206 lines
26 KiB
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206 lines
26 KiB
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<document id="DF1EA2E97909C33647140F4113099E1A" ID-DOI="10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00138.x" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5431832" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630429132170" checkinUser="diego" docAuthor="Boisserie, Jean-Renaud" docDate="2005" docId="354487FCFF97FFDAFF4A3AE4AC47FDAF" docLanguage="en" docName="j.1096-3642.2004.00138.x.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 143 (1)" docSource="https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00138.x" docStyle="DocumentStyle:0DD8C314D74634CE09062A86991413F8.2:ZoolJLinnSoc.2002-2009.journal_article" docStyleId="0DD8C314D74634CE09062A86991413F8" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2002-2009.journal_article" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Hippopotamus LINNAEUS 1753" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="19" masterDocId="C97DFF84FF85FFC8FF903A26A878FFE5" masterDocTitle="The phylogeny and taxonomy of Hippopotamidae (Mammalia: Artiodactyla): a review based on morphology and cladistic analysis" masterLastPageNumber="26" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="19" updateTime="1699266389593" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:titleInfo id="D3EEE975BFC16B0126A4F8703780C13D">
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<mods:title id="E32774E36375FB8358B66A5439BD6F3B">The phylogeny and taxonomy of Hippopotamidae (Mammalia: Artiodactyla): a review based on morphology and cladistic analysis</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="584336C709AC2C3E09BB9C683E699E4D">Boisserie, Jean-Renaud</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="70F024A223B242CB7B1889ABC20905EA">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="27FBB38C2BC2585D6CFA755AB2320558">Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="1CAF857235DA4508AF1656798BCBD677">
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<mods:date id="19B89758571E0DEA09FE0BA1F3F990F4">2005</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="3EF89D54B39FA75929D4075E27A1A709" type="pubDate">
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<mods:number id="FCC8EA2E49D8D688EF623ADAA3A655D3">2005-01-31</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="FA39CB34385B3515862DFADE31A1D1CA" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="4A035FFEF116096EBF4F9F6FCC756BBE">143</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="D21FF9BB0307453BAFD81803070C9411">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="29C0F7E39068224FBA4D5230003FB715" type="DOI">10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00138.x</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="78BD81F143EF4D96D510C0752FD39443" type="ISSN">0024-4082</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="FD0264C6BECF01310F03C46E77CA16F5" type="Zenodo-Dep">5431832</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="354487FCFF97FFDAFF4A3AE4AC47FDAF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5489404" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5489404" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:354487FCFF97FFDAFF4A3AE4AC47FDAF" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/354487FCFF97FFDAFF4A3AE4AC47FDAF" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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<subSubSection id="F5F76561FF97FFDAFF4A3AE4AAD1FF3F" box="[218,681,194,218]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="BD5236EAFF97FFDAFF4A3AE4AAD1FF3F" blockId="18.[218,681,194,218]" box="[218,681,194,218]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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<heading id="E61A8186FF97FFDAFF4A3AE4AAD1FF3F" box="[218,681,194,218]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" reason="2">
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GENUS
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<taxonomicName id="7AED4D69FF97FFDAFEA33AE5AAD1FF3F" ID-CoL="4XG6" authority="LINNAEUS, 1753" authorityName="LINNAEUS" authorityYear="1753" box="[307,681,194,218]" class="Mammalia" family="Hippopotamidae" genus="Hippopotamus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="8F99EAF8FF97FFDAFEA33AE5A99EFF3C" box="[307,486,195,218]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">HIPPOPOTAMUS</emphasis>
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LINNAEUS, 1753
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="F5F76561FF97FFDAFF1E3ACAAC47FDAF" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="description">
