406 lines
40 KiB
XML
406 lines
40 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.11609/JoTT.o3152.2718-22" ID-ISSN="0974-7907" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5032254" approvalRequired="4" approvalRequired_for_textStreams="4" checkinTime="1624628355520" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Kananbala, A., Manoj, K., Bhubaneshwari, M., Binarani, A. & Siliwal, Manju" docDate="2012" docId="03DA878B5454FF9BA551FF0205FEF833" docLanguage="en" docName="JThreatenedTaxa.4.7.2718-2722.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Threatened Taxa 4 (7)" docSource="http://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/article/view/776" docStyle="DocumentStyle:4DDA3ECA84577246BE6182A9D0138992.1:JThreatenedTaxa.2010-2012.communications" docStyleId="4DDA3ECA84577246BE6182A9D0138992" docStyleName="JThreatenedTaxa.2010-2012.communications" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Latrodectus elegans Thorell 1898" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="2721" masterDocId="FFE3FFF35455FF98A442FFEB0770FF8B" masterDocTitle="The first report of the widow spider Latrodectus elegans (Araneae: Theridiidae) from India" masterLastPageNumber="2722" masterPageNumber="2718" pageId="1" pageNumber="2719" updateTime="1624628665144" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>The first report of the widow spider Latrodectus elegans (Araneae: Theridiidae) from India</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Kananbala, A.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Manoj, K.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Bhubaneshwari, M.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Binarani, A.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Siliwal, Manju</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Journal of Threatened Taxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2012</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2012-07-26</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>4</mods:number>
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||
</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>7</mods:number>
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||
</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>2718</mods:start>
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<mods:end>2722</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/article/view/776</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.11609/JoTT.o3152.2718-22</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">0974-7907</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">5032254</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">589567FA-2A7F-4A21-8026-5235B959848F</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DA878B5454FF9BA551FF0205FEF833" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DA878B5454FF9BA551FF0205FEF833" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="2721" pageId="1" pageNumber="2719">
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<subSubSection box="[275,670,233,260]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2719" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="1.[275,670,233,298]" box="[275,670,233,260]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2719">
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<heading box="[275,670,233,260]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="2719" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName authority="Thorell, 1898" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1898" box="[275,670,233,260]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Latrodectus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="2719" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="elegans">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[275,670,233,260]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2719">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[275,506,233,260]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2719">Latrodectus elegans</emphasis>
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Thorell, 1898
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[344,601,271,298]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2719" type="description">
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||
<paragraph blockId="1.[275,670,233,298]" box="[344,601,271,298]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2719">
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||
(
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||
<figureCitation box="[352,460,271,298]" captionStart="Figures 1–5" captionStartId="1.[171,248,1941,1961]" captionTargetBox="[181,1410,1290,1922]" captionTargetId="figure-416@1.[604,969,1284,1916]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Figures 1–5. Latrodectus elegans, female from Manipur (WILD-11-ARA-1113)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5032256" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5032256/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2719">Figs. 1–5</figureCitation>
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;
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<figureCitation box="[472,591,271,298]" captionStart="Images 1–5" captionStartId="2.[169,243,1625,1645]" captionTargetBox="[172,768,240,1612]" captionTargetId="figure-495@2.[169,772,712,1080]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Images 1–5. Latrodectus elegans, female." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5032258" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5032258/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2719">Image 1–5</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="2719" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="1.[170,782,346,1194]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2719">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[208,458,346,372]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2719">Material Examined:</emphasis>
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<materialsCitation collectingDate="2011-05-05" collectingDateMax="2011-05-08" collectingDateMin="2011-05-05" collectionCode="WILD" collectorName="K. Manoj & Manoj, A & M. Bhubaneshwari" country="India" elevation="930" location="Thawai Village" municipality="Ukhrul District" pageId="1" pageNumber="2719" specimenCode="WILD-11" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Manipur">
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Two females,
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<date box="[645,770,346,373]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2719" value="2011-05-05" valueMax="2011-05-08" valueMin="2011-05-05">
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<collectingDate box="[645,770,346,373]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2719" value="2011-05-05" valueMax="2011-05-08" valueMin="2011-05-05">5–8.v.2011</collectingDate>
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</date>
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,
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<elevation box="[170,352,383,409]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.3" pageId="1" pageNumber="2719" unit="m" value="930.0">
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elevation
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<quantity box="[285,352,383,409]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.3" pageId="1" pageNumber="2719" unit="m" value="930.0">930m</quantity>
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</elevation>
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, (
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<superScript attach="none" box="[376,441,383,410]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="2719">24055</superScript>
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’08.85”N &
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<superScript attach="none" box="[592,660,383,410]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="2719">94009</superScript>
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’13.59”E),
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DA878B5454FF9BA551FF0205FEF833:8EAC60465454FF99A4E8FE4F0629FE35" box="[170,345,420,446]" country="India" municipality="Ukhrul District" name="Thawai Village" pageId="1" pageNumber="2719" stateProvince="Manipur">Thawai Village</location>
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,
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<collectingMunicipality box="[357,531,420,446]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2719">Ukhrul District</collectingMunicipality>
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,
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<collectingRegion box="[543,641,420,446]" country="India" name="Manipur" pageId="1" pageNumber="2719">Manipur</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[653,713,420,446]" name="India" pageId="1" pageNumber="2719">India</collectingCountry>
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, coll.
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<collectorName box="[170,278,458,484]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2719">K. Manoj</collectorName>
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, A. Kananbala &
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<collectorName box="[469,680,458,484]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2719">M. Bhubaneshwari</collectorName>
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(
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<collectionCode box="[693,770,458,484]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2719">WILD</collectionCode>
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,
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<specimenCode box="[170,281,495,521]" collectionCode="WILD-" pageId="1" pageNumber="2719">WILD-11</specimenCode>
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-ARA-1113,
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<specimenCode box="[425,536,495,521]" collectionCode="WILD-" pageId="1" pageNumber="2719">WILD-11</specimenCode>
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-ARA-1114)
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="2720" pageId="1" pageNumber="2719" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="1.[170,782,346,1194]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2719">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[208,767,532,558]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2719">Description of female (WILD-11-ARA-1113)</emphasis>
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: Total length 9.53. Cephalothorax 5.8 long, 5.73 wide. Abdomen 3.73 long, 3.36 wide and 6.01 high. Morphometry of legs and palp given in
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<tableCitation box="[624,709,644,671]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[810,864,238,258]" captionText="Table 1. Morphometry of legs and palp of female (WILD-11- ARA-1113) from Manipur" pageId="1" pageNumber="2719">Table 1</tableCitation>
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. Leg formula 1423.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="1.[170,782,346,1194]" lastBlockId="1.[813,1418,234,1193]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2719">
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Colour in life (
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<figureCitation box="[379,522,719,745]" captionStart="Images 1–5" captionStartId="2.[169,243,1625,1645]" captionTargetBox="[172,768,240,1612]" captionTargetId="figure-495@2.[169,772,712,1080]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Images 1–5. Latrodectus elegans, female." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5032258" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5032258/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2719">Images. 1–3</figureCitation>
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): Carapace, abdomen, spinnerets and legs black. Metatarsi and tarsi of all legs slightly lighter than the rest of the legs. Abdomen black with bright blood-red pattern on dorsum, posterior half chevron shape extending laterally and on anterior half two curved bands (
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<figureCitation box="[559,651,906,932]" captionStart="Images 1–5" captionStartId="2.[169,243,1625,1645]" captionTargetBox="[172,768,240,1612]" captionTargetId="figure-495@2.[169,772,712,1080]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Images 1–5. Latrodectus elegans, female." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5032258" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5032258/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2719">Image 1</figureCitation>
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); ventrally an hour-glass mark, blood red between epigastric area and spinnerets (
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<figureCitation box="[351,447,981,1007]" captionStart="Images 1–5" captionStartId="2.[169,243,1625,1645]" captionTargetBox="[172,768,240,1612]" captionTargetId="figure-495@2.[169,772,712,1080]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Images 1–5. Latrodectus elegans, female." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5032258" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5032258/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2719">Image 3</figureCitation>
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); a vertical black-line in the middle of the hour-glass mark. Book lung light brown, epigynum reddish-brown. The book lungs, epigynum, epigastric furrow are surrounded by a light yellowish border, the extension of the red hour-glass. In alcohol, red colour pattern on abdomen fades and is yellowish- red dorsally but large patch on ventral side disappeared reducing to a yellowish-cream patch of lower lip shape below the epigastric furrow and an irregular patch above the spinnerets, in between connecting red patch is not visible, but it is replaced with blackish colour as the rest of the abdomen.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="1.[813,1418,234,1193]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2719">
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Carapace (
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<figureCitation box="[978,1052,458,484]" captionStart="Figures 1–5" captionStartId="1.[171,248,1941,1961]" captionTargetBox="[181,1410,1290,1922]" captionTargetId="figure-416@1.[604,969,1284,1916]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Figures 1–5. Latrodectus elegans, female from Manipur (WILD-11-ARA-1113)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5032256" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5032256/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2719">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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; Images 1,3): black, fovea as wide depression in the centre, striae radiating on sides. Slightly longer than wide, thoracic area broader than cephalic area, ocular area high gradually sloping posteriorly. Spines absent, covered with small hairs. Eyes (
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<figureCitation box="[889,961,644,670]" captionStart="Figures 1–5" captionStartId="1.[171,248,1941,1961]" captionTargetBox="[181,1410,1290,1922]" captionTargetId="figure-416@1.[604,969,1284,1916]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Figures 1–5. Latrodectus elegans, female from Manipur (WILD-11-ARA-1113)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5032256" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5032256/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2719">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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): eight, transparent eyes except PME, opaque, on low tubercles, two rows anterior row recurved, posterior rows slightly recurved; PME distinctly large, PLE, ALE subequal and AME-PME equal. Diameter of PME=AME, 0.20, PLE=ALE, 0.3; Distance between AME-AME, 0.20, PME-PME, 0.27, PME-PLE 0.27, AME-ALE, 1.30, ALE-PLE, 0.33; MOQ, square, 0.67 wide, 0.73 long; Ocular group 1.00 long and 1.87 wide. Clypeus: yellowish, glabrous with long posterior end as seen in the genus
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<emphasis box="[1316,1411,980,1006]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2719">steotoda</emphasis>
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. Chelicerae: 1.27 long, 0.47 wide, yellowish-orange with light brown fangs, two black dots at base on either side of fangs. Labium (
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<figureCitation box="[1074,1144,1092,1118]" captionStart="Figures 1–5" captionStartId="1.[171,248,1941,1961]" captionTargetBox="[181,1410,1290,1922]" captionTargetId="figure-416@1.[604,969,1284,1916]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Figures 1–5. Latrodectus elegans, female from Manipur (WILD-11-ARA-1113)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5032256" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5032256/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2719">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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): wider (1.00) than long (0.73), yellowish with 8–9 black hairs. Maxillae (
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 1–5" captionStartId="1.[171,248,1941,1961]" captionTargetBox="[181,1410,1290,1922]" captionTargetId="figure-416@1.[604,969,1284,1916]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Figures 1–5. Latrodectus elegans, female from Manipur (WILD-11-ARA-1113)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5032256" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5032256/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2719">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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): 1.0 long anteriorly, 1.47 long posteriorly, 0.6 wide,
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</paragraph>
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5032256" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5032256" box="[171,941,1941,1961]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5032256/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2719" startId="1.[171,248,1941,1961]" targetBox="[181,1410,1290,1922]" targetPageId="1">
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<paragraph blockId="1.[171,1399,1941,2012]" box="[171,941,1941,1961]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2719">
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Figures 1–5.
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1898" box="[302,509,1941,1961]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Latrodectus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="2719" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="elegans">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[302,509,1941,1961]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2719">Latrodectus elegans</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, female from Manipur (WILD-11-ARA-1113)
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph blockId="1.[171,1399,1941,2012]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2719">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2719">1 - Carapace and abdomen dorsal view; 2 - Carapace and abdomen ventral view; 3 - Abdomen, lateral view; 4 - Epigynum, ventral view; 5 - Epigynum, dorsal view. Scale 1.0mm.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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||
<caption pageId="2" pageNumber="2720" startId="2.[810,864,238,258]">
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<paragraph blockId="2.[810,1402,238,284]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">Table 1. Morphometry of legs and palp of female (WILD-11- ARA-1113) from Manipur</paragraph>
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||
</caption>
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||
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">
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||
<table box="[829,1388,317,562]" gridcols="6" gridrows="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">
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||
<tr box="[829,1388,317,335]" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720" rowspan-0="1">
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||
<td box="[954,1001,317,335]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[955,998,317,335]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">Leg I</emphasis>
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</td>
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||
<td box="[1050,1099,317,335]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1050,1099,317,335]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">Leg II</emphasis>
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</td>
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||
<td box="[1146,1200,317,335]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1146,1200,317,335]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">Leg III</emphasis>
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</td>
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||
<td box="[1243,1299,317,335]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1243,1299,317,335]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">Leg IV</emphasis>
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</td>
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||
<td box="[1349,1388,317,335]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1349,1388,317,335]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">Palp</emphasis>
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</td>
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||
</tr>
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||
<tr box="[829,1388,355,373]" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">
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||
<td box="[829,911,355,373]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">
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||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[829,886,355,373]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">Femur</emphasis>
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||
</td>
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||
<td box="[954,1001,355,373]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">6.55</td>
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||
<td box="[1050,1099,355,373]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">4.5</td>
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||
<td box="[1146,1200,355,373]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">3.39</td>
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<td box="[1243,1299,355,373]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">6.19</td>
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||
<td box="[1349,1388,355,373]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">1.11</td>
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||
</tr>
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||
<tr box="[829,1388,393,411]" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">
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||
<td box="[829,911,393,411]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[829,889,393,411]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">Patella</emphasis>
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</td>
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<td box="[954,1001,393,411]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">1.89</td>
|
||
<td box="[1050,1099,393,411]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">1.56</td>
|
||
<td box="[1146,1200,393,411]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">1,42</td>
|
||
<td box="[1243,1299,393,411]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">1.90</td>
|
||
<td box="[1349,1388,393,411]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">0.26</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[829,1388,431,449]" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">
|
||
<td box="[829,911,431,449]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[829,872,431,449]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">Tibia</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[954,1001,431,449]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">4.89</td>
|
||
<td box="[1050,1099,431,449]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">3.05</td>
|
||
<td box="[1146,1200,431,449]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">2.06</td>
|
||
<td box="[1243,1299,431,449]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">4.31</td>
|
||
<td box="[1349,1388,431,449]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">0.50</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[829,1388,469,487]" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">
|
||
<td box="[829,911,469,487]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[829,911,469,487]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">Metatarsi</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[954,1001,469,487]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">6.20</td>
|
||
<td box="[1050,1099,469,487]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">3.91</td>
|
||
<td box="[1146,1200,469,487]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">3.35</td>
|
||
<td box="[1243,1299,469,487]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">5.08</td>
|
||
<td box="[1349,1388,469,487]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">-</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[829,1388,506,524]" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">
|
||
<td box="[829,911,506,524]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[829,872,506,524]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">Tarsi</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[954,1001,506,524]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">1.94</td>
|
||
<td box="[1050,1099,506,524]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">1.50</td>
|
||
<td box="[1146,1200,506,524]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">1.17</td>
|
||
<td box="[1243,1299,506,524]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">1.70</td>
|
||
<td box="[1349,1388,506,524]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">0.95</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[829,1388,544,562]" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">
|
||
<td box="[829,911,544,562]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[829,872,544,562]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">Total</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[954,1001,544,562]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">21.47</td>
|
||
<td box="[1050,1099,544,562]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">14.52</td>
|
||
<td box="[1146,1200,544,562]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">9.97</td>
|
||
<td box="[1243,1299,544,562]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">19.18</td>
|
||
<td box="[1349,1388,544,562]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">2.82</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5032258" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5032258" box="[169,589,1625,1645]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5032258/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720" startId="2.[169,243,1625,1645]" targetBox="[172,768,240,1612]" targetPageId="2">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="2.[169,766,1625,1722]" box="[169,589,1625,1645]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">
|
||
Images 1–5.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1898" box="[296,503,1625,1645]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Latrodectus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="elegans">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[296,503,1625,1645]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">Latrodectus elegans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, female.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="2.[169,766,1625,1722]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">
|
||
1 - Dorsal view; 2 - Ventral view; 3 - Lateral view; 4 - Ventral view; 5 - Epigynum, dorsal view.
|
||
<figureCitation box="[501,616,1676,1696]" captionStart="Images 1–5" captionStartId="2.[169,243,1625,1645]" captionTargetBox="[172,768,240,1612]" captionTargetId="figure-495@2.[169,772,712,1080]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Images 1–5. Latrodectus elegans, female." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5032258" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5032258/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">Images 1–3</figureCitation>
|
||
of specimen WILD-11-ARA-1113, 4–5 of specimen WILD-11-ARA-1114.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="2.[170,776,1805,2018]" lastBlockId="2.[812,1424,649,1274]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">yellowish-orange with 12–15 widely spaced black hair. Leg: formula 1423, coxal base seen from dorsal side, yellowish-orange except distal ends of femora, patella, tibia, metatarsi and tarsi with brown annulets; paired claws without dentitions/teeth, inferior claw present leg I-IV. Palp: yellowish-orange with black annulets on tarsi, single curve claw without teeth.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="2.[812,1424,649,1274]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">
|
||
Abdomen (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[989,1111,687,713]" captionStart="Figures 1–5" captionStartId="1.[171,248,1941,1961]" captionTargetBox="[181,1410,1290,1922]" captionTargetId="figure-416@1.[604,969,1284,1916]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Figures 1–5. Latrodectus elegans, female from Manipur (WILD-11-ARA-1113)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5032256" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5032256/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">Figs. 1–3</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1137,1283,687,713]" captionStart="Images 1–5" captionStartId="2.[169,243,1625,1645]" captionTargetBox="[172,768,240,1612]" captionTargetId="figure-495@2.[169,772,712,1080]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Images 1–5. Latrodectus elegans, female." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5032258" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5032258/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">Images 1–3</figureCitation>
|
||
): globular, slightly longer than wide, overlapping carapace, covered uniformly with small black hairs. Spinnerets, three pairs, conical, situated towards posterior end (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[820,890,836,862]" captionStart="Figures 1–5" captionStartId="1.[171,248,1941,1961]" captionTargetBox="[181,1410,1290,1922]" captionTargetId="figure-416@1.[604,969,1284,1916]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Figures 1–5. Latrodectus elegans, female from Manipur (WILD-11-ARA-1113)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5032256" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5032256/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). Colulus large.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="2.[812,1424,649,1274]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">
|
||
Epigynum (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[996,1120,873,900]" captionStart="Figures 1–5" captionStartId="1.[171,248,1941,1961]" captionTargetBox="[181,1410,1290,1922]" captionTargetId="figure-416@1.[604,969,1284,1916]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Figures 1–5. Latrodectus elegans, female from Manipur (WILD-11-ARA-1113)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5032256" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5032256/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">Figs. 4–5</figureCitation>
|
||
): Ventrally, opening of epigynum lip shape, anterior lip with a notch in the centre and posterior lip gently curved and not extending on each side beyond opening of epigynum (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1330,1408,985,1012]" captionStart="Figures 1–5" captionStartId="1.[171,248,1941,1961]" captionTargetBox="[181,1410,1290,1922]" captionTargetId="figure-416@1.[604,969,1284,1916]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Figures 1–5. Latrodectus elegans, female from Manipur (WILD-11-ARA-1113)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5032256" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5032256/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). Dorsally, seminal receptacles dumbbell-shaped, constriction in the middle; short, curved fertilization duct on the prolateral side of the posterior receptacles; copulatory ducts coiled four times around the seminal receptacles and opens externally; median parts of copulatory ducts loop back near anterior seminal receptacles as seen in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[1059,1182,1248,1273]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Latrodectus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mactans">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1059,1182,1248,1273]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">L. mactans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1198,1266,1247,1274]" captionStart="Figures 1–5" captionStartId="1.[171,248,1941,1961]" captionTargetBox="[181,1410,1290,1922]" captionTargetId="figure-416@1.[604,969,1284,1916]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Figures 1–5. Latrodectus elegans, female from Manipur (WILD-11-ARA-1113)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5032256" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5032256/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="2721" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="2.[812,1418,1322,2020]" box="[812,921,1322,1348]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[812,921,1322,1348]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="2.[812,1418,1322,2020]" lastBlockId="3.[170,775,233,520]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="2721" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">
|
||
The ventral red hour-glass marking was very evident and bright in all the spiders in life (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Images 1–5" captionStartId="2.[169,243,1625,1645]" captionTargetBox="[172,768,240,1612]" captionTargetId="figure-495@2.[169,772,712,1080]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Images 1–5. Latrodectus elegans, female." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5032258" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5032258/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">Images. 2, 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). But on preserving them in 70% alcohol, in one of the specimens, the ventral red hour-glass marking disappeared except for two small patches (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Images 1–5" captionStartId="2.[169,243,1625,1645]" captionTargetBox="[172,768,240,1612]" captionTargetId="figure-495@2.[169,772,712,1080]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Images 1–5. Latrodectus elegans, female." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5032258" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5032258/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">Image 2</figureCitation>
|
||
), one below epigastral furrow and another above spinnerets, the connecting red patch disappeared. The only difference between
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1084,1192,1620,1646]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schmidt & Klaas" authorityYear="1991" box="[1197,1372,1620,1646]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Latrodectus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erythromelas">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1197,1372,1620,1646]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">L. erythromelas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and Australian Red-back Spider
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1870" box="[1134,1251,1657,1683]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Latrodectus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hasselti">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1134,1251,1657,1683]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">L. hasselti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the absence of hour glass marking on ventral side of abdomen. With the present finding, the ventral abdomen hourglass marking becoming invisible in alcohol raises questions about
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schmidt & Klaas" authorityYear="1991" box="[1001,1180,1807,1833]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Latrodectus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erythromelas">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1001,1180,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">L. erythromelas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as the spider would have been described based on preserved specimens and it is likely that the hour-glass marking disappeared in the preserved specimen. Moreover,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Walckenaer" authorityYear="1805" box="[1284,1417,1919,1945]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Latrodectus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1284,1417,1919,1945]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720">Latrodectus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
shows high variability within the species and also different stages of growth (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Levi, H. W." box="[1138,1262,1993,2020]" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720" pagination="7 - 43" refId="ref2946" refString="Levi, H. W. (1959). The spider genus Latrodectus (Araneae, Theridiidae). Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 78 (1): 7 - 43." type="journal article" year="1959">Levi 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Knoflach, B. & A. van Harten" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="2721" pageId="2" pageNumber="2720" pagination="321 - 362" refId="ref2834" refString="Knoflach, B. & A. van Harten (2002). The genus Latrodectus (Araneae: Theridiidae) from mainland Yemen, the Socotra Archipelago and adjacent countries. Fauna of Arabia 19: 321 - 362." type="journal article" year="2002">Knoflach & van Harten 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Garb, J. E. & A. Gonzalez & R. G. Gillespie" box="[371,553,233,260]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2721" pagination="1127 - 1142" refId="ref2676" refString="Garb, J. E., A. Gonzalez & R. G. Gillespie (2004). The Black Widow Spider genus Latrodectus (Araneae: Theridiidae): phylogeny, biogeography, and invasion history. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution 31 (3): 1127 - 1142." type="journal article" year="2004">Garb et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) therefore, it is also possible that absence of hour-glass marking could be a variable character as observed in some
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Latrodectus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="2721" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis box="[642,775,308,334]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2721">Latrodectus</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Knoflach, B. & A. van Harten" box="[232,567,345,372]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2721" pagination="321 - 362" refId="ref2834" refString="Knoflach, B. & A. van Harten (2002). The genus Latrodectus (Araneae: Theridiidae) from mainland Yemen, the Socotra Archipelago and adjacent countries. Fauna of Arabia 19: 321 - 362." type="journal article" year="2002">Knoflach & van Harten 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) rather than being a species character (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Garb, J. E. & A. Gonzalez & R. G. Gillespie" box="[410,612,382,409]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2721" pagination="1127 - 1142" refId="ref2676" refString="Garb, J. E., A. Gonzalez & R. G. Gillespie (2004). The Black Widow Spider genus Latrodectus (Araneae: Theridiidae): phylogeny, biogeography, and invasion history. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution 31 (3): 1127 - 1142." type="journal article" year="2004">Garb et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It needs to be further investigated with the help of molecular techniques carried out on fresh collections from
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[717,775,457,483]" name="India" pageId="3" pageNumber="2721">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[218,331,494,520]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="3" pageNumber="2721">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="2721" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[170,775,569,670]" box="[170,316,569,595]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2721">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[170,316,569,595]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2721">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[170,775,569,670]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2721">
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[208,278,606,632]" name="China" pageId="3" pageNumber="2721">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[291,402,607,633]" name="Myanmar" pageId="3" pageNumber="2721">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[415,479,607,633]" name="Japan" pageId="3" pageNumber="2721">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
and present record of the species from
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[319,417,644,670]" country="India" name="Manipur" pageId="3" pageNumber="2721">Manipur</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[429,490,644,670]" name="India" pageId="3" pageNumber="2721">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[170,782,718,1977]" box="[170,360,718,745]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2721">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[170,360,718,745]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2721">Natural History</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[170,782,718,1977]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2721">
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[208,304,756,782]" country="India" name="Manipur" pageId="3" pageNumber="2721">Manipur</collectingRegion>
|
||
gets high rainfall throughout the year, with an annual average rainfall of
|
||
<quantity box="[569,775,793,820]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.85" metricValueMax="2.1" metricValueMin="1.6" pageId="3" pageNumber="2721" unit="mm" value="1850.0" valueMax="2100.0" valueMin="1600.0">1600 to 2100 mm</quantity>
|
||
and temperature varies between -3 to 35
|
||
<superScript attach="right" box="[672,680,830,844]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="2721">0</superScript>
|
||
C, 2010 (Metrological Department, A.A.I., Changangei, Imphal). Dominant vegetation consists of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Tectona" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="2721" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="grandis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2721">Tectona grandis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[276,398,943,969]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="3" pageNumber="2721" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis box="[276,340,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2721">Pinus</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[419,610,942,969]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="2721" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="delbata">
|
||
<emphasis box="[419,610,942,969]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2721">Quercus delbata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, some shrubs like
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[219,406,981,1006]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Lantana" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="2721" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="camara">
|
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<emphasis box="[219,406,981,1006]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2721">Lantana camara</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and local wild flora.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="3.[170,782,718,1977]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2721">
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The habitat from where
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1898" box="[476,591,1017,1043]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Latrodectus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="2721" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="elegans">
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<emphasis box="[476,591,1017,1043]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2721">L. elegans</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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specimens were collected was a moist evergreen forest with red soil. Spiders were found inside holes on roadside bunds near a degraded forest. The hole was covered with tangle web and at the bottom of the web there was a pile of dry leaves and insects exuvia (majority of it was cricket exuvia), which the spider would have eaten. Two egg-sacs were collected along with the spider (WILD-11-ARA-1113) from its web. The diameter of each egg-sac was about
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<quantity box="[501,573,1353,1379]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="3" pageNumber="2721" unit="mm" value="12.0">12mm</quantity>
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and creamish in colour.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="3.[170,782,718,1977]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2721">
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The collected egg-sacs were kept in a jar in the lab and monitored. Out of curiosity, one of the egg-sacs was torn after two weeks of collection and about 49 spiderlings emerged from it. None of them survived more than 47 days. Whereas, from the second eggsac, after nearly three weeks of collection, about 180- 190 spiderlings emerged. The hourglass mark first started appearing on the spiderlings after 12–13 days, whereas the red mark on the dorsal side of the abdomen appeared after 59 days of emergence from the egg-sac. Moulting was observed in spiderlings three times, after the 14
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<superScript attach="left" box="[242,255,1838,1852]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="2721">th</superScript>
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, 62
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<superScript attach="left" box="[308,324,1838,1852]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="2721">nd</superScript>
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and 110
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<superScript attach="left" box="[425,438,1838,1852]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="2721">th</superScript>
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day of their emergence from the egg-sac. Only one spiderling survived for 113 days and was later released into the place it was collected from as feeding it live food was a problem.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |