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<mods:title id="3A09F44919E3D44A6001A38C27389972">A late Pleistocene gastropod fauna from the northern Caspian Sea with implications for Pontocaspian gastropod taxonomy</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="C5B549BC97DE4E89BD52A043C24343B3">Neubauer, Thomas A.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="DCE109C17F99EA1A23BFFA4D835E4466">Department of Animal Ecology and Systematics, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26 - 32 IFZ, 35392 Giessen, Germany &amp; Naturalis Biodiversity Center, P. O. Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="4BFE165503C82F2BA75F1FA48F2AC281">Velde, Sabrina van de</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="055542BD49C5FA7BD52411C4D0A3ECD6">Naturalis Biodiversity Center, P. O. Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="59B07ED627323E2ABE18414797C08430">Yanina, Tamara</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="97D5C2D420387C1E7ACA1810108AB07D">Moscow State University, Faculty of Geography, Leninskie Gory, 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="B75FCF5E230D9D29FF302C522E66A58E">Wesselingh, Frank P.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="7AFC7930ABE592BA469B558D44CA83D8" ID-GBIF-Taxon="182229637" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7AFC7930ABE592BA469B558D44CA83D8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/7AFC7930ABE592BA469B558D44CA83D8" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" scope_class="Gastropoda" scope_family="Hydrobiidae" scope_subClass="Caenogastropoda" scope_superFamily="Truncatelloidea">
<subSubSection id="1FB3350C2F733A792EC268805543AB0C" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="83CE55D8A3ADFEF10151F60548E373D3" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">
Subfamily
<taxonomicName id="E97FB60F09CA9CF414E1232C25ADF6F1" ID-CoL="7NY3S" authority="Brusina, 1882" authorityName="W. Hartmann" authorityYear="1821" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pyrgulinae">Pyrgulinae Brusina, 1882</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="50A5C10ECEFA025D14B75F908C5A3A90" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">
<taxonomicName id="C4E1B7E9A0A10083018F2A76F2756EA6" baseAuthorityName="Brusina" baseAuthorityYear="1881" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pyrgulinae">Pyrgulinae</taxonomicName>
1882
<taxonomicName id="1DC1C6D9205CDDDC4D6EDC5AA6D6929C" baseAuthorityName="Brusina" baseAuthorityYear="1881" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pyrgulinae">Pyrgulinae</taxonomicName>
Brusina: 230.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EF6943ABFEB1D850C0CDC86CC5E2E0DE" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">
<taxonomicName id="BB1F97169EEFD82A154C0A123096C4F3" baseAuthorityName="Brusina" baseAuthorityYear="1881" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pyrgulinae">Pyrgulinae</taxonomicName>
1914
<taxonomicName id="7D9B90E935222A38BB00731E721AE31D" class="Gastropoda" family="Micromelaniidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Micromelaniidae</taxonomicName>
B. Dybowski &amp; Grochmalicki: 276.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3BA4A44696CA16486FCE19DA653FC1CB" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">
<taxonomicName id="F7B135BC60E33AB6D4C2C1DF1A8CD38F" baseAuthorityName="Brusina" baseAuthorityYear="1881" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pyrgulinae">Pyrgulinae</taxonomicName>
1915
<taxonomicName id="350EE8948BF351A847CDCEBC0599597B" authorityName="B.Dybowski &amp; Grochmalicki" authorityYear="1915" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Turricaspiinae">Turricaspiinae</taxonomicName>
B. Dybowski &amp; Grochmalicki: 103.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="07C6495C03AC446CD2460E5328317AA1" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">
<taxonomicName id="1E2DB31B4DC762A2CE58B4165EC4ED49" baseAuthorityName="Brusina" baseAuthorityYear="1881" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pyrgulinae">Pyrgulinae</taxonomicName>
2017
<taxonomicName id="BF8C47772761268BB7CAFEBB5D6E32D8" baseAuthorityName="Brusina" baseAuthorityYear="1881" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pyrgulinae">Pyrgulinae</taxonomicName>
Brusina, 1882. - Bouchet et al.: 212, 346 [cum syn.].
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EAD626B668A2D365A115F5E741288B60" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="2D0ABB67E1B7C09EC6FF16DD136F7B3B" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1868823AB3C905D475FFD5659CEDD16B" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">
The Caspian
<taxonomicName id="5513FC9AE2852BABD2371A05B7EE3AFC" baseAuthorityName="Brusina" baseAuthorityYear="1881" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pyrgulinae">Pyrgulinae</taxonomicName>
(sensu lato) encompasses 64 species that are considered accepted in the current literature (
<bibRefCitation id="DB706A9A9518010FE91762457F5234EE" author="Vinarski, MV" journalOrPublisher="Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of RAS, Moscow" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" refId="B121" refString="Vinarski, MV, Kantor, YuI, 2016. Analytical catalogue of fresh and brackish water molluscs of Russia and adjacent countries. A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of RAS, Moscow" title="Analytical catalogue of fresh and brackish water molluscs of Russia and adjacent countries. A. N." year="2016">Vinarski and Kantor 2016</bibRefCitation>
). However, most of them are poorly known, documented by insufficient descriptions and drawings; for many, the
<typeStatus id="40C81A250E4272E77F95782132478599">type</typeStatus>
material has not been found (
<bibRefCitation id="5F5EC2E6CD3659197EC0C60D0C0E1C00" author="Kantor, YuI" journalOrPublisher="KMK Scientific Press, Moscow" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" refId="B58" refString="Kantor, YuI, Sysoev, AV, 2006. Morskiye i solonovatovodnyye bryukhonogiye mollyuski Rossii i sopredel'nykh stran: illyustrirovannyy katalog. KMK Scientific Press, Moscow" title="Morskiye i solonovatovodnyye bryukhonogiye mollyuski Rossii i sopredel'nykh stran: illyustrirovannyy katalog." year="2006">Kantor and Sysoev 2006</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="677F203286F6AE6D5944BBF63A6EDB5B" author="Vinarski, MV" journalOrPublisher="Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of RAS, Moscow" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" refId="B121" refString="Vinarski, MV, Kantor, YuI, 2016. Analytical catalogue of fresh and brackish water molluscs of Russia and adjacent countries. A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of RAS, Moscow" title="Analytical catalogue of fresh and brackish water molluscs of Russia and adjacent countries. A. N." year="2016">Vinarski and Kantor 2016</bibRefCitation>
). The extreme morphological variability of several representatives, such as those detected in the material from Selitrennoye, led previous authors to introduce numerous species based on shells with only minor deviations in shape, size or whorl outline. The Caspian
<taxonomicName id="F756636744F85B68C8D1855A23CABDE2" baseAuthorityName="Brusina" baseAuthorityYear="1881" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pyrgulinae">Pyrgulinae</taxonomicName>
therefore requires careful revision using molecular and anatomical data as far as available.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C0DEC4E0DF9D2AC18BE6F2ACEA77EEF4" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">
In addition to the problems associated with distinguishing species, genus-level classification is poorly resolved as well. Several attempts have been made to categorize this vast variability, and genus concepts have changed tremendously (e.g., B.
<bibRefCitation id="D927224737CA574E04F457BC233D771D" author="Dybowski, B" journalOrPublisher="Petersbourg" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" refId="B32" refString="Dybowski, B, Grochmalicki, J, 1915. Ueber kaspische Schnecken aus der Abteilung &quot;Turricaspiinae&quot; subfam. nova zum Vergleich mit den Turribaikalina nobis. Petrograd, 34 pp. [numbered 103-136], 3 pls." title="Ueber kaspische Schnecken aus der Abteilung &quot; Turricaspiinae &quot; subfam. nova zum Vergleich mit den Turribaikalina nobis. Petrograd, 34 pp. [numbered 103 - 136], 3 pls." year="1915">Dybowski and Grochmalicki 1915</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="6A8885495871537D4747069ADDEB00F7" author="Dybowski, B" journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Koeniglichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" pagination="1 - 55" publicationUrl="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/5550074" refId="B33" refString="Dybowski, B, Grochmalicki, J, 1917. Studien ueber die turmfoermigen Schnecken des Baikalsees und des Kaspimeeres (Turribaicaliinae - Turricaspiinae). Abhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Koeniglichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 9 (3): 1 - 55, https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/5550074" title="Studien ueber die turmfoermigen Schnecken des Baikalsees und des Kaspimeeres (Turribaicaliinae - Turricaspiinae)." url="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/5550074" volume="9" year="1917">1917</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="6554E641852BD5F4C2B71A43E01FE43F" author="Zhadin, VI" journalOrPublisher="Izdatel'stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moskva, Leningrad" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" refId="B136" refString="Zhadin, VI, 1952. Mollyuski presnykh i solonovatykh vod SSSR. Izdatel'stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moskva, Leningrad" title="Mollyuski presnykh i solonovatykh vod SSSR." year="1952">Zhadin 1952</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C95190A205AC69EAA536F31A208FB739" author="Logvinenko, BM" editor="Birshtein, YaA" journalOrPublisher="Pishchevaya Promyshlennost (Vsesoyuznyi Nauchno-issledovatel'skii Institut Morskogo Rybnogo Khozyaistva i Okeanografii), Moskva" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" pagination="308 - 385" refId="B70" refString="Logvinenko, BM, Starobogatov, YaI, 1969. Mollusca. In: Birshtein, YaA, Vinogradov, LG, Kondakov, NN, Kuhn, MS, Astakhova, TV, Romanova, NN, Eds., Atlas bespozvonochnykh Kaspiyskogo morya. Pishchevaya Promyshlennost (Vsesoyuznyi Nauchno-issledovatel'skii Institut Morskogo Rybnogo Khozyaistva i Okeanografii), Moskva: 308 - 385" title="Mollusca." volumeTitle="Atlas bespozvonochnykh Kaspiyskogo morya." year="1969">Logvinenko and Starobogatov 1969</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="7F4FE90FDBA44542814E730ABF705C96" author="Kantor, YuI" journalOrPublisher="KMK Scientific Press, Moscow" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" refId="B58" refString="Kantor, YuI, Sysoev, AV, 2006. Morskiye i solonovatovodnyye bryukhonogiye mollyuski Rossii i sopredel'nykh stran: illyustrirovannyy katalog. KMK Scientific Press, Moscow" title="Morskiye i solonovatovodnyye bryukhonogiye mollyuski Rossii i sopredel'nykh stran: illyustrirovannyy katalog." year="2006">Kantor and Sysoev 2006</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="7A83DBA8E3F7BE2D331DF14D82CBA015" author="Vinarski, MV" journalOrPublisher="Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of RAS, Moscow" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" refId="B121" refString="Vinarski, MV, Kantor, YuI, 2016. Analytical catalogue of fresh and brackish water molluscs of Russia and adjacent countries. A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of RAS, Moscow" title="Analytical catalogue of fresh and brackish water molluscs of Russia and adjacent countries. A. N." year="2016">Vinarski and Kantor 2016</bibRefCitation>
). Twelve genus names have been described for members of the Caspian
<taxonomicName id="29298A30E504EBEAD0642BF6729ACD00" baseAuthorityName="Brusina" baseAuthorityYear="1881" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pyrgulinae">Pyrgulinae</taxonomicName>
, based on quite different concepts of traits considered diagnostic. Currently, all species are classified within
<taxonomicName id="C880FC1CDD76F3CA2D6B45085C193C79" authorityName="Neubauer &amp; Velde &amp; Yanina &amp; Wesselingh" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="Neubauer &amp; Velde &amp; Yanina &amp; Wesselingh" baseAuthorityYear="2018" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Caspia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Caspia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B10EC72749DBA2A1A104798D5BFD835A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">Caspia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Clessin &amp; W. Dybowski, 1887,
<taxonomicName id="07803CDF12F4D078AEC508D5D463D341" authorityName="Neubauer &amp; Velde &amp; Yanina &amp; Wesselingh" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="Neubauer &amp; Velde &amp; Yanina &amp; Wesselingh" baseAuthorityYear="2018" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Pyrgula" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pyrgula" order="Mesogastropoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B35263FE81950867726B4F209E756FBC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">Pyrgula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
De Cristofori &amp; Jan, 1832 and
<taxonomicName id="1D1EE44766ADBC768115D9BF6649D04E" authorityName="B. Dybowski &amp; Grochmalicki" authorityYear="1915" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Turricaspia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Turricaspia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2656F587E5DC008CCF9894C8740C6DCE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">Turricaspia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
B. Dybowski &amp; Grochmalicki, 1915 (
<bibRefCitation id="7AEF55754B787AE24638B52651122C1B" author="Kantor, YuI" journalOrPublisher="KMK Scientific Press, Moscow" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" refId="B58" refString="Kantor, YuI, Sysoev, AV, 2006. Morskiye i solonovatovodnyye bryukhonogiye mollyuski Rossii i sopredel'nykh stran: illyustrirovannyy katalog. KMK Scientific Press, Moscow" title="Morskiye i solonovatovodnyye bryukhonogiye mollyuski Rossii i sopredel'nykh stran: illyustrirovannyy katalog." year="2006">Kantor and Sysoev 2006</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="56DDD25921F73AD4D5ECE42644758835" author="Vinarski, MV" journalOrPublisher="Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of RAS, Moscow" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" refId="B121" refString="Vinarski, MV, Kantor, YuI, 2016. Analytical catalogue of fresh and brackish water molluscs of Russia and adjacent countries. A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of RAS, Moscow" title="Analytical catalogue of fresh and brackish water molluscs of Russia and adjacent countries. A. N." year="2016">Vinarski and Kantor 2016</bibRefCitation>
). This scheme unites quite a variety of different morphologies under the same genus names, while at the same time similar species are assigned to different genera (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="49409AC9DD6FCAADA6962E90D998C94A" author="Kantor, YuI" journalOrPublisher="KMK Scientific Press, Moscow" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" refId="B58" refString="Kantor, YuI, Sysoev, AV, 2006. Morskiye i solonovatovodnyye bryukhonogiye mollyuski Rossii i sopredel'nykh stran: illyustrirovannyy katalog. KMK Scientific Press, Moscow" title="Morskiye i solonovatovodnyye bryukhonogiye mollyuski Rossii i sopredel'nykh stran: illyustrirovannyy katalog." year="2006">Kantor and Sysoev 2006</bibRefCitation>
). Unfortunately, hardly any previous study provided explanations for their genus classifications or systematic concepts in general.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D921D7A9A7FDAA8AF5F923FC36148BE1" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">
A thorough revision of all Caspian
<taxonomicName id="7AB572F66D8620A09C09B16565135495" baseAuthorityName="Brusina" baseAuthorityYear="1881" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pyrgulinae">Pyrgulinae</taxonomicName>
is beyond the scope of this study, but we discuss and revise the concepts that have been applied to the species studied herein.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="543A68F878F76244355BADBE8B4CA56D" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">
<bibRefCitation id="A05BA372FD9096ADE696E5B540A83A48" author="Vinarski, MV" journalOrPublisher="Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of RAS, Moscow" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" refId="B121" refString="Vinarski, MV, Kantor, YuI, 2016. Analytical catalogue of fresh and brackish water molluscs of Russia and adjacent countries. A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of RAS, Moscow" title="Analytical catalogue of fresh and brackish water molluscs of Russia and adjacent countries. A. N." year="2016">Vinarski and Kantor (2016)</bibRefCitation>
listed 38 species of the genus
<taxonomicName id="5243F5A1A5A167E6DDC2BEF81B291B69" authorityName="Neubauer &amp; Velde &amp; Yanina &amp; Wesselingh" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="Neubauer &amp; Velde &amp; Yanina &amp; Wesselingh" baseAuthorityYear="2018" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Pyrgula" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pyrgula" order="Mesogastropoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3D0825D73324DC06371965BC1CF43643" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">Pyrgula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for the Caspian Sea. The
<typeStatus id="C1B4D53D8208A3C772DAFA8B9EBE8E2C">type</typeStatus>
species of
<taxonomicName id="A5AEC356E37E8FA1060F606DA3A7397E" authorityName="Neubauer &amp; Velde &amp; Yanina &amp; Wesselingh" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="Neubauer &amp; Velde &amp; Yanina &amp; Wesselingh" baseAuthorityYear="2018" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Pyrgula" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pyrgula" order="Mesogastropoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2BBE51DCB1519CCDCD375EC0D5EACE23" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">Pyrgula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
De Cristofori &amp; Jan, 1832,
<taxonomicName id="446702098C65F8DFE3456FE080723828" lsidName="P. annulata" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" rank="species" species="annulata">
<emphasis id="54EAD4BC5C647D29112697CC8B33EC8C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">P. annulata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Linnaeus, 1758), lives in freshwater lakes and springs in Italy and Dalmatia (
<bibRefCitation id="CBAF65EE52DA07EFCF02E0F11204149C" author="Welter-Schultes, FW" journalOrPublisher="Planet Poster Editions, Goettingen" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" refId="B124" refString="Welter-Schultes, FW, 2012. European non-marine molluscs, a guide for species identification. Planet Poster Editions, Goettingen" title="European non-marine molluscs, a guide for species identification." year="2012">Welter-Schultes 2012</bibRefCitation>
). Shell morphology, anatomy and protoconch characteristics are very similar to Pontocaspian
<taxonomicName id="0BA0F98CE1347AAEA710743D9E27EC26" baseAuthorityName="Brusina" baseAuthorityYear="1881" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pyrgulinae">Pyrgulinae</taxonomicName>
, e.g., some species of
<taxonomicName id="784AF31984BEC03516F24B52963ACE6F" authorityName="B. Dybowski &amp; Grochmalicki" authorityYear="1915" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Turricaspia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Turricaspia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1C67245657CAB0CA13CF8C88C035B918" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">Turricaspia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(compare also discussion in
<bibRefCitation id="4FB12C65D30058A0178F48A7C8F5B704" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0075-9511(01)80031-1" author="Riedel, F" journalOrPublisher="Limnologica" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" pagination="289 - 302" refId="B93" refString="Riedel, F, Healy, JM, Roepsdorf, P, Sitnikova, TYa, 2001. Ecology, Shell Morphology, Anatomy and Sperm Ultrastructure of Caenogastropod Pyrgula annulata, with a Discussion of the Relations between the ' Pyrgulidae ' and Caspian and Baikalian Rissooideans. Limnologica 31: 289 - 302, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0075-9511(01)80031-1" title="Ecology, Shell Morphology, Anatomy and Sperm Ultrastructure of Caenogastropod Pyrgula annulata, with a Discussion of the Relations between the ' Pyrgulidae ' and Caspian and Baikalian Rissooideans." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0075-9511(01)80031-1" volume="31" year="2001">Riedel et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
). However, molecular evidence suggests that
<taxonomicName id="BDF585A33A113DD7C4CB0404A6D529BA" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Pyrgula" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pyrgula annulata" order="Mesogastropoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="annulata">
<emphasis id="572239EA02DC26D103D0B365A89B6266" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">Pyrgula annulata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is only distantly related to the Pontocaspian species flock within the
<taxonomicName id="5FA85343284853F175BFEDC8893AA914" baseAuthorityName="Brusina" baseAuthorityYear="1881" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pyrgulinae">Pyrgulinae</taxonomicName>
, with the last common ancestor dating back to the late Miocene (
<bibRefCitation id="CE837141195F9A5963535C2CB48D4D34" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2007.01727.x" author="Wilke, T" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Biogeography" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" pagination="1807 - 1821" refId="B130" refString="Wilke, T, Albrecht, C, Anistratenko, VV, Sahin, SK, Yildirim, MZ, 2007. Testing biogeographical hypotheses in space and time: faunal relationships of the putative ancient Lake Egirdir in Asia Minor. Journal of Biogeography 34: 1807 - 1821, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2007.01727.x" title="Testing biogeographical hypotheses in space and time: faunal relationships of the putative ancient Lake Egirdir in Asia Minor." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2007.01727.x" volume="34" year="2007">Wilke et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
). Therefore, Pontocaspian species should not be attributed to
<taxonomicName id="8E26918BA6045737ED2CDAF0BA02262F" authorityName="Neubauer &amp; Velde &amp; Yanina &amp; Wesselingh" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="Neubauer &amp; Velde &amp; Yanina &amp; Wesselingh" baseAuthorityYear="2018" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Pyrgula" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pyrgula" order="Mesogastropoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="241A9E01C61E2380B983FD803D1BC372" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">Pyrgula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, despite apparent morphological congruence, especially of some of the keeled Pontocaspian
<taxonomicName id="517E6D7E49D0DD04778C8F9D869F5384" baseAuthorityName="Brusina" baseAuthorityYear="1881" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pyrgulinae">Pyrgulinae</taxonomicName>
. A separation on subfamily level as proposed by B.
<bibRefCitation id="3338DE0A27EAF578F5E483FBAC721227" author="Dybowski, B" journalOrPublisher="Petersbourg" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" refId="B32" refString="Dybowski, B, Grochmalicki, J, 1915. Ueber kaspische Schnecken aus der Abteilung &quot;Turricaspiinae&quot; subfam. nova zum Vergleich mit den Turribaikalina nobis. Petrograd, 34 pp. [numbered 103-136], 3 pls." title="Ueber kaspische Schnecken aus der Abteilung &quot; Turricaspiinae &quot; subfam. nova zum Vergleich mit den Turribaikalina nobis. Petrograd, 34 pp. [numbered 103 - 136], 3 pls." year="1915">Dybowski and Grochmalicki (1915)</bibRefCitation>
is opposed by the latest phylogeny of rissooidean gastropods, which suggests a rather close relationship (
<bibRefCitation id="C8ED9156966EF88B50F6AD8C92CE0E4D" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2012.10.025" author="Wilke, T" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" pagination="715 - 736" refId="B131" refString="Wilke, T, Haase, M, Hershler, R, Liu, H-P, Misof, B, Ponder, W, 2013. Pushing short DNA fragments to the limit: Phylogenetic relationships of 'hydrobioid' gastropods (Caenogastropoda: Rissooidea). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 66: 715 - 736, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2012.10.025" title="Pushing short DNA fragments to the limit: Phylogenetic relationships of ' hydrobioid' gastropods (Caenogastropoda: Rissooidea)." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2012.10.025" volume="66" year="2013">Wilke et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="332472795C796332F0E142C35B5C41A0" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">
<taxonomicName id="139E80E8D7C2562D68BC555159B4B544" authorityName="B. Dybowski &amp; Grochmalicki" authorityYear="1915" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Turricaspia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Turricaspia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0C5E80063944ADC0DCCA2258C8B9848F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">Turricaspia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
B. Dybowski &amp; Grochmalicki, 1915 (
<typeStatus id="BE23800F628B7F918F2F6747B32C197A">type</typeStatus>
species:
<taxonomicName id="029829EC1B61B3873EBAE50E7590351E" authorityName="Clessin &amp; W.Dybowski" authorityYear="1887" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Micromelania" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Micromelania turricula" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="turricula">
<emphasis id="9FF8856E73E530112CCEC741BDE07E7B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">Micromelania turricula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
B. Dybowski &amp; Grochmalicki, 1915) was introduced for species with turriform, elongate shells with numerous whorls. Presently, the genus includes 22 Caspian species, encompassing elongate and broad, conical and ovoid, and sculptured and smooth species (
<bibRefCitation id="240C690AED6F081D2CF42A828909C2FB" author="Kantor, YuI" journalOrPublisher="KMK Scientific Press, Moscow" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" refId="B58" refString="Kantor, YuI, Sysoev, AV, 2006. Morskiye i solonovatovodnyye bryukhonogiye mollyuski Rossii i sopredel'nykh stran: illyustrirovannyy katalog. KMK Scientific Press, Moscow" title="Morskiye i solonovatovodnyye bryukhonogiye mollyuski Rossii i sopredel'nykh stran: illyustrirovannyy katalog." year="2006">Kantor and Sysoev 2006</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="C6A400E0883447075BD9AA67E936754D" author="Vinarski, MV" journalOrPublisher="Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of RAS, Moscow" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" refId="B121" refString="Vinarski, MV, Kantor, YuI, 2016. Analytical catalogue of fresh and brackish water molluscs of Russia and adjacent countries. A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of RAS, Moscow" title="Analytical catalogue of fresh and brackish water molluscs of Russia and adjacent countries. A. N." year="2016">Vinarski and Kantor 2016</bibRefCitation>
). Many species assigned to
<taxonomicName id="95B476F07DE99BC05EF5D9CB70A41EEA" authorityName="Neubauer &amp; Velde &amp; Yanina &amp; Wesselingh" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="Neubauer &amp; Velde &amp; Yanina &amp; Wesselingh" baseAuthorityYear="2018" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Pyrgula" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pyrgula" order="Mesogastropoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8B3D08AA9D020A32454C565D937F172E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">Pyrgula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="F2C985D8A83B6463DFAF634EA75BB4B1" author="Kantor, YuI" journalOrPublisher="KMK Scientific Press, Moscow" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" refId="B58" refString="Kantor, YuI, Sysoev, AV, 2006. Morskiye i solonovatovodnyye bryukhonogiye mollyuski Rossii i sopredel'nykh stran: illyustrirovannyy katalog. KMK Scientific Press, Moscow" title="Morskiye i solonovatovodnyye bryukhonogiye mollyuski Rossii i sopredel'nykh stran: illyustrirovannyy katalog." year="2006">Kantor and Sysoev (2006)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="D7E51B79E99EA356BB48EA06B5EC7017" author="Vinarski, MV" journalOrPublisher="Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of RAS, Moscow" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" refId="B121" refString="Vinarski, MV, Kantor, YuI, 2016. Analytical catalogue of fresh and brackish water molluscs of Russia and adjacent countries. A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of RAS, Moscow" title="Analytical catalogue of fresh and brackish water molluscs of Russia and adjacent countries. A. N." year="2016">Vinarski and Kantor (2016)</bibRefCitation>
actually resemble
<taxonomicName id="562A18F23253CF314212765658443304" baseAuthorityName="Clessin &amp; W. Dybowski in W. Dybowski" baseAuthorityYear="1888" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Turricaspia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Turricaspia turricula" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="turricula">
<emphasis id="8C10BFD36BFA278E10A7FDB65F55F394" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">Turricaspia turricula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with respect to the turriform, conical shell. This similarity also regards the
<typeStatus id="3E6EC163CC41BD71D032A005C5729FEF">type</typeStatus>
species of the genera
<taxonomicName id="3EDEB07AA5F632D21DED06E00F8077D6" authorityName="Logvinenko &amp; Starobogatov" authorityYear="1968" genus="Caspiopyrgula" lsidName="Caspiopyrgula" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="505900D610F2800F93CF88CBCB5486E8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">Caspiopyrgula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Logvinenko &amp; Starobogatov, 1969 (
<typeStatus id="3836F2E4FC782CB420F054146D4B7E49">type</typeStatus>
species:
<taxonomicName id="123C2C57920D0B425A072EA0EA1886E6" authorityName="Kolesnikov" authorityYear="1947" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Turricaspia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Turricaspia nossovi" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="nossovi">
<emphasis id="CAD4B0F55F63EA8DE68B0C6DCEEECD91" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">Turricaspia nossovi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Kolesnikov, 1947),
<taxonomicName id="DA496C926A672FE94240E7F18B8206AA" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Eurycaspia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eurycaspia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="78208B3C1875CA4E157F3A004C086937" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">Eurycaspia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Logvinenko &amp; Starobogatov, 1969 (
<taxonomicName id="5E327A724C323C63108DC3681024F3D9" authorityName="B.Dybowski &amp; Grochmalicki" authorityYear="1915" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Micromelania" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Micromelania pseudodimidiata" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pseudodimidiata">
<emphasis id="2AC2CE2C26D2544E864A7CA69A7BEED8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">Micromelania pseudodimidiata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
B. Dybowski &amp; Grochmalicki, 1917),
<taxonomicName id="BFE90A560BFEE412BE69DA3986975DB9" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Oxypyrgula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oxypyrgula" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1EA3FA43976B248A9A1B1F3996AE91FC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">Oxypyrgula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Logvinenko &amp; Starobogatov, 1969 (
<taxonomicName id="4CC1DCDB73DB5EC523DBFED5813F455B" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Pyrgula" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pyrgula pseudospica" order="Mesogastropoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pseudospica">
<emphasis id="8FD83CC3161A277DC7F0F999AF17CBF3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">Pyrgula pseudospica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Logvinenko &amp; Starobogatov, 1969), and
<taxonomicName id="B70AEC326242DBD80DBA1FEB9CB5307D" authorityName="B.Dybowski &amp; Grochmalicki" authorityYear="1917" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Trachycaspia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trachycaspia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E549D00B3317997063ED0927CF1276CC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">Trachycaspia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
B. Dybowski &amp; Grochmalicki, 1917 (
<taxonomicName id="BABD7E43DC41FA20E750F0244C8EDFC7" authorityName="Eichwald" authorityYear="1838" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Rissoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rissoa dimidiata" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="dimidiata">
<emphasis id="AB5BD2B97240EBC5D4204C5C1F174936" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">Rissoa dimidiata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Eichwald, 1838). After examination of descriptions and illustrations of the
<typeStatus id="B6C86B546E80107820533DC7AAD16955">type</typeStatus>
species (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="97E2B7E8CAEBF41F7DAD5F026520B439" author="Kantor, YuI" journalOrPublisher="KMK Scientific Press, Moscow" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" refId="B58" refString="Kantor, YuI, Sysoev, AV, 2006. Morskiye i solonovatovodnyye bryukhonogiye mollyuski Rossii i sopredel'nykh stran: illyustrirovannyy katalog. KMK Scientific Press, Moscow" title="Morskiye i solonovatovodnyye bryukhonogiye mollyuski Rossii i sopredel'nykh stran: illyustrirovannyy katalog." year="2006">Kantor and Sysoev 2006</bibRefCitation>
), we conclude that these genera should be considered as junior synonyms of
<taxonomicName id="4F55A422ED3A38E7D2C23687FECB8A2A" authorityName="B. Dybowski &amp; Grochmalicki" authorityYear="1915" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Turricaspia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Turricaspia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C98E928BCDE57E50CCD4AC0BB3B0F5E4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">Turricaspia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="93878C74452E89C7449CA0F7EB28E3AE" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">
Some of the species classified as
<taxonomicName id="0C0EA2E8F018B5634D2BFEAA3189E874" authorityName="B. Dybowski &amp; Grochmalicki" authorityYear="1915" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Turricaspia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Turricaspia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3DC760A655B6BDEE92DD06314A561BD6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">Turricaspia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="0F86F6B2A0768F8DAF1D1DA420A7BACF" author="Kantor, YuI" journalOrPublisher="KMK Scientific Press, Moscow" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" refId="B58" refString="Kantor, YuI, Sysoev, AV, 2006. Morskiye i solonovatovodnyye bryukhonogiye mollyuski Rossii i sopredel'nykh stran: illyustrirovannyy katalog. KMK Scientific Press, Moscow" title="Morskiye i solonovatovodnyye bryukhonogiye mollyuski Rossii i sopredel'nykh stran: illyustrirovannyy katalog." year="2006">Kantor and Sysoev (2006)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="8F5CAB435C4A8C6AB5D2D4A9EFB5EBF6" author="Vinarski, MV" journalOrPublisher="Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of RAS, Moscow" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" refId="B121" refString="Vinarski, MV, Kantor, YuI, 2016. Analytical catalogue of fresh and brackish water molluscs of Russia and adjacent countries. A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of RAS, Moscow" title="Analytical catalogue of fresh and brackish water molluscs of Russia and adjacent countries. A. N." year="2016">Vinarski and Kantor (2016)</bibRefCitation>
differ considerably from
<taxonomicName id="AE62F6C26E7E9B38DF7816B2F5DC9A77" authorityName="B. Dybowski &amp; Grochmalicki" authorityYear="1915" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Turricaspia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Turricaspia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1C44B8DC380BEBE89A5938D83829CB72" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">Turricaspia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
s.s. in shell shape. This contains the
<typeStatus id="D54FE6471D5FFB126B2E3A40C2D5D36A">type</typeStatus>
species of the genera
<taxonomicName id="FA6D802AB8CD5AB80BC6553A1C8C43B8" authorityName="Neubauer &amp; Velde &amp; Yanina &amp; Wesselingh" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="Neubauer &amp; Velde &amp; Yanina &amp; Wesselingh" baseAuthorityYear="2018" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Caspiella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Caspiella" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DC57F74A579F06133B67F82F74F98141" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">Caspiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Thiele, 1928 (
<taxonomicName id="440D4C1FA69D526E4EF39713EEECC551" authorityName="Neubauer &amp; Velde &amp; Yanina &amp; Wesselingh" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="Neubauer &amp; Velde &amp; Yanina &amp; Wesselingh" baseAuthorityYear="2018" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Rissoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rissoa conus" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="conus">
<emphasis id="DAC3EB8E58AA1BA105180CBB76AF3056" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">Rissoa conus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Eichwald, 1838),
<taxonomicName id="C34DE0F4D5969B926EC0152480974357" authorityName="Lindholm" authorityYear="1924" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Clessiniola" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Clessiniola" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="878610DC7E200CC4AFAAD9F18411CFB8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">Clessiniola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Lindholm, 1924 (
<taxonomicName id="70943A585B3074E52724CDC6B45EA92F" authorityName="Eichwald" authorityYear="1838" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Paludina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paludina variabilis" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="variabilis">
<emphasis id="A7ABA09A74D2412F4093C7D331E132C1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">Paludina variabilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Eichwald, 1838), and
<taxonomicName id="84DE0797C9836FA6A5DADA9952418BD7" authorityName="B. Dybowski &amp; Grochmalicki" authorityYear="1917" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Laevicaspia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Laevicaspia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0538EF5AEBF00C1CC571E3E7548A7F49" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">Laevicaspia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
B. Dybowski &amp; Grochmalicki, 1917 (
<taxonomicName id="DFE39A6D141A11468887F38EC9E61CDA" authorityName="Eichwald" authorityYear="1838" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Rissoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rissoa caspia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="caspia">
<emphasis id="85A6A7EC7B3BE1AD9C855AC8CA68EAE2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">Rissoa caspia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Eichwald, 1838). In turn, some species presently attributed to the genus
<taxonomicName id="0B26399F730B6BD89FCC31D2E08168D6" authorityName="Sitnikova &amp; Starobogatov" authorityYear="1999" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Euxinipyrgula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euxinipyrgula" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0094E5AD614D29DF0850A1A7F72A8526" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">Euxinipyrgula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Sitnikova &amp; Starobogatov, 1999 (
<typeStatus id="AFA762D7383AF988CBF581989F4861BD">type</typeStatus>
species:
<taxonomicName id="0AEBF26BA12AA4C3E4F69304C74CDAB6" authorityName="Golikov &amp; Starobogatov" authorityYear="1966" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Pyrgula" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pyrgula milachevitchi" order="Mesogastropoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="milachevitchi">
<emphasis id="32D238F1EDE9C36C1BA8389E6AD24123" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">Pyrgula milachevitchi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Golikov &amp; Starobogatov, 1966) closely resemble species of the
<taxonomicName id="86308CE17DD4E1D850838E5647B0A91D" authorityName="B. Dybowski &amp; Grochmalicki" authorityYear="1917" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Laevicaspia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Laevicaspia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="F38EDA8B54E38660F8E623CC693446C9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">Laevicaspia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-
<taxonomicName id="8CCC81144A09AA4CEE1B917B5DF7A798" authorityName="Neubauer &amp; Velde &amp; Yanina &amp; Wesselingh" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="Neubauer &amp; Velde &amp; Yanina &amp; Wesselingh" baseAuthorityYear="2018" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Caspiella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Caspiella" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C46E05B366E70DE51D97A5B74FA03751" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">Caspiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group (compare
<bibRefCitation id="2990D6A6630A8694F74BB7C926F2C5D7" author="Anistratenko, VV" journalOrPublisher="Naukova dumka, Kiev" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" refId="B9" refString="Anistratenko, VV, Khaliman, IA, Anistratenko, OY, 2011. Mollyuski Azovskogo morya. Naukova dumka, Kiev" title="Mollyuski Azovskogo morya." year="2011">Anistratenko et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A96B4DD6804AD80FCE5730D5756BCF7A" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">
Based on a review of the Pontocaspian species formerly attributed to these genera and illustrated in the literature (
<bibRefCitation id="73356A5F89D7DD184735B581AD8A1138" author="Golikov, AN" journalOrPublisher="Zoologicheskiy Zhurnal" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" pagination="352 - 362" refId="B45" refString="Golikov, AN, Starobogatov, YaI, 1966. Ponto-kaspiyskiy bryukhonogiye mollyuski v Azovo-Chernomorskom basseyne. Zoologicheskiy Zhurnal 45 (3): 352 - 362" title="Ponto-kaspiyskiy bryukhonogiye mollyuski v Azovo-Chernomorskom basseyne." volume="45" year="1966">Golikov and Starobogatov 1966</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="21D3B254D8D50DA3CCDFFECE7A30243A" author="Logvinenko, BM" editor="Birshtein, YaA" journalOrPublisher="Pishchevaya Promyshlennost (Vsesoyuznyi Nauchno-issledovatel'skii Institut Morskogo Rybnogo Khozyaistva i Okeanografii), Moskva" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" pagination="308 - 385" refId="B70" refString="Logvinenko, BM, Starobogatov, YaI, 1969. Mollusca. In: Birshtein, YaA, Vinogradov, LG, Kondakov, NN, Kuhn, MS, Astakhova, TV, Romanova, NN, Eds., Atlas bespozvonochnykh Kaspiyskogo morya. Pishchevaya Promyshlennost (Vsesoyuznyi Nauchno-issledovatel'skii Institut Morskogo Rybnogo Khozyaistva i Okeanografii), Moskva: 308 - 385" title="Mollusca." volumeTitle="Atlas bespozvonochnykh Kaspiyskogo morya." year="1969">Logvinenko and Starobogatov 1969</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="783203797C13EDAB4C9E7BA00D35999E" author="Alexenko, TL" journalOrPublisher="Vestnik Zoologii" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" pagination="32 - 38" refId="B5" refString="Alexenko, TL, Starobogatov, YaI, 1987. Vidy Caspia i Turricaspia (Gastropoda, Pectinibranchia, Pyrgulidae) Azovo-Chernomorskogo basseyna. Vestnik Zoologii 21 (3): 32 - 38" title="Vidy Caspia i Turricaspia (Gastropoda, Pectinibranchia, Pyrgulidae) Azovo-Chernomorskogo basseyna." volume="21" year="1987">Alexenko and Starobogatov 1987</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="4924DC5B939C0D9091D377EB8556A698" author="Kantor, YuI" journalOrPublisher="KMK Scientific Press, Moscow" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" refId="B58" refString="Kantor, YuI, Sysoev, AV, 2006. Morskiye i solonovatovodnyye bryukhonogiye mollyuski Rossii i sopredel'nykh stran: illyustrirovannyy katalog. KMK Scientific Press, Moscow" title="Morskiye i solonovatovodnyye bryukhonogiye mollyuski Rossii i sopredel'nykh stran: illyustrirovannyy katalog." year="2006">Kantor and Sysoev 2006</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="FE81C259E641FE1171A6548123A81EB8" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/zoos.200800001" author="Anistratenko, VV" journalOrPublisher="Zoosystematics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" pagination="129 - 142" refId="B7" refString="Anistratenko, VV, 2008. Evolutionary trends and relationships in hydrobiids (Mollusca, Caenogastropoda) of the Azov-Black Sea Basin in the light of their comparative morphology and paleozoogeography. Zoosystematics and Evolution 84 (2): 129 - 142, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/zoos.200800001" title="Evolutionary trends and relationships in hydrobiids (Mollusca, Caenogastropoda) of the Azov-Black Sea Basin in the light of their comparative morphology and paleozoogeography." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/zoos.200800001" volume="84" year="2008">Anistratenko 2008</bibRefCitation>
), we propose to distinguish the genera
<taxonomicName id="34CC0D30EBE2AAE34663D838FF079C1F" authorityName="Lindholm" authorityYear="1924" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Clessiniola" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Clessiniola" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="F8CF0AD51AB7F03920DBF077901B604F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">Clessiniola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="BFD7022BBEFEB2F6563B286F40AD196C" authorityName="B. Dybowski &amp; Grochmalicki" authorityYear="1917" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Laevicaspia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Laevicaspia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4EA325523C3C723FC2B9E0D87EFE5889" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">Laevicaspia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<taxonomicName id="B1FE0F49523BADBECEDD548075C9B974" authorityName="B. Dybowski &amp; Grochmalicki" authorityYear="1915" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Turricaspia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Turricaspia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8EB8231ACB98504A43B459B591496460" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">Turricaspia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and to treat
<taxonomicName id="8EFB2A3F43DEED67AB590B045DBC7937" authorityName="Neubauer &amp; Velde &amp; Yanina &amp; Wesselingh" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="Neubauer &amp; Velde &amp; Yanina &amp; Wesselingh" baseAuthorityYear="2018" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Caspiella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Caspiella" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="47238938313A93B7A001F79D09E05AC3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">Caspiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="8CF8B3CBDFCC2543C40456751571AEE3" authorityName="Sitnikova &amp; Starobogatov" authorityYear="1999" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Euxinipyrgula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euxinipyrgula" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="5FBAE07BC15BA1297E95403ED12EE616" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">Euxinipyrgula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as junior synonyms of
<taxonomicName id="8E547F407D3AA4226FE13FB93FFFC20C" authorityName="B. Dybowski &amp; Grochmalicki" authorityYear="1917" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Laevicaspia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Laevicaspia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C04BDD56FD9641ADA8D3C6644F5BD86B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">Laevicaspia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CCAE00365FA8368A2A9C80B183CCC956" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">
<taxonomicName id="725F0A86DD9714779357F02151FCB951" authorityName="Lindholm" authorityYear="1924" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Clessiniola" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Clessiniola" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="95F4F76D3FE887EDDB2F5DFB3C27BA9C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">Clessiniola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species can be easily distinguished from species attributed to other genera based on their broad shells with a large body whorl and aperture. The situation for the
<taxonomicName id="27AC5E18B82AF6D3375AEE7330B7B928" authorityName="B. Dybowski &amp; Grochmalicki" authorityYear="1917" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Laevicaspia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Laevicaspia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="F1764F6295CE01A6DEEDFB3BB6F9518A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">Laevicaspia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-
<taxonomicName id="1400529B05E72D94554305D6D201CF6D" authorityName="Neubauer &amp; Velde &amp; Yanina &amp; Wesselingh" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="Neubauer &amp; Velde &amp; Yanina &amp; Wesselingh" baseAuthorityYear="2018" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Caspiella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Caspiella" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="F0F5B4AB604F3A254553B001A607FB87" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">Caspiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-
<taxonomicName id="E2426339F83347FB9F29FA34317835C3" authorityName="Sitnikova &amp; Starobogatov" authorityYear="1999" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Euxinipyrgula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euxinipyrgula" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="784C77FFE63A9938DF910C2285E16B2D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">Euxinipyrgula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is more difficult. The three
<typeStatus id="76E2D5EE79CDB4ECFC4A3CA9484A78DC">type</typeStatus>
species (see above) share the ovoid shape with cyrtoconoid spire, the high whorl accretion rate, the shape, inclination, lateral sinuation and thickening of the aperture, and the extent and sculpture of the protoconch (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="01E2188C724219FDA1470D90A3D24564" author="Kantor, YuI" journalOrPublisher="KMK Scientific Press, Moscow" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" refId="B58" refString="Kantor, YuI, Sysoev, AV, 2006. Morskiye i solonovatovodnyye bryukhonogiye mollyuski Rossii i sopredel'nykh stran: illyustrirovannyy katalog. KMK Scientific Press, Moscow" title="Morskiye i solonovatovodnyye bryukhonogiye mollyuski Rossii i sopredel'nykh stran: illyustrirovannyy katalog." year="2006">Kantor and Sysoev 2006</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="2D50DD87EECA4C070409EFC20DFCFE77" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/zoos.200800001" author="Anistratenko, VV" journalOrPublisher="Zoosystematics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" pagination="129 - 142" refId="B7" refString="Anistratenko, VV, 2008. Evolutionary trends and relationships in hydrobiids (Mollusca, Caenogastropoda) of the Azov-Black Sea Basin in the light of their comparative morphology and paleozoogeography. Zoosystematics and Evolution 84 (2): 129 - 142, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/zoos.200800001" title="Evolutionary trends and relationships in hydrobiids (Mollusca, Caenogastropoda) of the Azov-Black Sea Basin in the light of their comparative morphology and paleozoogeography." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/zoos.200800001" volume="84" year="2008">Anistratenko 2008</bibRefCitation>
, and this study). The only differences are shell size and whorl convexity, which we do not consider sufficient to distinguish genera. The adapical thickening of the aperture resulting from downward growing of the shell in late ontogeny as stated in the diagnosis of the genus
<taxonomicName id="CF8D0D47DFB5F8971E96C9883C123805" authorityName="Sitnikova &amp; Starobogatov" authorityYear="1999" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Euxinipyrgula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euxinipyrgula" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="369831F3F36F082311D34C4BABB610F7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">Euxinipyrgula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="DFEC7C492AED2F2B2E3987B0B86B93EC" author="Sitnikova, TYa" journalOrPublisher="Zoologicheskiy Zhurnal" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" pagination="158 - 163" refId="B98" refString="Sitnikova, TYa, Starobogatov, YaI, 1999. Novyye rod semeystva Pyrgulidae (Gastropoda, Pectinibranchia) iz presnykh rod Azovo-Chernomorskogo basseyna (v svyazi s voprosom o Ponto-Kaspiyskikh vidakh v Azovo-Chernomorskogom basseyne). Zoologicheskiy Zhurnal 78 (2): 158 - 163" title="Novyye rod semeystva Pyrgulidae (Gastropoda, Pectinibranchia) iz presnykh rod Azovo-Chernomorskogo basseyna (v svyazi s voprosom o Ponto-Kaspiyskikh vidakh v Azovo-Chernomorskogom basseyne)." volume="78" year="1999">Sitnikova and Starobogatov (1999)</bibRefCitation>
is also shown for species that have been attributed to
<taxonomicName id="29A4B2116EA367DB1583D226B595D5A7" authorityName="Neubauer &amp; Velde &amp; Yanina &amp; Wesselingh" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="Neubauer &amp; Velde &amp; Yanina &amp; Wesselingh" baseAuthorityYear="2018" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Caspiella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Caspiella" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="020A0EFB4D8F5EA049B3C7B44FE14FE7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">Caspiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see below). The features of the soft-part anatomy considered diagnostic by these authors need to be rechecked and compared to live material from the Caspian Sea to reevaluate the position of
<taxonomicName id="AC25A2F6765351EAFEEFA8A03567F3DF" authorityName="Sitnikova &amp; Starobogatov" authorityYear="1999" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Euxinipyrgula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euxinipyrgula" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="240E84FCBE3EC4EA255C21FE494350ED" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">Euxinipyrgula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="62088DAF90A88A7B51A28737CC5AEFC0" author="Sitnikova, TYa" journalOrPublisher="Zoologicheskiy Zhurnal" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" pagination="158 - 163" refId="B98" refString="Sitnikova, TYa, Starobogatov, YaI, 1999. Novyye rod semeystva Pyrgulidae (Gastropoda, Pectinibranchia) iz presnykh rod Azovo-Chernomorskogo basseyna (v svyazi s voprosom o Ponto-Kaspiyskikh vidakh v Azovo-Chernomorskogom basseyne). Zoologicheskiy Zhurnal 78 (2): 158 - 163" title="Novyye rod semeystva Pyrgulidae (Gastropoda, Pectinibranchia) iz presnykh rod Azovo-Chernomorskogo basseyna (v svyazi s voprosom o Ponto-Kaspiyskikh vidakh v Azovo-Chernomorskogom basseyne)." volume="78" year="1999">Sitnikova and Starobogatov (1999)</bibRefCitation>
also discussed the similarities between
<taxonomicName id="8FA03BD9C5AB3BC39E3BD374C22F6130" authorityName="Neubauer &amp; Velde &amp; Yanina &amp; Wesselingh" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="Neubauer &amp; Velde &amp; Yanina &amp; Wesselingh" baseAuthorityYear="2018" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Caspiella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Caspiella" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="23CE27B660B4ACAA8C72AADBEA29E348" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">Caspiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A3D9E47AA5600F8A7BD43BC0DB3BDD6D" authorityName="Sitnikova &amp; Starobogatov" authorityYear="1999" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Euxinipyrgula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euxinipyrgula" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04BF590E8A0410542B2373027099FF9F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">Euxinipyrgula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, concluding that
<taxonomicName id="26A4340B23676DDA6F7BF41D267D9507" authorityName="Neubauer &amp; Velde &amp; Yanina &amp; Wesselingh" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="Neubauer &amp; Velde &amp; Yanina &amp; Wesselingh" baseAuthorityYear="2018" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Caspiella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Caspiella" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D4F06D2DB52B353D269C2CD3329D9C4F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">Caspiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
should perhaps be included in the genus
<taxonomicName id="6B84D2A41217ABDFB53911865F2247E4" authorityName="Sitnikova &amp; Starobogatov" authorityYear="1999" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Euxinipyrgula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euxinipyrgula" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B2952A6017E4D2C900AE9CD52D2AD5F6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">Euxinipyrgula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, possibly as a separate subgenus (which would be nomenclaturally invalid however).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2CFA1090BBFA4D1004A3E772EFF676" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">
The ovoid shape, lateral sinuation and thickening of the aperture typical for the
<taxonomicName id="A5E2A035EE8EBF1F2ED8BE3A7B3FC04E" authorityName="B. Dybowski &amp; Grochmalicki" authorityYear="1917" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Laevicaspia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Laevicaspia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="92940D89A5B4F1A481841BD780A1A35C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">Laevicaspia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-
<taxonomicName id="F365A135F6FBFF20F06C2B81D923F1EE" authorityName="Neubauer &amp; Velde &amp; Yanina &amp; Wesselingh" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="Neubauer &amp; Velde &amp; Yanina &amp; Wesselingh" baseAuthorityYear="2018" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Caspiella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Caspiella" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DCCD6D659FECFC6E4461AEFDA00BF583" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">Caspiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-
<taxonomicName id="F44BABDFEED91A5C2A4AD314BB0BD81F" authorityName="Sitnikova &amp; Starobogatov" authorityYear="1999" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Euxinipyrgula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euxinipyrgula" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8A1D02679A0013974E88B16D26DF4BEA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">Euxinipyrgula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group are also found among species of the genus
<taxonomicName id="1F1758E7264F9F9B9414A423ADB5E013" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Prososthenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Prososthenia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="55CAB99CC774B4000D547C4AD08EE5E3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">Prososthenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Neumayr, 1969 from the middle Miocene of the Dinaride Lake System (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="A1B9F6538158CF7F92836CADE6338F6A" DOI="https://doi.org/10.17738/ajes.2015.0013" author="Neubauer, TA" journalOrPublisher="Austrian Journal of Earth Sciences" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" pagination="15 - 67" refId="B78" refString="Neubauer, TA, Mandic, O, Harzhauser, M, 2016b. The freshwater mollusk fauna of the Middle Miocene Lake Drnis (Dinaride Lake System, Croatia): a taxonomic and systematic revision. Austrian Journal of Earth Sciences 108 (2): 15 - 67, DOI: https://doi.org/10.17738/ajes.2015.0013" title="The freshwater mollusk fauna of the Middle Miocene Lake Drnis (Dinaride Lake System, Croatia): a taxonomic and systematic revision." url="https://doi.org/10.17738/ajes.2015.0013" volume="108" year="2016 b">Neubauer et al. 2016b</bibRefCitation>
). These species, however, differ in the granulate protoconch making up less than one whorl.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AA9BC08B570A41BE7B597F9FEACB67C1" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">
Species of
<taxonomicName id="357B895478808EE1F50BE8EB661F5F53" authorityName="B. Dybowski &amp; Grochmalicki" authorityYear="1915" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Turricaspia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Turricaspia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3C46DAEAE7DB7B18226259C6819A9926" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">Turricaspia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differ from
<taxonomicName id="225BF73D93404E65488EEFE90F4A705F" authorityName="B. Dybowski &amp; Grochmalicki" authorityYear="1917" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Laevicaspia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Laevicaspia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="16A982D8A5FF398A85D2493B647B7450" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">Laevicaspia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the slower, regular whorl accretion, producing a conical spire and a higher number of whorls at the same size. In addition,
<taxonomicName id="E1BACE56398D0DC3712ECBBFAAC78242" authorityName="B. Dybowski &amp; Grochmalicki" authorityYear="1915" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Turricaspia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Turricaspia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7AA7584CF14C11287BF3D059C0801E98" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">Turricaspia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species have usually more fragile shells, thinner peristomes and often more strongly sinuate growth lines.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1D46CC6D38F504475EF681537ADC0113" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">
The genus
<taxonomicName id="6055323CDEDDD57CC2EB1AD80A2B9ABD" authorityName="Neubauer &amp; Velde &amp; Yanina &amp; Wesselingh" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="Neubauer &amp; Velde &amp; Yanina &amp; Wesselingh" baseAuthorityYear="2018" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Caspia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Caspia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1F7493992887C62AF9CD7C4667BFFCDC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">Caspia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is listed among
<taxonomicName id="D61E8DD9D4CA09CC4AFAE15CB0A69515" baseAuthorityName="Brusina" baseAuthorityYear="1881" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pyrgulinae">Pyrgulinae</taxonomicName>
in latest catalogues (
<bibRefCitation id="61B43B2A374550975CAF1DEB7CDF4512" author="Kantor, YuI" journalOrPublisher="KMK Scientific Press, Moscow" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" refId="B58" refString="Kantor, YuI, Sysoev, AV, 2006. Morskiye i solonovatovodnyye bryukhonogiye mollyuski Rossii i sopredel'nykh stran: illyustrirovannyy katalog. KMK Scientific Press, Moscow" title="Morskiye i solonovatovodnyye bryukhonogiye mollyuski Rossii i sopredel'nykh stran: illyustrirovannyy katalog." year="2006">Kantor and Sysoev 2006</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="6F626D32E928F9D2311097DD8A9CD031" author="Vinarski, MV" journalOrPublisher="Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of RAS, Moscow" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" refId="B121" refString="Vinarski, MV, Kantor, YuI, 2016. Analytical catalogue of fresh and brackish water molluscs of Russia and adjacent countries. A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of RAS, Moscow" title="Analytical catalogue of fresh and brackish water molluscs of Russia and adjacent countries. A. N." year="2016">Vinarski and Kantor 2016</bibRefCitation>
), but it has been shown to be unrelated to that subfamily (
<bibRefCitation id="71BC9AF8D63EF7793D3FC9B8E05601B3" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2012.742934" author="Anistratenko, VV" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" pagination="51 - 64" refId="B8" refString="Anistratenko, VV, 2013. On the taxonomic status of the highly endangered Ponto-Caspian gastropod genus Caspia (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae: Caspiinae). Journal of Natural History 47 (1-2): 51 - 64, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2012.742934" title="On the taxonomic status of the highly endangered Ponto-Caspian gastropod genus Caspia (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae: Caspiinae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2012.742934" volume="47" year="2013">Anistratenko 2013</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E08E5A7EA833CC567577890E665A7929" DOI="https://doi.org/10.4002/040.061.0201" author="Bouchet, P" journalOrPublisher="Malacologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" pagination="1 - 526" refId="B15" refString="Bouchet, P, Rocroi, J-P, Hausdorf, B, Kaim, A, Kano, Y, Nuetzel, A, Parkhaev, P, Schroedl, M, Strong, EE, 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia 61 (1-2): 1 - 526, DOI: https://doi.org/10.4002/040.061.0201" title="Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families." url="https://doi.org/10.4002/040.061.0201" volume="61" year="2017">Bouchet et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
; see discussion of the
<taxonomicName id="7EB67C3A8D8C00E28852DFBD5234D779" authorityName="B.Dybowski" authorityYear="1913" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Caspiinae">Caspiinae</taxonomicName>
above).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DCBDAC92069A57082E9094CF495F496D" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">
Finally, several Pontocaspian
<taxonomicName id="6942AF91D82DD9872609BCB1831A7B9A" baseAuthorityName="Brusina" baseAuthorityYear="1881" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pyrgulinae">Pyrgulinae</taxonomicName>
have been previously assigned to the genus
<taxonomicName id="E1AF87D2195B3925ADE6D6462A43EC20" authorityName="Brusina" authorityYear="1874" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Micromelania" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Micromelania" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="501D8602742168614A8FCC77ECD47419" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">Micromelania</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Brusina, 1874 (e.g., W. Dybowski 1887, B.
<bibRefCitation id="600CE4A5AC98FB5DA510A49CE6DEBF34" author="Dybowski, B" journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Koeniglichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" pagination="1 - 55" publicationUrl="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/5550074" refId="B33" refString="Dybowski, B, Grochmalicki, J, 1917. Studien ueber die turmfoermigen Schnecken des Baikalsees und des Kaspimeeres (Turribaicaliinae - Turricaspiinae). Abhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Koeniglichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 9 (3): 1 - 55, https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/5550074" title="Studien ueber die turmfoermigen Schnecken des Baikalsees und des Kaspimeeres (Turribaicaliinae - Turricaspiinae)." url="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/5550074" volume="9" year="1917">Dybowski and Grochmalicki 1917</bibRefCitation>
). Its
<typeStatus id="A6D8381F3D966C8938CB551A5890B8F9">type</typeStatus>
species,
<taxonomicName id="DA81F7D1E7F3F302F7012330B676A443" authorityName="Brusina" authorityYear="1874" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Micromelania" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Micromelania cerithiopsis" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="cerithiopsis">
<emphasis id="8B2750FB988E014EF331677CACAD84D6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="43">Micromelania cerithiopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Brusina, 1874 (subsequent designation by
<bibRefCitation id="178C20E3CF5B51A08B30519C67BF9335" author="Dollfus, GF" journalOrPublisher="Journal de Conchyliologie" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" pagination="179 - 270" publicationUrl="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16299461" refId="B27" refString="Dollfus, GF, 1912. Recherches critiques sur quelques genre et especes d' Hydrobia vivants ou fossiles. Journal de Conchyliologie 59 (3): 179 - 270, https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16299461" title="Recherches critiques sur quelques genre et especes d' Hydrobia vivants ou fossiles." url="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16299461" volume="59" year="1912">Dollfus 1912</bibRefCitation>
), derives from late Miocene deposits of Lake Pannon. It differs considerably from Pontocaspian
<taxonomicName id="02F65425B68DB0F9B9F13730A53C491A" baseAuthorityName="Brusina" baseAuthorityYear="1881" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pyrgulinae">Pyrgulinae</taxonomicName>
regarding the presence of 2-4 noded keels and the small size (4.5
<normalizedToken id="C7633D3A4D87AB4336DCE4F8111AE072" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<quantity id="B36376D43F8D6FEC6FF71A7ED5BDF6BA" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.33" unit="mm" value="133.0">1.33 mm</quantity>
after
<bibRefCitation id="A3274FEF6DDADE5EA5C9F97928640446" author="Brusina, S" journalOrPublisher="Actienbuchdruckerei, Agram" pageId="0" pageNumber="43" refId="B18" refString="Brusina, S, 1874. Fossile Binnen-Mollusken aus Dalmatien, Kroatien und Slavonien nebst einem Anhange. Actienbuchdruckerei, Agram" title="Fossile Binnen-Mollusken aus Dalmatien, Kroatien und Slavonien nebst einem Anhange." year="1874">Brusina 1874</bibRefCitation>
) compared to the rather high number of eight whorls.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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