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<paragraph id="BD5236EAFF97FFDAFF1E3ACAA974FEE4" blockId="18.[142,758,236,840]" box="[142,268,236,257]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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<emphasis id="8F99EAF8FF97FFDAFF1E3ACAA974FEE4" box="[142,268,236,257]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Description</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="BD5236EAFF97FFDAFF1E3B2CA919FCAD" blockId="18.[142,758,236,840]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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<emphasis id="8F99EAF8FF97FFDAFF1E3B2CA90CFEFA" box="[142,372,266,287]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Emended diagnosis:</emphasis>
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Tetraprotodont, and having the following apomorphies: skull with an elongated muzzle; upper canines with a longitudinal and shallow posterior groove, narrow and covered with enamel; lower canines with strong convergent enamel ridges; deep and widely open notch on the orbital anterior border; limbs short and robust with very large quadridigitigrade feet. This genus displays many other features that are derived within the family, but which may be seen in other hippos: antorbital process of the frontal short to absent and a long contact between the maxillary bone and the lachrymal bone; high orbits; short globular braincase, with strong postorbital constriction; mandibular symphysis globular in sagittal section, without incisor alveolar process overhanging frontally; canine processes well developed laterally and frontally; molars high-crowned, compact and relatively long mesiodistally (modified from
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<bibRefCitation id="D97C4B1BFF97FFDAFDE73935AA8EFCCD" author="Geze R" box="[631,758,787,809]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refId="ref16791" refString="Geze R. 1980. Les Hippopotamidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) du Plio - Pleistocene de l'Ethiopie. Unpubl. DPhil thesis, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI." type="book" year="1980">Gèze, 1980</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation id="D97C4B1BFF97FFDAFF513914A92CFCAD" author="Harris JM" box="[193,340,818,840]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="31 - 85" refId="ref16969" refString="Harris JM. 1991. Family Hippopotamidae. In: Harris JM, ed. Koobi Fora research project 3. The fossil ungulates. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 31 - 85." type="book chapter" year="1991">Harris, 1991</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="BD5236EAFF97FFDAFF1E3947A95CFC71" blockId="18.[142,758,864,917]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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<emphasis id="8F99EAF8FF97FFDAFF1E3947A967FC93" box="[142,287,865,886]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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<typeStatus id="62568848FF97FFDAFF1E3947A8BBFC93" box="[142,195,865,886]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Type</typeStatus>
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species:
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="7AED4D69FF97FFDAFEBC3947A8BFFC70" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Hippopotamidae" genus="Hippopotamus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amphibius">
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<emphasis id="8F99EAF8FF97FFDAFEBC3947AA10FC90" box="[300,616,864,886]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Hippopotamus amphibius</emphasis>
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Linnaeus, 1758
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</taxonomicName>
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, extant.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="BD5236EAFF97FFDAFF1E398BA9D4FBE5" blockId="18.[142,758,941,1024]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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<emphasis id="8F99EAF8FF97FFDAFF1E398BA947FC27" box="[142,319,941,962]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Other material:</emphasis>
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In Africa,
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<taxonomicName id="7AED4D69FF97FFDAFE4D398BA8BFFC05" authority="Dietrich, 1928" authorityName="Dietrich" authorityYear="1928" class="Mammalia" family="Hippopotamidae" genus="Hippopotamus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gorgops">
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<emphasis id="8F99EAF8FF97FFDAFE4D398BAA02FC27" box="[477,634,941,962]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Hip. gorgops</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="D97C4B1BFF97FFDAFD01398BA8BFFC05" author="Dietrich WO" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="3 - 41" refId="ref16012" refString="Dietrich WO. 1928. Pleistocane Deutsch - Ostafrikanische Hippopotamus - reste. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse des Oldoway Expedetion Herausgeben Von Prof. Dr. Reck 3: 3 - 41." type="journal article" year="1928">Dietrich, 1928</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<emphasis id="8F99EAF8FF97FFDAFE8739EAA9C6FC05" box="[279,446,971,993]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Hip. kaisensis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="D97C4B1BFF97FFDAFE5F39EDAAFFFC04" author="Hopwood AT" box="[463,647,971,993]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="266 - 272" refId="ref17218" refString="Hopwood AT. 1926. Some Mammalia from the Pliocene of Homa Mountain, Victoria Nyanza. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 9 (18): 266 - 272." type="journal article" year="1926">Hopwood, 1926</bibRefCitation>
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); several other species in Eurasia.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="BD5236EAFF97FFDAFF1E3E3EAAC2FAE0" blockId="18.[142,758,1048,1285]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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<emphasis id="8F99EAF8FF97FFDAFF1E3E3EA9C3FBC8" box="[142,443,1048,1069]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Geographical distribution:</emphasis>
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Africa,
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<collectingCountry id="C5FA767AFF97FFDAFDB93E3EAACCFBCB" box="[553,692,1048,1070]" name="Madagascar" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
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(see
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<bibRefCitation id="D97C4B1BFF97FFDAFF1E3E11A94EFBA9" author="Stuenes S" box="[142,310,1079,1100]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="241 - 268" refId="ref18239" refString="Stuenes S. 1989. Taxonomy, habits, and relationships of the subfossil Madagascan Hippopotami Hippopotamus lemerlei and H. madagascariensis. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 9 (3): 241 - 268." type="journal article" year="1989">Stuenes, 1989</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="D97C4B1BFF97FFDAFED83E11AA22FBA8" author="Faure M & Guerin C" box="[328,602,1079,1101]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1299 - 1305" refId="ref16407" refString="Faure M, Guerin C. 1990. Hippopotamus laloumena nov. sp., la troisieme espece d'hippopotame holocene de Madagascar. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences Paris 310 (2): 1299 - 1305." type="journal article" year="1990">Faure & Guérin, 1990</bibRefCitation>
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), continental Europe (including the Caucasus) and the Mediterranean basin (see especially
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<bibRefCitation id="D97C4B1BFF97FFDAFE573E52AA2BFB6C" author="Faure M" box="[455,595,1140,1161]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refId="ref16254" refString="Faure M. 1983. Les Hippopotamidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) d'Europe occidentale. Unpubl. DPhil thesis, Universite Claude Bernard - Lyon I." type="book" year="1983">Faure, 1983</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="D97C4B1BFF97FFDAFDF03E52AAE1FB6F" author="Faure M" box="[608,665,1140,1162]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="107 - 142" refId="ref16314" refString="Faure M. 1986. Les Hippopotamides du Pleistocene ancien d'Oubeidiyeh (Israel). Memoires et Travaux du Centre de Recherche Francais de Jerusalem 5: 107 - 142." type="journal article" year="1986">1986</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="D97C4B1BFF97FFDAFD373E52A8BFFB4C" author="Vekua A" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="63 - 96" refId="ref18411" refString="Vekua A. 1986. The lower Pleistocene mammalian fauna of Akhalkalaki (Southern Georgia, USSR). Palaeontographia Italica 74: 63 - 96." type="journal article" year="1986">Vekua, 1986</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="D97C4B1BFF97FFDAFF443EB5A91EFB4C" author="Mazza P" box="[212,358,1171,1193]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="153 - 186" refId="ref17693" refString="Mazza P. 1991. Interrelations between Pleistocene hippopotami of Europe and Africa. Bolletino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana 30 (2): 153 - 186." type="journal article" year="1991">Mazza, 1991</bibRefCitation>
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); the genus name
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<taxonomicName id="7AED4D69FF97FFDAFDAC3EB5AAC7FB4D" box="[572,703,1171,1192]" class="Mammalia" family="Hippopotamidae" genus="Phanourios" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="8F99EAF8FF97FFDAFDAC3EB5AAC7FB4D" box="[572,703,1171,1192]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Phanourios</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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proposed by
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<bibRefCitation id="D97C4B1BFF97FFDAFF6E3E97AA23FB22" author="Boekschoten GJ & Sondaar PY" box="[254,603,1201,1223]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="306 - 338" refId="ref15235" refString="Boekschoten GJ, Sondaar PY. 1972. On the fossil Mammalia of Cyprus. Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie Van Wetenschappen B 75 (4): 306 - 338." type="journal article" year="1972">Boekschoten & Sondaar, 1972</bibRefCitation>
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) seems to be relevant for the small, peculiar
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<taxonomicName id="7AED4D69FF97FFDAFD9E3EF7AACDFB03" authorityName="LINNAEUS" authorityYear="1753" box="[526,693,1233,1254]" class="Mammalia" family="Hippopotamidae" genus="Hippopotamus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="8F99EAF8FF97FFDAFD9E3EF7AACDFB03" box="[526,693,1233,1254]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Hippopotamus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from
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<collectingCountry id="C5FA767AFF97FFDAFF1E3EC9A899FAE1" box="[142,225,1263,1284]" name="Cyprus" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Cyprus</collectingCountry>
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(see also
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<bibRefCitation id="D97C4B1BFF97FFDAFEC33EC9AAD6FAE0" author="Houtekamer JL & Sondaar PY" box="[339,686,1263,1285]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="411 - 448" refId="ref17250" refString="Houtekamer JL, Sondaar PY. 1979. Osteology of the fore limb of the Pleistocene dwarf hippopotamus from Cyprus with special reference to phylogeny and function. Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen B 82 (4): 411 - 448." type="journal article" year="1979">Houtekamer & Sondaar, 1979</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="BD5236EAFF97FFDAFF1E3F3BA99BF947" blockId="18.[142,758,1309,1699]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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<emphasis id="8F99EAF8FF97FFDAFF1E3F3BA9E8FAD7" box="[142,400,1309,1330]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Temporal distribution:</emphasis>
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The FAD of the genus
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<taxonomicName id="7AED4D69FF97FFDAFD383F3BA897FAB4" authorityName="LINNAEUS" authorityYear="1753" class="Mammalia" family="Hippopotamidae" genus="Hippopotamus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="8F99EAF8FF97FFDAFD383F3BA897FAB4" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Hippopotamus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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remains unclear, largely because it depends on the identity of some very fragmentary remains.
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<bibRefCitation id="D97C4B1BFF97FFDAFF1E3F5FA90DFA6A" author="Harris JM & Brown FH & Leakey MG" box="[142,373,1401,1423]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 128" refId="ref17003" refString="Harris JM, Brown FH, Leakey MG. 1988. Stratigraphy and paleontology of Pliocene and Pleistocene localities west of Lake Turkana, Kenya. Contributions in Science 399: 1 - 128." type="journal article" year="1988">
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Harris
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<emphasis id="8F99EAF8FF97FFDAFF773F5FA967FA6B" box="[231,287,1401,1422]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al.</emphasis>
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(1988)
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</bibRefCitation>
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reported some fossils from the Kataboi member of the Nachukui Formation (West
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<collectingRegion id="7F29F808FF97FFDAFF1E3F90A88CFA29" box="[142,244,1462,1484]" country="Kenya" name="Turkana" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Turkana</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="C5FA767AFF97FFDAFE913F90A934FA2E" box="[257,332,1462,1483]" name="Kenya" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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) denoted as
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<emphasis id="8F99EAF8FF97FFDAFE723F91AA6BFA29" box="[482,531,1463,1484]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Hip.</emphasis>
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cf.
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<emphasis id="8F99EAF8FF97FFDAFDAD3F90AADCFA2E" box="[573,676,1462,1483]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">kaisensis</emphasis>
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. These are the oldest known evidence for this genus at least in the
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<collectingRegion id="7F29F808FF97FFDAFF4D3FD5A939F9EC" box="[221,321,1523,1545]" country="Kenya" name="Turkana" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Turkana</collectingRegion>
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basin (this member is aged between 4.10 and 3.36 Myr, following
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<bibRefCitation id="D97C4B1BFF97FFDAFE4A3C34A974F9A2" author="Feibel CS & Brown FH & McDougall I" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="595 - 622" refId="ref16446" refString="Feibel CS, Brown FH, McDougall I. 1989. Stratigraphic context of fossil Hominids from the Omo group deposits. Northern Turkana Basin, Kenya and Ethiopia. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 78: 595 - 622." type="journal article" year="1989">Feibel, Brown & McDougall (1989)</bibRefCitation>
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. However,
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<bibRefCitation id="D97C4B1BFF97FFDAFE1B3C17AA67F9A2" author="Faure M" box="[395,543,1585,1607]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="321 - 337" refId="ref16345" refString="Faure M. 1994. Les Hippopotamidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) du rift occidental (bassin du lac Albert, Ouganda). Etude Preliminaire. In: Senut B, Pickford M, eds. Geology and paleobiology of the Albertine Rift Valley, Uganda - Zaire, II: paleobiology. Orleans: CIFEG, 321 - 337." type="book chapter" year="1994">Faure (1994)</bibRefCitation>
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attributed to
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<emphasis id="8F99EAF8FF97FFDAFD553C17A88DF981" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Hip. kaisensis</emphasis>
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some dental and postcranial pieces from the lowest levels of the Nkondo Formation (Western Rift,
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<collectingCountry id="C5FA767AFF97FFDAFF1E3CABA892F946" box="[142,234,1677,1699]" name="Uganda" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Uganda</collectingCountry>
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), aged about 5.0 Myr.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="BD5236EAFF97FFDAFF1E3CC6A97DF910" blockId="18.[142,758,1760,1905]" box="[142,261,1760,1781]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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<emphasis id="8F99EAF8FF97FFDAFF1E3CC6A97DF910" box="[142,261,1760,1781]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Discussion</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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|
<paragraph id="BD5236EAFF97FFDAFF1E3CD9AC47FDAF" blockId="18.[142,758,1760,1905]" lastBlockId="18.[806,1422,196,586]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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The species belonging to this genus are generally easy to recognize, particularly the morphology of anterior dentition. The monophyly of
|
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<taxonomicName id="7AED4D69FF97FFDAFE793D1BAAE8F8B7" authorityName="LINNAEUS" authorityYear="1753" box="[489,656,1853,1874]" class="Mammalia" family="Hippopotamidae" genus="Hippopotamus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="8F99EAF8FF97FFDAFE793D1BAAE8F8B7" box="[489,656,1853,1874]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Hippopotamus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
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|
has not been recently questioned, and the results of the parsimony analysis confirm this view for the two principal African species (
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7AED4D69FF97FFDAFBB53AC5ACE7FF1D" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1061,1183,227,248]" class="Mammalia" family="Hippopotamidae" genus="Hippopotamus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amphibius">
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|
<emphasis id="8F99EAF8FF97FFDAFBB53AC5ACE7FF1D" box="[1061,1183,227,248]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">amphibius</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7AED4D69FF97FFDAFB7A3AC5AD39FF1D" authorityName="Dietrich" authorityYear="1928" box="[1258,1345,227,248]" class="Mammalia" family="Hippopotamidae" genus="Hippopotamus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gorgops">
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|
<emphasis id="8F99EAF8FF97FFDAFB7A3AC5AD39FF1D" box="[1258,1345,227,248]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">gorgops</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
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|
). One should note that the number of species and their relationships within the genus are still a matter of debate. For example, all or part of the scarce material attributed to
|
|
<emphasis id="8F99EAF8FF97FFDAFC1E3B78AC53FE97" box="[910,1067,349,371]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Hip. kaisensis</emphasis>
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="D97C4B1BFF97FFDAFBAB3B7BAC89FE96" author="Hopwood AT" box="[1083,1265,349,371]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="266 - 272" refId="ref17218" refString="Hopwood AT. 1926. Some Mammalia from the Pliocene of Homa Mountain, Victoria Nyanza. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 9 (18): 266 - 272." type="journal article" year="1926">Hopwood, 1926</bibRefCitation>
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|
could correspond to various other species (
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7AED4D69FF97FFDAFB363B5BAB21FE55" authority=", Hex." authorityName="Hex." class="Mammalia" family="Hippopotamidae" genus="Hexaprotodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="protamphibius">
|
|
<emphasis id="8F99EAF8FF97FFDAFB363B5BADFFFE74" box="[1190,1415,380,402]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Hex. protamphibius</emphasis>
|
|
,
|
|
<emphasis id="8F99EAF8FF97FFDAFCB63BBDAB21FE55" box="[806,857,411,432]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Hex.</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
<emphasis id="8F99EAF8FF97FFDAFCF53BBDAB91FE55" box="[869,1001,411,432]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">karumensis</emphasis>
|
|
or
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7AED4D69FF97FFDAFB8C3BBDACC8FE55" authorityName="Dietrich" authorityYear="1928" box="[1052,1200,411,432]" class="Mammalia" family="Hippopotamidae" genus="Hippopotamus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gorgops">
|
|
<emphasis id="8F99EAF8FF97FFDAFB8C3BBDACC8FE55" box="[1052,1200,411,432]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Hip. gorgops</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, following
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="D97C4B1BFF97FFDAFAA93BBDAB26FE2A" author="Gentry AW" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="271 - 289" refId="ref16641" refString="Gentry AW. 1999. A fossil hippopotamus from the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. In: Whybrow PJ, Hill A, eds. Fossil vertebrates of Arabia. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 271 - 289." type="book chapter" year="1999">Gentry, 1999</bibRefCitation>
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|
) and/or be a synonym of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7AED4D69FF97FFDAFB333B9CAD2CFE2B" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1187,1364,441,463]" class="Mammalia" family="Hippopotamidae" genus="Hippopotamus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amphibius">
|
|
<emphasis id="8F99EAF8FF97FFDAFB333B9CAD2CFE2B" box="[1187,1364,441,463]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Hip. amphibius</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(see
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="D97C4B1BFF97FFDAFCB63BFEABABFE0B" author="Pavlakis PP" box="[806,979,472,494]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="203 - 223" refId="ref17936" refString="Pavlakis PP. 1990. Plio - Pleistocene Hippopotamidae from the Upper Semliki. In: Boaz NT, ed. Results from the Semliki Research Expedition. Martinsville, VA: Virginia Museum of Natural History, 203 - 223." type="book chapter" year="1990">Pavlakis, 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). The discussion about the European forms in
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="D97C4B1BFF97FFDAFC1B3BD1AC5EFDE8" author="Mazza P" box="[907,1062,503,525]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="61 - 241" refId="ref17721" refString="Mazza P. 1995. New evidence on the Pleistocene hippopotamuses of Western Europe. Geologica Romana 31: 61 - 241." type="journal article" year="1995">Mazza (1995)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
, particularly on
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7AED4D69FF97FFDAFB713BD1ABCDFDCF" authority="Faure, 1984" authorityName="Faure" authorityYear="1984" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" rank="species" species="incognitus">
|
|
<emphasis id="8F99EAF8FF97FFDAFB713BD1ADF6FDE9" box="[1249,1422,503,524]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Hip. incognitus</emphasis>
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="D97C4B1BFF97FFDAFCB63830ABCDFDCF" author="Faure M" box="[806,949,533,555]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="427 - 434" refId="ref16281" refString="Faure M. 1984. Hippopotamus incognitus nov. sp., un hippopotame (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) du Pleistocene d'Europe occidentale Geobios 17 (4): 427 - 434." type="journal article" year="1984">Faure, 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, also illustrates the recent debates on
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7AED4D69FF97FFDAFCB63813ABB5FDAF" authorityName="LINNAEUS" authorityYear="1753" box="[806,973,565,586]" class="Mammalia" family="Hippopotamidae" genus="Hippopotamus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="8F99EAF8FF97FFDAFCB63813ABB5FDAF" box="[806,973,565,586]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Hippopotamus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
diversity.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
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</document> |