treatments-xml/data/E3/1D/87/E31D87D42E77FFFD20ECFF0BB527C600.xml

<document id="4AE26E0EF9C3005C7E63FCB8A4138200" ID-CLB-Dataset="302007" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="bca694a8-4015-4447-92ef-7f5b5b817d51" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13618241" ID-ZooBank="00B749E1-6499-49FC-81EE-87C5FB190195" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="tatiana" checkinTime="1725025773962" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Cranston, Peter S. &amp; Tang, Hongqu" docDate="2024" docId="E31D87D42E77FFFD20ECFF0BB527C600" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5497.2.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5497 (2)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Orthocladiinae" docType="key" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="187" masterDocId="1F24FFAC2E6BFFD9207BFF9CB748C23A" masterDocTitle="An identification guide to the genera of aquatic larval Chironomidae (Diptera) of south-east Asia" masterLastPageNumber="193" masterPageNumber="151" pageNumber="179" updateTime="1725286338248" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
<mods:mods id="DB0A1A3E61C90181832496D5026CC044" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="C84D5F3DDB7F6CAE9BA334F23B57FDB3">
<mods:title id="183A7FA8C5420BAE9E4862B6D90181AE">An identification guide to the genera of aquatic larval Chironomidae (Diptera) of south-east Asia</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="313A6C4364817F8B3E996806F56B2936" type="personal">
<mods:role id="F4CB555371BCE5F05A89C5B52EB3A9EC">
<mods:roleTerm id="47971F29D4B4713AB80F58DC891D2B53">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="1AD8D431A51B4630BCAA4AE906648DE3">Cranston, Peter S.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="38D36028FC4DA5807AB4F98B75FC5EB1">Evolution &amp; Ecology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="CC67F94364EB42754A9E6F07062CC5B3" type="personal">
<mods:role id="D9F69D75BD73AB820886D89E6A46B3F7">
<mods:roleTerm id="A62DF323330BD49DF8BDA60FFE60364A">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="555DADD99236268B481DA2652D48181E">Tang, Hongqu</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="E48050ED8B24F1821764638A819EF1B7">Research Centre of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="FB14CB19AFC2C4D602D9E363375053F4">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="FB62EF6FE1DCF89421F8F261D6DD0326" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="24DD413C9FD4A9398CF578CC602019DC">
<mods:title id="92B7E1B91ED480EA90452940CE837B96">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="5ED2AF9E697BECD8D87F5C124CE136B7">
<mods:date id="379FD1F8CA64C8C40B4D48974376543E">2024</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="45B0F8D7A2141DBB7433B690869C1B08" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="53ED97AC681E4C84A6718F26513FFBAF">2024-08-23</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="CBC63E7BFF94DF63373A6A42623C314B" type="volume">
<mods:number id="3CCD002CB7154A19FE0652248823A2A1">5497</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="D58985A8450B124F9ACC7C912308B682" type="issue">
<mods:number id="69820684D0E835DB5C47A5F2A84E9D76">2</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent id="5EC3E16EA276277502B7103800B109EB" unit="page">
<mods:start id="2355F7A1608F65E445ADE46CACF26F76">151</mods:start>
<mods:end id="99774005E0CB84AF75CEDB37F9D6A8FC">193</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location id="3F9A3FD469F178D30DB09DC7307954B8">
<mods:url id="B75637D9F34F1F1B873145DF9C134C82">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.1</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification id="B4E5DEAA5B353D0854E6C10272B35FC4">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="4EE57170C731B07371889FEF2A94DC01" type="CLB-Dataset">302007</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="1C5DBE1960E11D55918608F48A077FE7" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="8D478B186A622C57A51318C5CC262C3D" type="GBIF-Dataset">bca694a8-4015-4447-92ef-7f5b5b817d51</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="703169F835B858210356FAE088AF053A" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="A59E9374E2BB5A8649A967A5A9D7BE01" type="Zenodo-Dep">13618241</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="9839E4DAE75C85FCB3F403AD9EEE7761" type="ZooBank">00B749E1-6499-49FC-81EE-87C5FB190195</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="E31D87D42E77FFFD20ECFF0BB527C600" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13628442" ID-GBIF-Taxon="240043142" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13628442" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E31D87D42E77FFFD20ECFF0BB527C600" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E31D87D42E77FFFD20ECFF0BB527C600" lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="187" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
<subSubSection id="23AE65492E77FFC520ECFF0BB6F2C28B" box="[151,442,151,177]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E77FFC520ECFF0BB6F2C28B" blockId="28.[151,442,151,177]" box="[151,442,151,177]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
<heading id="304381AE2E77FFC520ECFF0BB6F2C28B" bold="true" box="[151,442,151,177]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" reason="1">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E77FFC520ECFF0BB6F2C28B" bold="true" box="[151,442,151,177]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E77FFC520ECFF0BB611C28B" ID-CoL="9CJ7H" box="[151,345,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Orthocladiinae">Orthocladiinae</taxonomicName>
: genera
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="23AE65492E77FFC520ECFF43B2CEC397" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" type="description">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E77FFC520ECFF43B2CEC397" blockId="28.[151,1436,223,430]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
This large subfamily, which is second only to 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E77FFC522ECFF43B47FC2C3" box="[663,823,223,249]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Chironominae">Chironominae</taxonomicName>
in diversity, clearly is less dominant in subtropical and tropical rainforests comparing to temperate zones. The Orthocladiinae includes taxa with larvae living in the marine / intertidal/ splash zone, including 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E77FFC5226FFEBBB528C37B" authorityName="Haliday" authorityYear="1855" box="[532,608,295,321]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Clunio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E77FFC5226FFEBBB528C37B" box="[532,608,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Clunio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E77FFC52216FEBBB456C37B" authorityName="Strenzke &amp; Remmert" authorityYear="1957" box="[621,798,295,321]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Thalassosmittia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E77FFC52216FEBBB456C37B" box="[621,798,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Thalassosmittia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E77FFC52329FEBBB38BC37B" authority="(Tang et al. 2022 b)" baseAuthorityName="Tang" baseAuthorityYear="2022" box="[850,1219,295,322]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Semiocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E77FFC52329FEBBB4AFC37B" box="[850,999,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Semiocladius</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E77FFC5238EFEBBB3F3C37B" author="Tang, H. &amp; Cheng, Q. &amp; Krosch, M. N. &amp; Cranston, P. S." box="[1013,1211,295,322]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" pagination="111 - 126" refId="ref44728" refString="Tang, H., Cheng, Q., Krosch, M. N. &amp; Cranston, P. S. (2022 b) [2023] Maritime midge radiations in the Pacific Ocean (Diptera: Chironomidae). Systematic Entomology, 48 (1), 111 - 126. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / syen. 12565" type="journal article" year="2022">
Tang 
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E77FFC5244FFEB4B32CC37B" box="[1076,1124,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">et al</emphasis>
. 2022b
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Selected terrestrial (or semi-terrestrial) larvae are included only if at least 
<specimenCount id="7DB2FD4B2E77FFC52377FED0B415C35C" box="[780,861,332,358]" count="1" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" type="generic">one sp.</specimenCount>
is suspected from aquatic habitat(s): these are not illustrated. Some genera, notably 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E77FFC52260FEECB5DFC3B0" authorityName="Wulp" authorityYear="1874" box="[539,663,368,394]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Cricotopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E77FFC52260FEECB5DFC3B0" box="[539,663,368,394]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Cricotopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(including 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E77FFC52365FEF3B4A2C3B3" box="[798,1002,367,393]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paratrichocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E77FFC52365FEF3B4A2C3B3" box="[798,1002,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Paratrichocladius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E77FFC52454FEF3B38BC3B3" box="[1071,1219,367,393]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Orthocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E77FFC52454FEF3B38BC3B3" box="[1071,1219,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Orthocladius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lack unambiguous diagnostic larval characters to separate unequivocally. These key in several places: none include their subgenera.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="23AE65492E77FFFD20ECFE44B527C600" lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="187" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" type="key">
<key id="1F2561F32E77FFFD20ECFE44B527C600" lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="187" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
<keyStep id="D0402E672E77FFC520ECFE44B2D4C013" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E77FFC520ECFE44B2D4C031" blockId="28.[151,1437,472,553]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E77FFC520ECFE44B2D4C031" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
1 Anal end lacks procercus; if present, without distinct anal setae and posterior parapods; anal setae present or absent (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E77FFC52543FE44B2DAC3D4" box="[1336,1426,472,494]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="29.[152,255,1838,1862]" captionTargetBox="[170,1416,181,1814]" captionTargetId="figure-17@29.[170,1416,181,1814]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 16. Larval Orthocladiinae. Bryophaenocladius, (A) posterior abdomen; Clunio, (B) labrum, epipharynx; Thalassosmittia, (C) antenna, (D) posterior abdomen; Symbiocladius, (E) larva on ephemeropteran host, (F) mandible, (G) mentum; Heterotrissocladius, (H) antenna, (I) mandible, (J) mentum; orthocladiine genus C (?“Ninellia”), (K) labrum, mentum; Nanocladius, (L) head capsule, (M) antenna; Corynoneura, (N) head capsule, (O) posterior abdomen; Thienemanniella, (P) head capsule, (Q) posterior abdomen; Rheosmittia, (R) mentum, hypopharynx, (S) antenna; Krenosmittia, (T) posterior abdomen, (U) mentum; Pseudorthocladius, (V) mandible, outer mentum; Epoicocladius, (W) ventral head and mentum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618293" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618293/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Fig. 16A</figureCitation>
). Anterior parapods often partially fused.................................................................... 2
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E77FFC520ECFD8FB2D4C013" blockId="28.[151,1437,472,553]" box="[151,1436,531,553]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E77FFC520ECFD8FB2D4C013" box="[151,1436,531,553]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
1’ Procercus present, perhaps reduced; variable number of anal setae (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E77FFC52312FD8FB488C013" box="[873,960,531,553]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="29.[152,255,1838,1862]" captionTargetBox="[170,1416,181,1814]" captionTargetId="figure-17@29.[170,1416,181,1814]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 16. Larval Orthocladiinae. Bryophaenocladius, (A) posterior abdomen; Clunio, (B) labrum, epipharynx; Thalassosmittia, (C) antenna, (D) posterior abdomen; Symbiocladius, (E) larva on ephemeropteran host, (F) mandible, (G) mentum; Heterotrissocladius, (H) antenna, (I) mandible, (J) mentum; orthocladiine genus C (?“Ninellia”), (K) labrum, mentum; Nanocladius, (L) head capsule, (M) antenna; Corynoneura, (N) head capsule, (O) posterior abdomen; Thienemanniella, (P) head capsule, (Q) posterior abdomen; Rheosmittia, (R) mentum, hypopharynx, (S) antenna; Krenosmittia, (T) posterior abdomen, (U) mentum; Pseudorthocladius, (V) mandible, outer mentum; Epoicocladius, (W) ventral head and mentum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618293" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618293/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Fig. 16T</figureCitation>
). Anterior parapods separated............. 15
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E77FFC520ECFDD1B2D4C083" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E77FFC520ECFDD1B5F4C0A6" blockId="28.[151,1437,589,698]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E77FFC520ECFDD1B5F4C0A6" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
2(1) Pecten epipharyngis scales each subdivided into 2–3 teeth, forming row of c. 8 teeth; S1 nearly palmate... 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E77FFC524A8FDD1B2D5C059" authority="Saether" authorityName="Saether" authorityYear="1981" box="[1235,1437,589,611]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Antillocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E77FFC524A8FDD1B21EC058" box="[1235,1366,589,610]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Antillocladius</emphasis>
Saether
</taxonomicName>
[seeps, wet terrestrial moss. 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E77FFC5218FFDF6B504C0BA" box="[500,588,618,640]" name="Thailand" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Thailand</collectingCountry>
, 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E77FFC5222DFDF6B419C0BA" authority="Wang &amp; Saether" authorityName="Wang &amp; Saether" box="[598,849,618,640]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Boreoheptagyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zhengi">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E77FFC5222DFDF6B5F9C045" box="[598,689,618,639]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">A. zhengi</emphasis>
Wang &amp; Saether
</taxonomicName>
(Hainan), 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E77FFC523C1FDF6B21EC0BA" authority="(Sasa &amp; Suzuki) Ryukyu" authorityName="Ryukyu" baseAuthorityName="Sasa &amp; Suzuki" baseAuthorityYear="1995" box="[954,1366,618,640]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Antillocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tokarameneus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E77FFC523C1FDF6B314C045" box="[954,1116,618,639]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">A. tokarameneus</emphasis>
(Sasa &amp; Suzuki) Ryukyu
</taxonomicName>
, 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E77FFC5251BFDF6B2D1C045" box="[1376,1433,618,639]" name="Japan" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Japan</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E77FFC52099FD1BB668C0A6" box="[226,288,647,668]" name="South Korea" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Korea</collectingCountry>
; Nearctic, Neotropics; 
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E77FFC52187FD1BB5FFC0A6" author="Mendes, H. F. &amp; Andersen, T. &amp; Saether, O. A." box="[508,695,647,669]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" pagination="1 - 82" refId="ref42535" refString="Mendes, H. F., Andersen, T. &amp; Saether, O. A. (2004) A review of Antillocladius Saether, 1981, Compterosmittia Saether, 1981 and Litocladius new genus (Chironomidae, Orthocladiinae). Zootaxa, 594 (1), 1 - 82. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 594.1.1" type="journal article" year="2004">
Mendes 
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E77FFC52235FD14B531C0A6" box="[590,633,647,669]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">et al</emphasis>
. 2004
</bibRefCitation>
]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E77FFC520ECFD38B2D4C083" blockId="28.[151,1437,589,698]" box="[151,1436,676,698]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E77FFC520ECFD38B2D4C083" box="[151,1436,676,698]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
2’ Pecten epipharyngis consisting of 3 scales. S I palmate only in 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E77FFC5233EFD39B4FEC080" authorityName="Strenzke" authorityYear="1950" box="[837,950,677,698]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Parasmittia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E77FFC5233EFD39B4FEC080" box="[837,950,677,698]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Parasmittia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E77FFC5239EFD38B2C1C080" box="[997,1417,676,698]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E77FFC5239EFD38B361C083" authorityName="Holmgren" authorityYear="1869" box="[997,1065,676,697]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Smittia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Smittia</taxonomicName>
.............................
</emphasis>
3
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E77FFC520ECFD42B2D4C12B" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E77FFC520ECFD42B2D4C0C9" blockId="28.[151,1436,734,785]" box="[151,1436,734,756]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E77FFC520ECFD42B2D4C0C9" box="[151,1436,734,756]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
3(2) Preanal and anal segments and posterior parapods bent ventrally at right angles to body axis (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E77FFC52419FD42B3F3C0CE" box="[1122,1211,734,756]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="29.[152,255,1838,1862]" captionTargetBox="[170,1416,181,1814]" captionTargetId="figure-17@29.[170,1416,181,1814]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 16. Larval Orthocladiinae. Bryophaenocladius, (A) posterior abdomen; Clunio, (B) labrum, epipharynx; Thalassosmittia, (C) antenna, (D) posterior abdomen; Symbiocladius, (E) larva on ephemeropteran host, (F) mandible, (G) mentum; Heterotrissocladius, (H) antenna, (I) mandible, (J) mentum; orthocladiine genus C (?“Ninellia”), (K) labrum, mentum; Nanocladius, (L) head capsule, (M) antenna; Corynoneura, (N) head capsule, (O) posterior abdomen; Thienemanniella, (P) head capsule, (Q) posterior abdomen; Rheosmittia, (R) mentum, hypopharynx, (S) antenna; Krenosmittia, (T) posterior abdomen, (U) mentum; Pseudorthocladius, (V) mandible, outer mentum; Epoicocladius, (W) ventral head and mentum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618293" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618293/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Fig. 16A</figureCitation>
)................. 4
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E77FFC520ECFD67B2D4C12B" blockId="28.[151,1436,734,785]" box="[151,1436,763,785]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E77FFC520ECFD67B2D4C12B" box="[151,1436,763,785]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">3’ Preanal and anal segments in same horizontal axis as body.................................................... 5</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E77FFC520ECFCAAB4A1C1E7" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E77FFC520ECFCAAB472C1BF" blockId="28.[151,1437,821,989]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E77FFC520ECFCAAB472C1BF" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
4(3) Posterior parapods undivided. Anal tubules present. Usually lacking anal setae............ 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E77FFC5241FFCA9B2D4C171" authority="Thienemann" authorityName="Thienemann" authorityYear="1934" box="[1124,1436,821,843]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Bryophaenocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E77FFC5241FFCA9B257C170" box="[1124,1311,821,842]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Bryophaenocladius</emphasis>
Thienemann
</taxonomicName>
[largely terrestrial,&gt;8 spp. Oriental 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E77FFC5223AFCCEB535C152" box="[577,637,850,872]" name="China" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">China</collectingCountry>
, 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E77FFC522FCFCCFB41EC152" authority="(Sasa)" baseAuthorityName="Sasa" baseAuthorityYear="1985" box="[647,854,850,872]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Bryophaenocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fujidecimus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E77FFC522FCFCCFB45AC15D" box="[647,786,850,872]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">B. fujidecimus</emphasis>
(Sasa)
</taxonomicName>
, common; chaos in Asian spp. (M. Yamamoto, pers. comm. 2017), 
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E77FFC5215DFCECB681C1BF" author="Kong, F. Q. &amp; Wang, X. H. &amp; Lin, X. L." box="[294,457,879,901]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" pagination="65 - 68" refId="ref41212" refString="Kong, F. Q., Wang, X. H. &amp; Lin, X. L. (2021) Bryophaenocladius huadingensis (Diptera: Orthocladiinae), a new species from China. Annales Zoologici Fennici, 58, 65 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.5735 / 086.058.0106" type="journal article" year="2021">
Kong 
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E77FFC5211AFCECB6C4C1BE" box="[353,396,879,901]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">et al</emphasis>
. 2021
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E77FFC521A8FCF3B52BC1BF" author="Lin, X. &amp; Qi, X. &amp; Wang, X. H." box="[467,611,879,901]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" pagination="51 - 60" refId="ref41715" refString="Lin, X., Qi, X. &amp; Wang, X. H. (2012) Two new species of Bryophaenocladius Thienemann, 1934 (Diptera, Chironomidae) from China. Zookeys, 208, 51 - 60. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 208.3378" type="journal article" year="2012">
Lin 
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E77FFC52181FCECB56DC1BE" box="[506,549,879,901]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">et al</emphasis>
. 2012
</bibRefCitation>
. 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E77FFC52217FCECB5EDC1BF" box="[620,677,880,901]" name="Japan" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Japan</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E77FFC522D4FCECB5A4C1BF" box="[687,748,880,901]" name="South Korea" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Korea</collectingCountry>
, global]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E77FFC520ECFC11B4A1C1E7" blockId="28.[151,1437,821,989]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E77FFC520ECFC11B4A1C1E7" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
4’ Posterior parapods divided, anterior part with small claws, posterior bare. Anal tubules small or absent. Single anal seta................................................................................. 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E77FFC5240DFC36B2D4C1FA" authority="Edwards" authorityName="Edwards" authorityYear="1932" box="[1142,1436,938,960]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Gymnometriocnemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E77FFC5240DFC36B20AC185" box="[1142,1346,938,959]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Gymnometriocnemus</emphasis>
Edwards
</taxonomicName>
[semi-aquatic, terrestrial moss. Adults of several spp. inc. oriental 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E77FFC52325FC5BB4D2C1E7" box="[862,922,967,989]" name="China" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">China</collectingCountry>
; global]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E77FFC520ECFB9DB2D4C609" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E77FFC520ECFB9DB2D4C62D" blockId="28.[151,1436,1025,1076]" box="[151,1436,1025,1047]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E77FFC520ECFB9DB2D4C62D" box="[151,1436,1025,1047]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
5(3) Anal tubules absent (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E77FFC521D7FB9DB54EC62D" box="[428,518,1025,1047]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="29.[152,255,1838,1862]" captionTargetBox="[170,1416,181,1814]" captionTargetId="figure-17@29.[170,1416,181,1814]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 16. Larval Orthocladiinae. Bryophaenocladius, (A) posterior abdomen; Clunio, (B) labrum, epipharynx; Thalassosmittia, (C) antenna, (D) posterior abdomen; Symbiocladius, (E) larva on ephemeropteran host, (F) mandible, (G) mentum; Heterotrissocladius, (H) antenna, (I) mandible, (J) mentum; orthocladiine genus C (?“Ninellia”), (K) labrum, mentum; Nanocladius, (L) head capsule, (M) antenna; Corynoneura, (N) head capsule, (O) posterior abdomen; Thienemanniella, (P) head capsule, (Q) posterior abdomen; Rheosmittia, (R) mentum, hypopharynx, (S) antenna; Krenosmittia, (T) posterior abdomen, (U) mentum; Pseudorthocladius, (V) mandible, outer mentum; Epoicocladius, (W) ventral head and mentum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618293" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618293/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Fig. 16D</figureCitation>
). Marine / maritime spp........................................................ 6
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E77FFC520ECFB82B2D4C609" blockId="28.[151,1436,1025,1076]" box="[151,1436,1054,1076]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E77FFC520ECFB82B2D4C609" box="[151,1436,1054,1076]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
5’ Anal tubules present (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E77FFC521CFFB82B543C60E" box="[436,523,1054,1076]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="29.[152,255,1838,1862]" captionTargetBox="[170,1416,181,1814]" captionTargetId="figure-17@29.[170,1416,181,1814]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 16. Larval Orthocladiinae. Bryophaenocladius, (A) posterior abdomen; Clunio, (B) labrum, epipharynx; Thalassosmittia, (C) antenna, (D) posterior abdomen; Symbiocladius, (E) larva on ephemeropteran host, (F) mandible, (G) mentum; Heterotrissocladius, (H) antenna, (I) mandible, (J) mentum; orthocladiine genus C (?“Ninellia”), (K) labrum, mentum; Nanocladius, (L) head capsule, (M) antenna; Corynoneura, (N) head capsule, (O) posterior abdomen; Thienemanniella, (P) head capsule, (Q) posterior abdomen; Rheosmittia, (R) mentum, hypopharynx, (S) antenna; Krenosmittia, (T) posterior abdomen, (U) mentum; Pseudorthocladius, (V) mandible, outer mentum; Epoicocladius, (W) ventral head and mentum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618293" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618293/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Fig. 16T</figureCitation>
). Not marine, few marine littoral 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E77FFC52336FB82B49DC609" authorityName="Edwards" authorityYear="1932" box="[845,981,1054,1075]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Pseudosmittia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E77FFC52336FB82B49DC609" box="[845,981,1054,1075]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Pseudosmittia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.................................... 8
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E77FFC520ECFBC4B2D4C6C5" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E77FFC520ECFBC4B543C6FF" blockId="28.[151,1437,1112,1279]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E77FFC520ECFBC4B543C6FF" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
6(5) Basal antennal segment squat, much wider than high. Ventromental plate protruding, rounded, with second more posterolateral plate. Premandible with brush. S I bifid............................................ 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E77FFC52409FBE9B2D4C6B1" authority="Sublette &amp; Wirth" authorityName="Sublette &amp; Wirth" authorityYear="1980" box="[1138,1436,1141,1163]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Semiocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E77FFC52409FBE9B3BAC6B0" box="[1138,1266,1141,1162]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Semiocladius</emphasis>
Sublette &amp; Wirth
</taxonomicName>
[marine coastal. 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E77FFC521FAFB0FB5CDC692" authority="(Tokunaga)" baseAuthorityName="Tokunaga" baseAuthorityYear="1936" box="[385,645,1170,1192]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Semiocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="endocladiae">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E77FFC521FAFB0FB546C69D" box="[385,526,1170,1192]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">S. endocladiae</emphasis>
(Tokunaga)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E77FFC522F5FB0FB583C692" box="[654,715,1171,1192]" name="South Korea" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Korea</collectingCountry>
, oriental 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E77FFC52358FB0EB414C692" box="[803,860,1170,1192]" name="China" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">China</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E77FFC52312FB0EB495C692" box="[873,989,1170,1192]" country="China" name="Guangdong" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Guangdong</collectingRegion>
, Fujiang); 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E77FFC5243FFB0FB336C692" box="[1092,1150,1171,1192]" name="Japan" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Japan</collectingCountry>
; 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E77FFC524FDFB0EB3A8C692" box="[1158,1248,1170,1192]" name="Australia" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Australia</collectingCountry>
, western S. Pacific, 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E77FFC52099FB33B604C6FF" box="[226,332,1199,1221]" name="Seychelles" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Seychelles</collectingCountry>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E77FFC5212FFB2CB549C6FF" author="Tang, H. &amp; Cheng, Q. &amp; Krosch, M. N. &amp; Cranston, P. S." box="[340,513,1199,1221]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" pagination="111 - 126" refId="ref44728" refString="Tang, H., Cheng, Q., Krosch, M. N. &amp; Cranston, P. S. (2022 b) [2023] Maritime midge radiations in the Pacific Ocean (Diptera: Chironomidae). Systematic Entomology, 48 (1), 111 - 126. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / syen. 12565" type="journal article" year="2022">
Tang 
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E77FFC521F1FB2CB6FCC6FE" box="[394,436,1199,1221]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">et al</emphasis>
. 2022b
</bibRefCitation>
].
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E77FFC520ECFB50B2D4C6C5" blockId="28.[151,1437,1112,1279]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E77FFC520ECFB50B2D4C6C5" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
6’ Basal antennal segment not squat, higher than wide (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E77FFC52290FB50B40DC6D8" box="[747,837,1228,1250]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="29.[152,255,1838,1862]" captionTargetBox="[170,1416,181,1814]" captionTargetId="figure-17@29.[170,1416,181,1814]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 16. Larval Orthocladiinae. Bryophaenocladius, (A) posterior abdomen; Clunio, (B) labrum, epipharynx; Thalassosmittia, (C) antenna, (D) posterior abdomen; Symbiocladius, (E) larva on ephemeropteran host, (F) mandible, (G) mentum; Heterotrissocladius, (H) antenna, (I) mandible, (J) mentum; orthocladiine genus C (?“Ninellia”), (K) labrum, mentum; Nanocladius, (L) head capsule, (M) antenna; Corynoneura, (N) head capsule, (O) posterior abdomen; Thienemanniella, (P) head capsule, (Q) posterior abdomen; Rheosmittia, (R) mentum, hypopharynx, (S) antenna; Krenosmittia, (T) posterior abdomen, (U) mentum; Pseudorthocladius, (V) mandible, outer mentum; Epoicocladius, (W) ventral head and mentum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618293" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618293/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Fig. 16C</figureCitation>
). Ventromental plate single. Premandible without brush (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E77FFC5250EFB50B645C6C5" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="29.[152,255,1838,1862]" captionTargetBox="[170,1416,181,1814]" captionTargetId="figure-17@29.[170,1416,181,1814]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 16. Larval Orthocladiinae. Bryophaenocladius, (A) posterior abdomen; Clunio, (B) labrum, epipharynx; Thalassosmittia, (C) antenna, (D) posterior abdomen; Symbiocladius, (E) larva on ephemeropteran host, (F) mandible, (G) mentum; Heterotrissocladius, (H) antenna, (I) mandible, (J) mentum; orthocladiine genus C (?“Ninellia”), (K) labrum, mentum; Nanocladius, (L) head capsule, (M) antenna; Corynoneura, (N) head capsule, (O) posterior abdomen; Thienemanniella, (P) head capsule, (Q) posterior abdomen; Rheosmittia, (R) mentum, hypopharynx, (S) antenna; Krenosmittia, (T) posterior abdomen, (U) mentum; Pseudorthocladius, (V) mandible, outer mentum; Epoicocladius, (W) ventral head and mentum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618293" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618293/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Fig. 16B</figureCitation>
). S I simple, pectinate or plumose..................................................................... 7
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E77FFC520ECFABFB32CC794" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E77FFC520ECFABFB200C76D" blockId="28.[151,1437,1315,1454]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E77FFC520ECFABFB200C76D" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
7(6) Anal seta single. S I and S II broad, feathered. Seta submentum simple ... 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E77FFC523D0FABFB377C703" authority="Haliday" authorityName="Haliday" authorityYear="1855" box="[939,1087,1315,1337]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Clunio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E77FFC523D0FABFB4A4C702" box="[939,1004,1315,1336]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Clunio</emphasis>
Haliday
</taxonomicName>
[marine, 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E77FFC524E7FAB8B2D1C703" authority="Tokunaga" authorityName="Tokunaga" authorityYear="1933" box="[1180,1433,1315,1337]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Clunio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tsushimensis">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E77FFC524E7FAB8B27AC702" box="[1180,1330,1315,1337]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">C. tsushimensis</emphasis>
Tokunaga
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E77FFC52099FADDB6ECC76D" authority="Tokunaga" authorityName="Tokunaga" authorityYear="1964" box="[226,420,1345,1367]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Clunio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tuthilli">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E77FFC52099FADDB676C76C" box="[226,318,1345,1366]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">C. tuthilli</emphasis>
Tokunaga
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E77FFC521D5FADDB5CFC76D" authority="Tokunaga" authorityName="Tokunaga" authorityYear="1933" box="[430,647,1345,1367]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Clunio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="setoensis">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E77FFC521D5FADDB569C76C" box="[430,545,1345,1366]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">C. setoensis</emphasis>
Tokunaga
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E77FFC522EBFADDB417C76D" authority="Edwards" authorityName="Edwards" box="[656,863,1345,1367]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Telmatogeton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pacificus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E77FFC522EBFADDB44BC76C" box="[656,771,1345,1366]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">C. pacificus</emphasis>
Edwards
</taxonomicName>
, e. coastal 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E77FFC523B3FADDB34CC76D" box="[968,1028,1345,1367]" name="China" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">China</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E77FFC52475FADDB30FC76C" box="[1038,1095,1345,1366]" name="Japan" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Japan</collectingCountry>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E77FFC5242BFADDB3B2C76D" author="Tang, H. &amp; Cheng, Q. &amp; Krosch, M. N. &amp; Cranston, P. S." box="[1104,1274,1345,1367]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" pagination="111 - 126" refId="ref44728" refString="Tang, H., Cheng, Q., Krosch, M. N. &amp; Cranston, P. S. (2022 b) [2023] Maritime midge radiations in the Pacific Ocean (Diptera: Chironomidae). Systematic Entomology, 48 (1), 111 - 126. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / syen. 12565" type="journal article" year="2022">
Tang 
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E77FFC524FEFADDB3F8C76C" box="[1157,1200,1345,1366]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">et al</emphasis>
. 2022b
</bibRefCitation>
; global]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E77FFC520ECFAC2B32CC794" blockId="28.[151,1437,1315,1454]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E77FFC520ECFAC2B32CC794" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
7’ Anal setae 2 or 3, rarely 1 (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E77FFC52193FAC2B50AC74E" box="[488,578,1374,1396]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="29.[152,255,1838,1862]" captionTargetBox="[170,1416,181,1814]" captionTargetId="figure-17@29.[170,1416,181,1814]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 16. Larval Orthocladiinae. Bryophaenocladius, (A) posterior abdomen; Clunio, (B) labrum, epipharynx; Thalassosmittia, (C) antenna, (D) posterior abdomen; Symbiocladius, (E) larva on ephemeropteran host, (F) mandible, (G) mentum; Heterotrissocladius, (H) antenna, (I) mandible, (J) mentum; orthocladiine genus C (?“Ninellia”), (K) labrum, mentum; Nanocladius, (L) head capsule, (M) antenna; Corynoneura, (N) head capsule, (O) posterior abdomen; Thienemanniella, (P) head capsule, (Q) posterior abdomen; Rheosmittia, (R) mentum, hypopharynx, (S) antenna; Krenosmittia, (T) posterior abdomen, (U) mentum; Pseudorthocladius, (V) mandible, outer mentum; Epoicocladius, (W) ventral head and mentum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618293" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618293/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Fig. 16D</figureCitation>
). S I simple, S II always simple. Seta submentum simple or plumose...................................................................................... 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E77FFC52449FAE7B2D4C7AA" authority="Strenzke &amp; Remmert" authorityName="Strenzke &amp; Remmert" authorityYear="1957" box="[1074,1436,1403,1425]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Thalassosmittia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E77FFC52449FAE7B382C7AA" box="[1074,1226,1403,1424]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Thalassosmittia</emphasis>
Strenzke &amp; Remmert
</taxonomicName>
[marine, shores 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E77FFC52107FA04B527C794" authority="(Tokunaga)" baseAuthorityName="Tokunaga" baseAuthorityYear="1936" box="[380,623,1432,1454]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Thalassosmittia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nemalione">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E77FFC52107FA04B6BFC797" box="[380,503,1432,1453]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">T. nemalione</emphasis>
(Tokunaga)
</taxonomicName>
, oriental 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E77FFC522BCFA04B44BC794" box="[711,771,1432,1454]" name="China" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">China</collectingCountry>
; 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E77FFC52376FA04B40EC797" box="[781,838,1432,1453]" name="Japan" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Japan</collectingCountry>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E77FFC52334FA04B4B2C794" author="Tang, H. &amp; Cheng, Q. &amp; Krosch, M. N. &amp; Cranston, P. S." box="[847,1018,1432,1454]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" pagination="111 - 126" refId="ref44728" refString="Tang, H., Cheng, Q., Krosch, M. N. &amp; Cranston, P. S. (2022 b) [2023] Maritime midge radiations in the Pacific Ocean (Diptera: Chironomidae). Systematic Entomology, 48 (1), 111 - 126. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / syen. 12565" type="journal article" year="2022">
Tang 
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E77FFC523FEFA04B4E7C797" box="[901,943,1432,1453]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">et al</emphasis>
. 2022b
</bibRefCitation>
. Holarctic]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E77FFC520ECFA4EB2D4C461" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E77FFC520ECFA4EB3D3C418" blockId="28.[151,1437,1490,1628]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E77FFC520ECFA4EB3D3C418" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
8(5) Commensal on Ephemeroptera (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E77FFC52267FA4EB53CC7D2" box="[540,628,1490,1512]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="29.[152,255,1838,1862]" captionTargetBox="[170,1416,181,1814]" captionTargetId="figure-17@29.[170,1416,181,1814]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 16. Larval Orthocladiinae. Bryophaenocladius, (A) posterior abdomen; Clunio, (B) labrum, epipharynx; Thalassosmittia, (C) antenna, (D) posterior abdomen; Symbiocladius, (E) larva on ephemeropteran host, (F) mandible, (G) mentum; Heterotrissocladius, (H) antenna, (I) mandible, (J) mentum; orthocladiine genus C (?“Ninellia”), (K) labrum, mentum; Nanocladius, (L) head capsule, (M) antenna; Corynoneura, (N) head capsule, (O) posterior abdomen; Thienemanniella, (P) head capsule, (Q) posterior abdomen; Rheosmittia, (R) mentum, hypopharynx, (S) antenna; Krenosmittia, (T) posterior abdomen, (U) mentum; Pseudorthocladius, (V) mandible, outer mentum; Epoicocladius, (W) ventral head and mentum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618293" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618293/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Fig. 16E</figureCitation>
). Mandible with spine-like teeth (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E77FFC523C5FA4EB35EC7D2" box="[958,1046,1490,1512]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="29.[152,255,1838,1862]" captionTargetBox="[170,1416,181,1814]" captionTargetId="figure-17@29.[170,1416,181,1814]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 16. Larval Orthocladiinae. Bryophaenocladius, (A) posterior abdomen; Clunio, (B) labrum, epipharynx; Thalassosmittia, (C) antenna, (D) posterior abdomen; Symbiocladius, (E) larva on ephemeropteran host, (F) mandible, (G) mentum; Heterotrissocladius, (H) antenna, (I) mandible, (J) mentum; orthocladiine genus C (?“Ninellia”), (K) labrum, mentum; Nanocladius, (L) head capsule, (M) antenna; Corynoneura, (N) head capsule, (O) posterior abdomen; Thienemanniella, (P) head capsule, (Q) posterior abdomen; Rheosmittia, (R) mentum, hypopharynx, (S) antenna; Krenosmittia, (T) posterior abdomen, (U) mentum; Pseudorthocladius, (V) mandible, outer mentum; Epoicocladius, (W) ventral head and mentum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618293" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618293/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Fig. 16F</figureCitation>
). Mentum with broad median depressed area (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E77FFC5216CFA73B620C43F" box="[279,360,1519,1541]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="29.[152,255,1838,1862]" captionTargetBox="[170,1416,181,1814]" captionTargetId="figure-17@29.[170,1416,181,1814]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 16. Larval Orthocladiinae. Bryophaenocladius, (A) posterior abdomen; Clunio, (B) labrum, epipharynx; Thalassosmittia, (C) antenna, (D) posterior abdomen; Symbiocladius, (E) larva on ephemeropteran host, (F) mandible, (G) mentum; Heterotrissocladius, (H) antenna, (I) mandible, (J) mentum; orthocladiine genus C (?“Ninellia”), (K) labrum, mentum; Nanocladius, (L) head capsule, (M) antenna; Corynoneura, (N) head capsule, (O) posterior abdomen; Thienemanniella, (P) head capsule, (Q) posterior abdomen; Rheosmittia, (R) mentum, hypopharynx, (S) antenna; Krenosmittia, (T) posterior abdomen, (U) mentum; Pseudorthocladius, (V) mandible, outer mentum; Epoicocladius, (W) ventral head and mentum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618293" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618293/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Fig.16G</figureCitation>
)....................................................................... 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E77FFC524B7FA73B2D4C43F" authority="Keffer" authorityName="Keffer" box="[1228,1436,1519,1541]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Symbiocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E77FFC524B7FA73B210C43E" box="[1228,1368,1519,1540]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Symbiocladius</emphasis>
Keffer
</taxonomicName>
[
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E77FFC52091F990B6E7C418" authority="Zavr" authorityName="Zavr" box="[234,431,1548,1570]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Symbiocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rhithrogenae">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E77FFC52091F990B636C41B" box="[234,382,1548,1569]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">S. rhithrogenae</emphasis>
Zavr
</taxonomicName>
̌el, oriental 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E77FFC52265F990B51FC418" box="[542,599,1548,1570]" name="China" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">China</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E77FFC5221FF990B5FCC418" box="[612,692,1548,1570]" country="China" name="Sichuan" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Sichuan</collectingRegion>
) 
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E77FFC522BBF990B419C41B" author="Liu, W. &amp; Yao, Y. &amp; Lin, X. L. &amp; Yan, C." box="[704,849,1548,1570]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" pagination="445 - 452" refId="ref42468" refString="Liu, W., Yao, Y., Lin, X. L. &amp; Yan, C. (2023) Symbiocladius rhithrogenae (Zavr ˇ el, 1924): Redescription of the male adult with DNA barcode (Diptera: Chironomidae). Entomological News, 130, 445 - 452. https: // doi. org / 10.3157 / 021.130.0505" type="journal article" year="2023">
Liu 
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E77FFC52293F991B45AC41B" box="[744,786,1548,1570]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">et al</emphasis>
. 2023
</bibRefCitation>
. Holarctic, Neotropical, 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E77FFC52440F990B3DEC418" box="[1083,1174,1548,1570]" name="Australia" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Australia</collectingCountry>
]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E77FFC520ECF9B5B2D4C461" blockId="28.[151,1437,1490,1628]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E77FFC520ECF9B5B2D4C461" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
8’ Rarely commensal/ectoparasitic. Mandibular teeth typical, rounded to subtriangular (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E77FFC5246BF9B5B317C405" box="[1040,1119,1577,1599]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="29.[152,255,1838,1862]" captionTargetBox="[170,1416,181,1814]" captionTargetId="figure-17@29.[170,1416,181,1814]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 16. Larval Orthocladiinae. Bryophaenocladius, (A) posterior abdomen; Clunio, (B) labrum, epipharynx; Thalassosmittia, (C) antenna, (D) posterior abdomen; Symbiocladius, (E) larva on ephemeropteran host, (F) mandible, (G) mentum; Heterotrissocladius, (H) antenna, (I) mandible, (J) mentum; orthocladiine genus C (?“Ninellia”), (K) labrum, mentum; Nanocladius, (L) head capsule, (M) antenna; Corynoneura, (N) head capsule, (O) posterior abdomen; Thienemanniella, (P) head capsule, (Q) posterior abdomen; Rheosmittia, (R) mentum, hypopharynx, (S) antenna; Krenosmittia, (T) posterior abdomen, (U) mentum; Pseudorthocladius, (V) mandible, outer mentum; Epoicocladius, (W) ventral head and mentum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618293" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618293/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Fig. 16I</figureCitation>
). 
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E77FFC5240BF9B6B389C405" box="[1136,1217,1578,1599]" country="Myanmar" name="Chin" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Mentum</collectingRegion>
medially toothed (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E77FFC5250EF9B5B64CC466" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="29.[152,255,1838,1862]" captionTargetBox="[170,1416,181,1814]" captionTargetId="figure-17@29.[170,1416,181,1814]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 16. Larval Orthocladiinae. Bryophaenocladius, (A) posterior abdomen; Clunio, (B) labrum, epipharynx; Thalassosmittia, (C) antenna, (D) posterior abdomen; Symbiocladius, (E) larva on ephemeropteran host, (F) mandible, (G) mentum; Heterotrissocladius, (H) antenna, (I) mandible, (J) mentum; orthocladiine genus C (?“Ninellia”), (K) labrum, mentum; Nanocladius, (L) head capsule, (M) antenna; Corynoneura, (N) head capsule, (O) posterior abdomen; Thienemanniella, (P) head capsule, (Q) posterior abdomen; Rheosmittia, (R) mentum, hypopharynx, (S) antenna; Krenosmittia, (T) posterior abdomen, (U) mentum; Pseudorthocladius, (V) mandible, outer mentum; Epoicocladius, (W) ventral head and mentum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618293" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618293/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Fig. 16J</figureCitation>
) or with narrower median untoothed part (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E77FFC522E5F9DAB5BDC466" box="[670,757,1606,1628]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="29.[152,255,1838,1862]" captionTargetBox="[170,1416,181,1814]" captionTargetId="figure-17@29.[170,1416,181,1814]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 16. Larval Orthocladiinae. Bryophaenocladius, (A) posterior abdomen; Clunio, (B) labrum, epipharynx; Thalassosmittia, (C) antenna, (D) posterior abdomen; Symbiocladius, (E) larva on ephemeropteran host, (F) mandible, (G) mentum; Heterotrissocladius, (H) antenna, (I) mandible, (J) mentum; orthocladiine genus C (?“Ninellia”), (K) labrum, mentum; Nanocladius, (L) head capsule, (M) antenna; Corynoneura, (N) head capsule, (O) posterior abdomen; Thienemanniella, (P) head capsule, (Q) posterior abdomen; Rheosmittia, (R) mentum, hypopharynx, (S) antenna; Krenosmittia, (T) posterior abdomen, (U) mentum; Pseudorthocladius, (V) mandible, outer mentum; Epoicocladius, (W) ventral head and mentum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618293" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618293/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Fig. 16N</figureCitation>
)...................................................... 9
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E77FFC520ECF91CB2D4C489" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E77FFC520ECF91CB2D4C4AF" blockId="28.[151,1436,1664,1715]" box="[151,1436,1664,1686]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E77FFC520ECF91CB2D4C4AF" box="[151,1436,1664,1686]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">9(8) S I and S II bifid..................................................................................... 10</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E77FFC520ECF902B2D4C489" blockId="28.[151,1436,1664,1715]" box="[151,1436,1693,1715]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E77FFC520ECF902B2D4C489" box="[151,1436,1693,1715]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">9’ S II never bifid....................................................................................... 13</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E77FFC520ECF944B2D4C55B" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E77FFC520ECF944B38DC512" blockId="28.[151,1436,1751,1890]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E77FFC520ECF944B38DC512" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
10(9) Posterior parapods, procercus, anal setae and anal claws absent. Terminal antennal segment as long as preceding segment................................................................................... 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E77FFC524D2F969B272C530" authorityName="Van der Wulp" authorityYear="1874" box="[1193,1338,1781,1802]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Camptocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E77FFC524D2F969B272C530" box="[1193,1338,1781,1802]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Camptocladius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
v.d. Wulp [coprophagous, aquatic only in (cattle) faecal-contaminated water, 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E77FFC5231FF88EB316C51D" authority="(De Geer)" baseAuthorityName="De Geer" baseAuthorityYear="1776" box="[868,1118,1810,1831]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Camptocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stercorarius">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E77FFC5231FF88EB4BCC51D" box="[868,1012,1810,1831]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">C. stercorarius</emphasis>
(De Geer)
</taxonomicName>
, nr global]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E77FFC520ECF8B3B2D4C55B" blockId="28.[151,1436,1751,1890]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E77FFC520ECF8B3B2D4C55B" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">10’ Anal claws and posterior parapods present; if posterior parapods vestigial and without claws then terminal antennal segment about 3 x length of preceding segment................................................................... 11</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<caption id="3FCB664A2E76FFC420E3F8B2B38EC5C3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618293" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13618293" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618293/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" startId="29.[152,255,1838,1862]" targetBox="[170,1416,181,1814]" targetPageId="29" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E76FFC420E3F8B2B38EC5C3" blockId="29.[151,1437,1838,2042]" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E76FFC420E3F8B2B678C57C" bold="true" box="[152,304,1838,1862]" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">FIGURE 16.</emphasis>
Larval Orthocladiinae. 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E76FFC42238F8B2B440C57C" authorityName="Thienemann" authorityYear="1934" box="[579,776,1838,1862]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Bryophaenocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E76FFC42238F8B2B440C57C" box="[579,776,1838,1862]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Bryophaenocladius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (A) posterior abdomen; 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E76FFC4244FF8B2B331C57C" authorityName="Haliday" authorityYear="1855" box="[1076,1145,1838,1862]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Clunio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E76FFC4244FF8B2B331C57C" box="[1076,1145,1838,1862]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Clunio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (B) labrum, epipharynx; 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E76FFC420ECF8CEB67FC550" authorityName="Strenzke &amp; Remmert" authorityYear="1957" box="[151,311,1874,1898]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Thalassosmittia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E76FFC420ECF8CEB67FC550" box="[151,311,1874,1898]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Thalassosmittia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (C) antenna, (D) posterior abdomen; 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E76FFC422B4F8CEB42BC550" box="[719,867,1874,1898]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Symbiocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E76FFC422B4F8CEB42BC550" box="[719,867,1874,1898]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Symbiocladius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (E) larva on ephemeropteran host, (F) mandible, (G) mentum; 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E76FFC4208CF8EAB6F6C5B4" box="[247,446,1910,1934]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Heterotrissocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E76FFC4208CF8EAB6F6C5B4" box="[247,446,1910,1934]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Heterotrissocladius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (H) antenna, (I) mandible, (J) mentum; orthocladiine genus C (?“ 
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E76FFC4242EF8EAB3EFC5B4" box="[1109,1191,1910,1934]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Ninellia</emphasis>
”), (K) labrum, mentum; 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E76FFC420ECF806B65FC588" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1913" box="[151,279,1946,1970]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Nanocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E76FFC420ECF806B65FC588" box="[151,279,1946,1970]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Nanocladius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (L) head capsule, (M) antenna; 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E76FFC42227F806B5ABC58B" authorityName="Winnertz" authorityYear="1846" box="[604,739,1946,1969]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Corynoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E76FFC42227F806B5ABC58B" box="[604,739,1946,1969]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Corynoneura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (N) head capsule, (O) posterior abdomen; 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E76FFC424E8F806B275C588" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1911" box="[1171,1341,1946,1970]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Thienemanniella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E76FFC424E8F806B275C588" box="[1171,1341,1946,1970]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Thienemanniella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (P) head capsule, (Q) posterior abdomen; 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E76FFC4219BF822B511C5EC" box="[480,601,1982,2006]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Rheosmittia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E76FFC4219BF822B511C5EC" box="[480,601,1982,2006]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Rheosmittia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (R) mentum, hypopharynx, (S) antenna; 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E76FFC42387F823B337C5EC" box="[1020,1151,1983,2006]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Krenosmittia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E76FFC42387F823B337C5EC" box="[1020,1151,1983,2006]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Krenosmittia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (T) posterior abdomen, (U) mentum; 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E76FFC42083F87EB6FEC5C0" box="[248,438,2018,2042]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Pseudorthocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E76FFC42083F87EB6FEC5C0" box="[248,438,2018,2042]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Pseudorthocladius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (V) mandible, outer mentum; 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E76FFC4228AF87EB4CAC5C0" authorityName="Sulc &amp; Zavrel" authorityYear="1924" box="[753,898,2018,2042]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Epoicocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E76FFC4228AF87EB4CAC5C0" box="[753,898,2018,2042]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Epoicocladius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (W) ventral head and mentum.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E75FFC720ECFF04B2D4C31B" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E75FFC720ECFF04B3DDC2D2" blockId="30.[151,1436,151,290]" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E75FFC720ECFF04B3DDC2D2" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">
11(10) Posterior parapod with 0–5 claws, 0–18 μm long. Mandible with 3 inner teeth. Antennal blade extending beyond flagellum 1 to 4 x as long as the width of basal segment................................................ 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E75FFC724C1FF29B2D4C2F1" authority="Edwards" authorityName="Edwards" authorityYear="1932" box="[1210,1436,181,203]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Pseudosmittia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E75FFC724C1FF29B20AC2F0" box="[1210,1346,181,202]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Pseudosmittia</emphasis>
Edwards
</taxonomicName>
[speciose, few aquatic; 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E75FFC721B8FF4EB5E9C2D2" authority="(Tokunaga)" baseAuthorityName="Tokunaga" baseAuthorityYear="1936" box="[451,673,210,232]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Pseudosmittia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="littoralis">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E75FFC721B8FF4EB566C2DD" box="[451,558,210,231]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">P. littoralis</emphasis>
(Tokunaga)
</taxonomicName>
marine coastal, 
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E75FFC72344FF4EB4A1C2D2" author="Tang, H. &amp; Cheng, Q. &amp; Krosch, M. N. &amp; Cranston, P. S." box="[831,1001,210,232]" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" pagination="111 - 126" refId="ref44728" refString="Tang, H., Cheng, Q., Krosch, M. N. &amp; Cranston, P. S. (2022 b) [2023] Maritime midge radiations in the Pacific Ocean (Diptera: Chironomidae). Systematic Entomology, 48 (1), 111 - 126. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / syen. 12565" type="journal article" year="2022">
Tang 
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E75FFC7230EFF4EB4EDC2DD" box="[885,933,210,231]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">et al.</emphasis>
2022b
</bibRefCitation>
; speciose, global]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E75FFC720ECFF73B2D4C31B" blockId="30.[151,1436,151,290]" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E75FFC720ECFF73B2D4C31B" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">11’ Posterior parapod with 7–12 claws, 15–80 μm long. Mandible with 3 or 4 inner teeth. Antennal blade as long as width of basal segment, at most slightly extending beyond flagellum....................................................... 12</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E75FFC720ECFEDAB6CAC012" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E75FFC720ECFEDAB628C389" blockId="30.[151,1437,326,552]" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E75FFC720ECFEDAB628C389" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">
12(11) Mandible with 4 inner teeth, lacking seta interna, mentum with 5 pairs of lateral teeth. If 3 inner mandibular teeth, then mentum with 4 pairs of lateral teeth, blade as long as flagellum and seta submenti bifid ...................... .. 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E75FFC7249FFEFFB2D4C343" authority="Kieffer" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1913" box="[1252,1436,355,377]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Allocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E75FFC7249FFEFFB219C342" box="[1252,1361,355,376]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Allocladius</emphasis>
Kieffer
</taxonomicName>
[
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E75FFC72091FE1CB57AC3AC" authority="Ferrington &amp; Saether" authorityName="Ferrington &amp; Saether" authorityYear="2011" box="[234,562,384,406]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Allocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caspersi">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E75FFC72091FE1CB61FC3AC" box="[234,343,384,406]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">A. caspersi</emphasis>
Ferrington &amp; Saether
</taxonomicName>
oriental 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E75FFC722F6FE1CB58EC3AC" box="[653,710,384,406]" name="China" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">China</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E75FFC722ACFE1CB464C3AC" box="[727,812,384,406]" country="China" name="Sichuan" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Sichuan</collectingRegion>
)., 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E75FFC72339FE1CB346C3AF" authority="(Wang)" baseAuthorityName="Wang" baseAuthorityYear="1991" box="[834,1038,384,406]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Allocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aizaiensis">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E75FFC72339FE1CB4F7C3AC" box="[834,959,384,406]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">A. aizaiensis</emphasis>
(Wang)
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E75FFC72465FE1CB32BC3AF" box="[1054,1123,384,405]" country="China" name="Hunan" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Hunan</collectingRegion>
); 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E75FFC7240CFE1CB3F9C3AF" box="[1143,1201,384,405]" name="Japan" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Japan</collectingCountry>
. Holarctic, Neotropical, Afrotropical]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E75FFC720ECFE27B6CAC012" blockId="30.[151,1437,326,552]" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E75FFC720ECFE27B6CAC012" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">
12’ Mandible with 3 inner teeth or when with 4 teeth, mentum with 4 pairs of lateral teeth. Seta interna occasionally present. Antennal blade extending beyond flagellum. Seta submenti simple.................... 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E75FFC72429FE44B2D5C3D4" authority="Ferrington &amp; Saether" authorityName="Ferrington &amp; Saether" authorityYear="2011" box="[1106,1437,472,494]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Hydrosmittia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E75FFC72429FE44B398C3D7" box="[1106,1232,472,493]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Hydrosmittia</emphasis>
Ferrington &amp; Saether
</taxonomicName>
[aquatic 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E75FFC7214EFE6AB55EC031" authority="(Edwards)" baseAuthorityName="Edwards" box="[309,534,501,523]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Hydrosmittia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oxoniana">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E75FFC7214EFE6AB6E3C031" box="[309,427,502,523]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">H. oxoniana</emphasis>
(Edwards)
</taxonomicName>
oriental 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E75FFC72210FE69B5ECC031" box="[619,676,501,523]" name="China" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">China</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E75FFC722CAFE69B448C030" box="[689,768,501,522]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
); 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E75FFC7236BFE6AB4EDC030" authorityName="Zhang, Liu, Ferrington &amp; Wang" authorityYear="2016" box="[784,933,501,523]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Hydrosmittia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="continalinea">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E75FFC7236BFE6AB4EDC030" box="[784,933,501,523]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">H. continalinea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
&amp; 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E75FFC723BFFE6AB366C031" authorityName="Zhang, Liu, Ferrington &amp; Wang" authorityYear="2016" box="[964,1070,502,523]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Hydrosmittia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sipinata">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E75FFC723BFFE6AB366C031" box="[964,1070,502,523]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">H. sipinata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
both Zhang 
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E75FFC724D3FE6AB391C030" box="[1192,1241,501,523]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">et al.</emphasis>
(
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E75FFC7249EFE69B27FC031" box="[1253,1335,501,523]" country="China" name="Sichuan" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Sichuan</collectingRegion>
), 
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E75FFC72533FE69B67CC012" author="Zhang, R. &amp; Liu, W. &amp; Ferrington, L. C. &amp; Wang, X." pageId="30" pageNumber="181" pagination="167 - 174" refId="ref45635" refString="Zhang, R., Liu, W., Ferrington, L. C. &amp; Wang, X. (2016) Two new species of genus Hydrosmittia Ferrington &amp; Saether (Diptera: Chironomidae) from China. Zootaxa, 4121 (2), 167 - 174. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4121.2.6" type="journal article" year="2016">
Zhang 
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E75FFC725F0FE6AB7B3C01D" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">et al.</emphasis>
2016
</bibRefCitation>
; global]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E75FFC720ECFDC8B2D4C0FB" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E75FFC720ECFDC8B366C09E" blockId="30.[151,1437,596,706]" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E75FFC720ECFDC8B366C09E" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">
13(9) Mandible without seta interna. S I simple.................................................. 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E75FFC724A9FDC8B7BBC0BD" authority="Brundin L" authorityName="Brundin L" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Mesosmittia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E75FFC724A9FDC8B20FC053" box="[1234,1351,596,617]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Mesosmittia</emphasis>
Brundin L
</taxonomicName>
, some on wet surface of rainforest leaves (
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E75FFC722E0FDEDB5BFC0BD" box="[667,759,625,647]" name="Australia" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Australia</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E75FFC72379FDEDB409C0BD" box="[770,833,625,647]" name="Brazil" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Brazil</collectingCountry>
); 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E75FFC7232FFDEEB367C0BD" authority="Saether" authorityName="Saether" authorityYear="1985" box="[852,1071,625,647]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Mesosmittia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="patrihortae">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E75FFC7232FFDEEB4ABC0BC" box="[852,995,625,647]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">M. patrihortae</emphasis>
Saether
</taxonomicName>
, oriental 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E75FFC724F7FDEDB38DC0BD" box="[1164,1221,625,647]" name="China" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">China</collectingCountry>
4 spp. (inc. 
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E75FFC7253FFDEDB2D1C0BD" box="[1348,1433,625,647]" country="China" name="Guangxi" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Guangxi</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E75FFC72099FD12B67FC09E" box="[226,311,654,676]" country="China" name="Guizhou" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Guizhou</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E75FFC7213BFD13B6C5C09E" box="[320,397,655,676]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
), seeming widespread. Holarctic, Neotropical, Afrotropical, 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E75FFC723B4FD12B362C09E" box="[975,1066,654,676]" name="Australia" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Australia</collectingCountry>
]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E75FFC720ECFD30B2D4C0FB" blockId="30.[151,1437,596,706]" box="[151,1436,684,706]" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E75FFC720ECFD30B2D4C0FB" box="[151,1436,684,706]" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">13’ Mandible with seta interna. S I palmate or plumose.......................................................... 14</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E75FFC720ECFD7BB446C16E" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E75FFC720ECFD7BB415C123" blockId="30.[151,1436,742,852]" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E75FFC720ECFD7BB415C123" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">
14(13) Antenna very short, 4 segmented, distal segments indistinct, blade extending beyond antenna......... 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E75FFC724AAFD7BB2D4C0C6" authority="Strenzke" authorityName="Strenzke" authorityYear="1950" box="[1233,1436,742,764]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Parasmittia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E75FFC724AAFD7BB20AC0C6" box="[1233,1346,743,764]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Parasmittia</emphasis>
Strenzke
</taxonomicName>
[terrestrial, 1–2 undescribed spp. oriental 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E75FFC72209FC98B5E6C120" box="[626,686,772,794]" name="China" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">China</collectingCountry>
; Holarctic; 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E75FFC72365FC98B41FC123" box="[798,855,772,793]" name="Japan" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Japan</collectingCountry>
]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E75FFC720ECFCBDB446C16E" blockId="30.[151,1436,742,852]" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E75FFC720ECFCBDB446C16E" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">
14’ Antenna even if reduced, with 4–5 distinct segments; blade less extended............................ 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E75FFC7248AFCBDB2D4C10D" authority="Holmgren" authorityName="Holmgren" authorityYear="1869" box="[1265,1436,801,823]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Smittia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E75FFC7248AFCBDB27DC10C" box="[1265,1333,801,822]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Smittia</emphasis>
Holmgren
</taxonomicName>
[terrestrial, modest but largely unknown diversity; global]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E75FFC720ECFCE5B2D4C196" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E75FFC720ECFCE5B2D4C1B5" blockId="30.[151,1436,889,940]" box="[151,1436,889,911]" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E75FFC720ECFCE5B2D4C1B5" box="[151,1436,889,911]" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">
15(1) Antenna at least 1/2 length of head (less blade) (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E75FFC722CDFCE5B46EC1B4" box="[694,806,889,911]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="29.[152,255,1838,1862]" captionTargetBox="[170,1416,181,1814]" captionTargetId="figure-17@29.[170,1416,181,1814]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 16. Larval Orthocladiinae. Bryophaenocladius, (A) posterior abdomen; Clunio, (B) labrum, epipharynx; Thalassosmittia, (C) antenna, (D) posterior abdomen; Symbiocladius, (E) larva on ephemeropteran host, (F) mandible, (G) mentum; Heterotrissocladius, (H) antenna, (I) mandible, (J) mentum; orthocladiine genus C (?“Ninellia”), (K) labrum, mentum; Nanocladius, (L) head capsule, (M) antenna; Corynoneura, (N) head capsule, (O) posterior abdomen; Thienemanniella, (P) head capsule, (Q) posterior abdomen; Rheosmittia, (R) mentum, hypopharynx, (S) antenna; Krenosmittia, (T) posterior abdomen, (U) mentum; Pseudorthocladius, (V) mandible, outer mentum; Epoicocladius, (W) ventral head and mentum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618293" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618293/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Fig. 16N, P</figureCitation>
)................................................. 16
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E75FFC720ECFC0AB2D4C196" blockId="30.[151,1436,889,940]" box="[151,1436,918,940]" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E75FFC720ECFC0AB2D4C196" box="[151,1436,918,940]" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">15’ Antenna shorter than 1/2 length of head.................................................................. 20</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E75FFC720ECFC4DB2D4C63E" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E75FFC720ECFC4DB2D4C1DC" blockId="30.[151,1436,977,1028]" box="[151,1436,977,999]" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E75FFC720ECFC4DB2D4C1DC" box="[151,1436,977,999]" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">16(15) Ventromental plate well developed. Mandible with globose base............................................... 17</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E75FFC720ECFC72B2D4C63E" blockId="30.[151,1436,977,1028]" box="[151,1436,1006,1028]" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E75FFC720ECFC72B2D4C63E" box="[151,1436,1006,1028]" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">16’ Ventromental plate weak or indistinguishable. Mandible with normal base....................................... 18</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E75FFC720ECFBB5B5ABC6AC" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E75FFC720ECFBB5B3F2C666" blockId="30.[151,1437,1065,1175]" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E75FFC720ECFBB5B3F2C666" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">
17(16) Dorsomentum with numerous fine anterior and lateral teeth (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E75FFC72352FBB5B4C8C605" box="[809,896,1065,1087]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="29.[152,255,1838,1862]" captionTargetBox="[170,1416,181,1814]" captionTargetId="figure-17@29.[170,1416,181,1814]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 16. Larval Orthocladiinae. Bryophaenocladius, (A) posterior abdomen; Clunio, (B) labrum, epipharynx; Thalassosmittia, (C) antenna, (D) posterior abdomen; Symbiocladius, (E) larva on ephemeropteran host, (F) mandible, (G) mentum; Heterotrissocladius, (H) antenna, (I) mandible, (J) mentum; orthocladiine genus C (?“Ninellia”), (K) labrum, mentum; Nanocladius, (L) head capsule, (M) antenna; Corynoneura, (N) head capsule, (O) posterior abdomen; Thienemanniella, (P) head capsule, (Q) posterior abdomen; Rheosmittia, (R) mentum, hypopharynx, (S) antenna; Krenosmittia, (T) posterior abdomen, (U) mentum; Pseudorthocladius, (V) mandible, outer mentum; Epoicocladius, (W) ventral head and mentum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618293" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618293/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Fig. 16K</figureCitation>
)............... nr. ‘Orthocladiinae sp. C’. of Saether [lotic, undescr. L, P, oriental 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E75FFC7218DFBDAB567C666" box="[502,559,1094,1116]" name="China" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">China</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E75FFC72246FBDAB5C0C666" box="[573,648,1094,1116]" country="China" name="Hainan" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Hainan</collectingRegion>
); (? = 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E75FFC722BFFBDAB414C661" authorityName="Thienemann" authorityYear="1936" box="[708,860,1094,1115]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Parakiefferiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E75FFC722BFFBDAB414C661" box="[708,860,1094,1115]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Parakiefferiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
gp), Nearctic, 
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E75FFC72391FBDAB3FCC666" author="Andersen, T. &amp; Cranston, P. S. &amp; Epler, J. H." box="[1002,1204,1094,1116]" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" pagination="1 - 571" refId="ref38162" refString="Andersen, T., Cranston, P. S. &amp; Epler, J. H. (Eds.) (2013) Chironomidae of the Holarctic Region: Keys and Diagnoses. Part 1. Larvae. Insect Systematics and Evolution Supplements, 66, 1 - 571." type="journal article" year="2013">
Andersen 
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E75FFC72437FBDBB33EC661" box="[1100,1142,1094,1116]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">et al</emphasis>
. 2013
</bibRefCitation>
]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E75FFC720ECFBF8B5ABC6AC" blockId="30.[151,1437,1065,1175]" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E75FFC720ECFBF8B5ABC6AC" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">
17’ Dorsomentum with few rudimentary median teeth (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E75FFC722ABFBF8B40EC643" box="[720,838,1124,1146]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="29.[152,255,1838,1862]" captionTargetBox="[170,1416,181,1814]" captionTargetId="figure-17@29.[170,1416,181,1814]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 16. Larval Orthocladiinae. Bryophaenocladius, (A) posterior abdomen; Clunio, (B) labrum, epipharynx; Thalassosmittia, (C) antenna, (D) posterior abdomen; Symbiocladius, (E) larva on ephemeropteran host, (F) mandible, (G) mentum; Heterotrissocladius, (H) antenna, (I) mandible, (J) mentum; orthocladiine genus C (?“Ninellia”), (K) labrum, mentum; Nanocladius, (L) head capsule, (M) antenna; Corynoneura, (N) head capsule, (O) posterior abdomen; Thienemanniella, (P) head capsule, (Q) posterior abdomen; Rheosmittia, (R) mentum, hypopharynx, (S) antenna; Krenosmittia, (T) posterior abdomen, (U) mentum; Pseudorthocladius, (V) mandible, outer mentum; Epoicocladius, (W) ventral head and mentum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618293" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618293/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Fig. 16L, M</figureCitation>
)............................ 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E75FFC724E6FBF8B229C640" authority="Kieffer" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1913" box="[1181,1377,1124,1146]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Nanocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E75FFC724E6FBF8B25EC643" box="[1181,1302,1124,1145]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Nanocladius</emphasis>
Kieffer
</taxonomicName>
(part) [few spp. with long antenna key here, see couplet 32]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E75FFC720ECFB20B2D4C77C" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E75FFC720ECFB20B37BC736" blockId="30.[151,1436,1212,1351]" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E75FFC720ECFB20B37BC736" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">
18(16) Antenna with 4 segments, longer than head (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E75FFC722DAFB20B5B6C6E8" box="[673,766,1212,1234]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="29.[152,255,1838,1862]" captionTargetBox="[170,1416,181,1814]" captionTargetId="figure-17@29.[170,1416,181,1814]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 16. Larval Orthocladiinae. Bryophaenocladius, (A) posterior abdomen; Clunio, (B) labrum, epipharynx; Thalassosmittia, (C) antenna, (D) posterior abdomen; Symbiocladius, (E) larva on ephemeropteran host, (F) mandible, (G) mentum; Heterotrissocladius, (H) antenna, (I) mandible, (J) mentum; orthocladiine genus C (?“Ninellia”), (K) labrum, mentum; Nanocladius, (L) head capsule, (M) antenna; Corynoneura, (N) head capsule, (O) posterior abdomen; Thienemanniella, (P) head capsule, (Q) posterior abdomen; Rheosmittia, (R) mentum, hypopharynx, (S) antenna; Krenosmittia, (T) posterior abdomen, (U) mentum; Pseudorthocladius, (V) mandible, outer mentum; Epoicocladius, (W) ventral head and mentum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618293" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618293/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Fig. 16N</figureCitation>
). Head capsule sometimes with surface sculpturing. Seta at base of posterior parapod with accessory spinelets (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E75FFC722FDFB45B594C6D5" box="[646,732,1241,1263]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="29.[152,255,1838,1862]" captionTargetBox="[170,1416,181,1814]" captionTargetId="figure-17@29.[170,1416,181,1814]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 16. Larval Orthocladiinae. Bryophaenocladius, (A) posterior abdomen; Clunio, (B) labrum, epipharynx; Thalassosmittia, (C) antenna, (D) posterior abdomen; Symbiocladius, (E) larva on ephemeropteran host, (F) mandible, (G) mentum; Heterotrissocladius, (H) antenna, (I) mandible, (J) mentum; orthocladiine genus C (?“Ninellia”), (K) labrum, mentum; Nanocladius, (L) head capsule, (M) antenna; Corynoneura, (N) head capsule, (O) posterior abdomen; Thienemanniella, (P) head capsule, (Q) posterior abdomen; Rheosmittia, (R) mentum, hypopharynx, (S) antenna; Krenosmittia, (T) posterior abdomen, (U) mentum; Pseudorthocladius, (V) mandible, outer mentum; Epoicocladius, (W) ventral head and mentum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618293" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618293/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Fig. 16O</figureCitation>
)....................................... 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E75FFC724C5FB45B2D4C6D5" authority="Winnertz" authorityName="Winnertz" authorityYear="1846" box="[1214,1436,1241,1263]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Corynoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E75FFC724C5FB45B276C6D4" box="[1214,1342,1241,1262]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Corynoneura</emphasis>
Winnertz
</taxonomicName>
[lentic, lotic. widespread regional, speciose, oriental 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E75FFC722A7FB6AB450C736" box="[732,792,1270,1292]" name="China" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">China</collectingCountry>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E75FFC72359FB6BB4E1C736" author="Fu, Y. &amp; Fang, X. &amp; Wang, X. H." box="[802,937,1270,1292]" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" refId="ref40200" refString="Fu, Y., Fang, X. L, &amp; Wang, X. H. (2019) Taxonomy of Corynoneura Winnertz (Diptera: Chironomidae). Science Press &amp; Academic Press, Beijing, 343 pp." type="book" year="2019">
Fu 
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E75FFC7233AFB6BB423C731" box="[833,875,1270,1292]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">et al</emphasis>
. 2019
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E75FFC723C8FB6BB4ADC736" author="Fu, Y. &amp; Fang, X. &amp; Wang, X. H. &amp; Shen, M. &amp; Xiao, Y. L." box="[947,997,1271,1292]" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" pagination="87 - 102" refId="ref40323" refString="Fu, Y., Fang, X. L, Wang, X. H., Shen, M. &amp; Xiao, Y. L. (2022) Corynoneura Winnertz species from Hunan Province, Oriental China, delineated with morphological and 16 S rDNA data (Diptera, Chironomidae). Zookeys, 1082, 87 - 102. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 1082.73019" type="journal article" year="2022">2022</bibRefCitation>
, global]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E75FFC720ECFA88B2D4C77C" blockId="30.[151,1436,1212,1351]" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E75FFC720ECFA88B2D4C77C" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">18’ Antenna with 5 distinct segments or 5–6 indistinct segments, at most as long as head, usually shorter. Head capsule without surface sculpturing. Seta at base of posterior parapod simple.................................................. 19</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E75FFC720ECFAF0B3D7C42E" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E75FFC720ECFAF0B332C786" blockId="30.[151,1437,1388,1556]" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E75FFC720ECFAF0B332C786" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">
19(18) Antenna with 5 distinct segments, third segment frequently darkened (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E75FFC72305FAF0B485C7B8" box="[894,973,1388,1410]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="29.[152,255,1838,1862]" captionTargetBox="[170,1416,181,1814]" captionTargetId="figure-17@29.[170,1416,181,1814]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 16. Larval Orthocladiinae. Bryophaenocladius, (A) posterior abdomen; Clunio, (B) labrum, epipharynx; Thalassosmittia, (C) antenna, (D) posterior abdomen; Symbiocladius, (E) larva on ephemeropteran host, (F) mandible, (G) mentum; Heterotrissocladius, (H) antenna, (I) mandible, (J) mentum; orthocladiine genus C (?“Ninellia”), (K) labrum, mentum; Nanocladius, (L) head capsule, (M) antenna; Corynoneura, (N) head capsule, (O) posterior abdomen; Thienemanniella, (P) head capsule, (Q) posterior abdomen; Rheosmittia, (R) mentum, hypopharynx, (S) antenna; Krenosmittia, (T) posterior abdomen, (U) mentum; Pseudorthocladius, (V) mandible, outer mentum; Epoicocladius, (W) ventral head and mentum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618293" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618293/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Fig.16P</figureCitation>
). Mentum without paired hypopharyngeal scales dorsal to it. Simple spine-like seta at base of posterior parapod (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E75FFC7233DFA15B4D5C7A5" box="[838,925,1417,1439]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="29.[152,255,1838,1862]" captionTargetBox="[170,1416,181,1814]" captionTargetId="figure-17@29.[170,1416,181,1814]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 16. Larval Orthocladiinae. Bryophaenocladius, (A) posterior abdomen; Clunio, (B) labrum, epipharynx; Thalassosmittia, (C) antenna, (D) posterior abdomen; Symbiocladius, (E) larva on ephemeropteran host, (F) mandible, (G) mentum; Heterotrissocladius, (H) antenna, (I) mandible, (J) mentum; orthocladiine genus C (?“Ninellia”), (K) labrum, mentum; Nanocladius, (L) head capsule, (M) antenna; Corynoneura, (N) head capsule, (O) posterior abdomen; Thienemanniella, (P) head capsule, (Q) posterior abdomen; Rheosmittia, (R) mentum, hypopharynx, (S) antenna; Krenosmittia, (T) posterior abdomen, (U) mentum; Pseudorthocladius, (V) mandible, outer mentum; Epoicocladius, (W) ventral head and mentum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618293" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618293/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Fig. 16Q</figureCitation>
)..................... 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E75FFC724CBFA15B2D4C7A5" authority="Kieffer" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1911" box="[1200,1436,1417,1439]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Thienemanniella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E75FFC724CBFA15B219C7A4" box="[1200,1361,1417,1438]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Thienemanniella</emphasis>
Kieffer
</taxonomicName>
[lentic, lotic. widespread regional, speciose, oriental 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E75FFC722A7FA3AB450C786" box="[732,792,1446,1468]" name="China" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">China</collectingCountry>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E75FFC72359FA3BB4FDC786" author="Fu, Y. &amp; Saether, O. A. &amp; Wang, X." box="[802,949,1446,1468]" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" pagination="1 - 42" refId="ref40031" refString="Fu, Y., Saether, O. A. &amp; Wang, X. (2010 a) Thienemanniella Kieffer from East Asia, with a systematic review of the genus (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae). Zootaxa, 2431 (1), 1 - 42. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2431.1.1" type="journal article" year="2010">
Fu 
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E75FFC7233AFA3BB423C781" box="[833,875,1446,1468]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">et al</emphasis>
. 2010a
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E75FFC723C5FA3BB4B8C786" author="Fu, Y. &amp; Fang, X. L. &amp; Wang, X." box="[958,1008,1447,1468]" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" pagination="391 - 399" refId="ref40142" refString="Fu, Y., Fang, X. L. &amp; Wang, X. (2013) Two species of Thienemanniella Kieffer from Oriental China (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae). Zootaxa, 3741 (3), 391 - 399. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3741.3.8" type="journal article" year="2013">2013</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E75FFC72381FA3BB364C786" author="Fu, Y. &amp; Wang, X. H. &amp; Fang, X. L. &amp; Xiao, Y. L. &amp; Lin, X. L." box="[1018,1068,1447,1468]" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" pagination="209 - 214" refId="ref40242" refString="Fu, Y., Wang, X. H., Fang, X. L., Xiao, Y. L. &amp; Lin, X. L. (2020) Thienemanniella dapanensis (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae), a new species from Zhejiang Province, China, and redescription of two Thienemanniella species, Annales Zoologici Fennici, 57, 209 - 214. https: // doi. org / 10.5735 / 086.057.0121" type="journal article" year="2020">2020</bibRefCitation>
, global]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E75FFC720ECFA58B3D7C42E" blockId="30.[151,1437,1388,1556]" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E75FFC720ECFA58B3D7C42E" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">
19’ Antenna with second antennal segment unevenly sclerotised, with alternate Lauterborn organs (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E75FFC72413FA58B3F4C7E0" box="[1128,1212,1476,1498]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="29.[152,255,1838,1862]" captionTargetBox="[170,1416,181,1814]" captionTargetId="figure-17@29.[170,1416,181,1814]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 16. Larval Orthocladiinae. Bryophaenocladius, (A) posterior abdomen; Clunio, (B) labrum, epipharynx; Thalassosmittia, (C) antenna, (D) posterior abdomen; Symbiocladius, (E) larva on ephemeropteran host, (F) mandible, (G) mentum; Heterotrissocladius, (H) antenna, (I) mandible, (J) mentum; orthocladiine genus C (?“Ninellia”), (K) labrum, mentum; Nanocladius, (L) head capsule, (M) antenna; Corynoneura, (N) head capsule, (O) posterior abdomen; Thienemanniella, (P) head capsule, (Q) posterior abdomen; Rheosmittia, (R) mentum, hypopharynx, (S) antenna; Krenosmittia, (T) posterior abdomen, (U) mentum; Pseudorthocladius, (V) mandible, outer mentum; Epoicocladius, (W) ventral head and mentum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618293" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618293/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Fig. 16S</figureCitation>
). Multitoothed mentum with paired hypopharyngeal scales (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E75FFC72247FA7DB5DCC7CD" box="[572,660,1505,1527]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="29.[152,255,1838,1862]" captionTargetBox="[170,1416,181,1814]" captionTargetId="figure-17@29.[170,1416,181,1814]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 16. Larval Orthocladiinae. Bryophaenocladius, (A) posterior abdomen; Clunio, (B) labrum, epipharynx; Thalassosmittia, (C) antenna, (D) posterior abdomen; Symbiocladius, (E) larva on ephemeropteran host, (F) mandible, (G) mentum; Heterotrissocladius, (H) antenna, (I) mandible, (J) mentum; orthocladiine genus C (?“Ninellia”), (K) labrum, mentum; Nanocladius, (L) head capsule, (M) antenna; Corynoneura, (N) head capsule, (O) posterior abdomen; Thienemanniella, (P) head capsule, (Q) posterior abdomen; Rheosmittia, (R) mentum, hypopharynx, (S) antenna; Krenosmittia, (T) posterior abdomen, (U) mentum; Pseudorthocladius, (V) mandible, outer mentum; Epoicocladius, (W) ventral head and mentum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618293" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618293/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Fig. 16R</figureCitation>
). No basiventral spine on posterior parapod............ 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E75FFC724AEFA7DB2D5C7CD" authority="Brundin" authorityName="Brundin" box="[1237,1437,1505,1527]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Rheosmittia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E75FFC724AEFA7DB200C7CC" box="[1237,1352,1505,1526]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Rheosmittia</emphasis>
Brundin
</taxonomicName>
[psammophilic, 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E75FFC72105FA63B59EC42E" authority="(Sasa &amp; Suzuki)" baseAuthorityName="Sasa &amp; Suzuki" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[382,726,1534,1556]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Rheosmittia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yakytriangulata">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E75FFC72105FA63B578C429" box="[382,560,1534,1556]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">R. yakytriangulata</emphasis>
(Sasa &amp; Suzuki)
</taxonomicName>
, oriental 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E75FFC72354FA62B420C42E" box="[815,872,1534,1556]" name="China" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">China</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E75FFC7230EFA62B4A3C42E" box="[885,1003,1534,1556]" country="China" name="Guangdong" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Guangdong</collectingRegion>
); 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E75FFC72380FA63B37CC42E" box="[1019,1076,1535,1556]" name="Japan" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Japan</collectingCountry>
, Holarctic]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E75FFC720ECF9A5B2D4C456" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E75FFC720ECF9A5B2D4C474" blockId="30.[151,1436,1593,1644]" box="[151,1436,1593,1615]" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E75FFC720ECF9A5B2D4C474" box="[151,1436,1593,1615]" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">
20(15) One anal seta as long as 25% body length (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E75FFC72204F9A5B59CC475" box="[639,724,1593,1615]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="29.[152,255,1838,1862]" captionTargetBox="[170,1416,181,1814]" captionTargetId="figure-17@29.[170,1416,181,1814]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 16. Larval Orthocladiinae. Bryophaenocladius, (A) posterior abdomen; Clunio, (B) labrum, epipharynx; Thalassosmittia, (C) antenna, (D) posterior abdomen; Symbiocladius, (E) larva on ephemeropteran host, (F) mandible, (G) mentum; Heterotrissocladius, (H) antenna, (I) mandible, (J) mentum; orthocladiine genus C (?“Ninellia”), (K) labrum, mentum; Nanocladius, (L) head capsule, (M) antenna; Corynoneura, (N) head capsule, (O) posterior abdomen; Thienemanniella, (P) head capsule, (Q) posterior abdomen; Rheosmittia, (R) mentum, hypopharynx, (S) antenna; Krenosmittia, (T) posterior abdomen, (U) mentum; Pseudorthocladius, (V) mandible, outer mentum; Epoicocladius, (W) ventral head and mentum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618293" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618293/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Fig. 16T</figureCitation>
)........................................................ 21
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E75FFC720ECF9CBB2D4C456" blockId="30.[151,1436,1593,1644]" box="[151,1436,1622,1644]" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E75FFC720ECF9CBB2D4C456" box="[151,1436,1622,1644]" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">20’ All anal setae shorter than 20% body length............................................................... 23</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E75FFC720ECF90DB2D4C56C" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E75FFC720ECF90DB6DDC526" blockId="30.[151,1437,1681,1879]" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E75FFC720ECF90DB6DDC526" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">
21(20) Mentum with 6 pairs of narrow, sharply pointed lateral teeth and single median tooth with small median nipple (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E75FFC7254DF90DB2DAC49D" box="[1334,1426,1681,1703]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="29.[152,255,1838,1862]" captionTargetBox="[170,1416,181,1814]" captionTargetId="figure-17@29.[170,1416,181,1814]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 16. Larval Orthocladiinae. Bryophaenocladius, (A) posterior abdomen; Clunio, (B) labrum, epipharynx; Thalassosmittia, (C) antenna, (D) posterior abdomen; Symbiocladius, (E) larva on ephemeropteran host, (F) mandible, (G) mentum; Heterotrissocladius, (H) antenna, (I) mandible, (J) mentum; orthocladiine genus C (?“Ninellia”), (K) labrum, mentum; Nanocladius, (L) head capsule, (M) antenna; Corynoneura, (N) head capsule, (O) posterior abdomen; Thienemanniella, (P) head capsule, (Q) posterior abdomen; Rheosmittia, (R) mentum, hypopharynx, (S) antenna; Krenosmittia, (T) posterior abdomen, (U) mentum; Pseudorthocladius, (V) mandible, outer mentum; Epoicocladius, (W) ventral head and mentum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618293" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618293/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Fig. 16U</figureCitation>
). Premandible with 2 apical teeth. Maxillary palp long. Anal setae of procercus directed dorsally................................................................................................. 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E75FFC72447F950B2D4C4DB" authority="Thiennemann &amp; Kruger" authorityName="Thiennemann &amp; Kruger" box="[1084,1436,1740,1762]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Krenosmittia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="181" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E75FFC72447F950B3FDC4DB" box="[1084,1205,1740,1761]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Krenosmittia</emphasis>
Thiennemann &amp; Krüger
</taxonomicName>
[krenobiont, lotic, 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E75FFC721E7F975B6BCC4C5" box="[412,500,1769,1791]" name="Thailand" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Thailand</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E75FFC7227AF975B516C4C5" box="[513,606,1769,1791]" name="Indonesia" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E75FFC72214F975B582C4C5" box="[623,714,1769,1791]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
), 3 spp. oriental 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E75FFC72302F975B4FAC4C5" box="[889,946,1769,1791]" name="China" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">China</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E75FFC723B8F975B34CC4C5" box="[963,1028,1769,1791]" country="China" name="Fujian" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Fujian</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E75FFC72469F975B3CCC4C5" box="[1042,1156,1769,1791]" country="China" name="Guangdong" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Guangdong</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E75FFC724EAF975B397C4C4" box="[1169,1247,1769,1790]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
); Holarctic, esp. e. Palaearctic, 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E75FFC7212CF89BB6D8C526" box="[343,400,1799,1820]" name="Japan" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Japan</collectingCountry>
]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E75FFC720ECF8B8B2D4C56C" blockId="30.[151,1437,1681,1879]" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E75FFC720ECF8B8B2D4C56C" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">
21’ 
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E75FFC72099F8B8B67BC503" box="[226,307,1828,1849]" country="Myanmar" name="Chin" pageId="30" pageNumber="181">Mentum</collectingRegion>
with 4 pairs of lateral teeth, median tooth without median projection. Premandible with 1 apical tooth. Maxillary palp short. Preanal segment projects over anal segment, directing anal setae posteriorly................................. 22
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<caption id="3FCB664A2E74FFC620E3F91DB5F8C577" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618297" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13618297" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618297/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="182" startId="31.[152,255,1665,1689]" targetBox="[151,1436,181,1642]" targetPageId="31" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E74FFC620E3F91DB5F8C577" blockId="31.[151,1437,1665,1870]" pageId="31" pageNumber="182">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E74FFC620E3F91DB66DC4A0" bold="true" box="[152,293,1665,1690]" pageId="31" pageNumber="182">FIGURE 17.</emphasis>
Larval Orthocladiinae. 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E74FFC6226DF91EB5FEC4A0" authorityName="Thienemann" authorityYear="1936" box="[534,694,1666,1690]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Parakiefferiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="182" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E74FFC6226DF91EB5FEC4A0" box="[534,694,1666,1690]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="182">Parakiefferiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (A) antenna, (B) mentum; 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E74FFC623ABF91EB33DC4A0" authorityName="Thienemann" authorityYear="1935" box="[976,1141,1666,1690]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Synorthocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="182" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E74FFC623ABF91EB33DC4A0" box="[976,1141,1666,1690]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="182">Synorthocladius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (C) mentum, (D) abdominal setal tufts, (E) mandible; 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E74FFC621E4F93AB50CC484" authorityName="Thienemann" authorityYear="1935" box="[415,580,1702,1726]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Parorthocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="182" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E74FFC621E4F93AB50CC484" box="[415,580,1702,1726]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="182">Parorthocladius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (F) mandible, (G) mentum; 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E74FFC62308F93AB341C484" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1906" box="[883,1033,1702,1726]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Psectrocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="182" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E74FFC62308F93AB341C484" box="[883,1033,1702,1726]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="182">Psectrocladius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (H) procercus, (I) labrum-epipharynx, (J) anterior labrum, S setae indicated; 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E74FFC62258F956B58AC4D8" authorityName="Brundin" authorityYear="1956" box="[547,706,1738,1762]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Rheocricotopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="182" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E74FFC62258F956B58AC4D8" box="[547,706,1738,1762]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="182">Rheocricotopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (K) labrum-epipharynx, (L) mentum, anterior head; 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E74FFC62490F956B22FC4D8" authorityName="Hirvenoja" authorityYear="1973" box="[1259,1383,1738,1762]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paracladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="182" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E74FFC62490F956B22FC4D8" box="[1259,1383,1738,1762]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="182">Paracladius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (M) mentum, (N) labrum-epipharynx; 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E74FFC62181F972B532C53C" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1913" box="[506,634,1774,1798]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Nanocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="182" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E74FFC62181F972B532C53C" box="[506,634,1774,1798]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="182">Nanocladius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (O) mentum, (P) labrum (s.g. 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E74FFC623B1F972B3C7C53C" box="[970,1167,1774,1798]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Plecopteracoluthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="182" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E74FFC623B1F972B3C7C53C" box="[970,1167,1774,1798]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="182">Plecopteracoluthus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E74FFC624D3F972B221C53F" box="[1192,1385,1774,1797]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Parametriocnemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="182" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E74FFC624D3F972B221C53F" box="[1192,1385,1774,1797]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="182">Parametriocnemus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (Q) ventral head, ventromental plates; R) antenna, (S) mentum; 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E74FFC6237AF88EB48FC510" authorityName="Thienemann" authorityYear="1924" box="[769,967,1810,1834]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paraphaenocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="182" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E74FFC6237AF88EB48FC510" box="[769,967,1810,1834]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="182">Paraphaenocladius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (T) antenna; 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E74FFC62427F88EB3ACC510" authorityName="Fries" authorityYear="1830" box="[1116,1252,1810,1834]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Hydrobaenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="182" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E74FFC62427F88EB3ACC510" box="[1116,1252,1810,1834]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="182">Hydrobaenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (U) antenna, (V) mentum; 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E74FFC62083F8AAB615C574" authorityName="Oliver" authorityYear="1982" box="[248,349,1846,1870]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Xylotopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="182" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E74FFC62083F8AAB615C574" box="[248,349,1846,1870]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="182">Xylotopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (W) abdomen seta, (X) antenna.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E4BFFF920ECFF04B5D8C37A" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E4BFFF920ECFF04B26FC2D2" blockId="32.[151,1437,151,320]" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E4BFFF920ECFF04B26FC2D2" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">
22(21) Mandible with 3 inner teeth (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E4BFFF92181FF0BB507C297" box="[506,591,151,173]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="29.[152,255,1838,1862]" captionTargetBox="[170,1416,181,1814]" captionTargetId="figure-17@29.[170,1416,181,1814]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 16. Larval Orthocladiinae. Bryophaenocladius, (A) posterior abdomen; Clunio, (B) labrum, epipharynx; Thalassosmittia, (C) antenna, (D) posterior abdomen; Symbiocladius, (E) larva on ephemeropteran host, (F) mandible, (G) mentum; Heterotrissocladius, (H) antenna, (I) mandible, (J) mentum; orthocladiine genus C (?“Ninellia”), (K) labrum, mentum; Nanocladius, (L) head capsule, (M) antenna; Corynoneura, (N) head capsule, (O) posterior abdomen; Thienemanniella, (P) head capsule, (Q) posterior abdomen; Rheosmittia, (R) mentum, hypopharynx, (S) antenna; Krenosmittia, (T) posterior abdomen, (U) mentum; Pseudorthocladius, (V) mandible, outer mentum; Epoicocladius, (W) ventral head and mentum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618293" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618293/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Fig. 16V</figureCitation>
)........................................... 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E4BFFF9241DFF0BB2D4C297" authority="Goetghebuer" authorityName="Goetghebuer" box="[1126,1436,151,173]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Pseudorthocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E4BFFF9241DFF0BB252C296" box="[1126,1306,151,172]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Pseudorthocladius</emphasis>
Goetghebuer
</taxonomicName>
[springs, hyporheic, mosses; speciose, 10+ spp. 3-4 as Pe, oriental 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E4BFFF9230EFF29B4E6C2F1" box="[885,942,181,203]" name="China" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">China</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E4BFFF923C6FF29B4B6C2F1" box="[957,1022,181,203]" country="China" name="Fujian" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Fujian</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E4BFFF92472FF29B333C2F1" box="[1033,1147,181,203]" country="China" name="Guangdong" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Guangdong</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E4BFFF924FCFF29B394C2F1" box="[1159,1244,181,203]" country="China" name="Guizhou" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Guizhou</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E4BFFF92493FF29B278C2F1" box="[1256,1328,181,203]" country="China" name="Hainan" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Hainan</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E4BFFF92540FF29B235C2F0" box="[1339,1405,181,202]" country="China" name="Hunan" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Hunan</collectingRegion>
, S. 
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E4BFFF92099FF4EB67AC2D2" box="[226,306,210,232]" country="China" name="Shaanxi" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Shaanxi</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E4BFFF92140FF4EB6C3C2D2" box="[315,395,210,232]" country="China" name="Sichuan" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Sichuan</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E4BFFF921EEFF4EB6A4C2D2" box="[405,492,210,232]" country="China" name="Zhejiang" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Zhejiang</collectingRegion>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E4BFFF92185FF4EB5DEC2DD" author="Ren, J. &amp; Lin, X. &amp; Wang, X." box="[510,662,210,232]" pageId="32" pageNumber="183" pagination="51 - 72" refId="ref43289" refString="Ren, J., Lin, X. &amp; Wang, X. (2014) Review of genus Pseudorthocladius Goetghebuer, 1943 (Diptera, Chironomidae) from China. Zookeys, 387, 51 - 72. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 387.5808" type="journal article" year="2014">
Ren 
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E4BFFF92257FF4FB51FC2DD" box="[556,599,210,232]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">et al</emphasis>
. 2014
</bibRefCitation>
), errors/synonymy high in Asian spp. 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E4BFFF92479FF4FB373C2D2" box="[1026,1083,211,232]" name="Japan" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Japan</collectingCountry>
, Holarctic, Afrotropical]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E4BFFF920ECFF6CB5D8C37A" blockId="32.[151,1437,151,320]" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E4BFFF920ECFF6CB5D8C37A" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">
22’ Mandible usually with only 1–2 inner teeth............................................. 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E4BFFF924E2FF73B2D4C33F" authority="Wulker" authorityName="Wulker" box="[1177,1436,239,261]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Parachaetocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E4BFFF924E2FF73B206C33E" box="[1177,1358,239,260]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Parachaetocladius</emphasis>
Wülker
</taxonomicName>
[lotic, krenobiont, 2Pe, oriental 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E4BFFF92266FE91B51EC319" box="[541,598,269,291]" name="China" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">China</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E4BFFF9221EFE91B592C319" box="[613,730,269,291]" country="China" name="Guangdong" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Guangdong</collectingRegion>
), 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E4BFFF92296FE92B376C319" authority="Sasa &amp; Kamimura" authorityName="Sasa &amp; Kamimura" authorityYear="1987" box="[749,1086,269,291]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Parachaetocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="akanoctavus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E4BFFF92296FE92B437C318" box="[749,895,269,291]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">P. akanoctavus</emphasis>
Sasa &amp; Kamimura
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E4BFFF92437FE91B3D6C319" box="[1100,1182,269,291]" country="China" name="Sichuan" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Sichuan</collectingRegion>
), 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E4BFFF924CAFE92B2D5C318" authority="Liu &amp; Cao" authorityName="Liu &amp; Cao" authorityYear="2020" box="[1201,1437,269,291]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Parachaetocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="squamula">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E4BFFF924CAFE92B260C318" box="[1201,1320,269,291]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">P. squamula</emphasis>
Liu &amp; Cao
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E4BFFF92093FEB6B609C37A" box="[232,321,298,320]" country="China" name="Zhejiang" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Zhejiang</collectingRegion>
) 
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E4BFFF92136FEB6B6ABC305" author="Liu, W. &amp; Cao, W. &amp; Zhao, C. &amp; Yan, C." box="[333,483,298,320]" pageId="32" pageNumber="183" pagination="145 - 149" refId="ref42262" refString="Liu, W., Cao, W., Zhao, C. &amp; Yan, C. (2020) Parachaetocladius squamula (Diptera, Chironomidae, Orthocladiinae), a new species from China. Annales Zoologici Fennici, 57 (1 - 6), 145 - 149. https: // doi. org / 10.5735 / 086.057.0116" type="journal article" year="2020">
Liu 
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E4BFFF9210FFEB7B6EDC305" box="[372,421,298,320]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">et al.</emphasis>
, 2020
</bibRefCitation>
. 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E4BFFF92197FEB7B56DC37A" box="[492,549,299,320]" name="Japan" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Japan</collectingCountry>
, Holarctic]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E4BFFF920ECFEF9B2D4C3E8" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E4BFFF920ECFEF9B49BC38F" blockId="32.[151,1437,357,467]" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E4BFFF920ECFEF9B49BC38F" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">
23(20) Mentum with at least 16 teeth, strongly arched, giving impression of only 4–6 central teeth; lateral teeth visible only on compression of mentum (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E4BFFF921ACFE1EB57EC3A2" box="[471,566,386,408]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="29.[152,255,1838,1862]" captionTargetBox="[170,1416,181,1814]" captionTargetId="figure-17@29.[170,1416,181,1814]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 16. Larval Orthocladiinae. Bryophaenocladius, (A) posterior abdomen; Clunio, (B) labrum, epipharynx; Thalassosmittia, (C) antenna, (D) posterior abdomen; Symbiocladius, (E) larva on ephemeropteran host, (F) mandible, (G) mentum; Heterotrissocladius, (H) antenna, (I) mandible, (J) mentum; orthocladiine genus C (?“Ninellia”), (K) labrum, mentum; Nanocladius, (L) head capsule, (M) antenna; Corynoneura, (N) head capsule, (O) posterior abdomen; Thienemanniella, (P) head capsule, (Q) posterior abdomen; Rheosmittia, (R) mentum, hypopharynx, (S) antenna; Krenosmittia, (T) posterior abdomen, (U) mentum; Pseudorthocladius, (V) mandible, outer mentum; Epoicocladius, (W) ventral head and mentum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618293" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618293/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Fig. 16W</figureCitation>
). Phoretic / parasitic on ephemerid mayflies.............. 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E4BFFF924FEFE1EB2D5C3A2" authority="Sulc &amp; Zavrel" authorityName="Sulc &amp; Zavrel" authorityYear="1924" box="[1157,1437,386,408]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Epoicocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E4BFFF924FEFE1EB246C3AD" box="[1157,1294,386,407]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Epoicocladius</emphasis>
Sulc &amp; Zavřel
</taxonomicName>
[2 L / P spp. 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E4BFFF92127FE03B6DEC38F" box="[348,406,415,437]" name="China" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">China</collectingCountry>
/ 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E4BFFF921E5FE03B69EC38F" box="[414,470,415,437]" name="Japan" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Japan</collectingCountry>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E4BFFF921A4FE03B5A4C38F" author="Hayashi, F. &amp; Kobayashi, T." box="[479,748,415,437]" pageId="32" pageNumber="183" pagination="281 - 303" refId="ref40823" refString="Hayashi, F. &amp; Kobayashi, T. (2000) Commensal and parasitic chironomids of Japan. Hyogo Freshwater Biology, 51 / 52, 281 - 303." type="journal article" year="2000">Hayashi &amp; Kobayashi 2000</bibRefCitation>
. Holarctic, Neotropical]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E4BFFF920ECFE21B2D4C3E8" blockId="32.[151,1437,357,467]" box="[151,1436,445,467]" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E4BFFF920ECFE21B2D4C3E8" box="[151,1436,445,467]" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">
23’ 
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E4BFFF92099FE21B67BC3E8" box="[226,307,445,466]" country="Myanmar" name="Chin" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Mentum</collectingRegion>
with fewer than 15 teeth. Rarely phoretic / parasitic.................................................. 24
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E4BFFF920ECFE64B2D4C07D" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E4BFFF920ECFE64B2D4C011" blockId="32.[151,1436,503,584]" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E4BFFF920ECFE64B2D4C011" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">
24(23) Beard beneath (dorsal) to or closely laterally adjacent to ventromental plate (may be few setae, and require high magnification optics) (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E4BFFF9214BFD89B6CEC010" box="[304,390,533,555]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="31.[152,255,1665,1689]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1642]" captionTargetId="figure-17@31.[151,1436,181,1642]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 17. Larval Orthocladiinae. Parakiefferiella, (A) antenna, (B) mentum; Synorthocladius, (C) mentum, (D) abdominal setal tufts, (E) mandible; Parorthocladius, (F) mandible, (G) mentum; Psectrocladius, (H) procercus, (I) labrum-epipharynx, (J) anterior labrum, S setae indicated; Rheocricotopus, (K) labrum-epipharynx, (L) mentum, anterior head; Paracladius, (M) mentum, (N) labrum-epipharynx; Nanocladius, (O) mentum, (P) labrum (s.g. Plecopteracoluthus); Parametriocnemus, (Q) ventral head, ventromental plates; R) antenna, (S) mentum; Paraphaenocladius, (T) antenna; Hydrobaenus, (U) antenna, (V) mentum; Xylotopus, (W) abdomen seta, (X) antenna." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618297" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618297/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Fig. 17B</figureCitation>
).................................................................................... 25
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E4BFFF920ECFDAEB2D4C07D" blockId="32.[151,1436,503,584]" box="[151,1436,562,584]" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E4BFFF920ECFDAEB2D4C07D" box="[151,1436,562,584]" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">24’ Beard absent, although 1–4 vestigial setae may be present.................................................... 30</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E4BFFF920ECFDEFB2D4C0C5" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E4BFFF920ECFDEFB4D7C0DB" blockId="32.[151,1437,627,767]" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E4BFFF920ECFDEFB4D7C0DB" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">
25(24) 6 
<superScript id="9CC19B8A2E4BFFF92095FDEFB7B1C045" attach="left" box="[238,249,627,639]" fontSize="5" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">th</superScript>
antennal segment hair-like, usually distinct (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E4BFFF922D3FDEFB449C0B3" box="[680,769,627,649]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="31.[152,255,1665,1689]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1642]" captionTargetId="figure-17@31.[151,1436,181,1642]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 17. Larval Orthocladiinae. Parakiefferiella, (A) antenna, (B) mentum; Synorthocladius, (C) mentum, (D) abdominal setal tufts, (E) mandible; Parorthocladius, (F) mandible, (G) mentum; Psectrocladius, (H) procercus, (I) labrum-epipharynx, (J) anterior labrum, S setae indicated; Rheocricotopus, (K) labrum-epipharynx, (L) mentum, anterior head; Paracladius, (M) mentum, (N) labrum-epipharynx; Nanocladius, (O) mentum, (P) labrum (s.g. Plecopteracoluthus); Parametriocnemus, (Q) ventral head, ventromental plates; R) antenna, (S) mentum; Paraphaenocladius, (T) antenna; Hydrobaenus, (U) antenna, (V) mentum; Xylotopus, (W) abdomen seta, (X) antenna." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618297" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618297/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Fig. 17A</figureCitation>
). Mentum with single broad median tooth (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E4BFFF924DAFDEFB3BFC0B3" box="[1185,1271,627,649]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="31.[152,255,1665,1689]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1642]" captionTargetId="figure-17@31.[151,1436,181,1642]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 17. Larval Orthocladiinae. Parakiefferiella, (A) antenna, (B) mentum; Synorthocladius, (C) mentum, (D) abdominal setal tufts, (E) mandible; Parorthocladius, (F) mandible, (G) mentum; Psectrocladius, (H) procercus, (I) labrum-epipharynx, (J) anterior labrum, S setae indicated; Rheocricotopus, (K) labrum-epipharynx, (L) mentum, anterior head; Paracladius, (M) mentum, (N) labrum-epipharynx; Nanocladius, (O) mentum, (P) labrum (s.g. Plecopteracoluthus); Parametriocnemus, (Q) ventral head, ventromental plates; R) antenna, (S) mentum; Paraphaenocladius, (T) antenna; Hydrobaenus, (U) antenna, (V) mentum; Xylotopus, (W) abdomen seta, (X) antenna." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618297" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618297/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Fig. 17B</figureCitation>
)..................................................................................... 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E4BFFF9243EFD0DB213C09D" authority="Thienemann" authorityName="Thienemann" authorityYear="1936" box="[1093,1371,657,679]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Parakiefferiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E4BFFF9243EFD0DB395C09C" box="[1093,1245,657,678]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Parakiefferiella</emphasis>
Thienemann
</taxonomicName>
(part.) [lotic, lentic, speciose in palaearctic, perhaps less so in s.e. Asia. 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E4BFFF9232FFD32B4E4C0FE" box="[852,940,686,708]" name="Thailand" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Thailand</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E4BFFF923CEFD32B35AC0FE" box="[949,1042,686,708]" name="Indonesia" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E4BFFF92464FD32B332C0FE" box="[1055,1146,686,708]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
), 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E4BFFF924F7FD33B2D1C0FE" authority="Sasa &amp; Suzuki" authorityName="Sasa &amp; Suzuki" authorityYear="2000" box="[1164,1433,686,708]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Parakiefferiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yakykelea">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E4BFFF924F7FD33B24AC0F9" box="[1164,1282,686,708]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">P. yakykelea</emphasis>
Sasa &amp; Suzuki
</taxonomicName>
, oriental 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E4BFFF9214AFD57B622C0DB" box="[305,362,715,737]" name="China" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">China</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E4BFFF9210CFD57B6A4C0DB" box="[375,492,715,737]" country="China" name="Guangdong" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Guangdong</collectingRegion>
), 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E4BFFF92187FD50B57EC0DB" box="[508,566,716,737]" name="Japan" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Japan</collectingCountry>
; Holarctic, Neotropical, Afrotropical]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E4BFFF920ECFD75B2D4C0C5" blockId="32.[151,1437,627,767]" box="[151,1436,744,767]" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E4BFFF920ECFD75B2D4C0C5" box="[151,1436,744,767]" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">
25’ Antenna with 4 or 5 segments, never with 6 
<superScript id="9CC19B8A2E4BFFF922FEFD74B5D8C0CE" attach="left" box="[645,656,744,756]" fontSize="5" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">th</superScript>
(
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E4BFFF922E6FD75B5B9C0C4" box="[669,753,745,767]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="31.[152,255,1665,1689]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1642]" captionTargetId="figure-17@31.[151,1436,181,1642]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 17. Larval Orthocladiinae. Parakiefferiella, (A) antenna, (B) mentum; Synorthocladius, (C) mentum, (D) abdominal setal tufts, (E) mandible; Parorthocladius, (F) mandible, (G) mentum; Psectrocladius, (H) procercus, (I) labrum-epipharynx, (J) anterior labrum, S setae indicated; Rheocricotopus, (K) labrum-epipharynx, (L) mentum, anterior head; Paracladius, (M) mentum, (N) labrum-epipharynx; Nanocladius, (O) mentum, (P) labrum (s.g. Plecopteracoluthus); Parametriocnemus, (Q) ventral head, ventromental plates; R) antenna, (S) mentum; Paraphaenocladius, (T) antenna; Hydrobaenus, (U) antenna, (V) mentum; Xylotopus, (W) abdomen seta, (X) antenna." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618297" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618297/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Fig. 17E</figureCitation>
)...................................................... 26
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E4BFFF920ECFCBFB2D4C1AB" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E4BFFF920ECFCBFB2D4C16C" blockId="32.[151,1436,803,913]" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E4BFFF920ECFCBFB2D4C16C" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">
26(25) S I simple. 
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E4BFFF92135FCB8B6D7C103" box="[334,415,804,825]" country="Myanmar" name="Chin" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Mentum</collectingRegion>
with 2–3 median, equally sized, elongate teeth; beard well developed, radiating from a common area. Seta interna absent; seta subdentalis large..................................................................... 27
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E4BFFF920ECFCC2B2D4C1AB" blockId="32.[151,1436,803,913]" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E4BFFF920ECFCC2B2D4C1AB" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">
26’ S I simple, bifid, coarsely pectinate, palmate or plumose. 
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E4BFFF92356FCC3B4C9C14E" box="[813,897,863,884]" country="Myanmar" name="Chin" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Mentum</collectingRegion>
, beard and mandible not as above. Abdomen without alternating simple and plumose setae, but single pair of tufts may be present posterolaterally......................... 28
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E4BFFF920ECFC2AB212C6A3" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E4BFFF920ECFC2AB5F3C61E" blockId="32.[151,1437,950,1177]" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E4BFFF920ECFC2AB5F3C61E" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">
27(26) Mentum with 2 median teeth; beard with apically branched filaments (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E4BFFF923D1FC2AB34EC1F1" box="[938,1030,950,972]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="31.[152,255,1665,1689]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1642]" captionTargetId="figure-17@31.[151,1436,181,1642]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 17. Larval Orthocladiinae. Parakiefferiella, (A) antenna, (B) mentum; Synorthocladius, (C) mentum, (D) abdominal setal tufts, (E) mandible; Parorthocladius, (F) mandible, (G) mentum; Psectrocladius, (H) procercus, (I) labrum-epipharynx, (J) anterior labrum, S setae indicated; Rheocricotopus, (K) labrum-epipharynx, (L) mentum, anterior head; Paracladius, (M) mentum, (N) labrum-epipharynx; Nanocladius, (O) mentum, (P) labrum (s.g. Plecopteracoluthus); Parametriocnemus, (Q) ventral head, ventromental plates; R) antenna, (S) mentum; Paraphaenocladius, (T) antenna; Hydrobaenus, (U) antenna, (V) mentum; Xylotopus, (W) abdomen seta, (X) antenna." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618297" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618297/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Fig. 17C</figureCitation>
). Mandible with inner spine. Abdominal segments with alternating simple and plumose setae (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E4BFFF92299FC4FB471C1D3" box="[738,825,979,1001]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="31.[152,255,1665,1689]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1642]" captionTargetId="figure-17@31.[151,1436,181,1642]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 17. Larval Orthocladiinae. Parakiefferiella, (A) antenna, (B) mentum; Synorthocladius, (C) mentum, (D) abdominal setal tufts, (E) mandible; Parorthocladius, (F) mandible, (G) mentum; Psectrocladius, (H) procercus, (I) labrum-epipharynx, (J) anterior labrum, S setae indicated; Rheocricotopus, (K) labrum-epipharynx, (L) mentum, anterior head; Paracladius, (M) mentum, (N) labrum-epipharynx; Nanocladius, (O) mentum, (P) labrum (s.g. Plecopteracoluthus); Parametriocnemus, (Q) ventral head, ventromental plates; R) antenna, (S) mentum; Paraphaenocladius, (T) antenna; Hydrobaenus, (U) antenna, (V) mentum; Xylotopus, (W) abdomen seta, (X) antenna." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618297" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618297/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Fig. 17D</figureCitation>
)........................... 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E4BFFF924F8FC4FB2D4C1D3" authority="Thienemann" authorityName="Thienemann" authorityYear="1935" box="[1155,1436,979,1001]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Synorthocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E4BFFF924F8FC4FB257C1D2" box="[1155,1311,979,1000]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Synorthocladius</emphasis>
Thienemann
</taxonomicName>
[
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E4BFFF92091FC6DB68EC63D" authority="(Kieffer)" baseAuthorityName="Kieffer" baseAuthorityYear="1909" box="[234,454,1009,1031]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Synorthocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="semivirens">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E4BFFF92091FC6DB622C63C" box="[234,362,1009,1030]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">S. semivirens</emphasis>
(Kieffer)
</taxonomicName>
wide range inc. oriental 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E4BFFF922C6FC6DB5B1C63D" box="[701,761,1009,1031]" name="China" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">China</collectingCountry>
; 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E4BFFF9237EFC6DB4ADC63C" authority="Liu &amp; Wang" authorityName="Liu &amp; Wang" authorityYear="2005" box="[773,997,1009,1031]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Synorthocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bifidus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E4BFFF9237EFC6DB428C63C" box="[773,864,1009,1030]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">S. bifidus</emphasis>
Liu &amp; Wang
</taxonomicName>
, oriental 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E4BFFF9243AFC6DB332C63D" box="[1089,1146,1009,1031]" name="China" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">China</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E4BFFF924F2FC6DB3B5C63D" box="[1161,1277,1009,1031]" country="China" name="Guangdong" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Guangdong</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E4BFFF9257CFC6DB21AC63C" box="[1287,1362,1009,1030]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
) 
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E4BFFF9251BFC6DB61AC61E" author="Liu, Y. &amp; Wang, X." pageId="32" pageNumber="183" pagination="51 - 60" refId="ref41914" refString="Liu, Y. &amp; Wang, X. (2005) Synorthocladius Thienemann from China, with a review of the genus (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae). Zootaxa, 1057 (1), 51 - 60. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1057.1.3" type="journal article" year="2005">Liu &amp; Wang 2005</bibRefCitation>
. Holarctic, Neotropical, Afrotropical]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E4BFFF920ECFBB0B212C6A3" blockId="32.[151,1437,950,1177]" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E4BFFF920ECFBB0B212C6A3" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">
27’ Mentum with 3 median teeth; beard with simple filaments (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E4BFFF92350FBB7B4CFC67B" box="[811,903,1067,1089]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="31.[152,255,1665,1689]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1642]" captionTargetId="figure-17@31.[151,1436,181,1642]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 17. Larval Orthocladiinae. Parakiefferiella, (A) antenna, (B) mentum; Synorthocladius, (C) mentum, (D) abdominal setal tufts, (E) mandible; Parorthocladius, (F) mandible, (G) mentum; Psectrocladius, (H) procercus, (I) labrum-epipharynx, (J) anterior labrum, S setae indicated; Rheocricotopus, (K) labrum-epipharynx, (L) mentum, anterior head; Paracladius, (M) mentum, (N) labrum-epipharynx; Nanocladius, (O) mentum, (P) labrum (s.g. Plecopteracoluthus); Parametriocnemus, (Q) ventral head, ventromental plates; R) antenna, (S) mentum; Paraphaenocladius, (T) antenna; Hydrobaenus, (U) antenna, (V) mentum; Xylotopus, (W) abdomen seta, (X) antenna." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618297" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618297/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Fig. 17G</figureCitation>
). Mandible without inner spine (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E4BFFF924B3FBB7B257C67B" box="[1224,1311,1067,1089]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="31.[152,255,1665,1689]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1642]" captionTargetId="figure-17@31.[151,1436,181,1642]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 17. Larval Orthocladiinae. Parakiefferiella, (A) antenna, (B) mentum; Synorthocladius, (C) mentum, (D) abdominal setal tufts, (E) mandible; Parorthocladius, (F) mandible, (G) mentum; Psectrocladius, (H) procercus, (I) labrum-epipharynx, (J) anterior labrum, S setae indicated; Rheocricotopus, (K) labrum-epipharynx, (L) mentum, anterior head; Paracladius, (M) mentum, (N) labrum-epipharynx; Nanocladius, (O) mentum, (P) labrum (s.g. Plecopteracoluthus); Parametriocnemus, (Q) ventral head, ventromental plates; R) antenna, (S) mentum; Paraphaenocladius, (T) antenna; Hydrobaenus, (U) antenna, (V) mentum; Xylotopus, (W) abdomen seta, (X) antenna." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618297" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618297/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Fig. 17F</figureCitation>
). Abdominal segments with simple and bifid or plumose setae, if plumose then only 1 on each posteroventral corner except for last abdominal segment....................................................................... 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E4BFFF924F9FBFAB2D4C646" authority="Thienemann" authorityName="Thienemann" authorityYear="1935" box="[1154,1436,1126,1148]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Parorthocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E4BFFF924F9FBFAB256C641" box="[1154,1310,1126,1147]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Parorthocladius</emphasis>
Thienemann
</taxonomicName>
[small waterbodies, 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E4BFFF921DFFB18B5E8C6A3" authority="Liu &amp; Wang" authorityName="Liu &amp; Wang" authorityYear="2005" box="[420,672,1155,1177]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Parorthocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="unicentrus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E4BFFF921DFFB18B568C6A3" box="[420,544,1156,1177]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">P. unicentrus</emphasis>
Liu &amp; Wang
</taxonomicName>
, oriental 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E4BFFF92282FB1FB47AC6A3" box="[761,818,1155,1177]" name="China" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">China</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E4BFFF92344FB1FB4FDC6A3" box="[831,949,1155,1177]" country="China" name="Guangdong" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Guangdong</collectingRegion>
). Holarctic, inc. 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E4BFFF92428FB18B3D8C6A3" box="[1107,1168,1156,1177]" name="South Korea" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Korea</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E4BFFF924E1FB18B39CC6A3" box="[1178,1236,1156,1177]" name="Japan" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Japan</collectingCountry>
; Afrotropical]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E4BFFF920ECFB22B2D4C711" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E4BFFF920ECFB22B231C735" blockId="32.[151,1437,1214,1324]" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E4BFFF920ECFB22B231C735" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">
28(26) S I broadly trifid, palmate or with 4 long, narrow teeth, seldom bifid (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E4BFFF923E8FB22B4B3C6E9" box="[915,1019,1214,1236]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="31.[152,255,1665,1689]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1642]" captionTargetId="figure-17@31.[151,1436,181,1642]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 17. Larval Orthocladiinae. Parakiefferiella, (A) antenna, (B) mentum; Synorthocladius, (C) mentum, (D) abdominal setal tufts, (E) mandible; Parorthocladius, (F) mandible, (G) mentum; Psectrocladius, (H) procercus, (I) labrum-epipharynx, (J) anterior labrum, S setae indicated; Rheocricotopus, (K) labrum-epipharynx, (L) mentum, anterior head; Paracladius, (M) mentum, (N) labrum-epipharynx; Nanocladius, (O) mentum, (P) labrum (s.g. Plecopteracoluthus); Parametriocnemus, (Q) ventral head, ventromental plates; R) antenna, (S) mentum; Paraphaenocladius, (T) antenna; Hydrobaenus, (U) antenna, (V) mentum; Xylotopus, (W) abdomen seta, (X) antenna." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618297" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618297/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Fig. 17I, J</figureCitation>
). Procercus with small to large spurs (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E4BFFF9250EFB22B644C6CB" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="31.[152,255,1665,1689]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1642]" captionTargetId="figure-17@31.[151,1436,181,1642]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 17. Larval Orthocladiinae. Parakiefferiella, (A) antenna, (B) mentum; Synorthocladius, (C) mentum, (D) abdominal setal tufts, (E) mandible; Parorthocladius, (F) mandible, (G) mentum; Psectrocladius, (H) procercus, (I) labrum-epipharynx, (J) anterior labrum, S setae indicated; Rheocricotopus, (K) labrum-epipharynx, (L) mentum, anterior head; Paracladius, (M) mentum, (N) labrum-epipharynx; Nanocladius, (O) mentum, (P) labrum (s.g. Plecopteracoluthus); Parametriocnemus, (Q) ventral head, ventromental plates; R) antenna, (S) mentum; Paraphaenocladius, (T) antenna; Hydrobaenus, (U) antenna, (V) mentum; Xylotopus, (W) abdomen seta, (X) antenna." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618297" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618297/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Fig. 17H</figureCitation>
)......................................................................... 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E4BFFF924F9FB47B213C6CB" authority="Kieffer" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1906" box="[1154,1371,1243,1265]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Psectrocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E4BFFF924F9FB47B258C6CA" box="[1154,1296,1243,1264]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Psectrocladius</emphasis>
Kieffer
</taxonomicName>
(part.) [lentic, L. key to subgenera 
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E4BFFF92196FB65B5FFC734" author="Andersen, T. &amp; Cranston, P. S. &amp; Epler, J. H." box="[493,695,1273,1295]" pageId="32" pageNumber="183" pagination="1 - 571" refId="ref38162" refString="Andersen, T., Cranston, P. S. &amp; Epler, J. H. (Eds.) (2013) Chironomidae of the Holarctic Region: Keys and Diagnoses. Part 1. Larvae. Insect Systematics and Evolution Supplements, 66, 1 - 571." type="journal article" year="2013">
Andersen 
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E4BFFF92234FB66B531C734" box="[591,633,1273,1295]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">et al</emphasis>
. 2013
</bibRefCitation>
, sp. 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E4BFFF92299FB65B472C735" box="[738,826,1273,1295]" name="Thailand" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Thailand</collectingCountry>
, uncertain in oriental 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E4BFFF92470FB65B30FC735" box="[1035,1095,1273,1295]" name="China" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">China</collectingCountry>
; global exc. 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E4BFFF924C5FB65B251C735" box="[1214,1305,1273,1295]" name="Australia" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Australia</collectingCountry>
; Oceania]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E4BFFF920ECFA8AB2D4C711" blockId="32.[151,1437,1214,1324]" box="[151,1436,1302,1324]" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E4BFFF920ECFA8AB2D4C711" box="[151,1436,1302,1324]" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">28’ S I simple, bifid, apically split, plumose or coarsely serrate. If procercus with spurs, S I bifid........................ 29</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E4BFFF920ECFACDB686C42D" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E4BFFF920ECFACDB5FFC785" blockId="32.[151,1437,1361,1559]" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E4BFFF920ECFACDB5FFC785" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">
29(28) Beard strong. Procercus with basal spurs. S I deeply bifid. (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E4BFFF92367FACDB4C6C75C" box="[796,910,1361,1383]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="31.[152,255,1665,1689]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1642]" captionTargetId="figure-17@31.[151,1436,181,1642]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 17. Larval Orthocladiinae. Parakiefferiella, (A) antenna, (B) mentum; Synorthocladius, (C) mentum, (D) abdominal setal tufts, (E) mandible; Parorthocladius, (F) mandible, (G) mentum; Psectrocladius, (H) procercus, (I) labrum-epipharynx, (J) anterior labrum, S setae indicated; Rheocricotopus, (K) labrum-epipharynx, (L) mentum, anterior head; Paracladius, (M) mentum, (N) labrum-epipharynx; Nanocladius, (O) mentum, (P) labrum (s.g. Plecopteracoluthus); Parametriocnemus, (Q) ventral head, ventromental plates; R) antenna, (S) mentum; Paraphaenocladius, (T) antenna; Hydrobaenus, (U) antenna, (V) mentum; Xylotopus, (W) abdomen seta, (X) antenna." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618297" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618297/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Fig. 17K, L</figureCitation>
)........................ 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E4BFFF924CAFACDB2D5C75D" authority="Brundin" authorityName="Brundin" authorityYear="1956" box="[1201,1437,1361,1383]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Rheocricotopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E4BFFF924CAFACDB200C75C" box="[1201,1352,1361,1382]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Rheocricotopus</emphasis>
Brundin
</taxonomicName>
[rheophilic, speciose, L keys to subgenera, s.s. &amp; 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E4BFFF922A1FAF2B4F5C7BE" authority="Saether" authorityName="Saether" box="[730,957,1390,1412]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Psilocricotopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E4BFFF922A1FAF2B439C7B9" box="[730,881,1390,1411]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Psilocricotopus</emphasis>
Saether
</taxonomicName>
in 
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E4BFFF92399FAF2B3FFC7B9" author="Andersen, T. &amp; Cranston, P. S. &amp; Epler, J. H." box="[994,1207,1390,1412]" pageId="32" pageNumber="183" pagination="1 - 571" refId="ref38162" refString="Andersen, T., Cranston, P. S. &amp; Epler, J. H. (Eds.) (2013) Chironomidae of the Holarctic Region: Keys and Diagnoses. Part 1. Larvae. Insect Systematics and Evolution Supplements, 66, 1 - 571." type="journal article" year="2013">
Andersen 
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E4BFFF9243CFAF3B33DC7B9" box="[1095,1141,1390,1412]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">et al</emphasis>
. 2013
</bibRefCitation>
; widespread, 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E4BFFF9253AFAF2B2D1C7BE" box="[1345,1433,1390,1412]" name="Thailand" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Thailand</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E4BFFF92099FA17B677C79B" box="[226,319,1419,1441]" name="Indonesia" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E4BFFF92137FA17B688C79B" box="[332,448,1419,1441]" country="Indonesia" name="Kalimantan Utara" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Kalimantan</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E4BFFF921B0FA17B56CC79B" box="[459,548,1419,1441]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E4BFFF92255FA10B5CAC79B" box="[558,642,1420,1441]" country="Indonesia" name="Sumatera Utara" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Sumatra</collectingRegion>
), 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E4BFFF922E8FA17B5A3C79B" box="[659,747,1419,1441]" name="Malaysia" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E4BFFF92282FA17B470C79B" box="[761,824,1419,1441]" country="Malaysia" name="Sabah" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Sabah</collectingRegion>
), speciose in oriental 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E4BFFF92470FA17B30CC79B" box="[1035,1092,1419,1441]" name="China" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">China</collectingCountry>
(e.g. 8 spp. 
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E4BFFF924C5FA17B27BC79B" box="[1214,1331,1419,1441]" country="China" name="Guangdong" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Guangdong</collectingRegion>
). Holarctic (c. 35 spp.), Neotropical. Afrotropical, 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E4BFFF9222CFA35B5FAC785" box="[599,690,1449,1471]" name="Australia" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Australia</collectingCountry>
]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E4BFFF920ECFA5AB686C42D" blockId="32.[151,1437,1361,1559]" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E4BFFF920ECFA5AB686C42D" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">
29’ Beard weak. Procercus smooth, without spurs. SI simple, apically serrate (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E4BFFF923D7FA5AB36DC7E1" box="[940,1061,1478,1500]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="31.[152,255,1665,1689]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1642]" captionTargetId="figure-17@31.[151,1436,181,1642]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 17. Larval Orthocladiinae. Parakiefferiella, (A) antenna, (B) mentum; Synorthocladius, (C) mentum, (D) abdominal setal tufts, (E) mandible; Parorthocladius, (F) mandible, (G) mentum; Psectrocladius, (H) procercus, (I) labrum-epipharynx, (J) anterior labrum, S setae indicated; Rheocricotopus, (K) labrum-epipharynx, (L) mentum, anterior head; Paracladius, (M) mentum, (N) labrum-epipharynx; Nanocladius, (O) mentum, (P) labrum (s.g. Plecopteracoluthus); Parametriocnemus, (Q) ventral head, ventromental plates; R) antenna, (S) mentum; Paraphaenocladius, (T) antenna; Hydrobaenus, (U) antenna, (V) mentum; Xylotopus, (W) abdomen seta, (X) antenna." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618297" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618297/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Fig. 17M, N</figureCitation>
)............ 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E4BFFF924BAFA5AB2D4C7E6" authority="Hirvenoja" authorityName="Hirvenoja" authorityYear="1973" box="[1217,1436,1478,1500]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paracladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E4BFFF924BAFA5AB27EC7E1" box="[1217,1334,1478,1499]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Paracladius</emphasis>
Hirvenoja
</taxonomicName>
[
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E4BFFF92091FA78B548C7C3" authority="Yan &amp; Wang" authorityName="Yan &amp; Wang" authorityYear="2005" box="[234,512,1508,1529]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paracladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antennarius">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E4BFFF92091FA78B63EC7C3" box="[234,374,1508,1529]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">P. antennarius</emphasis>
Yan &amp; Wang
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E4BFFF92277FA78B5BAC7C3" authority="(Zetterstedt)" baseAuthorityName="Zetterstedt" baseAuthorityYear="1850" box="[524,754,1507,1529]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paracladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alpicola">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E4BFFF92277FA78B53CC7C2" box="[524,628,1507,1529]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">P. alpicola</emphasis>
(Zetterstedt)
</taxonomicName>
both oriental 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E4BFFF92304FA7FB4F0C7C3" box="[895,952,1507,1529]" name="China" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">China</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E4BFFF923BCFA7FB351C7C3" box="[967,1049,1507,1529]" country="China" name="Sichuan" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Sichuan</collectingRegion>
), 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E4BFFF92450FA78B397C7C3" authority="Fu et al." authorityName="Fu" box="[1067,1247,1507,1529]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paracladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ovatus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E4BFFF92450FA78B3CCC7C3" box="[1067,1156,1508,1529]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">P. ovatus</emphasis>
Fu 
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E4BFFF924D6FA78B392C7C2" box="[1197,1242,1507,1529]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">et al</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E4BFFF92495FA78B273C7C3" box="[1262,1339,1508,1529]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
) 
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E4BFFF92532FA78B669C42D" author="Fu, Y. &amp; Wang, X. &amp; Andersen, T." pageId="32" pageNumber="183" pagination="62 - 68" refId="ref40095" refString="Fu, Y., Wang, X. &amp; Andersen, T. (2010 b) Chinese Paracladius Hirvenoja, with the description of P. ovatus sp. n. (Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae). Zootaxa, 2453, 62 - 68." type="journal article" year="2010">
Fu 
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E4BFFF92511FA78B2D5C7C2" box="[1386,1437,1507,1529]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">et al.</emphasis>
2010b
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E4BFFF92150F99DB62CC42C" box="[299,356,1537,1558]" name="Japan" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Japan</collectingCountry>
, Holarctic]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E4BFFF920ECF9A0B2D4C454" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E4BFFF920ECF9A0B2D4C46B" blockId="32.[151,1436,1595,1647]" box="[151,1436,1595,1617]" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E4BFFF920ECF9A0B2D4C46B" box="[151,1436,1595,1617]" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">
30(24) Ventromental plate extending laterad of mentum (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E4BFFF922BBF9A7B45EC46B" box="[704,790,1595,1617]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="31.[152,255,1665,1689]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1642]" captionTargetId="figure-17@31.[151,1436,181,1642]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 17. Larval Orthocladiinae. Parakiefferiella, (A) antenna, (B) mentum; Synorthocladius, (C) mentum, (D) abdominal setal tufts, (E) mandible; Parorthocladius, (F) mandible, (G) mentum; Psectrocladius, (H) procercus, (I) labrum-epipharynx, (J) anterior labrum, S setae indicated; Rheocricotopus, (K) labrum-epipharynx, (L) mentum, anterior head; Paracladius, (M) mentum, (N) labrum-epipharynx; Nanocladius, (O) mentum, (P) labrum (s.g. Plecopteracoluthus); Parametriocnemus, (Q) ventral head, ventromental plates; R) antenna, (S) mentum; Paraphaenocladius, (T) antenna; Hydrobaenus, (U) antenna, (V) mentum; Xylotopus, (W) abdomen seta, (X) antenna." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618297" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618297/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Fig. 17O</figureCitation>
) or broad, non-extended................................ 31
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E4BFFF920ECF9C5B2D4C454" blockId="32.[151,1436,1595,1647]" box="[151,1436,1625,1647]" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E4BFFF920ECF9C5B2D4C454" box="[151,1436,1625,1647]" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">30’ Ventromental plate small, not extending laterad of mentum, or plate very narrow.................................. 38</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E4BFFF920ECF908B2D4C524" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E4BFFF920ECF908B4CBC53B" blockId="32.[151,1437,1683,1823]" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E4BFFF920ECF908B4CBC53B" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">
31(30) All S setae simple. 
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E4BFFF921E5F908B6A7C493" box="[414,495,1684,1705]" country="Myanmar" name="Chin" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Mentum</collectingRegion>
with small paired median teeth often well separated from 0–6 pairs of lateral teeth which may be small, fused or closely adpressed (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E4BFFF92257F92DB5CCC4FC" box="[556,644,1713,1735]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="31.[152,255,1665,1689]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1642]" captionTargetId="figure-17@31.[151,1436,181,1642]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 17. Larval Orthocladiinae. Parakiefferiella, (A) antenna, (B) mentum; Synorthocladius, (C) mentum, (D) abdominal setal tufts, (E) mandible; Parorthocladius, (F) mandible, (G) mentum; Psectrocladius, (H) procercus, (I) labrum-epipharynx, (J) anterior labrum, S setae indicated; Rheocricotopus, (K) labrum-epipharynx, (L) mentum, anterior head; Paracladius, (M) mentum, (N) labrum-epipharynx; Nanocladius, (O) mentum, (P) labrum (s.g. Plecopteracoluthus); Parametriocnemus, (Q) ventral head, ventromental plates; R) antenna, (S) mentum; Paraphaenocladius, (T) antenna; Hydrobaenus, (U) antenna, (V) mentum; Xylotopus, (W) abdomen seta, (X) antenna." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618297" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618297/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Fig. 17O</figureCitation>
); s.g 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E4BFFF922C3F92DB4F5C4FD" authority="Steffan" authorityName="Steffan" box="[696,957,1713,1735]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Plecopteracoluthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E4BFFF922C3F92DB43BC4FC" box="[696,883,1713,1734]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Plecopteracoluthus</emphasis>
Steffan
</taxonomicName>
with broad plate..... 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E4BFFF924E6F92DB229C4FD" authority="Kieffer" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1913" box="[1181,1377,1713,1735]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Nanocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E4BFFF924E6F92DB25EC4FC" box="[1181,1302,1713,1734]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Nanocladius</emphasis>
Kieffer
</taxonomicName>
(part) [lotic, lentic, rheophilic, or phoretic or parasitic on range of aquatic insects (
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E4BFFF923D5F953B20AC4DE" authority="Hayashi" authorityName="Hayashi" authorityYear="1998" box="[942,1346,1742,1764]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Nanocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="asiaticus" subGenus="Plecopteracoluthus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E4BFFF923D5F953B4F6C4DE" box="[942,958,1743,1764]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">N</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E4BFFF923AAF952B3A5C4DE" box="[977,1261,1742,1764]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Plecopteracoluthus) asiaticus</emphasis>
Hayashi
</taxonomicName>
) 
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E4BFFF92535F952B6D1C53B" author="Hayashi, F. &amp; Kobayashi, T." pageId="32" pageNumber="183" pagination="281 - 303" refId="ref40823" refString="Hayashi, F. &amp; Kobayashi, T. (2000) Commensal and parasitic chironomids of Japan. Hyogo Freshwater Biology, 51 / 52, 281 - 303." type="journal article" year="2000">Hayashi &amp; Kobayashi 2000</bibRefCitation>
, 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E4BFFF921D8F977B554C53A" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1913" box="[419,540,1771,1792]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Nanocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E4BFFF921D8F977B554C53A" box="[419,540,1771,1792]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Nanocladius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="42F357AB2E4BFFF92259F970B509C53B" box="[546,577,1772,1793]" pageId="32" pageNumber="183" sensu="stricto">s.s.</taxonomicNameLabel>
nr. global, 
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E4BFFF922D7F977B434C53B" author="Andersen, T. &amp; Cranston, P. S. &amp; Epler, J. H." box="[684,892,1771,1793]" pageId="32" pageNumber="183" pagination="1 - 571" refId="ref38162" refString="Andersen, T., Cranston, P. S. &amp; Epler, J. H. (Eds.) (2013) Chironomidae of the Holarctic Region: Keys and Diagnoses. Part 1. Larvae. Insect Systematics and Evolution Supplements, 66, 1 - 571." type="journal article" year="2013">
Andersen 
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E4BFFF92375F970B477C53A" box="[782,831,1771,1793]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">et al.</emphasis>
, 2013
</bibRefCitation>
]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E4BFFF920ECF895B2D4C524" blockId="32.[151,1437,1683,1823]" box="[151,1436,1801,1823]" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E4BFFF920ECF895B2D4C524" box="[151,1436,1801,1823]" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">
31’ S I never simple. 
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E4BFFF921F0F895B694C524" box="[395,476,1801,1822]" country="Myanmar" name="Chin" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Mentum</collectingRegion>
not as above. Not phoretic........................................................ 32
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E4BFFF920ECF8D8B2D4C54C" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E4BFFF920ECF8D8B2D4C563" blockId="32.[151,1436,1859,1911]" box="[151,1436,1859,1881]" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E4BFFF920ECF8D8B2D4C563" box="[151,1436,1859,1881]" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">
32(31) Antenna 7 segmented; 7th segment fine; 3rd minute, 1/3 length of 4th (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E4BFFF923F7F8DFB4ACC563" box="[908,996,1859,1881]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="29.[152,255,1838,1862]" captionTargetBox="[170,1416,181,1814]" captionTargetId="figure-17@29.[170,1416,181,1814]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 16. Larval Orthocladiinae. Bryophaenocladius, (A) posterior abdomen; Clunio, (B) labrum, epipharynx; Thalassosmittia, (C) antenna, (D) posterior abdomen; Symbiocladius, (E) larva on ephemeropteran host, (F) mandible, (G) mentum; Heterotrissocladius, (H) antenna, (I) mandible, (J) mentum; orthocladiine genus C (?“Ninellia”), (K) labrum, mentum; Nanocladius, (L) head capsule, (M) antenna; Corynoneura, (N) head capsule, (O) posterior abdomen; Thienemanniella, (P) head capsule, (Q) posterior abdomen; Rheosmittia, (R) mentum, hypopharynx, (S) antenna; Krenosmittia, (T) posterior abdomen, (U) mentum; Pseudorthocladius, (V) mandible, outer mentum; Epoicocladius, (W) ventral head and mentum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618293" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618293/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Fig. 16H</figureCitation>
).................................. 33
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E4BFFF920ECF8FDB2D4C54C" blockId="32.[151,1436,1859,1911]" box="[151,1436,1889,1911]" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E4BFFF920ECF8FDB2D4C54C" box="[151,1436,1889,1911]" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">
32’ Antenna 5–6 segmented; 3rd not minute relative to 4th (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E4BFFF92287F8FDB438C54C" box="[764,880,1889,1911]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="29.[152,255,1838,1862]" captionTargetBox="[170,1416,181,1814]" captionTargetId="figure-17@29.[170,1416,181,1814]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 16. Larval Orthocladiinae. Bryophaenocladius, (A) posterior abdomen; Clunio, (B) labrum, epipharynx; Thalassosmittia, (C) antenna, (D) posterior abdomen; Symbiocladius, (E) larva on ephemeropteran host, (F) mandible, (G) mentum; Heterotrissocladius, (H) antenna, (I) mandible, (J) mentum; orthocladiine genus C (?“Ninellia”), (K) labrum, mentum; Nanocladius, (L) head capsule, (M) antenna; Corynoneura, (N) head capsule, (O) posterior abdomen; Thienemanniella, (P) head capsule, (Q) posterior abdomen; Rheosmittia, (R) mentum, hypopharynx, (S) antenna; Krenosmittia, (T) posterior abdomen, (U) mentum; Pseudorthocladius, (V) mandible, outer mentum; Epoicocladius, (W) ventral head and mentum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618293" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618293/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Fig. 16M, P</figureCitation>
)........................................... 34
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E4BFFF820ECF800B339C33F" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="184" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E4BFFF920ECF800B44BC5D6" blockId="32.[151,1437,1947,2028]" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E4BFFF920ECF800B44BC5D6" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">
33(32) Mentum with 5 pairs of lateral teeth, ventromental plate wide. Premandible bifid.............. 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E4BFFF924ECF807B2D5C58B" authority="Sparck" authorityName="Sparck" box="[1175,1437,1947,1969]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Heterotrissocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E4BFFF924ECF807B21BC58A" box="[1175,1363,1947,1968]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Heterotrissocladius</emphasis>
Spärck
</taxonomicName>
[lotic, littoral, 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E4BFFF92111F826B571C5F5" authority="(Walker)" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[362,569,1977,1999]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Heterotrissocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marcidus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E4BFFF92111F826B697C5F4" box="[362,479,1977,1999]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">H. marcidus</emphasis>
(Walker)
</taxonomicName>
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E4BFFF92245F825B53FC5F5" box="[574,631,1977,1999]" name="China" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">China</collectingCountry>
(o. &amp; p.), 
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E4BFFF922ACF825B443C5F5" box="[727,779,1977,1999]" country="China" name="Xizang" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Tibet</collectingRegion>
, Holarctic. 3 spp (as nov.) oriental 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E4BFFF9242EF825B3C6C5F5" box="[1109,1166,1977,1999]" name="China" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">China</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E4BFFF924E2F825B3BAC5F5" box="[1177,1266,1977,1999]" country="China" name="Zhejiang" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Zhejiang</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E4BFFF92480F825B218C5F5" box="[1275,1360,1977,1999]" country="China" name="Guizhou" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Guizhou</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E4BFFF92522F825B2D1C5F5" box="[1369,1433,1977,1999]" country="China" name="Fujian" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Fujian</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E4BFFF92099F84AB671C5D6" box="[226,313,2006,2028]" country="China" name="Guangxi" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Guangxi</collectingRegion>
); 
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E4BFFF92132F84AB635C5D6" box="[329,381,2006,2028]" country="China" name="Xizang" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Tibet</collectingRegion>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E4BFFF921FCF84BB501C5D1" author="Kong, F. Q. &amp; Wang, X. H." box="[391,585,2006,2028]" pageId="32" pageNumber="183" pagination="63 - 68" refId="ref41161" refString="Kong, F. Q. &amp; Wang, X. H. (2011) Heterotrissocladius Spa ¨ rck from China (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa, 2733 (1), 63 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2733.1.6" type="journal article" year="2011">Kong &amp; Wang 2011</bibRefCitation>
. Holarctic,? 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E4BFFF922BAF84AB5B0C5D6" box="[705,760,2006,2028]" name="India" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">India</collectingCountry>
).
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E4AFFF820ECFF04B339C33F" blockId="33.[151,1437,151,261]" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E4AFFF820ECFF04B339C33F" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">
33’ 
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E4AFFF82099FF04B67BC297" box="[226,307,152,173]" country="Myanmar" name="Chin" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Mentum</collectingRegion>
with 4 pairs of lateral teeth, ventromental plate modest. Premandible with apical tooth, 1 low accessory tooth...................................................................................... 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E4AFFF824D6FF29B2D5C2F1" authority="Zavrel" authorityName="Zavrel" authorityYear="1937" box="[1197,1437,181,203]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paratrissocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E4AFFF824D6FF29B210C2F0" box="[1197,1368,181,202]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Paratrissocladius</emphasis>
Zavřel
</taxonomicName>
[tubicolous in lotic sediment, 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E4AFFF8227DFF4FB4AAC2D2" authority="Saether &amp; Wang" authorityName="Saether &amp; Wang" authorityYear="2000" box="[518,994,210,232]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paratrissocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="excerptus" subSpecies="pubis">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E4AFFF8227DFF4FB533C2D2" box="[518,635,211,232]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">P. excerptus</emphasis>
(Walker) ssp. 
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E4AFFF82370FF4EB477C2DD" box="[779,831,210,231]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">pubis</emphasis>
Saether &amp; Wang
</taxonomicName>
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E4AFFF82391FF4FB366C2D2" box="[1002,1070,211,232]" name="Myanmar" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Burma</collectingCountry>
, sp. 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E4AFFF82420FF4EB3FBC2D2" box="[1115,1203,210,232]" name="Thailand" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Thailand</collectingCountry>
, oriental 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E4AFFF82574FF4EB200C2D2" box="[1295,1352,210,232]" name="China" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">China</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E4AFFF8252DFF4EB2D0C2DD" box="[1366,1432,210,231]" country="China" name="Henan" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Henan</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E4AFFF82099FF73B66AC33F" box="[226,290,239,261]" country="China" name="Fujian" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Fujian</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E4AFFF82151FF73B620C33F" box="[298,360,239,261]" country="China" name="Anhui" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Anhui</collectingRegion>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E4AFFF82101FF73B506C33F" author="Saether, O. A. &amp; Wang, X." box="[378,590,239,261]" pageId="33" pageNumber="184" pagination="291 - 294" refId="ref43483" refString="Saether, O. A. &amp; Wang, X. (2000) First record of the genus Paratrissocladius Zavr ˇ el from the Oriental region (Diptera: Chironomidae). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 143, 291 - 294. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 22119434 - 99900050" type="journal article" year="2000">Saether &amp; Wang 2000</bibRefCitation>
). L common, widespread, 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E4AFFF82330FF6CB4CDC33F" box="[843,901,240,261]" name="Japan" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Japan</collectingCountry>
; Holarctic, Afrotropical]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E4AFFF820ECFEB6B2D4C367" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E4AFFF820ECFEB6B2D4C37A" blockId="33.[151,1436,298,349]" box="[151,1436,298,320]" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E4AFFF820ECFEB6B2D4C37A" box="[151,1436,298,320]" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">
34(32) Ventromental plate appears double (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E4AFFF82247FEB6B5DDC305" box="[572,661,298,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="31.[152,255,1665,1689]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1642]" captionTargetId="figure-17@31.[151,1436,181,1642]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 17. Larval Orthocladiinae. Parakiefferiella, (A) antenna, (B) mentum; Synorthocladius, (C) mentum, (D) abdominal setal tufts, (E) mandible; Parorthocladius, (F) mandible, (G) mentum; Psectrocladius, (H) procercus, (I) labrum-epipharynx, (J) anterior labrum, S setae indicated; Rheocricotopus, (K) labrum-epipharynx, (L) mentum, anterior head; Paracladius, (M) mentum, (N) labrum-epipharynx; Nanocladius, (O) mentum, (P) labrum (s.g. Plecopteracoluthus); Parametriocnemus, (Q) ventral head, ventromental plates; R) antenna, (S) mentum; Paraphaenocladius, (T) antenna; Hydrobaenus, (U) antenna, (V) mentum; Xylotopus, (W) abdomen seta, (X) antenna." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618297" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618297/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Fig. 17Q</figureCitation>
). Seta submenti located anterior to posterior margin of plate (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E4AFFF82499FEB6B21AC305" box="[1250,1362,298,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="31.[152,255,1665,1689]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1642]" captionTargetId="figure-17@31.[151,1436,181,1642]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 17. Larval Orthocladiinae. Parakiefferiella, (A) antenna, (B) mentum; Synorthocladius, (C) mentum, (D) abdominal setal tufts, (E) mandible; Parorthocladius, (F) mandible, (G) mentum; Psectrocladius, (H) procercus, (I) labrum-epipharynx, (J) anterior labrum, S setae indicated; Rheocricotopus, (K) labrum-epipharynx, (L) mentum, anterior head; Paracladius, (M) mentum, (N) labrum-epipharynx; Nanocladius, (O) mentum, (P) labrum (s.g. Plecopteracoluthus); Parametriocnemus, (Q) ventral head, ventromental plates; R) antenna, (S) mentum; Paraphaenocladius, (T) antenna; Hydrobaenus, (U) antenna, (V) mentum; Xylotopus, (W) abdomen seta, (X) antenna." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618297" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618297/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Fig. 17Q, S</figureCitation>
)... 35
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E4AFFF820ECFED4B2D4C367" blockId="33.[151,1436,298,349]" box="[151,1436,327,349]" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E4AFFF820ECFED4B2D4C367" box="[151,1436,327,349]" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">34’ Ventromental plate simple. Seta submenti at posterior margin of ventromentum plate or more posteriad................ 36</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E4AFFF820ECFE1EB4E0C011" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E4AFFF820ECFE1EB621C3E9" blockId="33.[151,1437,386,555]" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E4AFFF820ECFE1EB621C3E9" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">
35(34) Basal segment of antenna long. AR&gt; 1.25. Blade shorter than flagellum (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E4AFFF823D8FE1EB4B1C3AD" box="[931,1017,386,408]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="31.[152,255,1665,1689]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1642]" captionTargetId="figure-17@31.[151,1436,181,1642]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 17. Larval Orthocladiinae. Parakiefferiella, (A) antenna, (B) mentum; Synorthocladius, (C) mentum, (D) abdominal setal tufts, (E) mandible; Parorthocladius, (F) mandible, (G) mentum; Psectrocladius, (H) procercus, (I) labrum-epipharynx, (J) anterior labrum, S setae indicated; Rheocricotopus, (K) labrum-epipharynx, (L) mentum, anterior head; Paracladius, (M) mentum, (N) labrum-epipharynx; Nanocladius, (O) mentum, (P) labrum (s.g. Plecopteracoluthus); Parametriocnemus, (Q) ventral head, ventromental plates; R) antenna, (S) mentum; Paraphaenocladius, (T) antenna; Hydrobaenus, (U) antenna, (V) mentum; Xylotopus, (W) abdomen seta, (X) antenna." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618297" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618297/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Fig. 17R</figureCitation>
)........ 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E4AFFF8241FFE1FB2D4C3A2" authority="Goetghebuer" authorityName="Goetghebuer" box="[1124,1436,386,408]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Parametriocnemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E4AFFF8241FFE1FB253C3A2" box="[1124,1307,387,408]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Parametriocnemus</emphasis>
Goetghebuer
</taxonomicName>
[lotic, lentic, 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E4AFFF8211AFE3CB51FC38F" authority="(Johannsen)" baseAuthorityName="Johannsen" box="[353,599,415,437]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Parametriocnemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E4AFFF8211AFE3CB696C38F" box="[353,478,416,437]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">P. nigrescens</emphasis>
(Johannsen)
</taxonomicName>
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E4AFFF82226FE03B5F2C38F" box="[605,698,415,437]" name="Indonesia" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E4AFFF822BCFE3CB5BEC38F" box="[711,758,416,437]" country="Indonesia" name="Jawa Timur" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Java</collectingRegion>
), regionally abundant, 7 spp, widespread oriental 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E4AFFF824AAFE03B245C38F" box="[1233,1293,415,437]" name="China" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">China</collectingCountry>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E4AFFF8256DFE03B2D1C38F" author="Li, X. &amp; Lin, X. L. &amp; Wang, X. H." box="[1302,1433,415,437]" pageId="33" pageNumber="184" pagination="51 - 62" refId="ref41659" refString="Li, X., Lin, X. L. &amp; Wang, X. H. (2013) New species and records of Parametriocnemus Goetghebuer from China (Diptera, Chironomidae). Zookeys, 320, 51 - 62. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 320.4927" type="journal article" year="2013">
Li 
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E4AFFF8254BFE3CB212C38E" box="[1328,1370,415,437]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">et al</emphasis>
. 2013
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E4AFFF82099FE21B653C3E8" box="[226,283,445,466]" name="Japan" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Japan</collectingCountry>
, global]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E4AFFF820ECFE46B4E0C011" blockId="33.[151,1437,386,555]" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E4AFFF820ECFE46B4E0C011" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">
35’ Basal segment of antenna short. AR &lt;1.1. Bade equal to or longer than flagellum (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E4AFFF8239CFE46B375C3D5" box="[999,1085,474,496]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="31.[152,255,1665,1689]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1642]" captionTargetId="figure-17@31.[151,1436,181,1642]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 17. Larval Orthocladiinae. Parakiefferiella, (A) antenna, (B) mentum; Synorthocladius, (C) mentum, (D) abdominal setal tufts, (E) mandible; Parorthocladius, (F) mandible, (G) mentum; Psectrocladius, (H) procercus, (I) labrum-epipharynx, (J) anterior labrum, S setae indicated; Rheocricotopus, (K) labrum-epipharynx, (L) mentum, anterior head; Paracladius, (M) mentum, (N) labrum-epipharynx; Nanocladius, (O) mentum, (P) labrum (s.g. Plecopteracoluthus); Parametriocnemus, (Q) ventral head, ventromental plates; R) antenna, (S) mentum; Paraphaenocladius, (T) antenna; Hydrobaenus, (U) antenna, (V) mentum; Xylotopus, (W) abdomen seta, (X) antenna." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618297" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618297/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Fig. 17U</figureCitation>
)... 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E4AFFF82412FE46B2D5C3CA" authority="Thienemann" authorityName="Thienemann" authorityYear="1924" box="[1129,1437,474,496]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paraphaenocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E4AFFF82412FE46B269C3D5" box="[1129,1313,474,495]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Paraphaenocladius</emphasis>
Thienemann
</taxonomicName>
[lotic, lentic, seeps, 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E4AFFF821D9FE6BB6B7C037" box="[418,511,503,525]" name="Indonesia" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E4AFFF82276FE64B574C037" box="[525,572,504,525]" country="Indonesia" name="Jawa Timur" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Java</collectingRegion>
). 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E4AFFF82236FE64B47FC037" authority="(Johannsen)" baseAuthorityName="Johannsen" box="[589,823,503,525]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paraphaenocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="discretus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E4AFFF82236FE64B5F3C036" box="[589,699,503,525]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">P. discretus</emphasis>
(Johannsen)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E4AFFF8233AFE64B347C037" authority="(Walker)" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[833,1039,503,525]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paraphaenocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impensus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E4AFFF8233AFE64B4FAC037" box="[833,946,504,525]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">P. impensus</emphasis>
(Walker)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E4AFFF82462FE64B242C037" authority="(Johannsen)" baseAuthorityName="Johannsen" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[1049,1290,503,525]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paraphaenocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exagitans">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E4AFFF82462FE64B3C5C037" box="[1049,1165,504,525]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">P. exagitans</emphasis>
(Johannsen)
</taxonomicName>
, oriental 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E4AFFF82518FE6BB2D4C037" box="[1379,1436,503,525]" name="China" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">China</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E4AFFF82092FD89B617C011" box="[233,351,533,555]" country="China" name="Guangdong" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Guangdong</collectingRegion>
). Holarctic, Neotropical, Afrotropical. 
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E4AFFF822A9FD89B4EAC011" author="Saether, O. A. &amp; Wang, X." box="[722,930,533,555]" pageId="33" pageNumber="184" pagination="1 - 69" refId="ref43440" refString="Saether, O. A. &amp; Wang, X. (1995) Revision of the genus Paraphaenocladius Thienemann, 1924 of the world (Diptera: Chironomidae, Orthocladiinae). Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement, 48, 1 - 69." type="journal article" year="1995">Saether &amp; Wang 1995</bibRefCitation>
]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E4AFFF820ECFDD3B2D4C087" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E4AFFF820ECFDD3B6A2C09A" blockId="33.[151,1436,591,701]" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E4AFFF820ECFDD3B6A2C09A" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">
36(34) Ventromental plate covers most or all of lateral teeth of mentum, median tooth broad and dome-shaped (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E4AFFF824C0FDD3B244C05F" box="[1211,1292,591,613]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="31.[152,255,1665,1689]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1642]" captionTargetId="figure-17@31.[151,1436,181,1642]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 17. Larval Orthocladiinae. Parakiefferiella, (A) antenna, (B) mentum; Synorthocladius, (C) mentum, (D) abdominal setal tufts, (E) mandible; Parorthocladius, (F) mandible, (G) mentum; Psectrocladius, (H) procercus, (I) labrum-epipharynx, (J) anterior labrum, S setae indicated; Rheocricotopus, (K) labrum-epipharynx, (L) mentum, anterior head; Paracladius, (M) mentum, (N) labrum-epipharynx; Nanocladius, (O) mentum, (P) labrum (s.g. Plecopteracoluthus); Parametriocnemus, (Q) ventral head, ventromental plates; R) antenna, (S) mentum; Paraphaenocladius, (T) antenna; Hydrobaenus, (U) antenna, (V) mentum; Xylotopus, (W) abdomen seta, (X) antenna." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618297" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618297/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Fig 17B</figureCitation>
). Antenna with 6 segments, sixth segment hair-like (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E4AFFF82239FDF1B5D1C0B8" box="[578,665,621,643]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="31.[152,255,1665,1689]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1642]" captionTargetId="figure-17@31.[151,1436,181,1642]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 17. Larval Orthocladiinae. Parakiefferiella, (A) antenna, (B) mentum; Synorthocladius, (C) mentum, (D) abdominal setal tufts, (E) mandible; Parorthocladius, (F) mandible, (G) mentum; Psectrocladius, (H) procercus, (I) labrum-epipharynx, (J) anterior labrum, S setae indicated; Rheocricotopus, (K) labrum-epipharynx, (L) mentum, anterior head; Paracladius, (M) mentum, (N) labrum-epipharynx; Nanocladius, (O) mentum, (P) labrum (s.g. Plecopteracoluthus); Parametriocnemus, (Q) ventral head, ventromental plates; R) antenna, (S) mentum; Paraphaenocladius, (T) antenna; Hydrobaenus, (U) antenna, (V) mentum; Xylotopus, (W) abdomen seta, (X) antenna." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618297" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618297/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Fig. 17A</figureCitation>
)................................... 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E4AFFF8243EFDF1B213C0B9" authority="Thienemann" authorityName="Thienemann" authorityYear="1936" box="[1093,1371,621,643]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Parakiefferiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E4AFFF8243EFDF1B395C0B8" box="[1093,1245,621,642]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Parakiefferiella</emphasis>
Thienemann
</taxonomicName>
(part.) [comments, see couplet 26]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E4AFFF820ECFD3BB2D4C087" blockId="33.[151,1436,591,701]" box="[151,1436,679,701]" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E4AFFF820ECFD3BB2D4C087" box="[151,1436,679,701]" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">36’ Most lateral teeth of mentum outside ventromental plate, median tooth broad or narrow. Antenna 4–6 segmented........ 37</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E4AFFF820ECFD7EB4ECC157" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E4AFFF820ECFD7EB410C12F" blockId="33.[151,1436,738,792]" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E4AFFF820ECFD7EB410C12F" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">
37(36) Antenna with 5 segments. Premandible with brush..................................... 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E4AFFF824FEFD7EB213C0C2" authority="Kieffer" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1911" box="[1157,1371,738,760]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chaetocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E4AFFF824FEFD7EB258C0CD" box="[1157,1296,738,759]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Chaetocladius</emphasis>
Kieffer
</taxonomicName>
(part.) [
<specimenCount id="7DB2FD4B2E4AFFF82091FC9CB7B4C122" box="[234,252,768,792]" count="1" pageId="33" pageNumber="184" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
only, oriental 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E4AFFF821FDFD63B6F7C12F" box="[390,447,767,789]" name="China" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">China</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E4AFFF821B7FD63B56FC12F" box="[460,551,767,789]" country="China" name="Zhejiang" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Zhejiang</collectingRegion>
); 
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E4AFFF8224CFD63B524C12F" box="[567,620,767,789]" country="China" name="Xizang" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Tibet</collectingRegion>
; Holarctic, Afrotropical]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E4AFFF820ECFCA6B4ECC157" blockId="33.[151,1436,826,877]" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E4AFFF820ECFCA6B4ECC157" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">
37’ Antenna with 6 segments, sixth segment vestigial (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E4AFFF822B1FCA6B46CC175" box="[714,804,826,848]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="31.[152,255,1665,1689]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1642]" captionTargetId="figure-17@31.[151,1436,181,1642]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 17. Larval Orthocladiinae. Parakiefferiella, (A) antenna, (B) mentum; Synorthocladius, (C) mentum, (D) abdominal setal tufts, (E) mandible; Parorthocladius, (F) mandible, (G) mentum; Psectrocladius, (H) procercus, (I) labrum-epipharynx, (J) anterior labrum, S setae indicated; Rheocricotopus, (K) labrum-epipharynx, (L) mentum, anterior head; Paracladius, (M) mentum, (N) labrum-epipharynx; Nanocladius, (O) mentum, (P) labrum (s.g. Plecopteracoluthus); Parametriocnemus, (Q) ventral head, ventromental plates; R) antenna, (S) mentum; Paraphaenocladius, (T) antenna; Hydrobaenus, (U) antenna, (V) mentum; Xylotopus, (W) abdomen seta, (X) antenna." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618297" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618297/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Fig. 17U</figureCitation>
). Premandible without brush.............. 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E4AFFF8249DFCA6B2D4C16A" authority="Fries" authorityName="Fries" authorityYear="1830" box="[1254,1436,826,848]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Hydrobaenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E4AFFF8249DFCA6B22EC175" box="[1254,1382,826,847]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Hydrobaenus</emphasis>
Fries
</taxonomicName>
[in lentic sediment, 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E4AFFF821DBFCC4B501C157" authority="Saether" authorityName="Saether" authorityYear="1989" box="[416,585,855,877]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Hydrobaenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kondoi">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E4AFFF821DBFCC4B6B7C156" box="[416,511,855,877]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">H. kondoi</emphasis>
Saether
</taxonomicName>
, oriental 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E4AFFF822D9FCCBB593C157" box="[674,731,855,877]" name="China" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">China</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E4AFFF82293FCCBB47BC157" box="[744,819,855,877]" country="China" name="Jiangxi" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Jiangxi</collectingRegion>
). Holarctic]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E4AFFF820ECFC0EB2D4C1D8" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E4AFFF820ECFC0EB633C1FF" blockId="33.[151,1436,914,995]" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E4AFFF820ECFC0EB633C1FF" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">
38(30) Antenna with 6–7 segments, terminal segment, hair-like. Ventromental plate wide........... 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E4AFFF82403FC0EB213C192" authority="Kieffer" authorityName="Kieffer" box="[1144,1371,914,936]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Parakiefferiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E4AFFF82403FC0EB258C19D" box="[1144,1296,914,935]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Parakiefferiella</emphasis>
Kieffer
</taxonomicName>
(part.) [see couplet 26]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E4AFFF820ECFC51B2D4C1D8" blockId="33.[151,1436,914,995]" box="[151,1436,973,995]" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E4AFFF820ECFC51B2D4C1D8" box="[151,1436,973,995]" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">38’ Antenna with 5 or fewer segments, last segment normal. Ventromental plate modest to vestigial...................... 39</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E4AFFF820ECFB94B2D4C600" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E4AFFF820ECFB94B2D4C627" blockId="33.[151,1436,1031,1083]" box="[151,1436,1031,1053]" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E4AFFF820ECFB94B2D4C627" box="[151,1436,1031,1053]" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">39(38) Abdomen with setal tufts in fringe, or 2 or 4 pairs per segment................................................ 40</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E4AFFF820ECFBB9B2D4C600" blockId="33.[151,1436,1031,1083]" box="[151,1436,1061,1083]" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E4AFFF820ECFBB9B2D4C600" box="[151,1436,1061,1083]" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">39’ Abdomen without fringe or paired setal tufts, although individual setal tuft or long setae may be present............... 42</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E4AFFF820ECFBFCB2D4C6F7" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E4AFFF820ECFBFCB474C68A" blockId="33.[151,1436,1119,1229]" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E4AFFF820ECFBFCB474C68A" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">
40(39) Abdominal segments with many setal tufts (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E4AFFF822FBFBC3B596C64F" box="[640,734,1119,1141]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="31.[152,255,1665,1689]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1642]" captionTargetId="figure-17@31.[151,1436,181,1642]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 17. Larval Orthocladiinae. Parakiefferiella, (A) antenna, (B) mentum; Synorthocladius, (C) mentum, (D) abdominal setal tufts, (E) mandible; Parorthocladius, (F) mandible, (G) mentum; Psectrocladius, (H) procercus, (I) labrum-epipharynx, (J) anterior labrum, S setae indicated; Rheocricotopus, (K) labrum-epipharynx, (L) mentum, anterior head; Paracladius, (M) mentum, (N) labrum-epipharynx; Nanocladius, (O) mentum, (P) labrum (s.g. Plecopteracoluthus); Parametriocnemus, (Q) ventral head, ventromental plates; R) antenna, (S) mentum; Paraphaenocladius, (T) antenna; Hydrobaenus, (U) antenna, (V) mentum; Xylotopus, (W) abdomen seta, (X) antenna." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618297" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618297/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Fig. 17W</figureCitation>
). Antenna with 5 segments, 2nd complete (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E4AFFF82408FBC3B381C64F" box="[1139,1225,1119,1141]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="31.[152,255,1665,1689]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1642]" captionTargetId="figure-17@31.[151,1436,181,1642]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 17. Larval Orthocladiinae. Parakiefferiella, (A) antenna, (B) mentum; Synorthocladius, (C) mentum, (D) abdominal setal tufts, (E) mandible; Parorthocladius, (F) mandible, (G) mentum; Psectrocladius, (H) procercus, (I) labrum-epipharynx, (J) anterior labrum, S setae indicated; Rheocricotopus, (K) labrum-epipharynx, (L) mentum, anterior head; Paracladius, (M) mentum, (N) labrum-epipharynx; Nanocladius, (O) mentum, (P) labrum (s.g. Plecopteracoluthus); Parametriocnemus, (Q) ventral head, ventromental plates; R) antenna, (S) mentum; Paraphaenocladius, (T) antenna; Hydrobaenus, (U) antenna, (V) mentum; Xylotopus, (W) abdomen seta, (X) antenna." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618297" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618297/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Fig. 17X</figureCitation>
).... 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E4AFFF82487FBC3B2D4C64F" authority="Oliver" authorityName="Oliver" authorityYear="1982" box="[1276,1436,1119,1141]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Xylotopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E4AFFF82487FBC3B212C64E" box="[1276,1370,1119,1140]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Xylotopus</emphasis>
Oliver
</taxonomicName>
[lotic, wood-mining, 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E4AFFF821C7FBE2B5EAC6A9" authority="Oliver" authorityName="Oliver" authorityYear="1985" box="[444,674,1149,1171]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Xylotopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="burmanensis">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E4AFFF821C7FBE2B511C6A8" box="[444,601,1149,1171]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">X. burmanensis</emphasis>
Oliver
</taxonomicName>
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E4AFFF822CBFBE1B5BCC6A8" box="[688,756,1149,1170]" name="Myanmar" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Burma</collectingCountry>
, oriental 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E4AFFF82321FBE1B4DBC6A9" box="[858,915,1149,1171]" name="China" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">China</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E4AFFF823DCFBE1B4BEC6A8" box="[935,1014,1149,1170]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
), 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E4AFFF82476FBE2B248C6A8" authority="(Sasa)" baseAuthorityName="Sasa" baseAuthorityYear="1990" box="[1037,1280,1149,1171]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Xylotopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amamiapiatus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E4AFFF82476FBE2B3FFC6A8" box="[1037,1207,1149,1171]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">X. amamiapiatus</emphasis>
(Sasa)
</taxonomicName>
oriental 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E4AFFF82518FBE1B2D4C6A9" box="[1379,1436,1149,1171]" name="China" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">China</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E4AFFF82093FB06B614C68A" box="[232,348,1178,1200]" country="China" name="Guangdong" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Guangdong</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E4AFFF8211DFB06B6E7C68A" box="[358,431,1178,1200]" country="China" name="Hainan" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Hainan</collectingRegion>
), 
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E4AFFF821C4FB06B506C695" author="Liu, W. &amp; Shi, Y. &amp; Cao, W. &amp; Yan, C." box="[447,590,1178,1200]" pageId="33" pageNumber="184" pagination="355 - 360" refId="ref42208" refString="Liu, W., Shi, Y., Cao, W. &amp; Yan, C. (2019) A new record of the genus Xylotopus Oliver (Diptera: Chironomidae) from China. Journal of the Entomological Research Society, 21 (3), 355 - 360." type="journal article" year="2019">
Liu 
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E4AFFF8219DFB07B559C695" box="[486,529,1178,1200]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">et al</emphasis>
. 2019
</bibRefCitation>
, 2021b, 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E4AFFF822DBFB07B591C68A" box="[672,729,1179,1200]" name="Japan" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Japan</collectingCountry>
, Nearctic]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E4AFFF820ECFB24B2D4C6F7" blockId="33.[151,1436,1119,1229]" box="[151,1436,1207,1229]" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E4AFFF820ECFB24B2D4C6F7" box="[151,1436,1207,1229]" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">40 Abdominal segments each with 2 or 4 setal tufts. 2nd antennal segment divided into 2 parts......................... 41</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E4AFFF820ECFB6EB668C747" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E4AFFF820ECFB6EB24FC71F" blockId="33.[151,1437,1266,1405]" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E4AFFF820ECFB6EB24FC71F" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">
41(40) Antenna with 4 segments, Abdominal segments with 4 setal tufts.................................. 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E4AFFF8248EFB6EB2D5C732" authority="Kawai" authorityName="Kawai" authorityYear="1991" box="[1269,1437,1266,1288]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Neobrillia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E4AFFF8248EFB6EB210C73D" box="[1269,1368,1266,1287]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Neobrillia</emphasis>
Kawai
</taxonomicName>
[lotic, wood-miner, 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E4AFFF821DAFA8CB529C71F" authority="Kawai" authorityName="Kawai" authorityYear="1991" box="[417,609,1295,1317]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Neobrillia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longistyla">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E4AFFF821DAFA8CB554C71E" box="[417,540,1295,1317]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">N. longistyla</emphasis>
Kawai
</taxonomicName>
(= 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E4AFFF822F9FA8CB41EC71F" authority="(Niitsuma)" baseAuthorityName="Niitsuma" box="[642,854,1295,1317]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Neobrillia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="komorii">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E4AFFF822F9FA8CB5A1C71E" box="[642,745,1295,1317]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">N. komorii</emphasis>
(Niitsuma)
</taxonomicName>
oriental 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E4AFFF823D7FA93B4ADC71F" box="[940,997,1295,1317]" name="China" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">China</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E4AFFF82389FA93B32EC71F" box="[1010,1126,1295,1317]" country="China" name="Guangdong" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Guangdong</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E4AFFF82414FA93B3F1C71F" box="[1135,1209,1295,1317]" country="China" name="Hainan" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Hainan</collectingRegion>
); 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E4AFFF824B2FA8CB24AC71F" box="[1225,1282,1296,1317]" name="Japan" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Japan</collectingCountry>
]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E4AFFF820ECFAB1B668C747" blockId="33.[151,1437,1266,1405]" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E4AFFF820ECFAB1B668C747" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">
41’ Antenna with 5 segments, Abdominal segments with 2 setal tufts....................... 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E4AFFF8240BFAB1B2D4C778" authority="Kobayashi &amp; Sasa" authorityName="Kobayashi &amp; Sasa" authorityYear="1991" box="[1136,1436,1325,1347]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Tokyobrillia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E4AFFF8240BFAB1B3ACC778" box="[1136,1252,1325,1346]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Tokyobrillia</emphasis>
Kobayashi &amp; Sasa
</taxonomicName>
[lotic, wood-miner, one common sp., 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E4AFFF82227FAD7B48EC765" authority="Kobayashi &amp; Sasa" authorityName="Kobayashi &amp; Sasa" box="[604,966,1354,1376]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Tokyobrillia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tamamegaseta">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E4AFFF82227FAD7B44AC75A" box="[604,770,1355,1376]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">T. tamamegaseta</emphasis>
Kobayashi &amp; Sasa
</taxonomicName>
, oriental 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E4AFFF8245DFAD6B317C75A" box="[1062,1119,1354,1376]" name="China" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">China</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E4AFFF82414FAD6B3ABC75A" box="[1135,1251,1354,1376]" country="China" name="Guangdong" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Guangdong</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E4AFFF8248BFAD6B270C75A" box="[1264,1336,1354,1376]" country="China" name="Hainan" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Hainan</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E4AFFF8253FFAD6B2DAC765" box="[1348,1426,1354,1375]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
); 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E4AFFF82099FAF4B653C747" box="[226,283,1384,1405]" name="Japan" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Japan</collectingCountry>
]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E4AFFF820ECFA3EB2D4C7C8" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E4AFFF820ECFA3EB2D4C78D" blockId="33.[151,1436,1442,1522]" box="[151,1436,1442,1464]" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E4AFFF820ECFA3EB2D4C78D" box="[151,1436,1442,1464]" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">
42(39) Abdomen with long simple setae, some at least 1/2 as long as segment (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E4AFFF823E9FA3EB4A2C78D" box="[914,1002,1442,1464]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="34.[152,255,1569,1593]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,181,1545]" captionTargetId="figure-26@34.[151,1436,181,1545]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 18. Larval Orthocladiinae. Paralimnophyes, (A) antenna, (B) ventral head, (C) labrum; Tvetenia, (D) body seta of posterior abdomen; Onconeura, (E) mentum; Cardiocladius, (F) mentum; Eukiefferiella, (G) mentum, (H) procercus; Chaetocladius, (I) mentum; Cricotopus, (J) abdominal setal tuft, (K) mentum, (L) mandible; Doithrix, (M) posterior abdomen; Metriocnemus, (N) labrum-epipharynx, (O) mentum, mandible; Euryhapsis, (P) anterior head, (Q) antenna; Brillia, (R) dorsal head, (S) antenna; Heleniella, (T) antenna, (V) mentum; Limnophyes, (U) antenna, (W) mentum, (X) mandible; Compterosmittia, (Y) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618301" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618301/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Fig. 18D</figureCitation>
)................................. 43
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E4AFFF820ECFA5CB2D4C7C8" blockId="33.[151,1436,1442,1522]" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E4AFFF820ECFA5CB2D4C7C8" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">42’ Abdomen without long setae, or if present, arranged as pairs of single tufts, one posterolateral on each side on many body segments........................................................................................... 47</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E4AFFF820ECF984B2D4C471" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E4AFFF820ECF984B2D4C417" blockId="33.[151,1436,1559,1611]" box="[151,1436,1559,1581]" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E4AFFF820ECF984B2D4C417" box="[151,1436,1559,1581]" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">43(42) S I simple or with indistinct apical dentations. Procercus short / stout, &lt;2× width................................. 44</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E4AFFF820ECF9A9B2D4C471" blockId="33.[151,1436,1559,1611]" box="[151,1436,1589,1611]" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E4AFFF820ECF9A9B2D4C471" box="[151,1436,1589,1611]" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">43’ S I bifid, with several apical teeth or plumose. Procercus long, usually&gt; 2× width................................. 46</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E4AFFF820ECF9ECB2D4C4C1" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E4AFFF820ECF9ECB215C4FA" blockId="33.[151,1437,1647,1787]" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E4AFFF820ECF9ECB215C4FA" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">
44(43) Antennal blade longer than flagellum (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E4AFFF8222DF9F3B5F8C4BF" box="[598,688,1647,1669]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="34.[152,255,1569,1593]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,181,1545]" captionTargetId="figure-26@34.[151,1436,181,1545]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 18. Larval Orthocladiinae. Paralimnophyes, (A) antenna, (B) ventral head, (C) labrum; Tvetenia, (D) body seta of posterior abdomen; Onconeura, (E) mentum; Cardiocladius, (F) mentum; Eukiefferiella, (G) mentum, (H) procercus; Chaetocladius, (I) mentum; Cricotopus, (J) abdominal setal tuft, (K) mentum, (L) mandible; Doithrix, (M) posterior abdomen; Metriocnemus, (N) labrum-epipharynx, (O) mentum, mandible; Euryhapsis, (P) anterior head, (Q) antenna; Brillia, (R) dorsal head, (S) antenna; Heleniella, (T) antenna, (V) mentum; Limnophyes, (U) antenna, (W) mentum, (X) mandible; Compterosmittia, (Y) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618301" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618301/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Fig. 18A</figureCitation>
). Mandible with 4 inner teeth (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E4AFFF823A1F9F3B379C4BF" box="[986,1073,1647,1669]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="34.[152,255,1569,1593]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,181,1545]" captionTargetId="figure-26@34.[151,1436,181,1545]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 18. Larval Orthocladiinae. Paralimnophyes, (A) antenna, (B) ventral head, (C) labrum; Tvetenia, (D) body seta of posterior abdomen; Onconeura, (E) mentum; Cardiocladius, (F) mentum; Eukiefferiella, (G) mentum, (H) procercus; Chaetocladius, (I) mentum; Cricotopus, (J) abdominal setal tuft, (K) mentum, (L) mandible; Doithrix, (M) posterior abdomen; Metriocnemus, (N) labrum-epipharynx, (O) mentum, mandible; Euryhapsis, (P) anterior head, (Q) antenna; Brillia, (R) dorsal head, (S) antenna; Heleniella, (T) antenna, (V) mentum; Limnophyes, (U) antenna, (W) mentum, (X) mandible; Compterosmittia, (Y) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618301" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618301/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Fig. 18B</figureCitation>
). Premandible with 2 apical teeth and brush (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E4AFFF8215FF911B634C498" box="[292,380,1677,1699]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="34.[152,255,1569,1593]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,181,1545]" captionTargetId="figure-26@34.[151,1436,181,1545]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 18. Larval Orthocladiinae. Paralimnophyes, (A) antenna, (B) ventral head, (C) labrum; Tvetenia, (D) body seta of posterior abdomen; Onconeura, (E) mentum; Cardiocladius, (F) mentum; Eukiefferiella, (G) mentum, (H) procercus; Chaetocladius, (I) mentum; Cricotopus, (J) abdominal setal tuft, (K) mentum, (L) mandible; Doithrix, (M) posterior abdomen; Metriocnemus, (N) labrum-epipharynx, (O) mentum, mandible; Euryhapsis, (P) anterior head, (Q) antenna; Brillia, (R) dorsal head, (S) antenna; Heleniella, (T) antenna, (V) mentum; Limnophyes, (U) antenna, (W) mentum, (X) mandible; Compterosmittia, (Y) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618301" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618301/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Fig. 18C</figureCitation>
). Abdominal setae about as long as the segment bearing them................... 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E4AFFF824D1F911B2D5C499" authority="Brundin" authorityName="Brundin" authorityYear="1956" box="[1194,1437,1677,1699]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paralimnophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E4AFFF824D1F911B20FC498" box="[1194,1351,1677,1698]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Paralimnophyes</emphasis>
Brundin
</taxonomicName>
[eutrophic pools, 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E4AFFF821F1F937B519C4FA" authority="Wang &amp; Saether" authorityName="Wang &amp; Saether" authorityYear="2002" box="[394,593,1706,1728]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paralimnophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jii">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E4AFFF821F1F937B6FBC4FA" box="[394,435,1707,1728]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">P jii</emphasis>
Wang &amp; Saether
</taxonomicName>
oriental 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E4AFFF822DDF936B597C4FA" box="[678,735,1706,1728]" name="China" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">China</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E4AFFF82297F936B463C4FA" box="[748,811,1706,1728]" country="China" name="Hubei" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Hubei</collectingRegion>
), undesc. spp., 
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E4AFFF823C5F937B3D8C485" author="Wang, X. &amp; Saether, O. A." box="[958,1168,1706,1728]" pageId="33" pageNumber="184" pagination="325 - 329" refId="ref44795" refString="Wang, X. &amp; Saether, O. A. (2002) First Oriental record of the orthoclad genus Paralimnophyes Brundin with emendations to the diagnosis of the genus (Diptera: Chironomidae), Aquatic Insects, 24, 325 - 329. https: // doi. org / 10.1076 / aqin. 24.4.325.8240" type="journal article" year="2002">Wang &amp; Saether 2002</bibRefCitation>
; Holarctic, 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E4AFFF82486F936B210C4FA" box="[1277,1368,1706,1728]" name="Australia" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Australia</collectingCountry>
]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E4AFFF820ECF954B2D4C4C1" blockId="33.[151,1437,1647,1787]" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E4AFFF820ECF954B2D4C4C1" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">44’ Antennal blade shorter than flagellum. Mandible with 3 inner teeth. Premandible simple, without brush.Abdominal setae about 1/2 length of segment bearing them..................................................................... 45</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E4AFFFA20ECF883B60BC33E" lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="186" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E4AFFF820ECF883B4BCC5B7" blockId="33.[151,1437,1823,1933]" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E4AFFF820ECF883B4BCC5B7" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">
45(44) Inner margin / mola of mandible with several spines. Setae submenti adjacent to posterad mentum or slightly posterior from the mentum (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E4AFFF82145F8A1B6DFC568" box="[318,407,1853,1875]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="34.[152,255,1569,1593]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,181,1545]" captionTargetId="figure-26@34.[151,1436,181,1545]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 18. Larval Orthocladiinae. Paralimnophyes, (A) antenna, (B) ventral head, (C) labrum; Tvetenia, (D) body seta of posterior abdomen; Onconeura, (E) mentum; Cardiocladius, (F) mentum; Eukiefferiella, (G) mentum, (H) procercus; Chaetocladius, (I) mentum; Cricotopus, (J) abdominal setal tuft, (K) mentum, (L) mandible; Doithrix, (M) posterior abdomen; Metriocnemus, (N) labrum-epipharynx, (O) mentum, mandible; Euryhapsis, (P) anterior head, (Q) antenna; Brillia, (R) dorsal head, (S) antenna; Heleniella, (T) antenna, (V) mentum; Limnophyes, (U) antenna, (W) mentum, (X) mandible; Compterosmittia, (Y) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618301" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618301/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Fig. 18G</figureCitation>
). Procercus without spurs (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E4AFFF822E7F8A1B5BBC568" box="[668,755,1853,1875]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="34.[152,255,1569,1593]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,181,1545]" captionTargetId="figure-26@34.[151,1436,181,1545]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 18. Larval Orthocladiinae. Paralimnophyes, (A) antenna, (B) ventral head, (C) labrum; Tvetenia, (D) body seta of posterior abdomen; Onconeura, (E) mentum; Cardiocladius, (F) mentum; Eukiefferiella, (G) mentum, (H) procercus; Chaetocladius, (I) mentum; Cricotopus, (J) abdominal setal tuft, (K) mentum, (L) mandible; Doithrix, (M) posterior abdomen; Metriocnemus, (N) labrum-epipharynx, (O) mentum, mandible; Euryhapsis, (P) anterior head, (Q) antenna; Brillia, (R) dorsal head, (S) antenna; Heleniella, (T) antenna, (V) mentum; Limnophyes, (U) antenna, (W) mentum, (X) mandible; Compterosmittia, (Y) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618301" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618301/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Fig. 18H</figureCitation>
)............................. 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E4AFFF82420F8A1B213C569" authority="Thienemann" authorityName="Thienemann" authorityYear="1926" box="[1115,1371,1853,1875]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Eukiefferiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E4AFFF82420F8A1B396C568" box="[1115,1246,1853,1874]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Eukiefferiella</emphasis>
Thienemann
</taxonomicName>
(part.) [eurythermic, lotic, speciose, widespread, regional endemism low, Pe common, 8+ spp from oriental 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E4AFFF824D9F8C6B393C54A" box="[1186,1243,1882,1904]" name="China" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">China</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E4AFFF8249CF8C6B212C54A" box="[1255,1370,1882,1904]" country="China" name="Guangdong" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Guangdong</collectingRegion>
) 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E4AFFF8251DF8C7B2D5C54A" box="[1382,1437,1883,1904]" name="Japan" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Japan</collectingCountry>
- errors/synonymy high), spp. groups 
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E4AFFF82231F8EBB45DC5B7" author="Andersen, T. &amp; Cranston, P. S. &amp; Epler, J. H." box="[586,789,1911,1933]" pageId="33" pageNumber="184" pagination="1 - 571" refId="ref38162" refString="Andersen, T., Cranston, P. S. &amp; Epler, J. H. (Eds.) (2013) Chironomidae of the Holarctic Region: Keys and Diagnoses. Part 1. Larvae. Insect Systematics and Evolution Supplements, 66, 1 - 571." type="journal article" year="2013">
Andersen 
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E4AFFF822D7F8E4B59FC5B6" box="[684,727,1911,1933]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">et al</emphasis>
. 2013
</bibRefCitation>
; global exc. 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E4AFFF823F6F8EBB4A3C5B7" box="[909,1003,1911,1933]" name="Australia" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">Australia</collectingCountry>
].
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<caption id="3FCB664A2E49FFFB20E3F9BDB66EC4D4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618301" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13618301" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618301/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="185" startId="34.[152,255,1569,1593]" targetBox="[152,1436,181,1545]" targetPageId="34" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E49FFFB20E3F9BDB66EC4D4" blockId="34.[151,1437,1569,1774]" pageId="34" pageNumber="185">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E49FFFB20E3F9BDB660C403" bold="true" box="[152,296,1569,1593]" pageId="34" pageNumber="185">FIGURE 18.</emphasis>
Larval Orthocladiinae. 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E49FFFB225FF9BDB582C403" authorityName="Brundin" authorityYear="1956" box="[548,714,1569,1593]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paralimnophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E49FFFB225FF9BDB582C403" box="[548,714,1569,1593]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="185">Paralimnophyes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (A) antenna, (B) ventral head, (C) labrum; 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E49FFFB24DEF9BDB3B4C402" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1922" box="[1189,1276,1569,1592]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Tvetenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E49FFFB24DEF9BDB3B4C402" box="[1189,1276,1569,1592]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="185">Tvetenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (D) body seta of posterior abdomen; 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E49FFFB21F6F9D9B6B7C466" authorityName="Andersen &amp; Saether" authorityYear="2005" box="[397,511,1605,1628]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Onconeura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E49FFFB21F6F9D9B6B7C466" box="[397,511,1605,1628]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="185">Onconeura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (E) mentum; 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E49FFFB22D9F9D9B47AC467" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1912" box="[674,818,1605,1629]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Cardiocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E49FFFB22D9F9D9B47AC467" box="[674,818,1605,1629]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="185">Cardiocladius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (F) mentum; 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E49FFFB23AEF9D9B317C467" authorityName="Thienemann" authorityYear="1926" box="[981,1119,1605,1629]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Eukiefferiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E49FFFB23AEF9D9B317C467" box="[981,1119,1605,1629]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="185">Eukiefferiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (G) mentum, (H) procercus; 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E49FFFB20ECF9F5B661C4BB" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1911" box="[151,297,1641,1665]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chaetocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E49FFFB20ECF9F5B661C4BB" box="[151,297,1641,1665]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="185">Chaetocladius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (I) mentum; 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E49FFFB21CCF9F5B560C4BA" authorityName="Wulp" authorityYear="1874" box="[439,552,1641,1664]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Cricotopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E49FFFB21CCF9F5B560C4BA" box="[439,552,1641,1664]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="185">Cricotopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (J) abdominal setal tuft, (K) mentum, (L) mandible; 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E49FFFB243CF9F5B3D5C4BB" authorityName="Saether &amp; Sublette" authorityYear="1983" box="[1095,1181,1641,1665]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Doithrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E49FFFB243CF9F5B3D5C4BB" box="[1095,1181,1641,1665]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="185">Doithrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (M) posterior abdomen; 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E49FFFB20ECF911B660C49E" authorityName="Van der Wulp" authorityYear="1874" box="[151,296,1677,1700]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Metriocnemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E49FFFB20ECF911B660C49E" box="[151,296,1677,1700]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="185">Metriocnemus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (N) labrum-epipharynx, (O) mentum, mandible; 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E49FFFB235DF911B4D0C49F" authorityName="Oliver" authorityYear="1981" box="[806,920,1677,1701]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Euryhapsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E49FFFB235DF911B4D0C49F" box="[806,920,1677,1701]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="185">Euryhapsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (P) anterior head, (Q) antenna; 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E49FFFB249DF911B260C49F" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1913" box="[1254,1320,1677,1701]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Brillia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E49FFFB249DF911B260C49F" box="[1254,1320,1677,1701]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="185">Brillia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (R) dorsal head, (S) antenna; 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E49FFFB212BF92DB6F2C4F3" authorityName="Gowin" authorityYear="1943" box="[336,442,1713,1737]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Heleniella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E49FFFB212BF92DB6F2C4F3" box="[336,442,1713,1737]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="185">Heleniella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (T) antenna, (V) mentum; 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E49FFFB22B2F92DB40BC4F3" authorityName="Eaton" authorityYear="1875" box="[713,835,1713,1737]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Limnophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E49FFFB22B2F92DB40BC4F3" box="[713,835,1713,1737]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="185">Limnophyes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (U) antenna, (W) mentum, (X) mandible; 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E49FFFB2496F92DB2DEC4F2" authorityName="Saether" authorityYear="1981" box="[1261,1430,1713,1736]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Compterosmittia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E49FFFB2496F92DB2DEC4F2" box="[1261,1430,1713,1736]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="185">Compterosmittia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (Y) mandible.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E48FFFA20ECFF0BB60BC33E" blockId="35.[151,1437,151,260]" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E48FFFA20ECFF0BB60BC33E" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">
45’ Inner margin of mandible usually smooth. Insertion of seta submenti always clearly posterior from the mentum, gap about 1/2 length of mentum height. Procercus with spurs........................................... 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E48FFFA24C9FF29B2D5C2F1" authority="Brundin" authorityName="Brundin" authorityYear="1956" box="[1202,1437,181,203]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paracricotopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E48FFFA24C9FF29B20FC2F0" box="[1202,1351,181,202]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">Paracricotopus</emphasis>
Brundin
</taxonomicName>
[lotic, bogs, L/Pe, 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E48FFFA21E0FF4EB6B0C2D2" box="[411,504,210,232]" name="Indonesia" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E48FFFA2273FF4EB52BC2D2" box="[520,611,210,232]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
), 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E48FFFA220DFF4EB586C2D2" box="[630,718,210,232]" name="Thailand" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">Thailand</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E48FFFA22A1FF4EB476C2D2" box="[730,830,210,232]" name="Singapore" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">Singapore</collectingCountry>
; 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E48FFFA2330FF4EB378C2D2" authority="Niitsuma" authorityName="Niitsuma" authorityYear="1990" box="[843,1072,210,232]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paracricotopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="irregularis">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E48FFFA2330FF4EB484C2DD" box="[843,972,210,231]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">P. irregularis</emphasis>
Niitsuma
</taxonomicName>
, oriental 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E48FFFA24F5FF4EB38FC2D2" box="[1166,1223,210,232]" name="China" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">China</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E48FFFA24ACFF4EB205C2D2" box="[1239,1357,210,232]" country="China" name="Guangdong" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">Guangdong</collectingRegion>
); 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E48FFFA251BFF4EB2D2C2DD" box="[1376,1434,210,231]" name="Japan" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">Japan</collectingCountry>
. Holarctic]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E48FFFA20ECFEB4B3C1C3F4" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E48FFFA20ECFEB4B628C342" blockId="35.[151,1437,296,462]" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E48FFFA20ECFEB4B628C342" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">
46(43) Mandible with 3 inner teeth and inner margin / mola with several spines.............................. 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E48FFFA2484FEB5B2D4C304" authority="Kieffer" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1922" box="[1279,1436,296,318]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Tvetenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E48FFFA2484FEB5B21AC304" box="[1279,1362,297,318]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">Tvetenia</emphasis>
Kieffer
</taxonomicName>
[lotic, 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E48FFFA2158FED9B55CC361" authority="(Edwards)" baseAuthorityName="Edwards" baseAuthorityYear="1929" box="[291,532,325,347]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Tvetenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="calvescens">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E48FFFA2158FED9B6EDC360" box="[291,421,325,346]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">T. calvescens</emphasis>
(Edwards)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E48FFFA225BFED9B5A8C360" authority="(Sasa)" baseAuthorityName="Sasa" box="[544,736,325,346]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Tvetenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tamaflava">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E48FFFA225BFED9B5D3C360" box="[544,667,325,346]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">T. tamaflava</emphasis>
(Sasa)
</taxonomicName>
(possibly synonymous) oriental 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E48FFFA245DFED9B317C361" box="[1062,1119,325,347]" name="China" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">China</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E48FFFA2414FED9B3ADC361" box="[1135,1253,325,347]" country="China" name="Guangdong" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">Guangdong</collectingRegion>
). 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E48FFFA248CFED9B278C360" box="[1271,1328,325,346]" name="Japan" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">Japan</collectingCountry>
, Holarctic, Afrotropical]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E48FFFA20ECFEE2B3C1C3F4" blockId="35.[151,1437,296,462]" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E48FFFA20ECFEE2B3C1C3F4" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">
46’ Mandible with 4 inner teeth and inner margin / mola smooth. (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E48FFFA2343FEE2B4D8C3AE" box="[824,912,382,404]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="34.[152,255,1569,1593]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,181,1545]" captionTargetId="figure-26@34.[151,1436,181,1545]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 18. Larval Orthocladiinae. Paralimnophyes, (A) antenna, (B) ventral head, (C) labrum; Tvetenia, (D) body seta of posterior abdomen; Onconeura, (E) mentum; Cardiocladius, (F) mentum; Eukiefferiella, (G) mentum, (H) procercus; Chaetocladius, (I) mentum; Cricotopus, (J) abdominal setal tuft, (K) mentum, (L) mandible; Doithrix, (M) posterior abdomen; Metriocnemus, (N) labrum-epipharynx, (O) mentum, mandible; Euryhapsis, (P) anterior head, (Q) antenna; Brillia, (R) dorsal head, (S) antenna; Heleniella, (T) antenna, (V) mentum; Limnophyes, (U) antenna, (W) mentum, (X) mandible; Compterosmittia, (Y) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618301" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618301/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">Fig. 18O</figureCitation>
).................. 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E48FFFA2414FEE3B3B0C3AE" authorityName="Van der Wulp" authorityYear="1874" box="[1135,1272,383,404]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Metriocnemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E48FFFA2414FEE3B3B0C3AE" box="[1135,1272,383,404]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">Metriocnemus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
v.d. Wulp (part.) [microaquatic habitats, esp. pitcher plants in tropical forest, speciose,?12+ spp. oriental 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E48FFFA2449FE07B323C38B" box="[1074,1131,411,433]" name="China" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">China</collectingCountry>
Saether 1995, 
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E48FFFA248EFE07B2D0C38A" author="Li, X. &amp; Wang, X. H." box="[1269,1432,411,433]" pageId="35" pageNumber="186" pagination="73 - 87" refId="ref41604" refString="Li, X. &amp; Wang, X. H. (2014) New species and records of Metriocnemus van der Wulp s. str. from China (Diptera, Chironomidae). Zookeys, 387, 73 - 87 https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 387.6408." type="journal article" year="2014">Li &amp; Wang 2014</bibRefCitation>
, inc. 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E48FFFA2170FE25B691C3F4" authority="Edwards" authorityName="Edwards" authorityYear="1929" box="[267,473,440,462]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Metriocnemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tristellus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E48FFFA2170FE25B637C3F7" box="[267,383,440,462]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">M. tristellus</emphasis>
Edwards
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E48FFFA219DFE24B513C3F4" box="[486,603,440,462]" country="China" name="Guangdong" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">Guangdong</collectingRegion>
), 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E48FFFA2210FE25B444C3F4" authority="Saether" authorityName="Saether" authorityYear="1989" box="[619,780,440,462]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Metriocnemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brusti">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E48FFFA2210FE25B58BC3F7" box="[619,707,440,462]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">M. brusti</emphasis>
Saether
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E48FFFA2363FE24B42FC3F7" box="[792,871,440,461]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
); 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E48FFFA2303FE24B4FAC3F7" box="[888,946,440,461]" name="Japan" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">Japan</collectingCountry>
; global exc. 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E48FFFA2452FE24B3CCC3F4" box="[1065,1156,440,462]" name="Australia" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">Australia</collectingCountry>
]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E48FFFA20ECFE6EB2D4C067" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E48FFFA20ECFE6EB4F0C07B" blockId="35.[151,1437,497,606]" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E48FFFA20ECFE6EB4F0C07B" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">
47(42) 
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E48FFFA2099FE6EB67BC03D" box="[226,307,498,519]" country="Myanmar" name="Chin" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">Mentum</collectingRegion>
with 3 median teeth and 5 pairs of lateral teeth, first pair of lateral teeth closely adpressed to outer median teeth (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E48FFFA250EFE6EB643C01E" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="34.[152,255,1569,1593]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,181,1545]" captionTargetId="figure-26@34.[151,1436,181,1545]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 18. Larval Orthocladiinae. Paralimnophyes, (A) antenna, (B) ventral head, (C) labrum; Tvetenia, (D) body seta of posterior abdomen; Onconeura, (E) mentum; Cardiocladius, (F) mentum; Eukiefferiella, (G) mentum, (H) procercus; Chaetocladius, (I) mentum; Cricotopus, (J) abdominal setal tuft, (K) mentum, (L) mandible; Doithrix, (M) posterior abdomen; Metriocnemus, (N) labrum-epipharynx, (O) mentum, mandible; Euryhapsis, (P) anterior head, (Q) antenna; Brillia, (R) dorsal head, (S) antenna; Heleniella, (T) antenna, (V) mentum; Limnophyes, (U) antenna, (W) mentum, (X) mandible; Compterosmittia, (Y) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618301" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618301/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">Fig. 18E</figureCitation>
). Antenna 1/4–1/3 as long as head. S II strong, on tubercle......................... 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E48FFFA2415FD93B2D5C01E" authority="Andersen &amp; Saether" authorityName="Andersen &amp; Saether" authorityYear="2005" box="[1134,1437,526,548]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Onconeura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E48FFFA2415FD93B392C01E" box="[1134,1242,527,548]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">Onconeura</emphasis>
Andersen &amp; Saether
</taxonomicName>
[
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E48FFFA2091FDB0B598C07A" authority="(Sasa &amp; Okazawa) Spies et al. 2022" authorityName="Spies" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="Sasa &amp; Okazawa" box="[234,720,555,577]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Onconeura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="togamijika">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E48FFFA2091FDB0B626C07A" box="[234,366,555,577]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">O. togamijika</emphasis>
(Sasa &amp; Okazawa) 
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E48FFFA2255FDB7B598C07A" author="Spies, M. &amp; Borkent, A. &amp; Cranston, P. S. &amp; Lin, X. L. &amp; Tang, H. Q." box="[558,720,555,577]" pageId="35" pageNumber="186" pagination="4 - 11" refId="ref44036" refString="Spies, M., Borkent, A., Cranston, P. S., Lin, X. L. &amp; Tang, H. Q. (2022) A home at last! Changania choui Tseng, 1965 belongs to Thienemanniella Kieffer, 1911 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae). CHIRONOMUS Journal of Chironomidae Research, 35, 4 - 11. https: // doi. org / 10.5324 / cjcr. v 0 i 35.4596" type="journal article" year="2022">
Spies 
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E48FFFA2213FDB0B5DAC07A" box="[616,658,555,577]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">et al</emphasis>
. 2022
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, Holarctic, Neotropical]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E48FFFA20ECFDD4B2D4C067" blockId="35.[151,1437,497,606]" box="[151,1436,583,606]" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E48FFFA20ECFDD4B2D4C067" box="[151,1436,583,606]" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">
47’ 
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E48FFFA2099FDD4B67BC067" box="[226,307,584,605]" country="Myanmar" name="Chin" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">Mentum</collectingRegion>
with1–2 median teeth and 4–5 pairs of laterals. Antenna at most ¼ as long as head. S II not on tubercle......... 48
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E48FFFA20ECFD1EB2D4C08E" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E48FFFA20ECFD1EB2D4C0AD" blockId="35.[151,1436,642,692]" box="[151,1436,642,664]" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E48FFFA20ECFD1EB2D4C0AD" box="[151,1436,642,664]" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">48(47) S I simple.......................................................................................... 49</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E48FFFA20ECFD03B2D4C08E" blockId="35.[151,1436,642,692]" box="[151,1436,670,692]" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E48FFFA20ECFD03B2D4C08E" box="[151,1436,670,692]" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">48’ S I bifid, serrate, pectinate or plumose.................................................................... 55</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E48FFFA20ECFD44B2D4C17E" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E48FFFA20ECFD44B601C11D" blockId="35.[151,1437,728,836]" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E48FFFA20ECFD44B601C11D" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">
49(48) Antenna 4-segmented. Weak labral lamellae of 2 small, well separated, apically serrate lobes........ 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E48FFFA24B8FD45B272C0D4" box="[1219,1338,729,750]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Eurycnemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E48FFFA24B8FD45B272C0D4" box="[1219,1338,729,750]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">Eurycnemus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
v.d. Wulp [lotic, possibly all inhabit caddis cases, 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E48FFFA2220FD69B40FC131" authority="Kobayashi" authorityName="Kobayashi" authorityYear="1998" box="[603,839,757,779]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Eurycnemus" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nozakii">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E48FFFA2220FD69B539C130" box="[603,625,757,778]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">E.</emphasis>
cf. 
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E48FFFA22E8FD69B590C130" box="[659,728,757,778]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">nozakii</emphasis>
Kobayashi
</taxonomicName>
, oriental 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E48FFFA23E4FD69B490C131" box="[927,984,757,779]" name="China" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">China</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E48FFFA239FFD69B36DC131" box="[996,1061,757,779]" country="China" name="Fujian" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">Fujian</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E48FFFA2456FD69B332C130" box="[1069,1146,757,778]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
), 
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E48FFFA24F1FD69B26CC130" author="Li, L. M. &amp; Tang, H. Q." box="[1162,1316,757,779]" pageId="35" pageNumber="186" pagination="144 - 149" refId="ref41443" refString="Li, L. M. &amp; Tang, H. Q. (2017) Eurycnemus v. d. Wulp (Diptera, Chironomidae) newly recorded in China. Journal of Entomological and Acarological Research, 49, 144 - 149. https: // doi. org / 10.4081 / jear. 2017.7129" type="journal article" year="2017">Li &amp; Tang 2017</bibRefCitation>
; Palaearctic, inc. 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E48FFFA2170FC8EB60CC11D" box="[267,324,786,807]" name="Japan" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">Japan</collectingCountry>
]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E48FFFA20ECFCB3B2D4C17E" blockId="35.[151,1437,728,836]" box="[151,1436,814,836]" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E48FFFA20ECFCB3B2D4C17E" box="[151,1436,814,836]" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">49’ Antenna 5-segmented. If labral lamellae absent, then 2 small separated lobes..................................... 49</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E48FFFA20ECFCF4B2D4C1A1" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E48FFFA20ECFCF4B2D4C144" blockId="35.[151,1436,872,923]" box="[151,1436,872,894]" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E48FFFA20ECFCF4B2D4C144" box="[151,1436,872,894]" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">50(49) Inner margin of mandible with spines (may be small)........................................................ 51</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E48FFFA20ECFC19B2D4C1A1" blockId="35.[151,1436,872,923]" box="[151,1436,901,923]" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E48FFFA20ECFC19B2D4C1A1" box="[151,1436,901,923]" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">50’ Inner margin of mandible usually smooth................................................................. 53</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E48FFFA20ECFC22B2D4C67D" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E48FFFA20ECFC22B3F2C634" blockId="35.[151,1437,958,1096]" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E48FFFA20ECFC22B3F2C634" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">
51(50) Procercus reduced, with 2 setae thicker than others on each procercus. Seta interna of mandible with long stalk, branching apical. Mentum with 5 pairs of lateral teeth (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E48FFFA22F5FC47B5A9C1CA" box="[654,737,987,1009]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="34.[152,255,1569,1593]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,181,1545]" captionTargetId="figure-26@34.[151,1436,181,1545]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 18. Larval Orthocladiinae. Paralimnophyes, (A) antenna, (B) ventral head, (C) labrum; Tvetenia, (D) body seta of posterior abdomen; Onconeura, (E) mentum; Cardiocladius, (F) mentum; Eukiefferiella, (G) mentum, (H) procercus; Chaetocladius, (I) mentum; Cricotopus, (J) abdominal setal tuft, (K) mentum, (L) mandible; Doithrix, (M) posterior abdomen; Metriocnemus, (N) labrum-epipharynx, (O) mentum, mandible; Euryhapsis, (P) anterior head, (Q) antenna; Brillia, (R) dorsal head, (S) antenna; Heleniella, (T) antenna, (V) mentum; Limnophyes, (U) antenna, (W) mentum, (X) mandible; Compterosmittia, (Y) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618301" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618301/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">Fig. 18F</figureCitation>
)........................................ 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E48FFFA24B2FC47B2D4C1CB" authority="Kieffer" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1912" box="[1225,1436,987,1009]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Cardiocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E48FFFA24B2FC47B219C1CA" box="[1225,1361,987,1008]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">Cardiocladius</emphasis>
Kieffer
</taxonomicName>
[fast lotic, 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E48FFFA2132FC64B6EEC634" box="[329,422,1016,1038]" name="Indonesia" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E48FFFA21C8FC64B545C634" box="[435,525,1016,1038]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E48FFFA226CFC64B5C3C634" box="[535,651,1016,1038]" country="Indonesia" name="Kalimantan Utara" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">Kalimantan</collectingRegion>
), 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E48FFFA22E0FC64B5BBC634" box="[667,755,1016,1038]" name="Thailand" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">Thailand</collectingCountry>
, oriental 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E48FFFA2330FC64B4CFC634" box="[843,903,1016,1038]" name="China" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">China</collectingCountry>
, taxonomy problematic; global]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E48FFFA20ECFB89B2D4C67D" blockId="35.[151,1437,958,1096]" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E48FFFA20ECFB89B2D4C67D" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">
51’ Procercus conventional, at least as long as wide, setae about equally thick. Seta interna of mandible usually divided to near base, if divided near apex. 
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E48FFFA21D6FBAEB6B6C67D" box="[429,510,1074,1095]" country="Myanmar" name="Chin" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">Mentum</collectingRegion>
with 4 pairs of lateral teeth..................................................... 52
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E48FFFA20ECFBF7B6E7C72B" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E48FFFA20ECFBF7B565C680" blockId="35.[151,1437,1131,1297]" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E48FFFA20ECFBF7B565C680" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">
52(51) Supraanal setae much longer than anal tubules. Abdomen with setae c. 1/2 as long as segment.... 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E48FFFA24E7FBF7B2D4C6BB" authority="Thienemann" authorityName="Thienemann" authorityYear="1926" box="[1180,1436,1131,1153]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Eukiefferiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E48FFFA24E7FBF7B257C6BA" box="[1180,1311,1131,1152]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">Eukiefferiella</emphasis>
Thienemann
</taxonomicName>
(part) [see comments under couplet #44]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E48FFFA20ECFB5DB6E7C72B" blockId="35.[151,1437,1131,1297]" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E48FFFA20ECFB5DB6E7C72B" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">
52’ Supraanal setae shorter than anal tubules. Abdominal setae short................................. 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E48FFFA24A7FB5EB2DEC6E2" authority="Saether" authorityName="Saether" authorityYear="1973" box="[1244,1430,1218,1240]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Tokunagaia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E48FFFA24A7FB5EB204C6ED" box="[1244,1356,1218,1239]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">Tokunagaia</emphasis>
Saether
</taxonomicName>
<superScript id="9CC19B8A2E48FFFA25EEFB5DB2D4C6F7" attach="left" box="[1429,1436,1217,1229]" fontSize="5" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">1</superScript>
[lotic, in mosses, hygropetric, 5 spp oriental 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E48FFFA22F0FB42B58CC6CE" box="[651,708,1246,1268]" name="China" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">China</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E48FFFA22ABFB43B455C6CE" box="[720,797,1247,1268]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E48FFFA235DFB42B43EC6CE" box="[806,886,1246,1268]" country="China" name="Sichuan" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">Sichuan</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E48FFFA2304FB42B49BC6CE" box="[895,979,1246,1268]" country="China" name="Guizhou" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">Guizhou</collectingRegion>
) 
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E48FFFA23A4FB42B3C6C6CE" author="Liu, Y. &amp; Wang, X." box="[991,1166,1246,1268]" pageId="35" pageNumber="186" pagination="43 - 56" refId="ref41968" refString="Liu, Y. &amp; Wang, X. (2006) Tokunagaia Saether from China (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae). Zootaxa, 1183 (1), 43 - 56. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1183.1.3" type="journal article" year="2006">Liu &amp; Wang 2006</bibRefCitation>
; speciose e. Palaearctic, inc. 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E48FFFA2099FB60B653C72B" box="[226,283,1276,1297]" name="Japan" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">Japan</collectingCountry>
, few Holarctic]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E48FFFA20ECFAA9B2D4C79B" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E48FFFA20ECFAA9B20EC7BE" blockId="35.[151,1437,1333,1441]" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E48FFFA20ECFAA9B20EC7BE" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">
53(50) Body with posterolateral tufts (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E48FFFA2276FAA9B516C770" box="[525,606,1333,1355]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="34.[152,255,1569,1593]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,181,1545]" captionTargetId="figure-26@34.[151,1436,181,1545]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 18. Larval Orthocladiinae. Paralimnophyes, (A) antenna, (B) ventral head, (C) labrum; Tvetenia, (D) body seta of posterior abdomen; Onconeura, (E) mentum; Cardiocladius, (F) mentum; Eukiefferiella, (G) mentum, (H) procercus; Chaetocladius, (I) mentum; Cricotopus, (J) abdominal setal tuft, (K) mentum, (L) mandible; Doithrix, (M) posterior abdomen; Metriocnemus, (N) labrum-epipharynx, (O) mentum, mandible; Euryhapsis, (P) anterior head, (Q) antenna; Brillia, (R) dorsal head, (S) antenna; Heleniella, (T) antenna, (V) mentum; Limnophyes, (U) antenna, (W) mentum, (X) mandible; Compterosmittia, (Y) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618301" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618301/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">Fig. 18J</figureCitation>
). Mentum with single median tooth (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E48FFFA23B9FAA9B351C770" box="[962,1049,1333,1355]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="34.[152,255,1569,1593]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,181,1545]" captionTargetId="figure-26@34.[151,1436,181,1545]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 18. Larval Orthocladiinae. Paralimnophyes, (A) antenna, (B) ventral head, (C) labrum; Tvetenia, (D) body seta of posterior abdomen; Onconeura, (E) mentum; Cardiocladius, (F) mentum; Eukiefferiella, (G) mentum, (H) procercus; Chaetocladius, (I) mentum; Cricotopus, (J) abdominal setal tuft, (K) mentum, (L) mandible; Doithrix, (M) posterior abdomen; Metriocnemus, (N) labrum-epipharynx, (O) mentum, mandible; Euryhapsis, (P) anterior head, (Q) antenna; Brillia, (R) dorsal head, (S) antenna; Heleniella, (T) antenna, (V) mentum; Limnophyes, (U) antenna, (W) mentum, (X) mandible; Compterosmittia, (Y) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618301" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618301/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">Fig. 18K</figureCitation>
)......... 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E48FFFA24EFFAA9B3B7C770" authorityName="Wulp" authorityYear="1874" box="[1172,1279,1333,1354]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Cricotopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E48FFFA24EFFAA9B3B7C770" box="[1172,1279,1333,1354]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">Cricotopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
v.d. Wulp (part) [lotic, lentic, speciose, subgenera Anderson 
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E48FFFA22FEFACEB5FDC75D" box="[645,693,1362,1383]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">et al.</emphasis>
2013, includes some 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E48FFFA23F9FACEB3F1C752" authority="Santos Abreu" authorityName="Santos Abreu" box="[898,1209,1362,1384]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paratrichocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E48FFFA23F9FACEB379C75D" box="[898,1073,1362,1383]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">Paratrichocladius</emphasis>
Santos Abreu
</taxonomicName>
; regionally widespread, e.g. 13 spp. oriental 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E48FFFA21DEFAF2B696C7BE" box="[421,478,1390,1412]" name="China" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">China</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E48FFFA2190FAF2B529C7BE" box="[491,609,1390,1412]" country="China" name="Guangdong" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">Guangdong</collectingRegion>
); global] [Occasionally, a few 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E48FFFA23FEFAF2B3F3C7BE" authorityName="Cranston" authorityYear="1982" box="[901,1211,1390,1412]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Orthocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Symposiocladius">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E48FFFA23FEFAF2B34CC7B9" box="[901,1028,1390,1411]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">Orthocladius</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E48FFFA2469FAF2B3FBC7B9" box="[1042,1203,1390,1411]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">Symposiocladius</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
will key here]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E48FFFA20ECFA17B2D4C79B" blockId="35.[151,1437,1333,1441]" box="[151,1436,1419,1441]" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E48FFFA20ECFA17B2D4C79B" box="[151,1436,1419,1441]" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">
53’ Body without posterolateral tufts. 
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E48FFFA2250FA10B534C79B" box="[555,636,1420,1441]" country="Myanmar" name="Chin" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">Mentum</collectingRegion>
with bifid median tooth............................................. 54
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E48FFFA20ECFA59B626C49E" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E48FFFA20ECFA59B500C40B" blockId="35.[151,1437,1477,1700]" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E48FFFA20ECFA59B500C40B" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">
54(53) Premandible apically simple. Mentum with median teeth strongly projecting anteriorly; ventromental plate not rounded posterolaterally (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E48FFFA21FFFA7EB69AC7CD" box="[388,466,1506,1528]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="34.[152,255,1569,1593]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,181,1545]" captionTargetId="figure-26@34.[151,1436,181,1545]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 18. Larval Orthocladiinae. Paralimnophyes, (A) antenna, (B) ventral head, (C) labrum; Tvetenia, (D) body seta of posterior abdomen; Onconeura, (E) mentum; Cardiocladius, (F) mentum; Eukiefferiella, (G) mentum, (H) procercus; Chaetocladius, (I) mentum; Cricotopus, (J) abdominal setal tuft, (K) mentum, (L) mandible; Doithrix, (M) posterior abdomen; Metriocnemus, (N) labrum-epipharynx, (O) mentum, mandible; Euryhapsis, (P) anterior head, (Q) antenna; Brillia, (R) dorsal head, (S) antenna; Heleniella, (T) antenna, (V) mentum; Limnophyes, (U) antenna, (W) mentum, (X) mandible; Compterosmittia, (Y) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618301" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618301/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">Fig. 18I</figureCitation>
)......................................................... 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E48FFFA24F0FA7EB229C7C2" authority="Kieffer" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1911" box="[1163,1377,1506,1528]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chaetocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E48FFFA24F0FA7EB25EC7CD" box="[1163,1302,1506,1527]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">Chaetocladius</emphasis>
Kieffer
</taxonomicName>
(part) [semi-aquatic, spp. groups, 
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E48FFFA218CFA62B587C42E" author="Andersen, T. &amp; Cranston, P. S. &amp; Epler, J. H." box="[503,719,1534,1556]" pageId="35" pageNumber="186" pagination="1 - 571" refId="ref38162" refString="Andersen, T., Cranston, P. S. &amp; Epler, J. H. (Eds.) (2013) Chironomidae of the Holarctic Region: Keys and Diagnoses. Part 1. Larvae. Insect Systematics and Evolution Supplements, 66, 1 - 571." type="journal article" year="2013">
Andersen 
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E48FFFA2226FA63B5DBC429" box="[605,659,1534,1556]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">et al.</emphasis>
2013
</bibRefCitation>
; speciose, temperate. 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E48FFFA23D5FA63B3DBC42E" authority="Sasa" authorityName="Sasa" box="[942,1171,1534,1556]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chaetocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oyabevenustus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E48FFFA23D5FA63B313C429" box="[942,1115,1534,1556]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">C. oyabevenustus</emphasis>
Sasa
</taxonomicName>
, oriental 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E48FFFA248EFA62B266C42E" box="[1269,1326,1534,1556]" name="China" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">China</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E48FFFA2544FA62B2D0C42E" box="[1343,1432,1534,1556]" country="China" name="Zhejiang" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">Zhejiang</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E48FFFA2099F987B61FC40B" box="[226,343,1563,1585]" country="China" name="Guangdong" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">Guangdong</collectingRegion>
). Holarctic, Afrotropical]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E48FFFA20ECF9A4B626C49E" blockId="35.[151,1437,1477,1700]" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E48FFFA20ECF9A4B626C49E" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">
54’ Premandible apically bifid.Mentum with median teeth not strongly projecting anteriorly; with ventromental plate posterolaterally rounded (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E48FFFA2145F9C9B69BC450" box="[318,467,1621,1643]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="34.[152,255,1569,1593]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,181,1545]" captionTargetId="figure-26@34.[151,1436,181,1545]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 18. Larval Orthocladiinae. Paralimnophyes, (A) antenna, (B) ventral head, (C) labrum; Tvetenia, (D) body seta of posterior abdomen; Onconeura, (E) mentum; Cardiocladius, (F) mentum; Eukiefferiella, (G) mentum, (H) procercus; Chaetocladius, (I) mentum; Cricotopus, (J) abdominal setal tuft, (K) mentum, (L) mandible; Doithrix, (M) posterior abdomen; Metriocnemus, (N) labrum-epipharynx, (O) mentum, mandible; Euryhapsis, (P) anterior head, (Q) antenna; Brillia, (R) dorsal head, (S) antenna; Heleniella, (T) antenna, (V) mentum; Limnophyes, (U) antenna, (W) mentum, (X) mandible; Compterosmittia, (Y) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618301" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618301/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">Fig. 18U, W, X</figureCitation>
)................................................................. 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E48FFFA2491F9C9B2D4C450" authority="Eaton" authorityName="Eaton" authorityYear="1875" box="[1258,1436,1621,1642]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Limnophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E48FFFA2491F9C9B216C450" box="[1258,1374,1621,1642]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">Limnophyes</emphasis>
Eaton
</taxonomicName>
[semi-terrestrial, speciose, 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E48FFFA219CF9EEB5FBC4B2" authority="(Meigen)" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[487,691,1650,1672]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Limnophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minimus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E48FFFA219CF9EEB51AC4BD" box="[487,594,1650,1671]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">L. minimus</emphasis>
(Meigen)
</taxonomicName>
widespread, 4+ spp. oriental 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E48FFFA23A8F9EEB344C4B2" box="[979,1036,1650,1672]" name="China" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">China</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E48FFFA2461F9EEB3C6C4B2" box="[1050,1166,1650,1672]" country="China" name="Guangdong" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">Guangdong</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E48FFFA24E2F9EEB3A1C4B2" box="[1177,1257,1650,1672]" country="China" name="Sichuan" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">Sichuan</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E48FFFA2488F9EEB279C4B2" box="[1267,1329,1650,1672]" country="China" name="Hubei" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">Hubei</collectingRegion>
), 
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E48FFFA2538F9EEB657C49E" author="Liu, W. &amp; Zhao, C. &amp; Kong, F. &amp; Yan, C. &amp; Wang, X." pageId="35" pageNumber="186" pagination="51 - 61" refId="ref42325" refString="Liu, W., Zhao, C., Kong, F., Yan, C. &amp; Wang, X. (2021 a) New species of Limnophyes Eaton (Diptera, Chironomidae) from China and synonymy of L. fuscipygmus Tokunaga, 1940. Zookeys, 1011, 51 - 61. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 1011.58993" type="journal article" year="2021">
Liu 
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E48FFFA2510F9EEB2D5C4BD" box="[1387,1437,1650,1671]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">et al.</emphasis>
2021a
</bibRefCitation>
; global]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E48FFFA20ECF954B2D4C4C1" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E48FFFA20ECF954B2D4C4E4" blockId="35.[151,1436,1736,1787]" box="[151,1436,1736,1758]" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E48FFFA20ECF954B2D4C4E4" box="[151,1436,1736,1758]" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">55(48) S I bifid............................................................................................ 56</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E48FFFA20ECF979B2D4C4C1" blockId="35.[151,1436,1736,1787]" box="[151,1436,1765,1787]" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E48FFFA20ECF979B2D4C4C1" box="[151,1436,1765,1787]" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">55’ S I serrate, apically fringed, pectinate or plumose........................................................... 57</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E48FFFA20ECF882B6D5C5FF" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E48FFFA20ECF882B54DC557" blockId="35.[151,1437,1822,1989]" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E48FFFA20ECF882B54DC557" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">
56(55) Inner margin of mandible serrate (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E48FFFA2251F882B5C9C50E" box="[554,641,1822,1844]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="34.[152,255,1569,1593]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,181,1545]" captionTargetId="figure-26@34.[151,1436,181,1545]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 18. Larval Orthocladiinae. Paralimnophyes, (A) antenna, (B) ventral head, (C) labrum; Tvetenia, (D) body seta of posterior abdomen; Onconeura, (E) mentum; Cardiocladius, (F) mentum; Eukiefferiella, (G) mentum, (H) procercus; Chaetocladius, (I) mentum; Cricotopus, (J) abdominal setal tuft, (K) mentum, (L) mandible; Doithrix, (M) posterior abdomen; Metriocnemus, (N) labrum-epipharynx, (O) mentum, mandible; Euryhapsis, (P) anterior head, (Q) antenna; Brillia, (R) dorsal head, (S) antenna; Heleniella, (T) antenna, (V) mentum; Limnophyes, (U) antenna, (W) mentum, (X) mandible; Compterosmittia, (Y) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618301" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618301/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">Fig. 18L</figureCitation>
). Some abdominal segments with posterolateral setal tuft.................................................................................................. 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E48FFFA24EFF8A0B3B7C56B" authorityName="Wulp" authorityYear="1874" box="[1172,1279,1852,1873]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Cricotopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E48FFFA24EFF8A0B3B7C56B" box="[1172,1279,1852,1873]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">Cricotopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
v.d. Wulp (part) [see couplet 52 for comments]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E48FFFA20ECF8E9B6D5C5FF" blockId="35.[151,1437,1822,1989]" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E48FFFA20ECF8E9B6D5C5FF" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">
56’ Inner margin of mandible smooth. Without abdominal setal tufts.......................... 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E48FFFA24EFF8E9B3B7C5B0" authorityName="Wulp" authorityYear="1874" box="[1172,1279,1909,1930]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Cricotopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E48FFFA24EFF8E9B3B7C5B0" box="[1172,1279,1909,1930]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">Cricotopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
v.d. Wulp (part) [Includes some 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E48FFFA2102F80EB5A4C592" authority="Santos Abreu. L, Pe" authorityName="Santos Abreu. L, Pe" box="[377,748,1938,1960]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paratrichocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E48FFFA2102F80EB560C59D" box="[377,552,1938,1959]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">Paratrichocladius</emphasis>
Santos Abreu. L, Pe
</taxonomicName>
inseparable, synonymised 
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E48FFFA238BF80EB3A9C592" author="Cranston, P. S. &amp; Krosch, M. N." box="[1008,1249,1938,1960]" pageId="35" pageNumber="186" pagination="719 - 732" refId="ref39397" refString="Cranston, P. S. &amp; Krosch, M. N. (2015) DNA sequences and austral taxa indicate generic synonymy of Paratrichocladius Santos- Abreu with Cricotopus Wulp (Diptera: Chironomidae). Systematic Entomology, 40, 719 - 732. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / syen. 12130" type="journal article" year="2015">Cranston &amp; Krosch 2015</bibRefCitation>
] [any 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E48FFFA2565F80EB2D5C59D" box="[1310,1437,1938,1959]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Orthocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E48FFFA2565F80EB2D5C59D" box="[1310,1437,1938,1959]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">Orthocladius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
larva will key here]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<footnote id="08AF2ACC2E48FFFA20ECF87FB3C3C5C1" box="[151,1163,2019,2043]" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E48FFFA20ECF87FB3C3C5C1" blockId="35.[151,1163,2019,2043]" box="[151,1163,2019,2043]" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">
1 At least on immature stages doubtfully distinguished from 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E48FFFA235AF87FB4A1C5C1" authority=", Tang" authorityName="Tang" box="[801,1001,2019,2043]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Eukiefferiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E48FFFA235AF87FB4E3C5C1" box="[801,939,2019,2043]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">Eukiefferiella</emphasis>
, Tang
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E48FFFA2394F878B31AC5C1" box="[1007,1106,2019,2043]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="186">pers. obs.</emphasis>
2024
</paragraph>
</footnote>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E4FFFFD20ECFF0BB2D4C37A" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E4FFFFD20ECFF0BB3D2C33F" blockId="36.[151,1437,151,320]" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E4FFFFD20ECFF0BB3D2C33F" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">
57(55) Anal tubules twice or more as long as posterior parapods, with many constrictions. Procercus vestigial or consisting of 2 nearly contiguous, flat cones with basal, low plates, each with 2–3 hair-like setae (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E4FFFFD23D0FF29B341C2F0" box="[939,1033,181,203]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="34.[152,255,1569,1593]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,181,1545]" captionTargetId="figure-26@34.[151,1436,181,1545]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 18. Larval Orthocladiinae. Paralimnophyes, (A) antenna, (B) ventral head, (C) labrum; Tvetenia, (D) body seta of posterior abdomen; Onconeura, (E) mentum; Cardiocladius, (F) mentum; Eukiefferiella, (G) mentum, (H) procercus; Chaetocladius, (I) mentum; Cricotopus, (J) abdominal setal tuft, (K) mentum, (L) mandible; Doithrix, (M) posterior abdomen; Metriocnemus, (N) labrum-epipharynx, (O) mentum, mandible; Euryhapsis, (P) anterior head, (Q) antenna; Brillia, (R) dorsal head, (S) antenna; Heleniella, (T) antenna, (V) mentum; Limnophyes, (U) antenna, (W) mentum, (X) mandible; Compterosmittia, (Y) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618301" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618301/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">Fig. 18M</figureCitation>
). Labral lamellae simple, rounded, weakly sclerotised. Blade extending well beyond terminal antennal segment........................ 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E4FFFFD24EEFF4EB2D5C2D2" authority="Saether &amp; Sublette" authorityName="Saether &amp; Sublette" authorityYear="1983" box="[1173,1437,210,232]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Doithrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E4FFFFD24EEFF4EB3AEC2DD" box="[1173,1254,210,231]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">Doithrix</emphasis>
Saether &amp; Sublette
</taxonomicName>
[small streams, seeps, 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E4FFFFD21C2FF6CB53BC33F" authority="Wang" authorityName="Wang" box="[441,627,240,261]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Doithrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="emeiensis">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E4FFFFD21C2FF6CB57BC33F" box="[441,563,240,261]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">D. emeiensis</emphasis>
Wang
</taxonomicName>
, oriental 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E4FFFFD22B7FF73B44DC33F" box="[716,773,239,261]" name="China" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">China</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E4FFFFD2369FF73B42CC33F" box="[786,868,239,261]" country="China" name="Sichuan" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">Sichuan</collectingRegion>
), 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E4FFFFD230EFF6CB4E6C33F" box="[885,942,240,261]" name="Japan" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">Japan</collectingCountry>
, Holarctic, Afrotropical]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E4FFFFD20ECFE91B2D4C37A" blockId="36.[151,1437,151,320]" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E4FFFFD20ECFE91B2D4C37A" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">57’ Anal tubules short or normal, without constrictions. Procercus weak to well developed, not vestigial. Labral lamellae well developed, vestigial or absent. Blade shorter or longer than flagellum........................................... 57</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E4FFFFD20ECFEF9B2D4C3A2" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E4FFFFD20ECFEF9B2D4C341" blockId="36.[151,1436,357,408]" box="[151,1436,357,379]" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E4FFFFD20ECFEF9B2D4C341" box="[151,1436,357,379]" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">58(57) Labral lamellae well developed......................................................................... 59</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E4FFFFD20ECFE1EB2D4C3A2" blockId="36.[151,1436,357,408]" box="[151,1436,386,408]" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E4FFFFD20ECFE1EB2D4C3A2" box="[151,1436,386,408]" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">58’ Labral lamellae absent or vestigial....................................................................... 61</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E4FFFFD20ECFE21B2D4C011" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E4FFFFD20ECFE21B6B8C3CA" blockId="36.[151,1437,445,555]" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E4FFFFD20ECFE21B6B8C3CA" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">
59(58) 2–4 subequal median mental teeth. Setae submenti located near base of mentum (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E4FFFFD2394FE21B30EC3E8" box="[1007,1094,445,467]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="34.[152,255,1569,1593]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,181,1545]" captionTargetId="figure-26@34.[151,1436,181,1545]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 18. Larval Orthocladiinae. Paralimnophyes, (A) antenna, (B) ventral head, (C) labrum; Tvetenia, (D) body seta of posterior abdomen; Onconeura, (E) mentum; Cardiocladius, (F) mentum; Eukiefferiella, (G) mentum, (H) procercus; Chaetocladius, (I) mentum; Cricotopus, (J) abdominal setal tuft, (K) mentum, (L) mandible; Doithrix, (M) posterior abdomen; Metriocnemus, (N) labrum-epipharynx, (O) mentum, mandible; Euryhapsis, (P) anterior head, (Q) antenna; Brillia, (R) dorsal head, (S) antenna; Heleniella, (T) antenna, (V) mentum; Limnophyes, (U) antenna, (W) mentum, (X) mandible; Compterosmittia, (Y) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618301" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618301/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">Fig. 18O</figureCitation>
).......... 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E4FFFFD24A9FE21B213C3E8" authorityName="Van der Wulp" authorityYear="1874" box="[1234,1371,445,466]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Metriocnemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E4FFFFD24A9FE21B213C3E8" box="[1234,1371,445,466]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">Metriocnemus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(part.) [see comments couplet #45]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E4FFFFD20ECFE6BB2D4C011" blockId="36.[151,1437,445,555]" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E4FFFFD20ECFE6BB2D4C011" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">
59’ 
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E4FFFFD2099FE64B67BC037" box="[226,307,504,525]" country="Myanmar" name="Chin" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">Mentum</collectingRegion>
with 2 elongate median teeth, often small central tooth between median teeth (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E4FFFFD2461FE6BB326C037" box="[1050,1134,503,525]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="34.[152,255,1569,1593]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,181,1545]" captionTargetId="figure-26@34.[151,1436,181,1545]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 18. Larval Orthocladiinae. Paralimnophyes, (A) antenna, (B) ventral head, (C) labrum; Tvetenia, (D) body seta of posterior abdomen; Onconeura, (E) mentum; Cardiocladius, (F) mentum; Eukiefferiella, (G) mentum, (H) procercus; Chaetocladius, (I) mentum; Cricotopus, (J) abdominal setal tuft, (K) mentum, (L) mandible; Doithrix, (M) posterior abdomen; Metriocnemus, (N) labrum-epipharynx, (O) mentum, mandible; Euryhapsis, (P) anterior head, (Q) antenna; Brillia, (R) dorsal head, (S) antenna; Heleniella, (T) antenna, (V) mentum; Limnophyes, (U) antenna, (W) mentum, (X) mandible; Compterosmittia, (Y) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618301" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618301/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">Fig. 18P</figureCitation>
). Setae submenti posterior from base of mentum..................................................................................... 59
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E4FFFFD20ECFDD3B3C0C087" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E4FFFFD20ECFDD3B5FCC0B8" blockId="36.[151,1436,591,701]" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E4FFFFD20ECFDD3B5FCC0B8" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">
60(59) Second antennal segment complete (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E4FFFFD223AFDD3B5D0C05F" box="[577,664,591,613]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="34.[152,255,1569,1593]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,181,1545]" captionTargetId="figure-26@34.[151,1436,181,1545]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 18. Larval Orthocladiinae. Paralimnophyes, (A) antenna, (B) ventral head, (C) labrum; Tvetenia, (D) body seta of posterior abdomen; Onconeura, (E) mentum; Cardiocladius, (F) mentum; Eukiefferiella, (G) mentum, (H) procercus; Chaetocladius, (I) mentum; Cricotopus, (J) abdominal setal tuft, (K) mentum, (L) mandible; Doithrix, (M) posterior abdomen; Metriocnemus, (N) labrum-epipharynx, (O) mentum, mandible; Euryhapsis, (P) anterior head, (Q) antenna; Brillia, (R) dorsal head, (S) antenna; Heleniella, (T) antenna, (V) mentum; Limnophyes, (U) antenna, (W) mentum, (X) mandible; Compterosmittia, (Y) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618301" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618301/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">Fig. 18Q</figureCitation>
)................................................ 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E4FFFFD2496FDD3B2D4C05F" authority="Oliver" authorityName="Oliver" authorityYear="1981" box="[1261,1436,591,613]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Euryhapsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E4FFFFD2496FDD3B211C05E" box="[1261,1369,591,612]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">Euryhapsis</emphasis>
Oliver
</taxonomicName>
[lotic, 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E4FFFFD215BFDF1B5E4C0B9" authority="Saether &amp; Wang, Holarctic" authorityName="Saether &amp; Wang, Holarctic" box="[288,684,621,643]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Euryhapsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscipropes">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E4FFFFD215BFDF1B6E1C0B8" box="[288,425,621,642]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">E. fuscipropes</emphasis>
Saether &amp; Wang, Holarctic
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E4FFFFD22D7FDF0B5FCC0B8" bold="true" box="[684,692,620,642]" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">)</emphasis>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E4FFFFD20ECFD16B3C0C087" blockId="36.[151,1436,591,701]" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E4FFFFD20ECFD16B3C0C087" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">
60’ Second antennal segment with weakly sclerotised area near base (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E4FFFFD2322FD16B480C0A5" box="[857,968,650,672]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="34.[152,255,1569,1593]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,181,1545]" captionTargetId="figure-26@34.[151,1436,181,1545]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 18. Larval Orthocladiinae. Paralimnophyes, (A) antenna, (B) ventral head, (C) labrum; Tvetenia, (D) body seta of posterior abdomen; Onconeura, (E) mentum; Cardiocladius, (F) mentum; Eukiefferiella, (G) mentum, (H) procercus; Chaetocladius, (I) mentum; Cricotopus, (J) abdominal setal tuft, (K) mentum, (L) mandible; Doithrix, (M) posterior abdomen; Metriocnemus, (N) labrum-epipharynx, (O) mentum, mandible; Euryhapsis, (P) anterior head, (Q) antenna; Brillia, (R) dorsal head, (S) antenna; Heleniella, (T) antenna, (V) mentum; Limnophyes, (U) antenna, (W) mentum, (X) mandible; Compterosmittia, (Y) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618301" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618301/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">Fig. 18R, S</figureCitation>
).......................... 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E4FFFFD2568FD16B2D4C09A" authority="Kieffer" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1913" box="[1299,1436,650,672]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Brillia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E4FFFFD2568FD16B21AC0A5" box="[1299,1362,650,671]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">Brillia</emphasis>
Kieffer
</taxonomicName>
[lotic, lentic, springs, hygropetric, 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E4FFFFD2255FD34B44BC087" authority="Tokunaga" authorityName="Tokunaga &amp; Etsuko" authorityYear="1955" box="[558,771,679,701]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Thalassomya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="japonica">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E4FFFFD2255FD34B5D4C087" box="[558,668,680,701]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">B. japonica</emphasis>
Tokunaga
</taxonomicName>
, oriental 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E4FFFFD2327FD3BB4DDC087" box="[860,917,679,701]" name="China" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">China</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E4FFFFD23D9FD3BB35FC087" box="[930,1047,679,701]" country="China" name="Guangdong" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">Guangdong</collectingRegion>
), Holarctic]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E4FFFFD20ECFD7EB2D4C1B1" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E4FFFFD20ECFD7EB3CFC16A" blockId="36.[151,1436,738,907]" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E4FFFFD20ECFD7EB3CFC16A" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">
61(58) Mentum with 2 broad median teeth, separated medially by U- or wide V-shaped space (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E4FFFFD2442FD7EB3D8C0C2" box="[1081,1168,738,760]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="34.[152,255,1569,1593]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,181,1545]" captionTargetId="figure-26@34.[151,1436,181,1545]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 18. Larval Orthocladiinae. Paralimnophyes, (A) antenna, (B) ventral head, (C) labrum; Tvetenia, (D) body seta of posterior abdomen; Onconeura, (E) mentum; Cardiocladius, (F) mentum; Eukiefferiella, (G) mentum, (H) procercus; Chaetocladius, (I) mentum; Cricotopus, (J) abdominal setal tuft, (K) mentum, (L) mandible; Doithrix, (M) posterior abdomen; Metriocnemus, (N) labrum-epipharynx, (O) mentum, mandible; Euryhapsis, (P) anterior head, (Q) antenna; Brillia, (R) dorsal head, (S) antenna; Heleniella, (T) antenna, (V) mentum; Limnophyes, (U) antenna, (W) mentum, (X) mandible; Compterosmittia, (Y) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618301" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618301/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">Fig. 18V</figureCitation>
). Second antennal segment weakly divided near base, antennal blade much longer than flagellum (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E4FFFFD23F2FD63B4A8C12F" box="[905,992,767,789]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="34.[152,255,1569,1593]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,181,1545]" captionTargetId="figure-26@34.[151,1436,181,1545]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 18. Larval Orthocladiinae. Paralimnophyes, (A) antenna, (B) ventral head, (C) labrum; Tvetenia, (D) body seta of posterior abdomen; Onconeura, (E) mentum; Cardiocladius, (F) mentum; Eukiefferiella, (G) mentum, (H) procercus; Chaetocladius, (I) mentum; Cricotopus, (J) abdominal setal tuft, (K) mentum, (L) mandible; Doithrix, (M) posterior abdomen; Metriocnemus, (N) labrum-epipharynx, (O) mentum, mandible; Euryhapsis, (P) anterior head, (Q) antenna; Brillia, (R) dorsal head, (S) antenna; Heleniella, (T) antenna, (V) mentum; Limnophyes, (U) antenna, (W) mentum, (X) mandible; Compterosmittia, (Y) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618301" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618301/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">Fig. 18T</figureCitation>
). Mandible with 3 inner teeth. (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E4FFFFD2574FD63B22DC12F" box="[1295,1381,767,789]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="34.[152,255,1569,1593]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,181,1545]" captionTargetId="figure-26@34.[151,1436,181,1545]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 18. Larval Orthocladiinae. Paralimnophyes, (A) antenna, (B) ventral head, (C) labrum; Tvetenia, (D) body seta of posterior abdomen; Onconeura, (E) mentum; Cardiocladius, (F) mentum; Eukiefferiella, (G) mentum, (H) procercus; Chaetocladius, (I) mentum; Cricotopus, (J) abdominal setal tuft, (K) mentum, (L) mandible; Doithrix, (M) posterior abdomen; Metriocnemus, (N) labrum-epipharynx, (O) mentum, mandible; Euryhapsis, (P) anterior head, (Q) antenna; Brillia, (R) dorsal head, (S) antenna; Heleniella, (T) antenna, (V) mentum; Limnophyes, (U) antenna, (W) mentum, (X) mandible; Compterosmittia, (Y) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618301" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618301/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">Fig. 18V</figureCitation>
)......................................................................................... 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E4FFFFD248AFC81B2D4C109" authority="Gowin" authorityName="Gowin" authorityYear="1943" box="[1265,1436,797,819]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Heleniella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E4FFFFD248AFC81B21DC108" box="[1265,1365,797,818]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">Heleniella</emphasis>
Gowin
</taxonomicName>
[
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E4FFFFD2091FCA7B55FC16A" authority="Andersen &amp; Wang" authorityName="Andersen &amp; Wang" authorityYear="1997" box="[234,535,826,848]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Heleniella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nebulosa">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E4FFFFD2091FCA7B616C175" box="[234,350,826,848]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">H. nebulosa</emphasis>
Andersen &amp; Wang
</taxonomicName>
, 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E4FFFFD225BFCA6B530C16A" box="[544,632,826,848]" name="Thailand" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">Thailand</collectingCountry>
, oriental 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E4FFFFD22ABFCA6B441C16A" box="[720,777,826,848]" name="China" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">China</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E4FFFFD236DFCA6B4C3C16A" box="[790,907,826,848]" country="China" name="Guangdong" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">Guangdong</collectingRegion>
), sp. (
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E4FFFFD23BFFCA6B35FC16A" box="[964,1047,826,848]" country="China" name="Sichuan" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">Sichuan</collectingRegion>
). Holarctic]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E4FFFFD20ECFCCBB2D4C1B1" blockId="36.[151,1436,738,907]" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E4FFFFD20ECFCCBB2D4C1B1" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">
61’ Median teeth of mentum not separated by such a U- or V- shaped gap (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E4FFFFD2304FCCBB495C157" box="[895,989,855,877]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="34.[152,255,1569,1593]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,181,1545]" captionTargetId="figure-26@34.[151,1436,181,1545]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 18. Larval Orthocladiinae. Paralimnophyes, (A) antenna, (B) ventral head, (C) labrum; Tvetenia, (D) body seta of posterior abdomen; Onconeura, (E) mentum; Cardiocladius, (F) mentum; Eukiefferiella, (G) mentum, (H) procercus; Chaetocladius, (I) mentum; Cricotopus, (J) abdominal setal tuft, (K) mentum, (L) mandible; Doithrix, (M) posterior abdomen; Metriocnemus, (N) labrum-epipharynx, (O) mentum, mandible; Euryhapsis, (P) anterior head, (Q) antenna; Brillia, (R) dorsal head, (S) antenna; Heleniella, (T) antenna, (V) mentum; Limnophyes, (U) antenna, (W) mentum, (X) mandible; Compterosmittia, (Y) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618301" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618301/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">Fig. 18W</figureCitation>
). Second antennal segment not weakly divided near base (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E4FFFFD2132FCE9B6EAC1B0" box="[329,418,885,907]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="34.[152,255,1569,1593]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,181,1545]" captionTargetId="figure-26@34.[151,1436,181,1545]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 18. Larval Orthocladiinae. Paralimnophyes, (A) antenna, (B) ventral head, (C) labrum; Tvetenia, (D) body seta of posterior abdomen; Onconeura, (E) mentum; Cardiocladius, (F) mentum; Eukiefferiella, (G) mentum, (H) procercus; Chaetocladius, (I) mentum; Cricotopus, (J) abdominal setal tuft, (K) mentum, (L) mandible; Doithrix, (M) posterior abdomen; Metriocnemus, (N) labrum-epipharynx, (O) mentum, mandible; Euryhapsis, (P) anterior head, (Q) antenna; Brillia, (R) dorsal head, (S) antenna; Heleniella, (T) antenna, (V) mentum; Limnophyes, (U) antenna, (W) mentum, (X) mandible; Compterosmittia, (Y) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618301" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618301/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">Fig. 18U</figureCitation>
). If blade longer than flagellum, then mandible with 4 inner teeth (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E4FFFFD2459FCE9B331C1B0" box="[1058,1145,885,907]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="34.[152,255,1569,1593]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,181,1545]" captionTargetId="figure-26@34.[151,1436,181,1545]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 18. Larval Orthocladiinae. Paralimnophyes, (A) antenna, (B) ventral head, (C) labrum; Tvetenia, (D) body seta of posterior abdomen; Onconeura, (E) mentum; Cardiocladius, (F) mentum; Eukiefferiella, (G) mentum, (H) procercus; Chaetocladius, (I) mentum; Cricotopus, (J) abdominal setal tuft, (K) mentum, (L) mandible; Doithrix, (M) posterior abdomen; Metriocnemus, (N) labrum-epipharynx, (O) mentum, mandible; Euryhapsis, (P) anterior head, (Q) antenna; Brillia, (R) dorsal head, (S) antenna; Heleniella, (T) antenna, (V) mentum; Limnophyes, (U) antenna, (W) mentum, (X) mandible; Compterosmittia, (Y) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618301" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618301/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">Fig. 18Y</figureCitation>
)..................... 62
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E4FFFFD20ECFC33B527C600" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E4FFFFD20ECFC33B6EBC1D9" blockId="36.[151,1437,943,1083]" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E4FFFFD20ECFC33B6EBC1D9" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">
62(61) Mandible with 3 inner teeth (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E4FFFFD2181FC33B51BC1FF" box="[506,595,943,965]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="34.[152,255,1569,1593]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,181,1545]" captionTargetId="figure-26@34.[151,1436,181,1545]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 18. Larval Orthocladiinae. Paralimnophyes, (A) antenna, (B) ventral head, (C) labrum; Tvetenia, (D) body seta of posterior abdomen; Onconeura, (E) mentum; Cardiocladius, (F) mentum; Eukiefferiella, (G) mentum, (H) procercus; Chaetocladius, (I) mentum; Cricotopus, (J) abdominal setal tuft, (K) mentum, (L) mandible; Doithrix, (M) posterior abdomen; Metriocnemus, (N) labrum-epipharynx, (O) mentum, mandible; Euryhapsis, (P) anterior head, (Q) antenna; Brillia, (R) dorsal head, (S) antenna; Heleniella, (T) antenna, (V) mentum; Limnophyes, (U) antenna, (W) mentum, (X) mandible; Compterosmittia, (Y) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618301" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618301/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">Fig. 18X</figureCitation>
). Supraanal setae subequal to anal setae....................... 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E4FFFFD249CFC33B213C1FE" authorityName="Eaton" authorityYear="1875" box="[1255,1371,943,964]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Limnophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E4FFFFD249CFC33B213C1FE" box="[1255,1371,943,964]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">Limnophyes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(part.) [see comments #53]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E4FFFFD20ECFC76B527C600" blockId="36.[151,1437,943,1083]" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E4FFFFD20ECFC76B527C600" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">
62’ Mandible with 4 inner teeth (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E4FFFFD2181FC76B51BC1C5" box="[506,595,1002,1024]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="34.[152,255,1569,1593]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,181,1545]" captionTargetId="figure-26@34.[151,1436,181,1545]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 18. Larval Orthocladiinae. Paralimnophyes, (A) antenna, (B) ventral head, (C) labrum; Tvetenia, (D) body seta of posterior abdomen; Onconeura, (E) mentum; Cardiocladius, (F) mentum; Eukiefferiella, (G) mentum, (H) procercus; Chaetocladius, (I) mentum; Cricotopus, (J) abdominal setal tuft, (K) mentum, (L) mandible; Doithrix, (M) posterior abdomen; Metriocnemus, (N) labrum-epipharynx, (O) mentum, mandible; Euryhapsis, (P) anterior head, (Q) antenna; Brillia, (R) dorsal head, (S) antenna; Heleniella, (T) antenna, (V) mentum; Limnophyes, (U) antenna, (W) mentum, (X) mandible; Compterosmittia, (Y) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618301" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618301/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">Fig. 18Y</figureCitation>
). Supraanal setae c. 1/3 as long as anal setae............... 
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E4FFFFD24C8FC76B2D5C63A" authority="Saether" authorityName="Saether" authorityYear="1981" box="[1203,1437,1002,1024]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Compterosmittia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E4FFFFD24C8FC76B21BC1C5" box="[1203,1363,1002,1023]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">Compterosmittia</emphasis>
Saether
</taxonomicName>
[some spp. phytotelmic, speciose, 7+ spp. oriental 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E4FFFFD22ADFB9BB447C627" box="[726,783,1031,1053]" name="China" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">China</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E4FFFFD2365FB9BB4DAC627" box="[798,914,1031,1053]" country="China" name="Guangdong" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">Guangdong</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E4FFFFD23E6FB9BB497C627" box="[925,991,1031,1053]" country="China" name="Fujian" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">Fujian</collectingRegion>
); e. Palaearctic, 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E4FFFFD24FAFB94B3F2C627" box="[1153,1210,1032,1053]" name="Japan" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">Japan</collectingCountry>
, Nearctic, Neotropical, 
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E4FFFFD2099FBB9B672C601" box="[226,314,1061,1083]" name="Australia" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">Australia</collectingCountry>
(inc., Oceania). 
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E4FFFFD21A1FBB9B521C600" author="Lin, X. &amp; Yao, Y. &amp; Liu, W. &amp; Wang, X. H." box="[474,617,1061,1083]" pageId="36" pageNumber="187" pagination="129 - 138" refId="ref41770" refString="Lin, X., Yao, Y., Liu, W. &amp; Wang, X. H. (2013) A review of the genus Compterosmittia Saether, 1981 (Diptera: Chironomidae) from China. Zootaxa, 3669 (2), 129 - 138. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3669.2.3" type="journal article" year="2013">
Lin 
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E4FFFFD227AFBB9B563C600" box="[513,555,1061,1082]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="187">et al</emphasis>
. 2013
</bibRefCitation>
]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
</key>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>