173 lines
23 KiB
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173 lines
23 KiB
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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1190.112468" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1190-303" ID-Pensoft-UUID="ED12FB89E9D152C4A1ED0B17514FA735" ID-ZooBank="EAE92102F6244612A1B8F89C3C1553FF" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1190-303" checkinTime="1706706294362" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Liu, Bo & Stuening, Dieter" docDate="2024" docId="0EFF45D0CAB951D8B623F9FA01FAFD18" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1190: 303-317" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1190" docPubDate="2024-01-31" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1190.112468" docTitle="Prochasma Warren 1897" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" id="ED12FB89E9D152C4A1ED0B17514FA735" lastPageNumber="303" masterDocId="ED12FB89E9D152C4A1ED0B17514FA735" masterDocTitle="Review of the genus Prochasma Warren (Geometridae, Ennominae, Boarmiini), with description of a new species from Hainan, South China" masterLastPageNumber="317" masterPageNumber="303" pageNumber="303" updateTime="1706706294362" updateUser="pensoft">
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<mods:title id="FA6C8A4020C38E88E8E89F9BB22954E8">Review of the genus Prochasma Warren (Geometridae, Ennominae, Boarmiini), with description of a new species from Hainan, South China</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="75958F34A0DEB45752869CEAA6B9D296" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="624126671DBDFAC9FB9AA6F4E0A6C9C2">Liu, Bo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="0570AC7A5B41CDEC2D1F947A86C80DAE">Coconut Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang, 571339, China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="27E46B5B19C08CFD2978B68827BE1169" type="email">liubocatas@foxmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="BF86D72B3D0D731ACE89778B65DCB87D">Stuening, Dieter</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="98501EC1AA04C98892DDA1B2EB01B851" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1748-4510</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="7C8B14983CCFEE5C186070D52A16B569">Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change-Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Adenauerallee 124, D- 53113, Bonn, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="F3DDA091A4D9EFC5D5A7AC5A64025975">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="7374F8AEF38BB6A7E1141F14936700F8">ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="92D3434381A3EB9F0D958EF1369D9772">
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<mods:date id="0F471098BDE800C6E7DD4FAF21319196">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="E0A6077C6E68F01CF5FBFF8F45EF0DD3">2024-01-31</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="EB759CF10BE70AA8EAB9FC0001EA78A6">1190</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="F37F101F52C48040B57433333DDBE5EE">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1190.112468</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="28980286A3BAD2CF414781C208C00D81">journal article</mods:classification>
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<subSubSection id="D6AE2D1A216FB08FB7B0AB50338AF133" pageId="0" pageNumber="303" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8979B6E56AB743751473C10AD90EC11E" pageId="0" pageNumber="303">
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<taxonomicName id="4FCFBB8CCC7449B296E0F2A81EFA91FB" ID-CoL="92KLZ" LSID="0EFF45D0-CAB9-51D8-B623-F9FA01FAFD18" authority="Warren, 1897" authorityName="Warren" authorityYear="1897" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Prochasma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Prochasma" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Prochasma Warren, 1897</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="EB630E309A79E11262CFF6062CA20F37" pageId="0" pageNumber="303" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="DED7913F4AAE630AF4FBDE8BEE84A4E8" pageId="0" pageNumber="303">
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<taxonomicName id="711BC7BBA49536532A9BBDCD0C7182CA" authorityName="Warren" authorityYear="1897" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Prochasma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Prochasma" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Prochasma</taxonomicName>
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Warren, 1897, Novit. zool. 4: 81. Type species:
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<taxonomicName id="2FF5B3FDB782105204A31BEE9DC5AD61" authorityName="Warren" authorityYear="1897" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Prochasma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Prochasma mimica" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mimica">Prochasma mimica</taxonomicName>
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Warren, 1897.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="16B3058D7A2C1C8E47AE61DC75643309" pageId="0" pageNumber="303" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="F5DE665CE05521478D87D2E20937AA19" pageId="0" pageNumber="303">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="0E1A10FB0DD7A3964D0167646CE3BE2A" pageId="0" pageNumber="303">
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The genus
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<taxonomicName id="7DBDDE15B1BCEACB3B8570A9BE7AA7FA" authorityName="Warren" authorityYear="1897" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Prochasma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Prochasma" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="BD2B6647EE3D1E136A97D477A0AA82E1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="303">Prochasma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Warren currently comprises a total of eight species, including the newly described species presented in this study. These species are united by an apomorphic character, a tuft of well-developed, basally narrow, distally broad and curved, upright scales with metallic gloss on the posterior part of mesothorax in both sexes. This character is unique and distinguishes
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<taxonomicName id="0B1A495A5072E7CCB09DF49170C75261" authorityName="Warren" authorityYear="1897" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Prochasma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Prochasma" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="039A29885FA354B505DD865E822539F0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="303">Prochasma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from other genera of the tribe
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<taxonomicName id="776345BF16974D32218DD74E8587F21F" authorityName="Duponchel" authorityYear="1845" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="303" rank="tribe" tribe="Boarmiini">Boarmiini</taxonomicName>
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, though curved, light-reflecting scales also occur in a number of other geometrid groups; however, these scales are not arranged as an upright brush and other characters such as antennae, transverse lines, fovea (present), venation, male and female genitalia etc. are quite different. There is no genus comparable in size and pattern known to us, with which
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<taxonomicName id="9404D465EE0824D6FB650C0B668FE863" authorityName="Warren" authorityYear="1897" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Prochasma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Prochasma" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="DBDB4C3133B5FECDF0A27AA3DE4BC2D6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="303">Prochasma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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could be confused.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="E3140315563407476740C4EB8D28EB02" pageId="0" pageNumber="303" type="description">
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<paragraph id="CD01C22970791FC4AA0EE7C6E367299F" pageId="0" pageNumber="303">Generic description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="1128EC7093B209ECA650030C88E0B430" pageId="0" pageNumber="303">
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A generic description was provided, besides the original description by
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<bibRefCitation id="2552576FF5902F8E4037EA82B8BD27AC" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.21182" author="Warren, W" journalOrPublisher="Novitates Zoologicae" pageId="0" pageNumber="303" pagination="12 - 130" refId="B26" refString="Warren, W, 1897. New genera and species of moths from the Old-world regions in the Tring Museum. Novitates Zoologicae 4: 12 - 130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.21182" title="New genera and species of moths from the Old-world regions in the Tring Museum." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.21182" volume="4" year="1897">Warren (1897)</bibRefCitation>
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, only by
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<bibRefCitation id="0E36C10AEFA0F7CF0A1D147F8D107AF7" author="Holloway, JD" journalOrPublisher="Malayan Nature Journal" pageId="0" pageNumber="303" pagination="1 - 309" refId="B6" refString="Holloway, JD, 1994. The Moths of Borneo, Part 11: Family Geometridae, Subfamily Ennominae. Malayan Nature Journal 47: 1 - 309" title="The Moths of Borneo, Part 11: Family Geometridae, Subfamily Ennominae." volume="47" year="1994">Holloway [1994]</bibRefCitation>
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and by
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<bibRefCitation id="66A96161F9DEB7CA7A98AF0D66225DD9" author="Sato, R" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Lepidopterological Society of Japan" pageId="0" pageNumber="303" refId="B18" refString="Sato, R, 2019. Revisional study on the genus Prochasma Warren (Geometridae, Ennominae), with descriptions of two new species. Tinea 25(Suppl. 1): 138-149." title="Revisional study on the genus Prochasma Warren (Geometridae, Ennominae), with descriptions of two new species. Tinea 25 (Suppl. 1): 138 - 149." year="2019">Sato (2019)</bibRefCitation>
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; the latter partly repeated the characters mentioned by Holloway, but added some new features. Herein, we summarize these already published characters of
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<taxonomicName id="260A7720DB4774DA4BCF651DFCD9D170" authorityName="Warren" authorityYear="1897" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Prochasma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Prochasma" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="4B513BF44ED3B6F20671233230C35993" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="303">Prochasma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, with a few corrections, and add new-found, unpublished features.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C48004994381EAC71562FAFFE94E7B6D" pageId="0" pageNumber="303" type="general appearance">
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<paragraph id="EB718648C43D831F7AC6714121EEC415" pageId="0" pageNumber="303">General appearance.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D3A149FD9FB1BC50D4942D85BDEB44CF" pageId="0" pageNumber="303">
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Tiny ennomine moths, wingspan 18-25 mm, forewing length: male 10-15 mm, female 11-16 mm, with colourful, yellow, white and black pattern, medial zone of forewings dark in most species.
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<emphasis id="936B4230D053DC0F86767D90926FD345" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="303">
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<emphasis id="E7BC6208F84E16E27321B8109E75F317" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="303">Head</emphasis>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Male antennae bipectinate, rami arising from basal end of each segment, dorsally unscaled, densely ciliate ventrally, apical one-third of flagellum non-pectinate; female antennae filiform (not
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<normalizedToken id="069DECA429BE8C5068DC21F44BF36350" originalValue="“fasciculate”">"fasciculate"</normalizedToken>
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, as mentioned by
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<bibRefCitation id="15F32139616FFF46E3C84C52C978B720" author="Sato, R" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Lepidopterological Society of Japan" pageId="0" pageNumber="303" refId="B18" refString="Sato, R, 2019. Revisional study on the genus Prochasma Warren (Geometridae, Ennominae), with descriptions of two new species. Tinea 25(Suppl. 1): 138-149." title="Revisional study on the genus Prochasma Warren (Geometridae, Ennominae), with descriptions of two new species. Tinea 25 (Suppl. 1): 138 - 149." year="2019">Sato 2019</bibRefCitation>
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: 138). Frons narrow, rather flat, smooth-scaled, palps curved upwards before frons. Proboscis short, but functional. Chaetosemata present, small, near eye-margin.
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<emphasis id="88A5AC1CC240588DFCDFD1A574E77A02" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="303">
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<emphasis id="DAA5FA447C9CC05AE9C55C6D47E0E582" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="303">Thorax</emphasis>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Patagia and tegulae with large, lamellar, partly elongated scales, tegulae in addition with long hair-scales. Mesothorax posteriorly (on mesoscutellum) with a tuft of large, distally curved, metallic scales in both sexes (see
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<bibRefCitation id="32283737825054E8BB3D641D58D26771" author="Sato, R" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Lepidopterological Society of Japan" pageId="0" pageNumber="303" refId="B18" refString="Sato, R, 2019. Revisional study on the genus Prochasma Warren (Geometridae, Ennominae), with descriptions of two new species. Tinea 25(Suppl. 1): 138-149." title="Revisional study on the genus Prochasma Warren (Geometridae, Ennominae), with descriptions of two new species. Tinea 25 (Suppl. 1): 138 - 149." year="2019">Sato (2019</bibRefCitation>
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, fig. 25); also mentioned by
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<bibRefCitation id="83FB02254CA35985CED8F28CDD098243" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.21182" author="Warren, W" journalOrPublisher="Novitates Zoologicae" pageId="0" pageNumber="303" pagination="12 - 130" refId="B26" refString="Warren, W, 1897. New genera and species of moths from the Old-world regions in the Tring Museum. Novitates Zoologicae 4: 12 - 130, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.21182" title="New genera and species of moths from the Old-world regions in the Tring Museum." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.21182" volume="4" year="1897">Warren (1897)</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation id="951B0AB25BCEDDEA77ADAA69D2475E87" author="Holloway, JD" journalOrPublisher="Malayan Nature Journal" pageId="0" pageNumber="303" pagination="1 - 309" refId="B6" refString="Holloway, JD, 1994. The Moths of Borneo, Part 11: Family Geometridae, Subfamily Ennominae. Malayan Nature Journal 47: 1 - 309" title="The Moths of Borneo, Part 11: Family Geometridae, Subfamily Ennominae." volume="47" year="1994">Holloway [1994]</bibRefCitation>
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). Forewing pale yellow or grey (
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<taxonomicName id="8A1E69DEE38775B765F022E4E13CD6FD" lsidName="P. albimonilis" pageId="0" pageNumber="303" rank="species" species="albimonilis">
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<emphasis id="57167A2F83B7985A8B096FC5AAE8A1D4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="303">P. albimonilis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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), with distinct dark markings, without fovea in males. Antemedial and postmedial lines thin, black, deeply incurved and outwardly dentate, in some species, reduced to short streaks or dots, bounded distally by a narrow or broader band of the pale ground colour (on proximal side in antemedial lines). Submarginal lines narrow, white, zigzag-shaped where visible. In forewings, the dark band on the outside of the postmedial line broad, variable individually and in different species. The dark band on the inner side of the submarginal line on hindwing also variable in breadth, sometimes narrower, sometimes extending to the costa, angled outside or reduced to a spot. Discal dot distinct or small, black, visible on both wings, but larger on forewings. Underside similar to upperside, but more blurry and paler. Legs slender, light grey, chequered dark grey or black. Index of spurs 0-2-4, hind tibia hardly swollen, with two pairs of long spurs and with a whitish scent brush in males.
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<emphasis id="4B041C2BD550B7682200D921ADB8B186" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="303">Venation</emphasis>
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(Fig.
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<figureCitation id="8D546ADD79241428B457D3BD4BE7D0A2" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Wing venation of Prochasma diaoluoensis sp. nov." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1190.112468.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/976287" pageId="0" pageNumber="303">1</figureCitation>
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). R1 and R2 coincident (distal branch of R1 reduced, only R2 reaching costa), the base of the combined veins running closely parallel to vein Sc or anastomosing with it for a short distance. Other veins inconspicuous, vein 3A in hindwing absent. Folds through cells of both wings and those replacing CuP in forewings and M2 in hindwings very vague.
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<emphasis id="1BA340D18F59828794C7438EB3694603" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="303">
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<emphasis id="F3F0FEA3585B5E313D1DC6CA0570F1A0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="303">Pregenital abdomen</emphasis>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Tergites and sternites not conspicuously modified. T1 and T2 sclerotized, T1 narrow, T2 of double breadth. Seventh segment distinctly narrow, eighth segment elongate. Coremata absent. Tympanal organs of moderate size, without lacinia. Setal comb present, but modified to a multi-row setal patch, with numerous small, easily detachable setae; when central setae are lost, it may look like "a pair of setal scars" (compare
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<bibRefCitation id="0A02BF67773F96F4B40202DFEA638477" author="Holloway, JD" journalOrPublisher="Malayan Nature Journal" pageId="0" pageNumber="303" pagination="1 - 309" refId="B6" refString="Holloway, JD, 1994. The Moths of Borneo, Part 11: Family Geometridae, Subfamily Ennominae. Malayan Nature Journal 47: 1 - 309" title="The Moths of Borneo, Part 11: Family Geometridae, Subfamily Ennominae." volume="47" year="1994">Holloway [1994</bibRefCitation>
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: 269] and
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<bibRefCitation id="63D99726413DFA2F8E6716D5241FFC63" author="Sato, R" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Lepidopterological Society of Japan" pageId="0" pageNumber="303" refId="B18" refString="Sato, R, 2019. Revisional study on the genus Prochasma Warren (Geometridae, Ennominae), with descriptions of two new species. Tinea 25(Suppl. 1): 138-149." title="Revisional study on the genus Prochasma Warren (Geometridae, Ennominae), with descriptions of two new species. Tinea 25 (Suppl. 1): 138 - 149." year="2019">Sato (2019</bibRefCitation>
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, fig. 24)). Sterno-tympanal process present, but weak, free distal portion short, not reaching the posterior margin of tympanal bulla.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="135D8ACD96A7F3DD546E8A03BCD1D4B8" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1190.112468.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/976287" pageId="0" pageNumber="303" start="Figure 1" startId="F1">
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<paragraph id="FA83378C6B004F5C30F2A4ACAAC2741D" pageId="0" pageNumber="303">
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<emphasis id="17940440B2E0902D2D3027420A6F3B4C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="303">Figure 1.</emphasis>
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Wing venation of
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<taxonomicName id="587208D6F8A3E94FCDA0E2E03D9069E1" authorityName="Liu & Stüning" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Prochasma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Prochasma diaoluoensis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diaoluoensis">
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<emphasis id="25D4FF98DC16DBE7EF8701CBA799B4DE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="303">Prochasma diaoluoensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. nov.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="E9E25AED0FAD47D1FB45C3F56DC57DC6" pageId="0" pageNumber="303">
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<emphasis id="644745C887FD0417E0817AD7589BAB31" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="303">
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<emphasis id="C350B5B177022AE888300D67D8DABFB0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="303">Male genitalia</emphasis>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Uncus triangular, base broad, lateral sides almost straight or slightly rounded, with short setae dorsally, apex short and pointed or more or less narrowly elongated and pointed. Gnathos with strong lateral arms, central part strong, elongate rectangular, with rounded tip. Juxta broad, plate-like, sclerotized, with distal incision in some species or rectangular, with apex slightly narrowed. Saccus strong, triangularly more or less extended, tip rounded. Valvae elongated, parallelogram-shaped in some of the species, sclerotized costa not reaching the weak, narrowed distal part of valvae, which is covered with a moderate to weak cucullus, which is reaching widely basad. Tip of valvae rounded, rarely dorsal margin deeply excavated more basally and carrying a tuft of long, modified setae (so far only found in the new species described below). Ventral margin of valvae at 2/3 to 3/5 length with a short, tooth-like process (i.e., distal process of sacculus). The latter is built as a narrow, sclerotized band along ventral margin of valva and may sometimes be weak or even not visible; distal tooth-like process is variable in size and may rarely be short or almost absent. Basal part of valve lamina less setose and more or less membranous, bordered distally by an oblique, sclerotized ridge. Aedeagus short and stout, vesica containing a single massive cornutus, with significant variations of size and shape between different species, an important specific character.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="26996A93617C8A919B66E27E205A84CA" pageId="0" pageNumber="303">
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<emphasis id="EFE6070DC028A0B4535DD11126CE91AF" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="303">
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<emphasis id="5C56EFB629202FA59EB0E91C49DDF76E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="303">Female genitalia</emphasis>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Ovipositor short, papillae anales narrow, tapering, covered with short setae. A needle-like sclerite, found between the bases of posterior apophyses in two species so far, may also turn out to be a generic feature. Anterior apophyses distinctly shorter than posterior apophyses, the latter almost double in length. Introitus bursae funnel-shaped, often large, slightly sclerotized. Colliculum absent (
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<bibRefCitation id="B7ACFE401123737F2CB1ED00B5697E8D" author="Sato, R" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Lepidopterological Society of Japan" pageId="0" pageNumber="303" refId="B18" refString="Sato, R, 2019. Revisional study on the genus Prochasma Warren (Geometridae, Ennominae), with descriptions of two new species. Tinea 25(Suppl. 1): 138-149." title="Revisional study on the genus Prochasma Warren (Geometridae, Ennominae), with descriptions of two new species. Tinea 25 (Suppl. 1): 138 - 149." year="2019">Sato (2019</bibRefCitation>
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: 141) mentions it as
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<normalizedToken id="802F48920D161C0A03D829432A5D6E90" originalValue="“developed”">"developed"</normalizedToken>
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, but we could not confirm the presence of a typical colliculum). Posterior part of bursa copulatrix elongated, largely membranous, posteriorly with various types of specifically different sclerotizations. Anterior part of bursa membranous, slightly broader than posterior part, but no clear demarcation visible. Signum absent.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |