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<document id="95A581EDD0837A05BA7D20C369871439" ID-CLB-Dataset="6134" ID-DOI="10.11646/phytotaxa.40.1.2" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6e1d7e6d-1e0e-4628-8ce9-83bf62d5fe90" ID-ISSN="1179-3163" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4894761" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1622651490613" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Fernández-Concha, German Carnevali &amp; Cetzal-Ix, William" docDate="2012" docId="03DA8798095A5879FF18456A5ECCFE09" docLanguage="en" docName="Phytotaxa.40.12-20.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Phytotaxa 40" docSource="http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.40.1.2" docStyle="DocumentStyle:13F189B31CB4CCCE9197361A4E100104.3:Phytotaxa.2011-2013.journal_article" docStyleId="13F189B31CB4CCCE9197361A4E100104" docStyleName="Phytotaxa.2011-2013.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Macroclinium Barbosa-Rodrigues 1882" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="17" masterDocId="FFE3FFE0095E587FFF8F464C5C3BFFEE" masterDocTitle="A new species of Macroclinium (Orchidaceae: Oncidiinae) from Andean Venezuela with brief comments on the biogeography of the genus" masterLastPageNumber="20" masterPageNumber="12" pageNumber="16" updateTime="1698998646107" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="1D6C7ECC5C42556321A80315E40C2394">A new species of Macroclinium (Orchidaceae: Oncidiinae) from Andean Venezuela with brief comments on the biogeography of the genus</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="27AC765E9D6A9E38A9C2FB894291ADE1">Fernández-Concha, German Carnevali</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C7835827DFF2F5A40E9F78EE36547780">Cetzal-Ix, William</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03DA8798095A5879FF18456A5ECCFE09" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4894735" ID-GBIF-Taxon="182653722" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4894735" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DA8798095A5879FF18456A5ECCFE09" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DA8798095A5879FF18456A5ECCFE09" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="4" pageNumber="16">
<subSubSection id="C3696505095A587BFF18456A5E29FCAE" box="[151,530,806,832]" pageId="4" pageNumber="16" type="nomenclature">
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Biogeography of
<taxonomicName id="4C734D0D095A587BFEE7456A5E29FCAE" ID-CoL="8VZ47" authorityName="Barbosa-Rodrigues" authorityYear="1882" box="[360,530,806,832]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Macroclinium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="4" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B907EA9C095A587BFEE7456A5E29FCAE" bold="true" box="[360,530,806,832]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="16">Macroclinium</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="8BCC368E095A587BFF18453F5E10FC35" blockId="4.[151,1436,883,1760]" pageId="4" pageNumber="16">
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B7F095A587BFF18453F5D72FC63" author="Pupulin, F." box="[151,329,883,909]" pageId="4" pageNumber="16" pagination="1 - 20" refId="ref4104" refString="Pupulin, F. (1997) A synopsis of Macroclinium (Orchidaceae: Oncidiinae). Caesiana 9: 1 - 20." type="journal article" year="1997">Pupulin (1997)</bibRefCitation>
indicated that of the 38 species of
<taxonomicName id="4C734D0D095A587BFD6645385FB4FC63" authorityName="Barbosa-Rodrigues" authorityYear="1882" box="[745,911,884,909]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Macroclinium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="4" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B907EA9C095A587BFD6645385FB4FC63" box="[745,911,884,909]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="16">Macroclinium</emphasis>
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known at that time, 65% were endemic to a single country, and only five species ranged over three or more countries.
<tableCitation id="C6F10335095A587BFBBE45D658B7FC5A" box="[1073,1164,922,948]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,231,151,172]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="TABLE 2. Macroclinium diversity by major biogeographical areas." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF0C6606095B587AFF1846DB5F1BFF42" pageId="4" pageNumber="16" tableUuid="DF0C6606095B587AFF1846DB5F1BFF42">Table 2</tableCitation>
presents an update of species numbers and distributions.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCC368E095A587BFF4945AB5EA2FB2D" blockId="4.[151,1436,883,1760]" pageId="4" pageNumber="16">
Geographically, the Andean countries of northwestern South America are the centre of diversity for the genus with 28 species, but
<collectingCountry id="F364761E095A587BFE4042425E75FBC6" box="[463,590,1038,1064]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="4" pageNumber="16">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
in Central America is the individual country with more recorded species (11), followed by
<collectingCountry id="F364761E095A587BFEE142795D9FFBA1" box="[366,420,1077,1103]" name="Peru" pageId="4" pageNumber="16">Peru</collectingCountry>
(10 species), and
<collectingCountry id="F364761E095A587BFDF042795ECFFBA1" box="[639,756,1077,1103]" name="Colombia" pageId="4" pageNumber="16">Colombia</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F364761E095A587BFCA042795FA9FBA1" box="[815,914,1077,1103]" name="Ecuador" pageId="4" pageNumber="16">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
(nine species each). After
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B7F095A587BFB5B427959A7FBA1" author="Pupulin, F." box="[1236,1436,1077,1103]" pageId="4" pageNumber="16" pagination="1 - 20" refId="ref4104" refString="Pupulin, F. (1997) A synopsis of Macroclinium (Orchidaceae: Oncidiinae). Caesiana 9: 1 - 20." type="journal article" year="1997">Pupulin’s (1997)</bibRefCitation>
revision, three additional species have been described (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B7F095A587BFCB842175FE5FB9B" author="Pupulin, F." box="[823,990,1115,1141]" pageId="4" pageNumber="16" pagination="14 - 26" refId="ref4128" refString="Pupulin, F. (2001) Miscellaneous new taxa in Neotropical Orchidaceae. Selbyana 22: 14 - 26." type="journal article" year="2001">Pupulin 2001</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B7F095A587BFC634217592EFB9B" author="Campacci, M. A. &amp; Silva, J. B. F." box="[1004,1301,1115,1141]" pageId="4" pageNumber="16" pagination="234 - 237" refId="ref3322" refString="Campacci, M. A. &amp; Silva, J. B. F. (2009) Novas especies. Coletanea de Orquideas Brasileiras 7: 234 - 237." type="journal article" year="2009">Campacci &amp; Silva 2009</bibRefCitation>
). Thus, the genus includes now 42 species, which have been registered from 16 countries, but in seven of these there are currently records of fewer than two species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCC368E095A587BFF4942835F08F90E" blockId="4.[151,1436,883,1760]" pageId="4" pageNumber="16">
<tableCitation id="C6F10335095A587BFF4942835D24FB07" box="[198,287,1231,1257]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,231,151,172]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="TABLE 2. Macroclinium diversity by major biogeographical areas." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF0C6606095B587AFF1846DB5F1BFF42" pageId="4" pageNumber="16" tableUuid="DF0C6606095B587AFF1846DB5F1BFF42">Table 2</tableCitation>
and Appendix 1 display the diversity of the genus in several major Neotropical biogeographical areas and countries. For the purposes of this comparison, Megaméxico is defined as in
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B7F095A587BFB3842BA59ACFAFE" author="Rzedowski, J." box="[1207,1431,1270,1296]" pageId="4" pageNumber="16" pagination="47 - 64" refId="ref4208" refString="Rzedowski, J. (1991) El endemismo en la flora fanerogamica mexicana: una apreciacion analitica preliminar. Acta Botanica Mexicana 15: 47 - 64." type="journal article" year="1991">Rzedowski (1991)</bibRefCitation>
, whereas
<collectingCountry id="F364761E095A587BFE8943515DB5FAD9" box="[262,398,1309,1335]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="4" pageNumber="16">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F364761E095A587BFE4043515E0BFAD9" box="[463,560,1309,1335]" name="Panama" pageId="4" pageNumber="16">Panama</collectingCountry>
are considered as the remaining portion of Central America south of Megamexico; it features a distinctive, highly endemic flora, which is otherwise floristically closer to South America (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B7F095A587BFE9F43265DFDFA6A" author="Morrone, J. J." box="[272,454,1386,1412]" pageId="4" pageNumber="16" pagination="467 - 494" refId="ref3988" refString="Morrone, J. J. (2006) Biogeographic areas and transition zones of Latin America and the Caribbean Islands based on panbiogeographic and cladistic analyses of the entomofauna. Annual Review of Entomology 51: 467 - 494." type="journal article" year="2006">Morrone 2006</bibRefCitation>
). The
<collectingRegion id="49B7F86C095A587BFD9B43265E83FA6A" box="[532,696,1386,1412]" country="Panama" name="Embera-Wounaan" pageId="4" pageNumber="16">Chocó region</collectingRegion>
also has a highly diverse and endemic-rich flora that shares elements with both the Andean region and Costa Rica-Panama (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B7F095A587BFC0243DD5812FA45" author="Gentry, A. H." box="[909,1065,1425,1451]" pageId="4" pageNumber="16" pagination="71 - 91" refId="ref3838" refString="Gentry, A. H. (1986) Species richness and floristic composition of Choco region plant communities. Caldasia 15: 71 - 91." type="journal article" year="1986">Gentry 1986</bibRefCitation>
). Here it is defined as a narrow band of perhumid vegetation associations along the western rim of the Andes from southwestern
<collectingCountry id="F364761E095A587BFAB243FB59A7FA3F" box="[1341,1436,1463,1489]" name="Panama" pageId="4" pageNumber="16">Panama</collectingCountry>
southward into northwestern
<collectingCountry id="F364761E095A587BFE7143925E5EFA16" box="[510,613,1502,1528]" name="Ecuador" pageId="4" pageNumber="16">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
, essentially at low to intermediate elevations (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B7F095A587BFB2E43925963FA16" author="Morrone, J. J." box="[1185,1368,1502,1528]" pageId="4" pageNumber="16" pagination="467 - 494" refId="ref3988" refString="Morrone, J. J. (2006) Biogeographic areas and transition zones of Latin America and the Caribbean Islands based on panbiogeographic and cladistic analyses of the entomofauna. Annual Review of Entomology 51: 467 - 494." type="journal article" year="2006">Morrone 2006</bibRefCitation>
). The Amazon region here is defined as the Amazon River drainage at elevations below
<quantity id="4C8B9B6B095A587BFBFB404958FBF9F1" box="[1140,1216,1541,1567]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="16" unit="m" value="500.0">500 m</quantity>
(rarely to
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). The Andean Region is understood here as the slopes and peaks of this mountain range at elevations above
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<quantity id="4C8B9B6B095A587BFAFF40675C8AF982" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="16" unit="m" value="500.0">500 m</quantity>
.
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The Guayana region refers to the granitic and quartz outcrops and derived soils in southwestern
<collectingCountry id="F364761E095A587BFAAE401E59A3F982" box="[1313,1432,1618,1644]" name="Colombia" pageId="4" pageNumber="16">Colombia</collectingCountry>
, southern
<collectingCountry id="F364761E095A587BFE8840355DBEF97D" box="[263,389,1657,1683]" name="Venezuela" pageId="4" pageNumber="16">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
, and the countries of
<collectingCountry id="F364761E095A587BFD0440355ED0F97D" box="[651,747,1657,1683]" name="Guyana" pageId="4" pageNumber="16">Guyana</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F364761E095A587BFD7740355F51F97D" box="[760,874,1657,1683]" name="Suriname" pageId="4" pageNumber="16">Suriname</collectingCountry>
and French Guiana (the provinces of
<collectingCountry id="F364761E095A587BFAB8403559ACF97D" box="[1335,1431,1657,1683]" name="Guyana" pageId="4" pageNumber="16">Guyana</collectingCountry>
, Humid
<collectingCountry id="F364761E095A587BFF7740D35D62F957" box="[248,345,1695,1721]" name="Guyana" pageId="4" pageNumber="16">Guyana</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingRegion id="49B7F86C095A587BFE1440D35E3CF957" box="[411,519,1695,1721]" country="Brazil" name="Roraima" pageId="4" pageNumber="16">Roraima</collectingRegion>
of
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B7F095A587BFDB940D35EC7F957" author="Morrone, J. J." box="[566,764,1695,1721]" pageId="4" pageNumber="16" pagination="467 - 494" refId="ref3988" refString="Morrone, J. J. (2006) Biogeographic areas and transition zones of Latin America and the Caribbean Islands based on panbiogeographic and cladistic analyses of the entomofauna. Annual Review of Entomology 51: 467 - 494." type="journal article" year="2006">Morrone, 2006</bibRefCitation>
). The Caatinga region is defined as the dry areas of northeastern
<collectingCountry id="F364761E095A587BFEA0408A5D42F90E" box="[303,377,1734,1760]" name="Brazil" pageId="4" pageNumber="16">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, as circumscribed in
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B7F095A587BFDFF408A5F0BF90E" author="Morrone, J. J." box="[624,816,1734,1760]" pageId="4" pageNumber="16" pagination="467 - 494" refId="ref3988" refString="Morrone, J. J. (2006) Biogeographic areas and transition zones of Latin America and the Caribbean Islands based on panbiogeographic and cladistic analyses of the entomofauna. Annual Review of Entomology 51: 467 - 494." type="journal article" year="2006">Morrone (2006)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF0C6606095B587AFF1846DB5F1BFF42" ID-Table-UUID="DF0C6606095B587AFF1846DB5F1BFF42" box="[151,800,151,173]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF0C6606095B587AFF1846DB5F1BFF42" pageId="5" pageNumber="17" startId="5.[151,231,151,172]" targetBox="[165,1250,205,524]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="8BCC368E095B587AFF1846DB5F1BFF42" blockId="5.[151,800,151,173]" box="[151,800,151,173]" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="B907EA9C095B587AFF1846DB5CC5FF42" bold="true" box="[151,254,151,172]" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">TABLE 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C734D0D095B587AFE8B46D45DB0FF43" authorityName="Barbosa-Rodrigues" authorityYear="1882" box="[260,395,152,173]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Macroclinium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="5" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B907EA9C095B587AFE8B46D45DB0FF43" box="[260,395,152,173]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">Macroclinium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
diversity by major biogeographical areas.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BCC368E095B587AFE53468158B1FDE2" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">
<table id="F973C42E095BA780FF2A468158D9FDE2" box="[165,1250,205,524]" gridcols="3" gridrows="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">
<tr id="354334CC095BA780FF2A468158D9FF0C" box="[165,1250,205,226]" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="17" rowspan-0="1">
<th id="76925DB0095BA780FE5346815E1FFF0C" box="[476,548,205,226]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="B907EA9C095B587AFE5346815E1FFF0C" bold="true" box="[476,548,205,226]" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">Region</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76925DB0095BA780FBA8468158D9FF0C" box="[1063,1250,205,226]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="B907EA9C095B587AFBA8468158D9FF0C" bold="true" box="[1063,1250,205,226]" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">Number of species</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="354334CC095BA780FF2A46BB58D9FEE2" box="[165,1250,247,268]" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="17" rowspan-1="1">
<th id="76925DB0095BA780FF2A46BB5DAFFEE2" box="[165,404,247,268]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">Megamexico (ME)</th>
<td id="76925DB0095BA780FBA846BB58D9FEE2" box="[1063,1250,247,268]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334CC095BA780FF2A476E58D9FED9" box="[165,1250,290,311]" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="17" rowspan-1="1">
<th id="76925DB0095BA780FF2A476E5DAFFED9" box="[165,404,290,311]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">Costa Rica/Panama (CP)</th>
<td id="76925DB0095BA780FBA8476E58D9FED9" box="[1063,1250,290,311]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">13</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334CC095BA780FF2A470058D9FE8F" box="[165,1250,332,353]" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="17" rowspan-1="1">
<th id="76925DB0095BA780FF2A47005DAFFE8F" box="[165,404,332,353]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">Chocó (CHO)</th>
<td id="76925DB0095BA780FBA8470058D9FE8F" box="[1063,1250,332,353]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334CC095BA780FF2A473B58D9FE62" box="[165,1250,375,396]" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="17" rowspan-1="1">
<th id="76925DB0095BA780FF2A473B5DAFFE62" box="[165,404,375,396]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">N Andes (AN)</th>
<td id="76925DB0095BA780FBA8473B58D9FE62" box="[1063,1250,375,396]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">15</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334CC095BA780FF2A47ED58D9FE58" box="[165,1250,417,438]" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="17" rowspan-1="1">
<th id="76925DB0095BA780FF2A47ED5DAFFE58" box="[165,404,417,438]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">Amazonia (AM)</th>
<td id="76925DB0095BA780FBA847ED58D9FE58" box="[1063,1250,417,438]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">12</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334CC095BA780FF2A478058D9FE0F" box="[165,1250,460,481]" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="17" rowspan-1="1">
<th id="76925DB0095BA780FF2A47805DAFFE0F" box="[165,404,460,481]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">Guayana (GU)</th>
<td id="76925DB0095BA780FBA8478058D9FE0F" box="[1063,1250,460,481]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">3</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334CC095BA780FF2A47BB58D9FDE2" box="[165,1250,503,524]" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="17" rowspan-1="1">
<th id="76925DB0095BA780FF2A47BB5DAFFDE2" box="[165,404,503,524]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">Caatinga (CA)</th>
<td id="76925DB0095BA780FBA847BB58D9FDE2" box="[1063,1250,503,524]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">1</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCC368E095B587AFF49441C5963FC02" blockId="5.[151,1436,592,1004]" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">
<tableCitation id="C6F10335095B587AFF49441C5D26FD84" box="[198,285,592,618]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,231,1055,1076]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="TABLE 3. Number of Macroclinium species by country." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF0C6606095B587AFF1842535E8CFBDB" pageId="5" pageNumber="17" tableUuid="DF0C6606095B587AFF1842535E8CFBDB">Table 3</tableCitation>
presents the diversity of the genus by country as well as the species that are endemic to each. The genus
<taxonomicName id="4C734D0D095B587AFF6A443B5DB5FD7E" authorityName="Barbosa-Rodrigues" authorityYear="1882" box="[229,398,631,656]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Macroclinium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="5" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B907EA9C095B587AFF6A443B5DB5FD7E" box="[229,398,631,656]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">Macroclinium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is most diverse along a relatively narrow strip of tropical cloud forests ranging from central
<collectingCountry id="F364761E095B587AFF7D44D15D4CFD59" box="[242,375,669,695]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
into
<collectingCountry id="F364761E095B587AFE3744D15E2CFD59" box="[440,535,669,695]" name="Panama" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">Panama</collectingCountry>
southward into the northwestern Andes of
<collectingCountry id="F364761E095B587AFBA344D1589DFD59" box="[1068,1190,669,695]" name="Colombia" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">Colombia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F364761E095B587AFB3B44D15920FD59" box="[1204,1307,669,695]" name="Ecuador" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
, and
<collectingCountry id="F364761E095B587AFAD244D159ACFD59" box="[1373,1431,669,695]" name="Peru" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">Peru</collectingCountry>
, where most of the species occur. There is a secondary centre of diversity in the western Amazonian region with 12 species. However, with the exception of 3-4 species, these are all restricted to the low-lying Amazonian slopes of the Andes, where there is a continuum of narrowly distributed species, discontinuously arranged along an elevational gradient. Thus, there are apparently no sharp limits between the
<taxonomicName id="4C734D0D095B587AFB79457459A0FCBF" authorityName="Barbosa-Rodrigues" authorityYear="1882" box="[1270,1435,824,849]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Macroclinium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="5" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B907EA9C095B587AFB79457459A0FCBF" box="[1270,1435,824,849]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">Macroclinium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
biotas of the two biogeographical areas. There are only a few species of
<taxonomicName id="4C734D0D095B587AFB8945135895FC96" authorityName="Barbosa-Rodrigues" authorityYear="1882" box="[1030,1198,863,888]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Macroclinium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="5" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B907EA9C095B587AFB8945135895FC96" box="[1030,1198,863,888]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">Macroclinium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as we go eastward, away from the Andes, and these are widely distributed, e.g.
<taxonomicName id="4C734D0D095B587AFCD345CA5FDCFC71" authorityName="Dodson" authorityYear="1984" baseAuthorityName="Schweinfurth" baseAuthorityYear="1946" box="[860,999,902,927]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Macroclinium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="5" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mirabile">
<emphasis id="B907EA9C095B587AFCD345CA5FDCFC71" box="[860,999,902,927]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">M. mirabile</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C734D0D095B587AFBAE45CA590FFC71" authorityName="Dodson" authorityYear="1984" baseAuthorityName="Focke" baseAuthorityYear="1853" box="[1057,1332,902,927]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Macroclinium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="5" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="wullschlaegelianum">
<emphasis id="B907EA9C095B587AFBAE45CA590FFC71" box="[1057,1332,902,927]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">M. wullschlaegelianum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, ranging into the Guayana region. Absence of the genus is noteworthy in central and southestern
<collectingCountry id="F364761E095B587AFB3645E0593EFC28" box="[1209,1285,940,966]" name="Brazil" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, and there is low diversity in the Guayana region and Megamexico. The genus is totally absent from the West Indies.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF0C6606095B587AFF1842535E8CFBDB" ID-Table-UUID="DF0C6606095B587AFF1842535E8CFBDB" box="[151,695,1055,1077]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF0C6606095B587AFF1842535E8CFBDB" pageId="5" pageNumber="17" startId="5.[151,231,1055,1076]" targetBox="[165,1291,1109,1811]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="8BCC368E095B587AFF1842535E8CFBDB" blockId="5.[151,695,1055,1077]" box="[151,695,1055,1077]" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="B907EA9C095B587AFF1842535CC5FBDA" bold="true" box="[151,254,1055,1076]" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">TABLE 3.</emphasis>
Number of
<taxonomicName id="4C734D0D095B587AFEFC426C5E7EFBDB" box="[371,581,1056,1077]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Macroclinium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="5" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B907EA9C095B587AFEFC426C5DC1FBDB" box="[371,506,1056,1077]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">Macroclinium</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
by country.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BCC368E095B587AFEBE42195880F8FD" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">
<table id="F973C42E095BA780FF2A42195930F8FD" box="[165,1291,1109,1811]" gridcols="3" gridrows="17" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">
<tr id="354334CC095BA780FF2A42195930FB84" box="[165,1291,1109,1130]" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">
<th id="76925DB0095BA780FF2A42195DB3FB84" box="[165,392,1109,1130]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="B907EA9C095B587AFEBE42195DB3FB84" bold="true" box="[305,392,1109,1130]" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">Country</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76925DB0095BA780FD1342195F6CFB84" box="[668,855,1109,1130]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="B907EA9C095B587AFD1342195F6CFB84" bold="true" box="[668,855,1109,1130]" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">Number of species</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76925DB0095BA780FBEB42195930FB84" box="[1124,1291,1109,1130]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="B907EA9C095B587AFBEB42195930FB84" bold="true" box="[1124,1291,1109,1130]" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">Endemic species</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="354334CC095BA780FF2A42335930FB7A" box="[165,1291,1151,1172]" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">
<th id="76925DB0095BA780FF2A42335DB3FB7A" box="[165,392,1151,1172]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">Costa Rica</th>
<td id="76925DB0095BA780FD1342335F6CFB7A" box="[668,855,1151,1172]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">11</td>
<td id="76925DB0095BA780FBEB42335930FB7A" box="[1124,1291,1151,1172]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">5</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334CC095BA780FF2A42E65930FB51" box="[165,1291,1194,1215]" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">
<th id="76925DB0095BA780FF2A42E65DB3FB51" box="[165,392,1194,1215]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">Peru</th>
<td id="76925DB0095BA780FD1342E65F6CFB51" box="[668,855,1194,1215]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">10</td>
<td id="76925DB0095BA780FBEB42E65930FB51" box="[1124,1291,1194,1215]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">5</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334CC095BA780FF2A42995930FB04" box="[165,1291,1237,1258]" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">
<th id="76925DB0095BA780FF2A42995DB3FB04" box="[165,392,1237,1258]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">Colombia</th>
<td id="76925DB0095BA780FD1342995F6CFB04" box="[668,855,1237,1258]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">9</td>
<td id="76925DB0095BA780FBEB42995930FB04" box="[1124,1291,1237,1258]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">5</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334CC095BA780FF2A42B35930FAFA" box="[165,1291,1279,1300]" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">
<th id="76925DB0095BA780FF2A42B35DB3FAFA" box="[165,392,1279,1300]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">Ecuador</th>
<td id="76925DB0095BA780FD1342B35F6CFAFA" box="[668,855,1279,1300]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">8</td>
<td id="76925DB0095BA780FBEB42B35930FAFA" box="[1124,1291,1279,1300]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334CC095BA780FF2A43665930FAD1" box="[165,1291,1322,1343]" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">
<th id="76925DB0095BA780FF2A43665DB3FAD1" box="[165,392,1322,1343]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">Panama</th>
<td id="76925DB0095BA780FD1343665F6CFAD1" box="[668,855,1322,1343]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">7</td>
<td id="76925DB0095BA780FBEB43665930FAD1" box="[1124,1291,1322,1343]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334CC095BA780FF2A43185930FA87" box="[165,1291,1364,1385]" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">
<th id="76925DB0095BA780FF2A43185DB3FA87" box="[165,392,1364,1385]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">Brazil</th>
<td id="76925DB0095BA780FD1343185F6CFA87" box="[668,855,1364,1385]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">5</td>
<td id="76925DB0095BA780FBEB43185930FA87" box="[1124,1291,1364,1385]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">3</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334CC095BA780FF2A43335930FA7A" box="[165,1291,1407,1428]" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">
<th id="76925DB0095BA780FF2A43335DB3FA7A" box="[165,392,1407,1428]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">Bolivia</th>
<td id="76925DB0095BA780FD1343335F6CFA7A" box="[668,855,1407,1428]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">5</td>
<td id="76925DB0095BA780FBEB43335930FA7A" box="[1124,1291,1407,1428]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">2</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334CC095BA780FF2A43E55930FA50" box="[165,1291,1449,1470]" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">
<th id="76925DB0095BA780FF2A43E55DB3FA50" box="[165,392,1449,1470]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">Venezuela</th>
<td id="76925DB0095BA780FD1343E55F6CFA50" box="[668,855,1449,1470]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">4</td>
<td id="76925DB0095BA780FBEB43E55930FA50" box="[1124,1291,1449,1470]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334CC095BA780FF2A43985930FA07" box="[165,1291,1492,1513]" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">
<th id="76925DB0095BA780FF2A43985DB3FA07" box="[165,392,1492,1513]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">Mexico</th>
<td id="76925DB0095BA780FD1343985F6CFA07" box="[668,855,1492,1513]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">3</td>
<td id="76925DB0095BA780FBEB43985930FA07" box="[1124,1291,1492,1513]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">2</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334CC095BA780FF2A43B25930F9FD" box="[165,1291,1534,1555]" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">
<th id="76925DB0095BA780FF2A43B25DB3F9FD" box="[165,392,1534,1555]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">Nicaragua</th>
<td id="76925DB0095BA780FD1343B25F6CF9FD" box="[668,855,1534,1555]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">2</td>
<td id="76925DB0095BA780FBEB43B25930F9FD" box="[1124,1291,1534,1555]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">-</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334CC095BA780FF2A40655930F9D0" box="[165,1291,1577,1598]" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">
<th id="76925DB0095BA780FF2A40655DB3F9D0" box="[165,392,1577,1598]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">Guyana</th>
<td id="76925DB0095BA780FD1340655F6CF9D0" box="[668,855,1577,1598]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">2</td>
<td id="76925DB0095BA780FBEB40655930F9D0" box="[1124,1291,1577,1598]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">-</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334CC095BA780FF2A40185930F987" box="[165,1291,1620,1641]" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">
<th id="76925DB0095BA780FF2A40185DB3F987" box="[165,392,1620,1641]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">Surinam</th>
<td id="76925DB0095BA780FD1340185F6CF987" box="[668,855,1620,1641]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">2</td>
<td id="76925DB0095BA780FBEB40185930F987" box="[1124,1291,1620,1641]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">-</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334CC095BA780FF2A40325930F97D" box="[165,1291,1662,1683]" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">
<th id="76925DB0095BA780FF2A40325DB3F97D" box="[165,392,1662,1683]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">French Guiana</th>
<td id="76925DB0095BA780FD1340325F6CF97D" box="[668,855,1662,1683]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">1</td>
<td id="76925DB0095BA780FBEB40325930F97D" box="[1124,1291,1662,1683]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">-</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334CC095BA780FF2A40E45930F953" box="[165,1291,1704,1725]" gridrow="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">
<th id="76925DB0095BA780FF2A40E45DB3F953" box="[165,392,1704,1725]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">Guatemala</th>
<td id="76925DB0095BA780FD1340E45F6CF953" box="[668,855,1704,1725]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">1</td>
<td id="76925DB0095BA780FBEB40E45930F953" box="[1124,1291,1704,1725]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">-</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334CC095BA780FF2A409F5930F906" box="[165,1291,1747,1768]" gridrow="15" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">
<th id="76925DB0095BA780FF2A409F5DB3F906" box="[165,392,1747,1768]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">Honduras</th>
<td id="76925DB0095BA780FD13409F5F6CF906" box="[668,855,1747,1768]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">1</td>
<td id="76925DB0095BA780FBEB409F5930F906" box="[1124,1291,1747,1768]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">-</td>
</tr>
<tr id="354334CC095BA780FF2A40B25930F8FD" box="[165,1291,1790,1811]" gridrow="16" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">
<th id="76925DB0095BA780FF2A40B25DB3F8FD" box="[165,392,1790,1811]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">El Salvador</th>
<td id="76925DB0095BA780FD1340B25F6CF8FD" box="[668,855,1790,1811]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">1</td>
<td id="76925DB0095BA780FBEB40B25930F8FD" box="[1124,1291,1790,1811]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">-</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCC368E095B5879FF4941275ECCFE09" blockId="5.[151,1436,1899,2002]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1436,152,487]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="5" pageNumber="17">
Biogeographically, the genus presents the typical pattern described by
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B7F095B587AFB9F41275906F86B" author="Gentry, A. H. &amp; Dodson, C. H." box="[1040,1341,1899,1925]" pageId="5" pageNumber="17" pagination="205 - 233" refId="ref3865" refString="Gentry, A. H. &amp; Dodson, C. H. (1987) Diversity and biogeography of Neotropical vascular epiphytes. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 74: 205 - 233." type="journal article" year="1987">Gentry &amp; Dodson (1987)</bibRefCitation>
of high epiphytic diversity in the northwestern Andean region. This is most likely explained by the “evolutionary explosion” hypothesis of
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B7F095B587AFE4141F45E46F83C" author="Gentry, A. H." box="[462,637,1976,2002]" pageId="5" pageNumber="17" pagination="1 - 84" refId="ref3814" refString="Gentry, A. H. (1982) Patterns of Neotropical plant species diversity. Evolutionary Biology 15: 1 - 84." type="journal article" year="1982">Gentry (1982)</bibRefCitation>
, in which swarms of closely related species occur closely packed together in small areas. This is probably due to the existence of many favorable microniches (due to high rainfall and even tropical temperatures) associated with the complex orography of the area and intermediate levels of disturbance (due mostly to landslides and volcanic activity). All this favors a scenario of repeated events of colonizations and local extinctions with genetic bottlenecks and “shifting balance” founder events (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B7F09585879FF10477E5D51FEA2" author="Templeton, A. R." box="[159,362,306,332]" pageId="6" pageNumber="18" pagination="1011 - 1038" refId="ref4295" refString="Templeton, A. R. (1980) The theory of speciation via the founder principle. Genetics 94: 1011 - 1038." type="journal article" year="1980">Templeton, 1980</bibRefCitation>
), prompting active speciation.
<taxonomicName id="4C734D0D09585879FD5E477E5FF3FEA2" box="[721,968,306,332]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polyclinidae" genus="Macroclinum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="6" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B907EA9C09585879FD5E477E5F55FEA5" box="[721,878,306,331]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="18">Macroclinum</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
tend to feature narrow distributions and typically occur as isolated populations surrounded by large areas where the genus is apparently absent, a populational feature that allows for the biogeographical pattern described above. However, since the plants are small and inconspicuous, they are frequently overlooked and undercollected, possibly obscuring underlying biogeographical and ecological patterns.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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