253 lines
35 KiB
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253 lines
35 KiB
XML
<document id="961F950CD04DBA3D2ACFCF21D6328393" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.10881992" ID-ISSN="0936-9902" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10881992" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="juliana" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.metadata_approvedBy="juliana" IM.tables_approvedBy="juliana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="juliana" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="juliana" checkinTime="1711474576113" checkinUser="juliana" docAuthor="Weitzman, Stanley H. & Malabarba, Luiz R." docDate="1999" docId="03DA87B22A36FFECFA72F5B84DEEF7B9" docLanguage="en" docName="IchthyolExplorFres.10.1.1-43.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters 10 (1)" docTitle="Cheirodontinae" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="8" masterDocId="FFE3FFCA2A33FFEBFFB0FF824B09FF9B" masterDocTitle="Systematics of Spintherobolus (Teleostei: Characidae: Cheirodontinae) from eastern Brazil" masterLastPageNumber="43" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="6" updateTime="1711475764197" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="5E9D0C3DF7C543F3C36808FD0517AA1F">
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<mods:title id="63BB6A96AA72FF543389B2A6EDD2F17D">Systematics of Spintherobolus (Teleostei: Characidae: Cheirodontinae) from eastern Brazil</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="88ED7C3E53ADBA0C61F712FC62369CD9" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="A798D9000683DF6B2254EE169C151F69">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="F8B9888C1BDEC68C3EE12135CD89B164">Weitzman, Stanley H.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="57836B4DBAC38EA90CDFC52CC6308338">Division of Fishes, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, MRC- 159, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D. C. 20560, USA.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="248295BD6CB8BB92E08F93DC1B1F9FF6">Malabarba, Luiz R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="D72D20CBC93C9218747FA478ECEA5C3F">Laboratório de Ictiologia, Museu de Ciências e Tecnologia, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 6681, CEP 90619 - 900, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, and Departamento de Zoologia, IB, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="3945CCFE8BD638E17541215AC406D83B">Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="A6CF5CDFFEC125B8F0F243993B05D75F">
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<mods:date id="58978751020280FD0732EDDDE282FB19">1999</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="383C061360C388ED3C57606894FDDEF9">1999-01-01</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="48CB83CBBA0135FAA070501675DD9AD1">10</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="AF3F4A02E07F142089C8E2D99FC85E10">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="AC76BAC1A2F9A5A49B7DD4F1C526BAA4" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.10881992</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="B21E0403DD148C06E69A3E76D60FA843" type="ISSN">0936-9902</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="046E4E01E59DBC915682569C4EDFFF80" type="Zenodo-Dep">10881992</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03DA87B22A36FFECFA72F5B84DEEF7B9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10881801" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10881801" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DA87B22A36FFECFA72F5B84DEEF7B9" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DA87B22A36FFECFA72F5B84DEEF7B9" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<subSubSection id="C369652F2A36FFEEFA72F5B8420FF5F7" box="[1474,2310,2618,2668]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BCC36A42A36FFEEFA72F5B8420FF5F7" blockId="5.[1474,2310,2618,2668]" box="[1474,2310,2618,2668]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<heading id="D08481C82A36FFEEFA72F5B8420FF5F7" bold="true" box="[1474,2310,2618,2668]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" reason="0">
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<emphasis id="B907EAB62A36FFEEFA72F5B8420FF5F7" bold="true" box="[1474,2310,2618,2668]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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Subfamily
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<taxonomicName id="4C734D272A36FFEEF978F5B84322F5F7" box="[1736,2091,2618,2668]" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cheirodontinae">Cheirodontinae</taxonomicName>
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, Clade A
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C369652F2A36FFECFAFBF52D4DEEF7B9" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BCC36A42A36FFEEFAFBF52D4354F310" blockId="5.[1352,2431,2735,3452]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<taxonomicName id="4C734D272A36FFEEFAFBF52D4D7EF57D" box="[1355,1655,2735,2790]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<emphasis id="B907EAB62A36FFEEFAFBF52D4D7EF57D" box="[1355,1655,2735,2790]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Spintherobolus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species belong to a restricted
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<taxonomicName id="4C734D272A36FFEEF6B6F52D4D4CF4B9" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cheirodontinae">Cheirodontinae</taxonomicName>
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as diagnosed phylogenetically by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B552A36FFEEFAF9F4A54DC9F4C4" author="Malabarba, L. R." box="[1353,1728,2855,2911]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref29702" refString="Malabarba, L. R. 1994. Systematica e filogenia de Cheirodontinae (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Charac - idae). Dissert. Inst. Bioc. Univ. Sao Paulo, vii + 287 pp." type="book" year="1994">Malabarba (1994</bibRefCitation>
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; in press). For purposes of hypothesizing the phylogenetic relationships of
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<taxonomicName id="4C734D272A36FFEEFAFAF41D4D7EF44D" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1911" box="[1354,1655,2975,3030]" family="Characidae" genus="Spintherobolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B907EAB62A36FFEEFAFAF41D4D7EF44D" box="[1354,1655,2975,3030]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Spintherobolus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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we summarize his diagnosis using the first four characters listed below. The
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<taxonomicName id="4C734D272A36FFEEF767F4594D04F3D4" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cheirodontinae">Cheirodontinae</taxonomicName>
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as diagnosed by these features is equivalent to Clade A in our cladogram.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BCC36A42A36FFEDFA2AF3104867F967" blockId="5.[1352,2431,2735,3452]" lastBlockId="6.[68,881,1611,2601]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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(1) A pigmented humeral spot is absent. Preserved Cheirodontines often appear to have a humeral spot but the darkened area in the humeral region is due to a muscle hiatus just lateral to the anterior portion of the swimbladder (
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<figureCitation id="13482A212A35FFEDFD07F9C94818F9EF" box="[695,785,1611,1652]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[70,119,841,876]" captionTargetBox="[68,882,219,802]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 4. Spintherobolus broccae, USNM 287324, adult male, 17.9 mm SL. Head and anterior body region, right side. Two pseudotympanums, black areas are located posterior to the dorsal portion of the opercular opening. The posterior pseudotympanum is homologous with the single pseudotympanum of other Cheirodontines while the anterior pseudotympanum is found only in Spintherobolus. The small dark dots arranged in rows arer the neuromast pattern over the face and opercular region. In the region ventral to the pectoral fin a few neuromasts can be seen partly bordering the scales. Such neuromasts are also present in the dorsal or back region. However, these are sometimes hard to distinguish from the somewhat larger dark chromatophores that often have somewhat indistinct borders. The rows of neuromasts are especially clear in the infraorbital region and on the dentary." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10882001" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10882001/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
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). The swimbladder may have dark pigment on it, but this is not the same pigment that forms the humeral spot of the epidermis of other characiforms.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF0C662C2A35FFEDFFF6FCCB4AD1FA6B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10882001" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10882001" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10882001/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" startId="6.[70,119,841,876]" targetBox="[68,882,219,802]" targetPageId="6" targetType="figure">
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<paragraph id="8BCC36A42A35FFEDFFF6FCCB4AD1FA6B" blockId="6.[68,880,841,1520]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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Fig. 4.
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<taxonomicName id="4C734D272A35FFEDFF1EFCCB495BFCF7" authority=", USNM" authorityName="USNM" box="[174,594,841,876]" family="Characidae" genus="Spintherobolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="broccae">
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<emphasis id="B907EAB62A35FFEDFF1EFCCB4A7CFCF7" box="[174,373,841,876]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Spintherobolus</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B907EAB62A35FFEDFECDFCCB4AECFCF7" box="[381,485,841,876]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">broccae,</emphasis>
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USNM
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</taxonomicName>
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287324, adult male, 17.9 mm SL. Head and anterior body region, right side. Two pseudotympanums, black areas are located posterior to the dorsal portion of the opercular opening. The posterior pseudotympanum is homologous with the single pseudotympanum of other Cheirodontines while the anterior pseudotympanum is found only in
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<emphasis id="B907EAB62A35FFEDFFF6FBE34BDFFB1F" box="[70,214,1121,1156]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C734D272A35FFEDFC98FBB84BD8FB1F" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1911" family="Characidae" genus="Spintherobolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B907EAB62A35FFEDFC98FBB84879FBC6" box="[808,880,1082,1117]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Spintherobolus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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The small dark dots arranged in rows arer the neuromast pattern over the face and opercular region. In the region ventral to the pectoral fin a few neuromasts can be seen partly bordering the scales. Such neuromasts are also present in the dorsal or back region. However, these are sometimes hard to distinguish from the somewhat larger dark chromatophores that often have somewhat indistinct borders. The rows of neuromasts are especially clear in the infraorbital region and on the dentary.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption id="DF0C662C2A35FFEDFC1AFAFD4EE9F892" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10882003" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10882003" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10882003/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" startId="6.[938,986,1407,1441]" targetBox="[935,1741,218,801]" targetPageId="6" targetType="figure">
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||
<paragraph id="8BCC36A42A35FFEDFC1AFAFD4EE9F892" blockId="6.[935,1741,1407,1801]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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Fig. 5.
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<taxonomicName id="4C734D272A35FFEDFBA8FAFD4E64FA3A" box="[1048,1389,1407,1441]" family="Characidae" genus="Spintherobolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ankoseion">
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<emphasis id="B907EAB62A35FFEDFBA8FAFD4E64FA3A" box="[1048,1389,1407,1441]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Spintherobolus ankoseion</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, paratype, MCP 19253, adult female, 25.2 mm SL. Anterior and posterior pseudotympanal region of left side, anterior is to the left. The skin and scales were removed, exposing the muscles of the lateral body wall and the pleural ribs of the fifth and sixth vertebrae (first and second pleural ribs). The black, pigmented swimbladder walls (the actual pseudotympanums) of both the anterior and posterior pseudotympanal regions have been removed, showing the black interior of the swimbladder.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="8BCC36A42A35FFEDFF32F883484AF6EE" blockId="6.[68,881,1611,2601]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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Absence of a humeral spot occurs in relatively few other Characiform species, but none of these have all four of the characters listed here. This statement suggests that the lack of humeral spots in some other characiforms is homoplastic with regard to their absence in the
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<taxonomicName id="4C734D272A35FFEDFD2BF8604B74F7AC" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cheirodontinae">Cheirodontinae</taxonomicName>
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. At this time we are unable to provide an analysis of the cladistic significance of the humeral spot and its absence in other characiforms because the phylogenetic significance of the distribution of its presence or absence is unstudied and unknown in nearly all of them. We can only suggest that the loss of this character occurred independently in certain outgroup characids.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF0C662C2A35FFEDFC1AF8934F73F75A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10882006" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10882006" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10882006/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" startId="6.[938,986,1809,1843]" targetBox="[934,1738,810,1371]" targetPageId="6">
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<paragraph id="8BCC36A42A35FFEDFC1AF8934F73F75A" blockId="6.[936,1742,1809,2241]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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Fig. 6.
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<emphasis id="B907EAB62A35FFEDFBACF8934E63F8A8" box="[1052,1386,1809,1843]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<taxonomicName id="4C734D272A35FFEDFBACF8934E6FF8A8" box="[1052,1382,1809,1843]" family="Characidae" genus="Spintherobolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leptoura">Spintherobolus leptoura</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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paratype, MCP 19254, adult female, 25.4 mm SL. Anterior and posterior pseudotympanums of left side. The skin and scales were removed, exposing the muscles of the lateral body wall, pleural ribs of the fifth and sixth vertebrae (first and second pleural ribs), and the black, pigmented wall of the swimbladder. The larger black area to the right represents the pseudotympanum present in all Cheirodontines, while the black area to the left is the area of the pseudotympanum characteristic of the species of
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<emphasis id="B907EAB62A35FFEDFC19F7234F73F75A" box="[937,1146,2209,2241]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<taxonomicName id="4C734D272A35FFEDFC19F7234F7FF75A" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1911" box="[937,1142,2209,2241]" family="Characidae" genus="Spintherobolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Spintherobolus</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="8BCC36A42A35FFECFF31F6FB4954F7D7" blockId="6.[68,881,1611,2601]" lastBlockId="7.[144,955,1225,2621]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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(2) A characteristic hiatus occurs in musculature of the body wall in the area of the swimbladder between the first and second pleural ribs, exposing the swimbladder (
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<figureCitation id="13482A212A35FFEDFD99F58249B8F5B2" box="[553,689,2560,2601]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Fig" captionStart-2="Fig" captionStartId-0="6.[70,119,841,876]" captionStartId-1="6.[938,986,1407,1441]" captionStartId-2="6.[938,986,1809,1843]" captionTargetBox-0="[68,882,219,802]" captionTargetBox-1="[935,1741,218,801]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionTargetPageId-2="6" captionText-0="Fig. 4. Spintherobolus broccae, USNM 287324, adult male, 17.9 mm SL. Head and anterior body region, right side. Two pseudotympanums, black areas are located posterior to the dorsal portion of the opercular opening. The posterior pseudotympanum is homologous with the single pseudotympanum of other Cheirodontines while the anterior pseudotympanum is found only in Spintherobolus. The small dark dots arranged in rows arer the neuromast pattern over the face and opercular region. In the region ventral to the pectoral fin a few neuromasts can be seen partly bordering the scales. Such neuromasts are also present in the dorsal or back region. However, these are sometimes hard to distinguish from the somewhat larger dark chromatophores that often have somewhat indistinct borders. The rows of neuromasts are especially clear in the infraorbital region and on the dentary." captionText-1="Fig. 5. Spintherobolus ankoseion, paratype, MCP 19253, adult female, 25.2 mm SL. Anterior and posterior pseudotympanal region of left side, anterior is to the left. The skin and scales were removed, exposing the muscles of the lateral body wall and the pleural ribs of the fifth and sixth vertebrae (first and second pleural ribs). The black, pigmented swimbladder walls (the actual pseudotympanums) of both the anterior and posterior pseudotympanal regions have been removed, showing the black interior of the swimbladder." captionText-2="Fig. 6. Spintherobolus leptoura, paratype, MCP 19254, adult female, 25.4 mm SL. Anterior and posterior pseudotympanums of left side. The skin and scales were removed, exposing the muscles of the lateral body wall, pleural ribs of the fifth and sixth vertebrae (first and second pleural ribs), and the black, pigmented wall of the swimbladder. The larger black area to the right represents the pseudotympanum present in all Cheirodontines, while the black area to the left is the area of the pseudotympanum characteristic of the species of Spintherobolus." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10882001" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10882003" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10882006" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/10882001/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/10882003/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/10882006/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figs. 4-6</figureCitation>
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). This hiatus is not a simple derived absence of musculature tissue, but a derived and organized feature of the body wall presumably making it more efficient in transmitting sound from the environment to the swimbladder, perhaps by avoiding interference from active muscle tissue. This hiatus is an organ called the pseudotympanum because the membranous wall of the swimbladder is exposed to fluid and some fat in the muscular hiatus. The absence of interference with sound transmission from active muscle tissue may increase the efficiency of that transmission from water external to the skin and scales to the wall of the swimbladder. From there sound is transmitted to the inner ear through the intermediate contact between the swimbladder wall and the Weberian apparatus. Also the absence of muscle tissue against the membranous swimbladder wall may allow that wall more freedom to respond to sound waves. Note: The species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C734D272A34FFECFD68F89448B0F8A5" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1911" box="[728,953,1814,1854]" family="Characidae" genus="Spintherobolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907EAB62A34FFECFD68F89448B0F8A5" box="[728,953,1814,1854]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Spintherobolus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have two rather than one pseudotympanum and their posterior pseudotympanum (between the first and second pleural ribs) is homologous to that in all other species of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C734D272A34FFECFD1DF84848BBF868" box="[685,946,1994,2035]" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cheirodontinae">Cheirodontinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
; see more detailed description in synapomorphy 21 below for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C734D272A34FFECFEC4F7A4495DF7D7" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1911" box="[372,596,2086,2124]" family="Characidae" genus="Spintherobolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907EAB62A34FFECFEC4F7A4495DF7D7" box="[372,596,2086,2124]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Spintherobolus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF0C662C2A34FFECFF24FCE64AF9FBD5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10882008" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10882008" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10882008/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" startId="7.[148,194,868,902]" targetBox="[146,957,232,819]" targetPageId="7" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCC36A42A34FFECFF24FCE64AF9FBD5" blockId="7.[147,955,868,1102]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Fig. 7.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C734D272A34FFECFF4CFCE64ADCFC1D" box="[252,469,868,902]" family="Characidae" genus="Odontostilbe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907EAB62A34FFECFF4CFCE64AAFFC1D" box="[252,422,868,902]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Odontostilbe</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, MCP 11136, adult male 37.0 mm SL. SEM photograph of a frontal view of the anterior three premaxillary teeth of the right side. Illustrated for each tooth are a pedicles and a flattened, expanded distal region bordered by approximately 10 tooth cusps. Scale marker = 100 μm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCC36A42A34FFECFF7CF7D34A96F6C7" blockId="7.[144,955,1225,2621]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Among other characiforms, a pseudotympanum of different structure and presumably not homologous with that found in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C734D272A34FFECFD54F7294BC3F69A" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cheirodontinae">Cheirodontinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is also found in the species of the Characinae. The implications of this are discussed by Malabarba (in press).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCC36A42A34FFECFF7DF6E34DB7FE5D" blockId="7.[144,955,1225,2621]" lastBlockId="7.[1010,1821,235,2082]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
(3) Cheirodontine teeth have a proximal peduncle or pedicle and an expanded and compressed distal region bordered by a few to many cusps (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13482A212A34FFECFEB5F66B4A6BF58A" box="[261,354,2537,2577]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[148,194,868,902]" captionTargetBox="[146,957,232,819]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 7. Odontostilbe sp., MCP 11136, adult male 37.0 mm SL. SEM photograph of a frontal view of the anterior three premaxillary teeth of the right side. Illustrated for each tooth are a pedicles and a flattened, expanded distal region bordered by approximately 10 tooth cusps. Scale marker = 100 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10882008" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10882008/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
). Note: In the case of the species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C734D272A34FFECFF21F5944A79F5A6" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1911" box="[145,368,2582,2621]" family="Characidae" genus="Spintherobolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907EAB62A34FFECFF21F5944A79F5A6" box="[145,368,2582,2621]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Spintherobolus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the modification of this flattened, expanded distal portion into an essentially conical tooth is a secondary alteration according to the hypothesis of relationships presented here; see also apomorphy 3R below. Note that not all of these teeth in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C734D272A34FFECFAA4FE1D4EFDFE5D" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1911" box="[1300,1524,415,454]" family="Characidae" genus="Spintherobolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907EAB62A34FFECFAA4FE1D4EFDFE5D" box="[1300,1524,415,454]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Spintherobolus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are conical.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCC36A42A34FFECFB80FE4E4E1EFCB4" blockId="7.[1010,1821,235,2082]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Somewhat similar teeth occur in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C734D272A34FFECF9FCFE4E4DDAFE68" authorityName="Oken" authorityYear="1817" box="[1612,1747,460,499]" family="Iguanodectidae" genus="Piabucus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907EAB62A34FFECF9FCFE4E4DDAFE68" box="[1612,1747,460,499]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Piabucus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B907EAB62A34FFECFC45FE7B4FC9FDBA" box="[1013,1216,505,545]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C734D272A34FFECFC45FE7B4FB2FDBA" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1872" box="[1013,1211,505,545]" family="Iguanodectidae" genus="Iguanodectes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Iguanodectes</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
genera referred to the tribe
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C734D272A34FFECF92CFE7B4F6DFDD4" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="tribe" tribe="Iguanodectini">Iguanodectini</taxonomicName>
|
||
of the Tetragonopterinae by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B552A34FFECF9E2FDA54C1AFDD4" author="Géry, J." bookContentInfo="T. F. H. Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey" box="[1618,1811,551,591]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="672" refId="ref29398" refString="- 1977. Characoids of the World. T. F. H. Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey, 672 pp." title="Characoids of the World" type="book" year="1977">Géry (1977)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Even when these genera are entered in our analysis and their teeth are coded the same as those of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C734D272A34FFECFBD4FD2F4E6EFD4E" box="[1124,1383,685,725]" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cheirodontinae">Cheirodontinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, these two genera are ex cluded from that subfamily in the most parsimonious cladogram.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCC36A42A34FFECFB81FCB74E30FBA5" blockId="7.[1010,1821,235,2082]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
(4) All Cheirodontines have a single series of teeth on the premaxilla. This feature is discussed by Malabarba (in press) but it is not restricted to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C734D272A34FFECFB8BFC3F4E37FC7E" box="[1083,1342,957,997]" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cheirodontinae">Cheirodontinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and has appeared convergently many times in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C734D272A34FFECFA1FFC684D61FB89" baseAuthorityName="Vari & Siebert" baseAuthorityYear="1990" box="[1455,1640,1002,1042]" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Characidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and some other characiforms.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCC36A42A34FFECFB9FFBC64FB7F912" blockId="7.[1010,1821,235,2082]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C734D272A34FFECFBC9FBC64E72FBF0" box="[1145,1403,1092,1131]" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cheirodontinae">Cheirodontinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
consists of several major clades (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B552A34FFECFBC2FBF14E8FFB02" author="Malabarba, L. R." box="[1138,1414,1139,1177]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref29702" refString="Malabarba, L. R. 1994. Systematica e filogenia de Cheirodontinae (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Charac - idae). Dissert. Inst. Bioc. Univ. Sao Paulo, vii + 287 pp." type="book" year="1994">Malabarba, 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; in press). We treat only one of these, Clade B containing
|
||
<emphasis id="B907EAB62A34FFECF981FB1C4C10FB5D" box="[1585,1817,1182,1222]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C734D272A34FFECF981FB1C4C1AFB5D" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1911" box="[1585,1811,1182,1222]" family="Characidae" genus="Spintherobolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Spintherobolus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
in detail in our cladogram (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13482A212A34FFECFA00FB4F4D01FB68" box="[1456,1544,1229,1267]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[204,271,1484,1529]" captionTargetBox="[595,2039,274,1449]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 3. A phylogeny of Spintherobolus and related cheirodontine taxa based on consensus tree of 3 equally parsimonious cladograms. Tree statistics: Tree Length = 49, Consistency Index = 0.796, Retention Index = 0.867." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10881999" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10881999/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). We defer treatment of the other cheirodontine clades to Malabarba (in press). The species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C734D272A34FFECF987FAA44C13FAD5" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1911" box="[1591,1818,1318,1358]" family="Characidae" genus="Spintherobolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907EAB62A34FFECF987FAA44C13FAD5" box="[1591,1818,1318,1358]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Spintherobolus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
form a subgroup of clade B and share several derived features of the ventral procurrent caudal-fin rays not found in other characiforms, including other clade A Cheirodontines. Other Clade A Cheirodontines are represented in
|
||
<figureCitation id="13482A212A34FFECF9ECF98B4DEDF9AA" box="[1628,1764,1545,1585]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[204,271,1484,1529]" captionTargetBox="[595,2039,274,1449]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 3. A phylogeny of Spintherobolus and related cheirodontine taxa based on consensus tree of 3 equally parsimonious cladograms. Tree statistics: Tree Length = 49, Consistency Index = 0.796, Retention Index = 0.867." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10881999" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10881999/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C734D272A34FFECFC44F9B44EB9F9C5" authority="Cope" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1870" box="[1012,1456,1590,1630]" family="Characidae" genus="Odontostilbe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fugitiva">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907EAB62A34FFECFC44F9B44E4BF9C5" box="[1012,1346,1590,1630]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Odontostilbe fugitiva</emphasis>
|
||
Cope
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C888062A34FFECF9A4F9B44D52F9C5" box="[1556,1627,1590,1630]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species of
|
||
<emphasis id="B907EAB62A34FFECFC44F9E74FB7F912" box="[1012,1214,1637,1673]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C734D272A34FFECFC44F9E74FB2F912" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1870" box="[1012,1211,1637,1673]" family="Characidae" genus="Odontostilbe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Odontostilbe</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCC36A42A34FFECFB80F9134DEEF7B9" blockId="7.[1010,1821,235,2082]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
In addition to the species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C734D272A34FFECF989F9134C10F923" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1911" box="[1593,1817,1681,1720]" family="Characidae" genus="Spintherobolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907EAB62A34FFECF989F9134C10F923" box="[1593,1817,1681,1720]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Spintherobolus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Clade B Cheirodontines include the species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C734D272A34FFECFC43F96E4F85F88B" authorityName="Girard" authorityYear="1855" box="[1011,1164,1772,1808]" family="Characidae" genus="Cheirodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907EAB62A34FFECFC43F96E4F85F88B" box="[1011,1164,1772,1808]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Cheirodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(sensu Casciotta et al., 1992) and are here labeled as Clade C in
|
||
<figureCitation id="13482A212A34FFECFA0CF89A4D4CF8DB" box="[1468,1605,1816,1856]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[204,271,1484,1529]" captionTargetBox="[595,2039,274,1449]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 3. A phylogeny of Spintherobolus and related cheirodontine taxa based on consensus tree of 3 equally parsimonious cladograms. Tree statistics: Tree Length = 49, Consistency Index = 0.796, Retention Index = 0.867." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10881999" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10881999/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
. Some other species at present placed in the polyphyletic and paraphyletic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C734D272A34FFECFB56F8F04EB8F800" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1870" box="[1254,1457,1906,1947]" family="Characidae" genus="Odontostilbe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907EAB62A34FFECFB56F8F04EB8F800" box="[1254,1457,1906,1947]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Odontostilbe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are here placed in Clade E in our cladogram and the earliest described species of this clade,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C734D272A34FFECFA41F84F4C1AF86E" baseAuthorityName="Lutken" baseAuthorityYear="1875" box="[1521,1811,1997,2037]" family="Characidae" genus="Odontostilbe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="piaba">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907EAB62A34FFECFA41F84F4DB9F86E" box="[1521,1712,1997,2037]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Odontostilbe</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B907EAB62A34FFECF971F84F4C10F86E" box="[1729,1817,1997,2037]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">piaba,</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
represents the included species our
|
||
<figureCitation id="13482A212A34FFECF9E5F8784DD6F7B9" box="[1621,1759,2042,2082]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[204,271,1484,1529]" captionTargetBox="[595,2039,274,1449]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 3. A phylogeny of Spintherobolus and related cheirodontine taxa based on consensus tree of 3 equally parsimonious cladograms. Tree statistics: Tree Length = 49, Consistency Index = 0.796, Retention Index = 0.867." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10881999" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10881999/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |