36B09C7F9BFFE93062C" bold="true" box="[189,303,1563,1589]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Remarks</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="355136BEFFB8D36B09C7F9EDFAB307F2" blockId="12.[189,1399,1609,2027]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
The long, erect arm spines positioned on the strongly bulging distal portion of the lateral arm plates, giving the arms a conspicuously noded aspect, in combination with the disc spines, the ear-shaped arm spine articulations and the oral plates devoid of lateral wings, unquestionably place the Spitsbergen specimens in the suborder 
<taxonomicName id="F2EE4D3DFFB8D36B08F8F910FD9506D7" authorityName="Ljungman" authorityYear="1867" box="[386,553,1716,1742]" class="Ophiuroidea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Ophiacanthina">Ophiacanthina</taxonomicName>
(formerly the family 
<taxonomicName id="F2EE4D3DFFB8D36B0A40F910FC5206D7" authorityName="Ljungman" authorityYear="1867" box="[826,1006,1716,1742]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiacanthidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Ophiacanthidae</taxonomicName>
as understood prior to the new classification of 
<bibRefCitation id="517F4B4FFFB8D36B0803F97CFDEA06EB" author="O'Hara T. D. &amp; Hugall A. F. &amp; Thuy B. &amp; Stohr S. &amp; Martynov A." box="[377,598,1752,1778]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="415 - 430" refId="ref12996" refString="O'Hara T. D., Hugall A. F., Thuy B., Stohr S. &amp; Martynov A. 2017. Restructuring higher taxonomy using broad-scale phylogenomics: the living Ophiuroidea. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 107: 415 - 430. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2016.12.006" type="journal article" year="2017">
O’Hara 
<emphasis id="079AEAACFFB8D36B08ADF97CFDAD06EB" box="[471,529,1752,1778]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
2017
</bibRefCitation>
). Within this group, closest affinities are shared with 
<taxonomicName id="F2EE4D3DFFB8D36B0DC0F97CFAF106EB" authorityName=", Thuy" authorityYear="2013" box="[1210,1357,1752,1778]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiacanthidae" genus="Ophiogaleus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="079AEAACFFB8D36B0DC0F97CFAF106EB" box="[1210,1357,1752,1778]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Ophiogaleus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, an extinct genus described by 
<bibRefCitation id="517F4B4FFFB8D36B0896F95FFDC6070C" author="Thuy B." box="[492,634,1787,1813]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 242" refId="ref13572" refString="Thuy B. 2013. Temporary expansion to shelf depths rather than an onshore-offshore trend: the shallowwater rise and demise of the modern deep-sea brittle star family Ophiacanthidae (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea). European Journal of Taxonomy 48: 1 - 242. https: // doi. org / 10.5852 / ejt. 2013.48" type="journal article" year="2013">Thuy (2013)</bibRefCitation>
on the basis of articulated arm fragments and dissociated lateral arm plates. Shared features pertain to the lateral arm plates with the strongly bulging and ventrally protruding distal portion, the wide ventral portion in median to distal arm segments, and the coarsely meshed outer surface stereom, the numerous arm spines forming a nearly continuous fan dorsally, as well as the rounded triangular tentacle scales. No other known extant or extinct ophiacanthinid presents this combination of characters. We thus assign the here-described specimens to 
<taxonomicName id="F2EE4D3DFFB8D36B0A0BF809FBB807DE" authorityName=", Thuy" authorityYear="2013" box="[881,1028,1965,1991]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiacanthidae" genus="Ophiogaleus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="079AEAACFFB8D36B0A0BF809FBB807DE" box="[881,1028,1965,1991]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Ophiogaleus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, albeit in open nomenclature as the lateral arm plates preserve insufficient detail for an unambiguous species-level identification.
</paragraph>
<caption id="61916636FFB9D36A09C7F8E6FDCB07F0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3806013" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3806013" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3806013/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" startId="13.[189,232,1858,1884]" targetBox="[250,1346,301,1813]" targetPageId="13">
<paragraph id="355136BEFFB9D36A09C7F8E6FDCB07F0" blockId="13.[189,1398,1858,2026]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="079AEAACFFB9D36A09C7F8E6FEB00745" bold="true" box="[189,268,1858,1884]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 4.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="F2EE4D3DFFB9D36A086EF8E7FE160744" authorityName=", Thuy" authorityYear="2013" box="[276,426,1859,1885]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiacanthidae" genus="Ophiogaleus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="079AEAACFFB9D36A086EF8E7FE160744" box="[276,426,1859,1885]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Ophiogaleus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. PMO 217.899a. 
<emphasis id="079AEAACFFB9D36A0BDBF8E6FD0A0745" bold="true" box="[673,694,1858,1884]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">A</emphasis>
. Specimen preserving the ventral side of the disc area, two nearly complete arms and proximal area of a third arm. 
<emphasis id="079AEAACFFB9D36A0A47F8C2FCED0799" bold="true" box="[829,849,1894,1920]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">B</emphasis>
. Detail view of the disc area. 
<emphasis id="079AEAACFFB9D36A0DDCF8C2FB070799" bold="true" box="[1190,1211,1894,1920]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">C</emphasis>
. Drawing detail of the area shown in B. 
<emphasis id="079AEAACFFB9D36A0898F82DFE4B07BA" bold="true" box="[482,503,1929,1955]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">D</emphasis>
. Detail view of a proximal section of arm. Abbreviations: abgp = abradial genital plate; adgp = adradial genital plate; ds = disc spine; lopa = lateral oral papillae; op = oral plate; sart = spine articulation; v = vertebra.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="61916636FFBAD36909C7F97DFBC807F3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3806017" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3806017" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3806017/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" startId="14.[189,232,1753,1779]" targetBox="[291,1319,265,1715]" targetPageId="14">
<paragraph id="355136BEFFBAD36909C7F97DFBC807F3" blockId="14.[189,1399,1753,2026]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="079AEAACFFBAD36909C7F97DFEB706EA" bold="true" box="[189,267,1753,1779]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 5.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="F2EE4D3DFFBAD3690869F97DFE1506EA" authorityName=", Thuy" authorityYear="2013" box="[275,425,1753,1779]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiacanthidae" genus="Ophiogaleus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="079AEAACFFBAD3690869F97DFE1506EA" box="[275,425,1753,1779]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Ophiogaleus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. 
<emphasis id="079AEAACFFBAD36908A1F97DFDAE06EA" bold="true" box="[475,530,1753,1779]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">A–E</emphasis>
. PMO 218.060, specimen preserving the ventral side of the disc area and the base of all five arms. The specimen has been split through a horizontal plane and is visible as part (A) and counterpart (B). Photographs in A and B by H.A. Nakrem. 
<emphasis id="079AEAACFFBAD3690A9DF8BBFC400720" bold="true" box="[999,1020,1823,1849]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">C</emphasis>
. Drawing detail of the oral and interradial area. 
<emphasis id="079AEAACFFBAD36908F8F8E7FE2B0744" bold="true" box="[386,407,1859,1885]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">D</emphasis>
. Detail view of proximal arm segments with articulated spines. 
<emphasis id="079AEAACFFBAD3690DDEF8E7FB040744" bold="true" box="[1188,1208,1859,1885]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">E</emphasis>
. Detail view of distal arm segment. 
<emphasis id="079AEAACFFBAD36908CFF8C2FE7B0799" bold="true" box="[437,455,1894,1920]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">F</emphasis>
. PMO 218.053a, partly disarticulated arm portion composed of three median segments showing details of the ventral side of the arms. Abbreviations: abgp = abradial genital plate; adgp = adradial genital plate; as = arm spine; cs = arm in cross section; dp = dental plate; ds = disc spine; lap = lateral arm plate; op = oral plate; rs = radial shield; vap = ventral arm plate.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="355136BEFFBBD36809C7FEAFFDA9022F" blockId="15.[189,1399,267,566]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
The present material falls within the known stratigraphic range of 
<taxonomicName id="F2EE4D3DFFBBD3680D42FEAFFB6D013C" authorityName=", Thuy" authorityYear="2013" box="[1080,1233,267,293]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiacanthidae" genus="Ophiogaleus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="079AEAACFFBBD3680D42FEAFFB6D013C" box="[1080,1233,267,293]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Ophiogaleus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Sinemurian to Maastrichtian) (
<bibRefCitation id="517F4B4FFFBBD36808DDFE96FD8A0155" author="Thuy B." box="[423,566,306,332]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="1 - 242" refId="ref13572" refString="Thuy B. 2013. Temporary expansion to shelf depths rather than an onshore-offshore trend: the shallowwater rise and demise of the modern deep-sea brittle star family Ophiacanthidae (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea). European Journal of Taxonomy 48: 1 - 242. https: // doi. org / 10.5852 / ejt. 2013.48" type="journal article" year="2013">Thuy 2013</bibRefCitation>
), but extends the palaeogeographical range of the genus to polar latitudes. It furthermore stands out in representing the first finds of complete, articulated skeletons of 
<taxonomicName id="F2EE4D3DFFBBD368099BFE24FEC60183" authorityName=", Thuy" authorityYear="2013" box="[225,378,384,410]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiacanthidae" genus="Ophiogaleus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="079AEAACFFBBD368099BFE24FEC60183" box="[225,378,384,410]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Ophiogaleus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
providing insights into the previously unknown disc morphology and allowing to significantly extend the diagnosis of the genus. Since exhaustively known fossil ophiuroids play a pivotal role in phylogenetic estimates (
<bibRefCitation id="517F4B4FFFBBD3680BE6FE6AFC2F01F0" author="Thuy B. &amp; Stohr S." box="[668,915,462,489]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="0156140" refId="ref13724" refString="Thuy B. &amp; Stohr S. 2016. A new morphological phylogeny of the Ophiuroidea (Echinodermata) accords with molecular evidence and renders microfossils accessible for cladistics. PLoS ONE 11 (5): e 0156140. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0156140" type="journal article" year="2016">Thuy &amp; Stöhr 2016</bibRefCitation>
), the Spitsbergen 
<taxonomicName id="F2EE4D3DFFBBD3680D0BFE6AFAB601F1" authorityName=", Thuy" authorityYear="2013" box="[1137,1290,462,488]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiacanthidae" genus="Ophiogaleus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="079AEAACFFBBD3680D0BFE6AFAB601F1" box="[1137,1290,462,488]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Ophiogaleus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
material significantly adds to the dataset available for the systematic reconstruction of ophiuroid evolutionary history (
<bibRefCitation id="517F4B4FFFBBD368085AFDB8FDB5022F" author="O'Hara T. D. &amp; Hugall A. F. &amp; Thuy B. &amp; Stohr S. &amp; Martynov A." box="[288,521,540,566]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="415 - 430" refId="ref12996" refString="O'Hara T. D., Hugall A. F., Thuy B., Stohr S. &amp; Martynov A. 2017. Restructuring higher taxonomy using broad-scale phylogenomics: the living Ophiuroidea. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 107: 415 - 430. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2016.12.006" type="journal article" year="2017">
O’Hara 
<emphasis id="079AEAACFFBBD36808FEFDB9FE7C022F" box="[388,448,540,566]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al.</emphasis>
2017
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="355136BEFFBBD36809C7FDC6FDC903AA" blockId="15.[189,1399,609,948]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
In the original description of 
<taxonomicName id="F2EE4D3DFFBBD3680B5DFDC5FCDA0265" authority=", Thuy (2013)" authorityName=", Thuy" authorityYear="2013" box="[551,870,609,636]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiacanthidae" genus="Ophiogaleus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="079AEAACFFBBD3680B5DFDC5FD010262" box="[551,701,609,635]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Ophiogaleus</emphasis>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="517F4B4FFFBBD3680BB5FDC5FCDA0265" author="Thuy B." box="[719,870,609,636]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="1 - 242" refId="ref13572" refString="Thuy B. 2013. Temporary expansion to shelf depths rather than an onshore-offshore trend: the shallowwater rise and demise of the modern deep-sea brittle star family Ophiacanthidae (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea). European Journal of Taxonomy 48: 1 - 242. https: // doi. org / 10.5852 / ejt. 2013.48" type="journal article" year="2013">Thuy (2013)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
postulated close phylogenetic ties with the extant genus 
<taxonomicName id="F2EE4D3DFFBBD368081AFD2CFC8802BA" authority="Muller &amp; Troschel, 1842" authorityName="Muller &amp; Troschel" authorityYear="1842" box="[352,820,648,675]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiacanthidae" genus="Ophiacantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="079AEAACFFBBD368081AFD2CFE4502BB" box="[352,505,648,674]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Ophiacantha</emphasis>
Müller &amp; Troschel, 1842
</taxonomicName>
on the basis of similarities in lateral arm plate morphology. Indeed, the new insights on disc morphology of 
<taxonomicName id="F2EE4D3DFFBBD3680AE1FD0BFB8D02D0" authorityName=", Thuy" authorityYear="2013" box="[923,1073,687,713]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiacanthidae" genus="Ophiogaleus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="079AEAACFFBBD3680AE1FD0BFB8D02D0" box="[923,1073,687,713]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Ophiogaleus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
fall within the spectrum of the extant members of the family 
<taxonomicName id="F2EE4D3DFFBBD3680B20FD72FCAE02E9" authorityName="Ljungman" authorityYear="1867" box="[602,786,726,752]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiacanthidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Ophiacanthidae</taxonomicName>
as recently circumscribed by 
<bibRefCitation id="517F4B4FFFBBD3680D05FD72FACA02E9" author="O'Hara T. D. &amp; Hugall A. F. &amp; Thuy B. &amp; Stohr S. &amp; Martynov A." box="[1151,1398,726,752]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="415 - 430" refId="ref12996" refString="O'Hara T. D., Hugall A. F., Thuy B., Stohr S. &amp; Martynov A. 2017. Restructuring higher taxonomy using broad-scale phylogenomics: the living Ophiuroidea. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 107: 415 - 430. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2016.12.006" type="journal article" year="2017">
O’Hara 
<emphasis id="079AEAACFFBBD3680D9BFD73FAA202E9" box="[1249,1310,726,752]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al.</emphasis>
(2017)
</bibRefCitation>
with its 
<typeStatus id="EA55881CFFBBD368085AFD5AFEEF0301" box="[288,339,766,792]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">type</typeStatus>
genus 
<taxonomicName id="F2EE4D3DFFBBD36808D3FD59FDFE030E" authorityName="Muller &amp; Troschel" authorityYear="1842" box="[425,578,765,791]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiacanthidae" genus="Ophiacantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="079AEAACFFBBD36808D3FD59FDFE030E" box="[425,578,765,791]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Ophiacantha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, due to the absence of family-level diagnoses for the new classification by 
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O’Hara 
<emphasis id="079AEAACFFBBD3680890FC81FD940327" box="[490,552,804,830]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al.</emphasis>
(2017)
</bibRefCitation>
, it is currently not possible to provide compelling evidence in favour of such an assignment. 
<taxonomicName id="F2EE4D3DFFBBD3680B5BFCEFFD0B037C" authorityName=", Thuy" authorityYear="2013" box="[545,695,843,869]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiacanthidae" genus="Ophiogaleus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="079AEAACFFBBD3680B5BFCEFFD0B037C" box="[545,695,843,869]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Ophiogaleus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
might, in fact, belong to a yet unknown extinct family sister to the 
<taxonomicName id="F2EE4D3DFFBBD368087FFCD6FE7D0395" authorityName="Ljungman" authorityYear="1867" box="[261,449,882,908]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiacanthidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Ophiacanthidae</taxonomicName>
. With the present knowledge at hand, however, the most conservative approach is an assignment to the 
<taxonomicName id="F2EE4D3DFFBBD36808CFFC3DFDCD03AA" authorityName="Ljungman" authorityYear="1867" box="[437,625,921,947]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiacanthidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Ophiacanthidae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="355136BEFFBBD36809C7FC7AFE4104A2" blockId="15.[189,1399,990,1212]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName id="F2EE4D3DFFBBD36809C7FC7AFEEF03E1" authorityName=", Thuy" authorityYear="2013" box="[189,339,990,1016]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiacanthidae" genus="Ophiogaleus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="079AEAACFFBBD36809C7FC7AFEEF03E1" box="[189,339,990,1016]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Ophiogaleus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. was probably a suspension feeder and used its long, robust, erect arm spines to trap food particles, as do some modern suspension-feeding ophiacanthids (
<bibRefCitation id="517F4B4FFFBBD3680D7EFBA2FAB30406" author="O'Hara T. D. &amp; Stohr S." box="[1028,1295,1029,1056]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="33 - 141" refId="ref12871" refString="O'Hara T. D. &amp; Stohr S. 2006. Deep water Ophiuroidea (Echinodermata) of New Caledonia: Ophiacanthidae and Hemieuryalidae. In: Richer de Forges B. &amp; Justine J. - L. (eds) Tropical Deep- Sea Benthos 24: 33 - 141. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle 193, Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris." type="journal article" year="2006">O’Hara &amp; Stöhr 2006</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="517F4B4FFFBBD3680C67FBA2FEF3045E" author="Hess H. &amp; Meyer C." pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="29 - 40" refId="ref11897" refString="Hess H. &amp; Meyer C. 2008. A new ophiuroid (Geocoma schoentalensis sp. nov.) from the Middle Jurassic of northwestern Switzerland and remarks on the family Aplocomidae Hess, 1965. Swiss Journal of Geosciences 101: 29 - 40. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00015 - 008 - 1253 - 5" type="journal article" year="2008">Hess &amp; Meyer 2008</bibRefCitation>
). Its occurrence at shelf depths is not unusual as the late Jurassic was a time of exceptionally abundant and diverse ophiacanthid records in shallow waters (
<bibRefCitation id="517F4B4FFFBBD3680ABEFBF7FBED0477" author="Thuy B." box="[964,1105,1107,1134]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="1 - 242" refId="ref13572" refString="Thuy B. 2013. Temporary expansion to shelf depths rather than an onshore-offshore trend: the shallowwater rise and demise of the modern deep-sea brittle star family Ophiacanthidae (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea). European Journal of Taxonomy 48: 1 - 242. https: // doi. org / 10.5852 / ejt. 2013.48" type="journal article" year="2013">Thuy 2013</bibRefCitation>
). Modern ophiacanthids are most common and diverse at bathyal depths, although shallower occurrences are not uncommon, especially at high latitudes.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>