696 lines
112 KiB
XML
696 lines
112 KiB
XML
<document id="68298120D836711806C971D6C949CBD7" ID-CLB-Dataset="299551" ID-DOI="10.1017/wsc.2020.54" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a07ffe3b-1f6d-417c-9364-d36829ba267f" ID-ISSN="1550-2759" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12534057" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="juliana" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="juliana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="juliana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="juliana" checkinTime="1719333474985" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Dücker, Rebecka, Parcharidou, Evlampia & Beffa, Roland" docDate="2020" docId="CF1E6D64EF47FFA7575AF91DFB17FE2B" docLanguage="en" docName="WeedSci.68.5.451-459.pdf" docOrigin="Weed Science (Cambridge, England) 68 (5)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2020.54" docStyle="DocumentStyle:20ADD785541A3D843141F7EB39AF2D44.1:WeedSci.2018-.journal_article.open" docStyleId="20ADD785541A3D843141F7EB39AF2D44" docStyleName="WeedSci.2018-.journal_article.open" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Alopecurus myosuroides Populations" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="457" masterDocId="3327151CEF46FFA15736FFCEFF83FF98" masterDocTitle="Flufenacet activity is affected by GST inhibitors in blackgrass (Alopecurus myosuroides) populations with reduced flufenacet sensitivity and higher expression levels of GSTs" masterLastPageNumber="459" masterPageNumber="451" pageNumber="452" updateTime="1720123498943" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="6DA80A6C974D8E726ADE5AD8F3D71006">Flufenacet activity is affected by GST inhibitors in blackgrass (Alopecurus myosuroides) populations with reduced flufenacet sensitivity and higher expression levels of GSTs</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="276886091CF05E00046D394CFFD26D33">Dücker, Rebecka</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="F4DCFF1CE89FFCF527D9861FDEBEF3A4">Postdoctoral Researcher, Department of Crop Sciences, Plant Pathology and Crop Protection Division, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="3E4C912A0C613E59F481BAF1D89520AB">Parcharidou, Evlampia</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="4F2562F94D29697FB98070E41C49B172">Graduate Student, Department of Crop Sciences, Plant Pathology and Crop Protection Division, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany and</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="5F4E06ACC03311B5D5E123942B28BE8C">Beffa, Roland</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="CA77F6FFC441905258296462FF3DE136">Team Leader, Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, Frankfurt / Main, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="0BE5891329C4C32EA1844CD7F4833C43">Weed Science</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="82C5F77C4E00B6AA1E542AF95093E621">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:title id="680B691A584DF4297438AF43A2964EC8">Cambridge, England</mods:title>
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<treatment id="CF1E6D64EF47FFA7575AF91DFB17FE2B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12658802" ID-GBIF-Taxon="234443763" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12658802" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CF1E6D64EF47FFA7575AF91DFB17FE2B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CF1E6D64EF47FFA7575AF91DFB17FE2B" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="457" pageId="1" pageNumber="452">
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<subSubSection id="0FAD8FF9EF47FFA0575AF91DFEFCF89F" pageId="1" pageNumber="452" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="4708DC72EF47FFA0575AF91DFEFCF89F" blockId="1.[108,660,1747,1799]" pageId="1" pageNumber="452">
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<heading id="1C406B1EEF47FFA0575AF91DFEFCF89F" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="452" reason="2">
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<emphasis id="75C30060EF47FFA0575AF91DFEFCF89F" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="452">
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Dose-Response of Different
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<taxonomicName id="80B7A7F1EF47FFA056A4F91DFD17F971" ID-CoL="C55V" authority="Populations" authorityName="Populations" box="[402,660,1747,1769]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Alopecurus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="1" pageNumber="452" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="myosuroides">Alopecurus myosuroides</taxonomicName>
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Populations to Flufenacet
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0FAD8FF9EF47FFA3575AF8D2FAA2FB8C" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="453" pageId="1" pageNumber="452" type="description">
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<paragraph id="4708DC72EF47FFA0575AF8D2FAD3FC5B" blockId="1.[108,772,1820,1991]" lastBlockId="1.[812,1477,177,965]" pageId="1" pageNumber="452">
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Four populations were selected for a dose–response bioassay: the sensitive
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<taxonomicName id="80B7A7F1EF47FFA057F8F8F7FEEEF8C8" box="[206,365,1848,1872]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Alopecurus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="1" pageNumber="452" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="myosuroides">
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<emphasis id="75C30060EF47FFA057F8F8F7FEEEF8C8" box="[206,365,1848,1872]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="452">A. myosuroides</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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populations ‘Herbiseed-S’ (Herbiseed, Twyford, UK) and ‘Appel-S’ (Appels Wilde Samen, Darmstadt, Germany); an
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<taxonomicName id="80B7A7F1EF47FFA05636F8BDFE19F813" box="[256,410,1907,1931]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Alopecurus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="1" pageNumber="452" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="myosuroides">
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<emphasis id="75C30060EF47FFA05636F8BDFE19F813" box="[256,410,1907,1931]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="452">A. myosuroides</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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field population from the northern
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<collectingCountry id="3FA09CE2EF47FFA0575AF85CFF48F832" box="[108,203,1938,1962]" name="Germany" pageId="1" pageNumber="452">Germany</collectingCountry>
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marsh region of Kehdingen (Kehdingen1), which was previously described to be significantly less susceptible to flufenacet due to enhanced metabolism (
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<bibRefCitation id="2326A183EF47FFA053D6FF7CFA3BFF52" author="Ducker R & Zollner P & Parcharidou E & Ries S & Lorentz L & Beffa R" box="[1248,1464,177,202]" pageId="1" pageNumber="452" pagination="2996 - 3004" refId="ref6902" refString="Ducker R, Zollner P, Parcharidou E, Ries S, Lorentz L, Beffa R (2019 b) Enhanced metabolism causes reduced flufenacet sensitivity in black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.) field populations. Pest Manag Sci 75: 2996 - 3004." type="journal article" year="2019">Dücker et al. 2019b</bibRefCitation>
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); and another population from the same region, suspected to be more difficult to control (Kehdingen2). The seedlings were sown in tissue culture containers (
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<collectorName id="EA42B9A4EF47FFA053BCFEC4FAC0FEBA" box="[1162,1347,266,290]" pageId="1" pageNumber="452">MP Biomedicals</collectorName>
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, Eschwege, Germany) on 0.7% agar
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<typeStatus id="980C62D0EF47FFA05370FEE8FBFAFEA6" box="[1094,1145,294,318]" pageId="1" pageNumber="452">Type</typeStatus>
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A (
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<location id="42688AA9EF47FFA05398FEE9FAC5FEA7" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CF1E6D64EF47FFA7575AF91DFB17FE2B:42688AA9EF47FFA05398FEE9FAC5FEA7" box="[1198,1350,295,319]" country="Germany" county="The" municipality="Equation" name="Sigma-Aldrich" pageId="1" pageNumber="452">Sigma-Aldrich</location>
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,
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<location id="42688AA9EF47FFA0526FFEE9FA42FEA7" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CF1E6D64EF47FFA7575AF91DFB17FE2B:42688AA9EF47FFA0526FFEE9FA42FEA7" box="[1369,1473,295,319]" country="Germany" county="The" municipality="Equation" name="Steinheim" pageId="1" pageNumber="452">Steinheim</location>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="3FA09CE2EF47FFA0541AFE8AFC0EFEC4" box="[812,909,324,348]" name="Germany" pageId="1" pageNumber="452">Germany</collectingCountry>
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) containing KNO3 (
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<location id="42688AA9EF47FFA05356FE8AFB7BFEC4" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CF1E6D64EF47FFA7575AF91DFB17FE2B:42688AA9EF47FFA05356FE8AFB7BFEC4" box="[1120,1272,324,348]" country="Germany" county="The" municipality="Equation" name="Sigma-Aldrich" pageId="1" pageNumber="452">Sigma-Aldrich</location>
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) at a concentration of 0.02
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<collectorName id="EA42B9A4EF47FFA05440FEAFFC42FEE2" box="[886,961,353,378]" pageId="1" pageNumber="452">M. The</collectorName>
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seeds were kept in the dark at 4 C for 5 d and were then placed in a greenhouse for germination.
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<location id="42688AA9EF47FFA053CCFEB1FAA2FE0F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CF1E6D64EF47FFA7575AF91DFB17FE2B:42688AA9EF47FFA053CCFEB1FAA2FE0F" box="[1274,1313,383,407]" country="Germany" county="The" municipality="Equation" name="The" pageId="1" pageNumber="452">The</location>
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greenhouse was set to 22/16 C day/night conditions with a 14-h photoperiod provided by
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<location id="42688AA9EF47FFA054B9FE77FC57FE48" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CF1E6D64EF47FFA7575AF91DFB17FE2B:42688AA9EF47FFA054B9FE77FC57FE48" box="[911,980,441,464]" country="Germany" county="The" municipality="Equation" name="Master" pageId="1" pageNumber="452">Master</location>
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HPI-T plus 400W/645 E40 metal-halide lamps (
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<location id="42688AA9EF47FFA05405FE19FCF8FE77" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CF1E6D64EF47FFA7575AF91DFB17FE2B:42688AA9EF47FFA05405FE19FCF8FE77" box="[819,891,471,495]" country="Germany" county="The" municipality="Equation" name="Philips" pageId="1" pageNumber="452">Philips</location>
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,
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<location id="42688AA9EF47FFA054B8FE19FB86FE77" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CF1E6D64EF47FFA7575AF91DFB17FE2B:42688AA9EF47FFA054B8FE19FB86FE77" box="[910,1029,471,495]" country="Germany" county="The" municipality="Equation" name="Amsterdam" pageId="1" pageNumber="452">Amsterdam</location>
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, The Netherlands) at approximately 200 μmol m −2 s −1.
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<location id="42688AA9EF47FFA0548EFE3AFC51FD94" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CF1E6D64EF47FFA7575AF91DFB17FE2B:42688AA9EF47FFA0548EFE3AFC51FD94" box="[952,978,500,524]" country="Germany" county="The" municipality="Equation" name="As" pageId="1" pageNumber="452">As</location>
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the primordial root emerged, 15 seedlings per population and treatment were transplanted into pots containing sandy loam with 2.2% organic matter (three pots with five seedlings each).
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<location id="42688AA9EF47FFA0541AFD82FCD0FDFC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CF1E6D64EF47FFA7575AF91DFB17FE2B:42688AA9EF47FFA0541AFD82FCD0FDFC" box="[812,851,588,612]" country="Germany" county="The" municipality="Equation" name="The" pageId="1" pageNumber="452">The</location>
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seedlings were covered with a thin layer of coarse sand and treated on the same day with 500, 250, 125, 62.5, 31.3, 15.6, 7.8, 4.0, and 0 g flufenacet ha −1 formulated as Cadouº SC using a laboratory track sprayer with a single flat spray nozzle (TeeJetº nozzle XR8001, 300 L ha −1, 200 kPa).
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<location id="42688AA9EF47FFA0536BFD0CFB07FD42" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CF1E6D64EF47FFA7575AF91DFB17FE2B:42688AA9EF47FFA0536BFD0CFB07FD42" box="[1117,1156,706,730]" country="Germany" county="The" municipality="Equation" name="The" pageId="1" pageNumber="452">The</location>
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sprayed seedlings were irrigated from above after treatment and grown for 3 wk under the previously described greenhouse conditions.
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<location id="42688AA9EF47FFA053BEFD33FB2CFC8D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CF1E6D64EF47FFA7575AF91DFB17FE2B:42688AA9EF47FFA053BEFD33FB2CFC8D" box="[1160,1199,765,789]" country="Germany" county="The" municipality="Equation" name="The" pageId="1" pageNumber="452">The</location>
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aboveground fresh weight was assessed, and the dose-response data were analyzed as a completely randomized experiment using the three-parameter log-logistic model of the
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<collectingCountry id="3FA09CE2EF47FFA054E6FC97FC7BFCF2" box="[976,1016,857,874]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="1" pageNumber="452">DRC</collectingCountry>
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package in R software (RStudio v. 3.5.0) (
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<bibRefCitation id="2326A183EF47FFA052ACFC9BFC11FC12" author="Ritz C & Baty F & Streibig JC & Gerhard D" pageId="1" pageNumber="452" refId="ref8103" refString="Ritz C, Baty F, Streibig JC, Gerhard D (2015) Dose-response analysis using R. PLoS ONE 10: e 0146021" type="journal volume" year="2015">Ritz et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<location id="42688AA9EF47FFA05490FCBCFC4EFC12" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CF1E6D64EF47FFA7575AF91DFB17FE2B:42688AA9EF47FFA05490FCBCFC4EFC12" box="[934,973,882,906]" country="Germany" county="The" municipality="Equation" name="The" pageId="1" pageNumber="452">The</location>
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equation with parameters
|
||
<emphasis id="75C30060EF47FFA053EFFCBFFB66FC11" box="[1241,1253,881,905]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="452">b</emphasis>
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(relative slope around the inflection point),
|
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<emphasis id="75C30060EF47FFA05333FC40FB91FC3E" box="[1029,1042,910,934]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="452">d</emphasis>
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(upper limit), and
|
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<emphasis id="75C30060EF47FFA053EEFC41FB61FC3E" box="[1240,1250,911,934]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="452">e</emphasis>
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||
(inflection point) was used (
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<collectingMunicipality id="A76C4608EF47FFA0545EFC63FC47FC5D" box="[872,964,941,965]" pageId="1" pageNumber="452">Equation</collectingMunicipality>
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1).
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<collectingCounty id="AE69A4FEEF47FFA054DAFC63FB90FC5D" box="[1004,1043,941,965]" pageId="1" pageNumber="452">The</collectingCounty>
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experiment was repeated once.
|
||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="4708DC72EF47FFA053A3FC2BFAAAFBB9" blockId="1.[963,1476,997,1057]" pageId="1" pageNumber="452">
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<emphasis id="75C30060EF47FFA053A3FC2BFB8AFB88" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="452">
|
||
d f
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||
<emphasis id="75C30060EF47FFA054F8FC36FC5BFB88" bold="true" box="[974,984,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="452">ð</emphasis>
|
||
x
|
||
<emphasis id="75C30060EF47FFA054D2FC36FB8AFB88" bold="true" box="[996,1033,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="452">Þ ¼</emphasis>
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||
</emphasis>
|
||
[1]
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<quantity id="804F7197EF47FFA05339FBC7FBB6FBB9" box="[1039,1077,1033,1057]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="452" unit="t" value="1.0">
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1
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<emphasis id="75C30060EF47FFA05317FBC7FBB6FBB9" bold="true" box="[1057,1077,1033,1057]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="452">þ</emphasis>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
exp
|
||
<emphasis id="75C30060EF47FFA0536BFBC7FBFEFBB9" box="[1117,1149,1032,1057]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="452">
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<emphasis id="75C30060EF47FFA0536BFBC7FBE9FBB9" bold="true" box="[1117,1130,1033,1057]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="452">f</emphasis>
|
||
b
|
||
<emphasis id="75C30060EF47FFA05340FBC7FBFEFBB9" bold="true" box="[1142,1149,1033,1057]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="452">½</emphasis>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
log
|
||
<emphasis id="75C30060EF47FFA053ADFBC7FB56FBB9" box="[1179,1237,1033,1057]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="452">
|
||
<emphasis id="75C30060EF47FFA053ADFBC7FB26FBB9" bold="true" box="[1179,1189,1033,1057]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="452">ð</emphasis>
|
||
x
|
||
<emphasis id="75C30060EF47FFA05387FBC7FB56FBB9" bold="true" box="[1201,1237,1033,1057]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="452">Þ —</emphasis>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
log
|
||
<emphasis id="75C30060EF47FFA053CEFBC7FAAAFBB9" box="[1272,1321,1033,1057]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="452">
|
||
<emphasis id="75C30060EF47FFA053CEFBC7FA81FBB9" bold="true" box="[1272,1282,1033,1057]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="452">ð</emphasis>
|
||
e
|
||
<emphasis id="75C30060EF47FFA0523AFBC7FAAAFBB9" bold="true" box="[1292,1321,1033,1057]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="452">Þ]g</emphasis>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4708DC72EF47FFA0541AFBA5FBD9FB24" blockId="1.[812,1476,1131,1212]" pageId="1" pageNumber="452">
|
||
<emphasis id="75C30060EF47FFA0541AFBA5FBD9FB24" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="452">
|
||
Flufenacet Degradation in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="80B7A7F1EF47FFA0537CFBA5FACFFB19" authority="Seedlings" authorityName="Seedlings" box="[1098,1356,1131,1153]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Alopecurus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="1" pageNumber="452" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="myosuroides">Alopecurus myosuroides</taxonomicName>
|
||
Seedlings with High and Reduced Flufenacet Sensitivity after Treatment with Selected GST Inhibitors
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4708DC72EF47FFA3541AFB1FFE16FE2C" blockId="1.[812,1477,1233,1991]" lastBlockId="2.[112,777,178,436]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="453" pageId="1" pageNumber="452">
|
||
The seedlings of the populations Herbiseed-S, Appel-S, Kehdingen1, and Kehdingen2 were grown in tissue culture containers as described earlier until the first leaf reached about
|
||
<quantity id="804F7197EF47FFA05290FAC2FCC8FAD8" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="452" unit="cm" value="2.5">2.5 cm</quantity>
|
||
in length. Initially, a phytotoxicity test was conducted to determine symptom-free dose rates of flufenacet and the GST inhibitors tridiphane (Dr. Ehrenstorfer, Augsburg,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="3FA09CE2EF47FFA053DFFAAAFAC8FAE4" box="[1257,1355,1380,1404]" name="Germany" pageId="1" pageNumber="452">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
||
), chloro-7- nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD-Cl, Sigma-Aldrich), triphenyltin chloride (TPT-Cl, abcr GmbH, Kalsruhe,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="3FA09CE2EF47FFA053DFFA51FAC8FA2F" box="[1257,1355,1439,1463]" name="Germany" pageId="1" pageNumber="452">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
||
), ethacrynic acid (Alfa Aesar, Wand Hill, MA,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="3FA09CE2EF47FFA0539EFA72FB58FA4C" box="[1192,1243,1468,1492]" name="United States of America" pageId="1" pageNumber="452">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
), and diethyl maleate (Acros Organics,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="85731290EF47FFA054ECFA17FBA1FA69" box="[986,1058,1497,1521]" country="China" name="Beijing" pageId="1" pageNumber="452">Beijing</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="3FA09CE2EF47FFA0531DFA17FBEFFA69" box="[1067,1132,1497,1521]" name="China" pageId="1" pageNumber="452">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
), as well as malathion, a frequently used inhibitor of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs; Sigma-Aldrich). Then, 32 seedlings per inhibitor treatment and population were incubated in 20-ml scintillation vials containing 1.2 ml of commercial water (Volvic
|
||
<emphasis id="75C30060EF47FFA053A3F981FB22F9FE" bold="true" box="[1173,1185,1615,1638]" pageId="1" pageNumber="452">=</emphasis>
|
||
) with KNO3 at a concentration of 0.02 M and 14C-radiolabeled flufenacet at a concentration of 15 μM and 16.7 kBq ml −1. Treatments were tridiphane (10 mM), NBD-Cl (10 μM), triphenyltin chloride (1 μM), ethacrynic acid (1 mM), diethyl maleate (100 μM), and malathion (10 mM), with a flufenacet-only control. These 32 seedlings were incubated for 24 h in a growth chamber at 22/16 C day/night conditions with a 14-h photoperiod provided by Master TL-D 58W/840 REFLEX fluorescent lamps (Philips) at approximately 400 μmol m −2 s −1. The seedlings were washed two times in water and one time in 50% acetone. Four times for each treatment, including the control, eight of these 32 seedlings were pooled to one sample to obtain sufficiently high signals, leading to four pooled samples in total. These were extracted and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography as described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2326A183EF44FFA35678FF01FDB2FF7F" author="Ducker R & Zollner P & Lummen P & Ries S & Collavo A & Beffa R" box="[334,561,206,231]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" pagination="3084 - 3092" refId="ref6854" refString="Ducker R, Zollner P, Lummen P, Ries S, Collavo A, Beffa R (2019 a) Glutathione transferase plays a major role in flufenacet resistance of ryegrass (Lolium spp.) field populations. Pest Manag Sci 75: 3084 - 3092" type="journal article" year="2019">Dücker et al. (2019a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The percentages of metabolized flufenacet recovered from differently treated seedlings were analyzed with a Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA on ranks using SigmaPlot v. 13.0 (Systat Software, San José, CA,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="3FA09CE2EF44FFA355FCFEE9FD7DFEA7" box="[714,766,295,319]" name="United States of America" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
). Differences between two populations with the same treatment were analyzed using a Mann-Whitney test included in the R software (RStudio v. 3.5.0). The experiment was repeated once, and the data were pooled for the analysis.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4708DC72EF44FFA35746FE19FF5EFDB0" blockId="2.[112,731,471,552]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">
|
||
<emphasis id="75C30060EF44FFA35746FE19FF5EFDB0" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">
|
||
Illumina Transcriptome Sequencing of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="80B7A7F1EF44FFA35526FE19FF75FD93" authority="Seedlings" authorityName="Seedlings" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Alopecurus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="myosuroides">Alopecurus myosuroides</taxonomicName>
|
||
Seedlings with High and Reduced Flufenacet Sensitivity
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4708DC72EF44FFA35746FDF3FE1CFC68" blockId="2.[112,777,573,1478]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">
|
||
For an RNA-seq study, the seeds of the populations Herbiseed-S, Appel-S, Kehdingen1, and Kehdingen2 were sterilized for 5 min in 5% sodium hypochlorite and rinsed five times with sterile demineralized water. The seeds were dried on filter paper and sown in tissue culture containers (MP Biomedicals) under sterile conditions. The containers were filled with 30 ml of sterile 2-mm glass beads, 30 ml of sterile 4-mm glass beads, and 12 ml of sterile commercial water (VolvicTM) with KNO3 at a concentration of 0.02 M. The containers were kept in the dark at 4 C for 5 d and were then transferred into a climate chamber under the conditions described earlier. The seedlings were grown until the first leaf reached a length of about
|
||
<quantity id="804F7197EF44FFA35627FC4EFED4FC0F" box="[273,343,896,920]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" unit="cm" value="2.5">2.5 cm</quantity>
|
||
. To assess constitutive differences between the biotypes, the untreated seeds were removed from the containers, and each six individual whole seedlings per population were immediately frozen at −80 C.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="13C88CFAEF44FFA35406FD79FB1CFD6F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12534059" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12534059" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12534059/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" startId="2.[816,868,695,711]" targetBox="[836,1459,179,665]" targetPageId="2" targetType="figure">
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<paragraph id="4708DC72EF44FFA35406FD79FB1CFD6F" blockId="2.[816,1480,694,759]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">
|
||
<emphasis id="75C30060EF44FFA35406FD79FCFEFD5F" bold="true" box="[816,893,695,711]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Figure 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Dose
|
||
<emphasis id="75C30060EF44FFA3549BFD78FC35FD5F" box="[941,950,694,711]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">–</emphasis>
|
||
response analysis of the fresh weight of four
|
||
<taxonomicName id="80B7A7F1EF44FFA35226FD78FC0DFD47" authority="populations" authorityName="Populations" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Alopecurus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="2" pageNumber="452" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="myosuroides">
|
||
<emphasis id="75C30060EF44FFA35226FD78FA4BFD5F" box="[1296,1480,694,711]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Alopecurus myosuroides</emphasis>
|
||
populations
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
treated with different dose rates of flufenacet estimated using a threeparameter log-logistic model (see Equation 1).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="4708DC72EF44FFA357A6FC38FD3CFA5E" blockId="2.[112,777,573,1478]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">
|
||
The frozen seedlings were ground in a Tissue Lyser II swing mill (Qiagen, Hilden,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="3FA09CE2EF44FFA3562CFBDDFEFAFBB3" box="[282,377,1043,1067]" name="Germany" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
||
) at 30 Hz for 30 s in 2-ml reaction tubes each containing three tungsten carbide beads (
|
||
<quantity id="804F7197EF44FFA35577FBFEFD03FBD0" box="[577,640,1072,1096]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
|
||
). The ground tissue was suspended in standard buffer (RLT) provided with the Qiagen RNeasy Kit (Qiagen), and total RNA extraction was performed according to the manufacturer’ s instructions, including an on-column DNase treatment with an RNase-Free DNase Set (Qiagen). High-quality RNA was assured (RIN scores> 7) using the RNA 6000 Nano Kit (Agilent Technologies, Waldbronn,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="3FA09CE2EF44FFA35746FB30FF4CFA8E" box="[112,207,1278,1302]" name="Germany" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
||
) as defined in the manufacturer’ s instructions. cDNA libraries were obtained using the Illumina TruSeq Stranded mRNA Library Prep kit (Illumina, San Diego, CA,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="3FA09CE2EF44FFA3556AFAF6FD0CFAC8" box="[604,655,1336,1360]" name="United States of America" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
). The multiplexed cDNA libraries were sequenced using an Illumina HiSeq 4000 sequencer (Illumina). Each library was measured on three lanes to obtain paired-end reads of 150-bp length in high-output mode, providing three technical replicates per biological replicate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4708DC72EF44FFA35746FA27FEA6FA67" blockId="2.[112,293,1513,1535]" box="[112,293,1513,1535]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">
|
||
<emphasis id="75C30060EF44FFA35746FA27FEA6FA67" bold="true" box="[112,293,1513,1535]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">RNA-seq Analysis</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4708DC72EF44FFA35746F9DAFAA2FB8C" blockId="2.[112,777,1556,1991]" lastBlockId="2.[816,1481,815,1044]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">
|
||
The reads were demultiplexed using an in-house script by Fasteris (
|
||
<collectingRegion id="85731290EF44FFA35741F9FCFF45F9D2" box="[119,198,1586,1610]" country="Switzerland" name="Geneve" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Geneva</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="3FA09CE2EF44FFA357EDF9FCFED5F9D2" box="[219,342,1586,1610]" name="Switzerland" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
|
||
). The obtained paired-end reads were trimmed and mapped against an
|
||
<taxonomicName id="80B7A7F1EF44FFA356FAF980FDE4F9FE" box="[460,615,1614,1638]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Alopecurus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="myosuroides">
|
||
<emphasis id="75C30060EF44FFA356FAF980FDE4F9FE" box="[460,615,1614,1638]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">A. myosuroides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
reference transcriptome assembled with Illumina reads by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2326A183EF44FFA3550BF9A2FC8BF91C" author="Gardin JAC & Gouzy J & Carrere S & Delye C" box="[573,776,1644,1668]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" refId="ref7039" refString="Gardin JAC, Gouzy J, Carrere S, Delye C (2015) ALOMYbase, a resource to investigate non-target-site-based resistance to herbicides inhibiting acetolactate-synthase (ALS) in the major grass weed Alopecurus myosuroides (black-grass). BMC Genomics 16: 590" type="journal volume" year="2015">Gardin et al. (2015)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
using BWA with the maximal exact matches (MEM) algorithm (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2326A183EF44FFA35741F969FF4FF927" author="Li H" box="[119,204,1703,1727]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" refId="ref7658" refString="Li H (2013) Aligning sequence reads, clone sequences and assembly contigs with BWA-MEM. arXiv preprint arXiv: 13033997 [q-bio. GN]" type="journal volume" year="2013">Li 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (BWA v. 7.12) within the Genedata Expressionist Refiner Genome software (v. 9.5; Genedata, Basel,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="3FA09CE2EF44FFA355B2F90AFD7CF944" box="[644,767,1732,1756]" name="Switzerland" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
|
||
). The reads were trimmed mean of M values (TMM) normalized in order to robustly equate the overall expression levels of genes between samples under the assumption that the majority of them are not differentially expressed (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2326A183EF44FFA356FCF8F4FD79F8CA" author="Robinson MD & Oshlack A" box="[458,762,1850,1874]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" refId="ref8128" refString="Robinson MD, Oshlack A (2010) A scaling normalization method for differential expression analysis of RNA-seq data. Genome Biol 11: R 25" type="journal volume" year="2010">Robinson and Oshlack 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A pairwise differential gene expression analysis was conducted using the exact test of edgeR provided by the Blast2GO PRO software v. 4.1.9 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2326A183EF44FFA35603F85FFD80F831" author="Conesa A & Gotz S & Garcia-Gomez JM & Terol J & Talon M & Robles M" box="[309,515,1937,1961]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" pagination="3674 - 3676" refId="ref6743" refString="Conesa A, Gotz S, Garcia-Gomez JM, Terol J, Talon M, Robles M (2005) Blast 2 GO: a universal tool for annotation, visualization and analysis in functional genomics research. Bioinformatics 21: 3674 - 3676" type="journal article" year="2005">Conesa et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Candidate genes were selected with the following cutoff criteria: false discovery rate (FDR) ≤ 0.05 and log fold-change ≥ 2. The probable function of the candidate genes was annotated using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool X (BLASTx;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2326A183EF44FFA35392FCA4FAF1FC1A" author="Camacho C & Coulouris G & Avagyan V, Ma N & Papadopoulos J & Bealer K & Madden TL" box="[1188,1394,873,898]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" refId="ref6708" refString="Camacho C, Coulouris G, Avagyan V, Ma N, Papadopoulos J, Bealer K, Madden TL (2009) BLAST t: architecture and applications. BMC Bioinformatics 10: 421" type="journal volume" year="2009">Camacho et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) against the National Center for Biotechnology Information non-redundant database. Protein sequence similarities between the candidate contigs and
|
||
<emphasis id="75C30060EF44FFA354B7FC0FFC26FC40" box="[897,933,961,984]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Am</emphasis>
|
||
GSTF1 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2326A183EF44FFA354C0FC0CFB42FC42" author="Cummins I & Wortley DJ & Sabbadin F & He Z & Coxon CR & Straker HE & Sellars JD & Knight K & Edwards L & Hughes D & Kaundun SS & Hutchings S-J & Steel PG & Edwards R" box="[1014,1217,961,986]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" pagination="5812 - 5817" refId="ref6787" refString="Cummins I, Wortley DJ, Sabbadin F, He Z, Coxon CR, Straker HE, Sellars JD, Knight K, Edwards L, Hughes D, Kaundun SS, Hutchings S-J, Steel PG, Edwards R (2013) Key role for a glutathione transferase in multiple-herbicide resistance in grass weeds. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 110: 5812 - 5817" type="journal article" year="2013">Cummins et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) were determined through global pairwise alignments using the EMBOSS Needle algorithms (https://www.ebi.ac.uk/Tools/psa/emboss_needle).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0FAD8FF9EF44FFA75406FB80FB17FE2B" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="457" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="4708DC72EF44FFA35406FB80FBB3FBFC" blockId="2.[816,1072,1102,1124]" box="[816,1072,1102,1124]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">
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||
<heading id="1C406B1EEF44FFA35406FB80FBB3FBFC" bold="true" box="[816,1072,1102,1124]" fontSize="9" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="75C30060EF44FFA35406FB80FBB3FBFC" bold="true" box="[816,1072,1102,1124]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Results and Discussion</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4708DC72EF44FFA35406FBB7FA31F814" blockId="2.[816,1480,1145,1991]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">
|
||
To better understand the mechanisms of flufenacet detoxification in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="80B7A7F1EF44FFA3547DFB58FC60FB36" box="[843,995,1174,1198]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Alopecurus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="myosuroides">
|
||
<emphasis id="75C30060EF44FFA3547DFB58FC60FB36" box="[843,995,1174,1198]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">A. myosuroides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, we used dose− response bioassays to characterize the four
|
||
<taxonomicName id="80B7A7F1EF44FFA35480FB7DFBD0FB53" box="[950,1107,1203,1227]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Alopecurus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="myosuroides">
|
||
<emphasis id="75C30060EF44FFA35480FB7DFBD0FB53" box="[950,1107,1203,1227]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">A. myosuroides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
populations, Herbiseed-S, Appel-S, Kehdingen1, and Kehdingen2 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="DF8CC0F7EF44FFA35346FB1FFB44FB71" box="[1136,1223,1233,1257]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[816,868,695,711]" captionTargetBox="[836,1459,179,665]" captionTargetId="figure-936@2.[834,1462,176,668]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Dose–response analysis of the fresh weight of four Alopecurus myosuroides populations treated with different dose rates of flufenacet estimated using a threeparameter log-logistic model (see Equation 1)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12534059" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12534059/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Figure 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). The sensitive reference populations Herbiseed-S and Appel-S had effective dose rates 50 (ED50 values) of 4.3
|
||
<emphasis id="75C30060EF44FFA354CAFAC2FB88FABB" box="[1020,1035,1292,1315]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">±</emphasis>
|
||
0.8 (P <0.01) and
|
||
<quantity id="804F7197EF44FFA353FDFAC2FB78FABB" box="[1227,1275,1291,1316]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="5.7" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" unit="g" value="5.7">5.7 g</quantity>
|
||
<emphasis id="75C30060EF44FFA35237FAC2FA93FABB" box="[1281,1296,1292,1315]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">±</emphasis>
|
||
1.3 (P <0.01) flufenacet ha−1, respectively. They were more susceptible than the northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="3FA09CE2EF44FFA3549FFA89FB8BFAC7" box="[937,1032,1351,1375]" name="Germany" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
||
field populations Kehdingen1 and Kehdingen2, which had ED50 values of 14.4
|
||
<emphasis id="75C30060EF44FFA353CFFAAAFA8BFAE3" box="[1273,1288,1380,1403]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">±</emphasis>
|
||
3.4 (P <0.01) and 24.0 g
|
||
<emphasis id="75C30060EF44FFA3544DFA4FFC09FA00" box="[891,906,1409,1432]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">±</emphasis>
|
||
2.2 (P <0.01) flufenacet ha −1, respectively. A 5.6-fold increase in herbicide rate required to inhibit growth by 50% was calculated for population Kehdingen2. The sensitivity of this population to flufenacet was significantly lower than the sensitivity of the reference populations Herbiseed-S and Appel-S. Kehdingen1, however, only differed significantly from Herbiseed-S. Sufficient control with the field rate of
|
||
<quantity id="804F7197EF44FFA3536BF9FFFB15F9D1" box="[1117,1174,1585,1609]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" unit="g" value="250.0">250 g</quantity>
|
||
flufenacet ha−1 was indicated with ED90 values between 16.2 and
|
||
<quantity id="804F7197EF44FFA35386F981FB7FF9FE" box="[1200,1276,1614,1639]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.029" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" unit="g" value="102.9">102.9 g</quantity>
|
||
flufenacet ha−1 for all populations tested under favorable conditions. This relatively low level of reduction in sensitivity is in accordance with previously published studies (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2326A183EF44FFA354CEF969FB51F927" author="Ducker R & Zollner P & Parcharidou E & Ries S & Lorentz L & Beffa R" box="[1016,1234,1702,1727]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" pagination="2996 - 3004" refId="ref6902" refString="Ducker R, Zollner P, Parcharidou E, Ries S, Lorentz L, Beffa R (2019 b) Enhanced metabolism causes reduced flufenacet sensitivity in black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.) field populations. Pest Manag Sci 75: 2996 - 3004." type="journal article" year="2019">Dücker et al. 2019b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2326A183EF44FFA353D5F969FA40F927" author="Hull RI & Moss SR" box="[1251,1475,1702,1727]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" pagination="25 - 32" refId="ref7343" refString="Hull RI, Moss SR (2012) Is the increasing reliance on residual herbicides for Alopecurus myosuroides (black-grass) control sustainable? Asp Appl Biol: 25 - 32" type="book chapter" year="2012">Hull and Moss 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2326A183EF44FFA35406F90AFB03F944" author="Rosenhauer M & Petersen J" box="[816,1152,1732,1756]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" pagination="141 - 150" refId="ref8154" refString="Rosenhauer M, Petersen J (2015) Bioassay development for the identification of pre-emergence herbicide resistance in Alopecurus myosuroides (Huds.) populations. Gesunde Pflanz 67: 141 - 150" type="journal article" year="2015">Rosenhauer and Petersen 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and may result from cross-resistance to other herbicide chemistries or may directly be selected by flufenacet applications. Reduced sensitivity to various herbicides was previously described for populations from the marsh regions of northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="3FA09CE2EF44FFA354CBF8F4FBDDF8CA" box="[1021,1118,1850,1874]" name="Germany" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the origin of the populations characterized in this study (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2326A183EF44FFA35305F899FA8EF8F7" author="Ducker R & Zollner P & Parcharidou E & Ries S & Lorentz L & Beffa R" box="[1075,1293,1878,1903]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" pagination="2996 - 3004" refId="ref6902" refString="Ducker R, Zollner P, Parcharidou E, Ries S, Lorentz L, Beffa R (2019 b) Enhanced metabolism causes reduced flufenacet sensitivity in black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.) field populations. Pest Manag Sci 75: 2996 - 3004." type="journal article" year="2019">Dücker et al. 2019b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2326A183EF44FFA35228F899FC3CF814" author="Rosenhauer M & Petersen J" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" pagination="141 - 150" refId="ref8154" refString="Rosenhauer M, Petersen J (2015) Bioassay development for the identification of pre-emergence herbicide resistance in Alopecurus myosuroides (Huds.) populations. Gesunde Pflanz 67: 141 - 150" type="journal article" year="2015">Rosenhauer and Petersen 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and may result from non–target site resistance.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4708DC72EF44FFA25466F85CFDF8FA0A" blockId="2.[816,1480,1145,1991]" lastBlockId="3.[108,773,961,1984]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="454" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">
|
||
Enhanced metabolism has previously been found as the dominant form of non–target site resistance to flufenacet in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="80B7A7F1EF45FFA2575AFC0FFE8AFC41" box="[108,265,961,985]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Alopecurus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="3" pageNumber="454" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="myosuroides">
|
||
<emphasis id="75C30060EF45FFA2575AFC0FFE8AFC41" box="[108,265,961,985]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">A. myosuroides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as well as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="80B7A7F1EF45FFA25694FC0FFD9DFC40" box="[418,542,961,985]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Lolium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="3" pageNumber="454" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="75C30060EF45FFA25694FC0FFE6AFC41" box="[418,489,961,985]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">Lolium</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2326A183EF45FFA25518FC0CFD7CFC40" author="Ducker R & Zollner P & Lummen P & Ries S & Collavo A & Beffa R" box="[558,767,961,986]" pageId="3" pageNumber="454" pagination="3084 - 3092" refId="ref6854" refString="Ducker R, Zollner P, Lummen P, Ries S, Collavo A, Beffa R (2019 a) Glutathione transferase plays a major role in flufenacet resistance of ryegrass (Lolium spp.) field populations. Pest Manag Sci 75: 3084 - 3092" type="journal article" year="2019">Dücker et al. 2019a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2326A183EF45FFA2575AFC11FF2FFC6F" author="Ducker R & Zollner P & Parcharidou E & Ries S & Lorentz L & Beffa R" box="[108,172,991,1015]" pageId="3" pageNumber="454" pagination="2996 - 3004" refId="ref6902" refString="Ducker R, Zollner P, Parcharidou E, Ries S, Lorentz L, Beffa R (2019 b) Enhanced metabolism causes reduced flufenacet sensitivity in black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.) field populations. Pest Manag Sci 75: 2996 - 3004." type="journal article" year="2019">2019b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The results of the experiment with different potentially synergistic inhibitors in this study point in the same direction. To test the effects of different chemicals on the performance of flufenacet, seedlings of the sensitive
|
||
<taxonomicName id="80B7A7F1EF45FFA256D8FBF9FD08FBD6" box="[494,651,1078,1102]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Alopecurus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="3" pageNumber="454" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="myosuroides">
|
||
<emphasis id="75C30060EF45FFA256D8FBF9FD08FBD6" box="[494,651,1078,1102]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">A. myosuroides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
population Herbiseed-S and the less susceptible field population Kehdingen1 were treated with 14C-radiolabeled flufenacet in the absence and presence of different inhibitors of GSTs and the insecticide and inhibitor of CYPs and acetylcholinesterase malathion. After 24 h, on average, 37.9% of unmetabolized flufenacet was recovered from the sensitive population Herbiseed-S and 21.9% of unmetabolized flufenacet was recovered from seedlings of the less susceptible population Kehdingen1, treated with flufenacet only (
|
||
<figureCitation id="DF8CC0F7EF45FFA25592FAECFD75FAA2" box="[676,758,1314,1338]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[108,160,842,858]" captionTargetBox="[258,1324,178,811]" captionTargetId="figure-684@3.[255,1329,176,814]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Flufenacet degradation 24 h after treatment with different inhibitors in the sensitive Alopecurus myosuroides population Herbiseed-S (A) and population Kehdingen1 with reduced flufenacet efficacy (B).Different letters indicate significant differences in flufenacet degradation between treatments,and asterisks (*) indicate significant differences between the two populations for each treatment (P ≤ 0.05)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12534061" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12534061/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). Based on a
|
||
<emphasis id="75C30060EF45FFA257D8FAF1FF76FACE" box="[238,245,1343,1366]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">t</emphasis>
|
||
-test (P ≤ 0.05), population Kehdingen1 degraded flufenacet significantly faster than population Herbiseed-S in all treatments, except for the treatment with malathion.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="13C88CFAEF45FFA2575AFC84FDCAFC12" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12534061" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12534061" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12534061/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="454" startId="3.[108,160,842,858]" targetBox="[258,1324,178,811]" targetPageId="3" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="4708DC72EF45FFA2575AFC84FDCAFC12" blockId="3.[108,1476,840,906]" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">
|
||
<emphasis id="75C30060EF45FFA2575AFC84FF3AFCC2" bold="true" box="[108,185,842,858]" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">Figure 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Flufenacet degradation 24 h after treatment with different inhibitors in the sensitive
|
||
<taxonomicName id="80B7A7F1EF45FFA25460FC86FB8DFCC1" box="[854,1038,840,857]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Alopecurus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="3" pageNumber="454" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="myosuroides">
|
||
<emphasis id="75C30060EF45FFA25460FC86FB8DFCC1" box="[854,1038,840,857]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">Alopecurus myosuroides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
population Herbiseed-S (A) and population Kehdingen1 with reduced flufenacet efficacy (B). Different letters indicate significant differences in flufenacet degradation between treatments,and asterisks (*) indicate significant differences between the two populations for each treatment (P ≤ 0.05).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="4708DC72EF45FFA257BAFA56FB5DFB12" blockId="3.[108,773,961,1984]" lastBlockId="3.[812,1477,961,1984]" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">
|
||
A comparison of flufenacet degradation rates revealed that the detoxification in the populations Herbiseed-S and Kehdingen1 was affected to different extents by treatments with selected GST inhibitors and the CYP inhibitor malathion (
|
||
<figureCitation id="DF8CC0F7EF45FFA256C4FA3EFDC5F990" box="[498,582,1520,1544]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[108,160,842,858]" captionTargetBox="[258,1324,178,811]" captionTargetId="figure-684@3.[255,1329,176,814]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Flufenacet degradation 24 h after treatment with different inhibitors in the sensitive Alopecurus myosuroides population Herbiseed-S (A) and population Kehdingen1 with reduced flufenacet efficacy (B).Different letters indicate significant differences in flufenacet degradation between treatments,and asterisks (*) indicate significant differences between the two populations for each treatment (P ≤ 0.05)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12534061" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12534061/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). Only seedlings of population Herbiseed-S treated with triphenyltin-chloride degraded flufenacet on average faster than seedlings of this population treated with flufenacet only. In all other treatments, the average degradation rate was slower in comparison to treatments with flufenacet only. While the differences were not statistically significant for seedlings treated with diethyl maleate and NBD-Cl, slower flufenacet degradation resulting from treatments with the GST inhibitors tridiphane and ethacrynic acid was statistically supported by a Kruskal-Wallis test. Interestingly, treatments with the CYP inhibitor malathion also led to significantly reduced flufenacet degradation rates in population Kehdingen1, although hydroxylated phase I metabolites were not found in flufenacettreated
|
||
<taxonomicName id="80B7A7F1EF45FFA2578DF8A3FDC3F81E" authority="(Ducker et al. 2019 b)" baseAuthorityName="Ducker" baseAuthorityYear="2019" box="[187,576,1900,1926]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Alopecurus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="3" pageNumber="454" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="myosuroides">
|
||
<emphasis id="75C30060EF45FFA2578DF8A3FED4F81C" box="[187,343,1900,1924]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">A. myosuroides</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2326A183EF45FFA25651F8A0FDBBF81E" author="Ducker R & Zollner P & Parcharidou E & Ries S & Lorentz L & Beffa R" box="[359,568,1901,1926]" pageId="3" pageNumber="454" pagination="2996 - 3004" refId="ref6902" refString="Ducker R, Zollner P, Parcharidou E, Ries S, Lorentz L, Beffa R (2019 b) Enhanced metabolism causes reduced flufenacet sensitivity in black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.) field populations. Pest Manag Sci 75: 2996 - 3004." type="journal article" year="2019">Dücker et al. 2019b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Similar inhibitory effects were also described for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="80B7A7F1EF45FFA25683F844FDB2F839" box="[437,561,1930,1954]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Lolium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="3" pageNumber="454" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="75C30060EF45FFA25683F844FE7FF83A" box="[437,508,1930,1954]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">Lolium</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2326A183EF45FFA25577F845FD7FF83B" author="Parcharidou E" box="[577,764,1931,1955]" pageId="3" pageNumber="454" refId="ref7974" refString="Parcharidou E (2019) Characterisation of Flufenacet Resistance in Grass Weeds using Bioassays, Molecular and Analytical Tools. M. S. thesis. Gottingen: Georg-August University Gottingen. 77 p" type="book" year="2019">Parcharidou 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and in a recombinant phi-class GST originating from maize. In addition, the authors hypothesized that malathion binds to the substrate binding site of the tested GST isoform (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2326A183EF45FFA25276FC11FCDEFB8D" author="Kapoli P & Axarli IA & Platis D & Fragoulaki M & Paine M & Hemingway J & Vontas J & Labrou NE" pageId="3" pageNumber="454" pagination="498 - 503" refId="ref7451" refString="Kapoli P, Axarli IA, Platis D, Fragoulaki M, Paine M, Hemingway J, Vontas J, Labrou NE (2008) Engineering sensitive glutathione transferase for the detection of xenobiotics. Biosens Bioelectron 24: 498 - 503" type="journal article" year="2008">Kapoli et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Diverse GST-inhibitory effects of malathion have previously been observed in other organisms such as rats (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2326A183EF45FFA2521FFBD4FCDEFBD7" author="Hazarika A & Sarkar S & Hajare S & Kataria M & Malik J" pageId="3" pageNumber="454" pagination="1 - 8" refId="ref7186" refString="Hazarika A, Sarkar S, Hajare S, Kataria M, Malik J (2003) Influence of malathion pretreatment on the toxicity of anilofos in male rats: a biochemical interaction study. Toxicology 185: 1 - 8" type="journal article" year="2003">Hazarika et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, further investigations are required to clarify whether the observed effect is a result of direct inhibition of GSTs or due to other effects of malathion.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4708DC72EF45FFA2547AFB41FB5EFA55" blockId="3.[812,1477,961,1984]" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">
|
||
In general, these results demonstrate the presence of an interaction between GST inhibitors and flufenacet as previously described for other herbicides detoxified by GSTs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2326A183EF45FFA2526BFB04FC12FA98" author="Cummins I & Wortley DJ & Sabbadin F & He Z & Coxon CR & Straker HE & Sellars JD & Knight K & Edwards L & Hughes D & Kaundun SS & Hutchings S-J & Steel PG & Edwards R" pageId="3" pageNumber="454" pagination="5812 - 5817" refId="ref6787" refString="Cummins I, Wortley DJ, Sabbadin F, He Z, Coxon CR, Straker HE, Sellars JD, Knight K, Edwards L, Hughes D, Kaundun SS, Hutchings S-J, Steel PG, Edwards R (2013) Key role for a glutathione transferase in multiple-herbicide resistance in grass weeds. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 110: 5812 - 5817" type="journal article" year="2013">Cummins et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2326A183EF45FFA254ADFB29FBB1FA98" author="Ezra G & Dekker JH & Stephenson GR" box="[923,1074,1255,1280]" pageId="3" pageNumber="454" pagination="287 - 290" refId="ref7001" refString="Ezra G, Dekker JH, Stephenson GR (1985) Tridiphane as a synergist for herbicides in corn (Zea mays) and proso millet (Panicum miliaceum). Weed Sci 33: 287 - 290" type="journal article" year="1985">Ezra et al. 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Moreover, they support previous findings by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2326A183EF45FFA254B4FACBFBDAFA83" author="Ducker R & Zollner P & Lummen P & Ries S & Collavo A & Beffa R" box="[898,1113,1284,1309]" pageId="3" pageNumber="454" pagination="3084 - 3092" refId="ref6854" refString="Ducker R, Zollner P, Lummen P, Ries S, Collavo A, Beffa R (2019 a) Glutathione transferase plays a major role in flufenacet resistance of ryegrass (Lolium spp.) field populations. Pest Manag Sci 75: 3084 - 3092" type="journal article" year="2019">Dücker et al. (2019a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2326A183EF45FFA2535EFACBFB24FA85" author="Ducker R & Zollner P & Parcharidou E & Ries S & Lorentz L & Beffa R" box="[1128,1191,1285,1309]" pageId="3" pageNumber="454" pagination="2996 - 3004" refId="ref6902" refString="Ducker R, Zollner P, Parcharidou E, Ries S, Lorentz L, Beffa R (2019 b) Enhanced metabolism causes reduced flufenacet sensitivity in black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.) field populations. Pest Manag Sci 75: 2996 - 3004." type="journal article" year="2019">2019b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) suggesting enhanced GST activity as a key driver for a reduction in flufenacet sensitivity. The use of GST inhibitors as synergists for field applications, however, is generally problematic, as compounds such as ethacrynic acid inhibit GST classes expressed in humans, for example, alpha or pi class (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2326A183EF45FFA254AFFA56FBCBFA28" author="Huang Y-C & Huang H-L & Yeh C-N & Lin K-J & Yu C-S" box="[921,1096,1431,1456]" pageId="3" pageNumber="454" refId="ref7304" refString="Huang Y-C, Huang H-L, Yeh C-N, Lin K-J, Yu C-S (2015) Investigation of brain tumors using 18 F-fluorobutyl ethacrynic amide and its metabolite with positron emission tomography. OncoTargets Ther 8: 1877" type="journal volume" year="2015">Huang et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) as well as plant-specific GSTs such as isoforms belonging to the phi or tau class.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4708DC72EF45FFA5547AFA1CFDBCFBAB" blockId="3.[812,1477,961,1984]" lastBlockId="4.[112,776,962,1956]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="455" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">
|
||
While the inhibition of flufenacet degradation by tridiphane and ethacrynic acid consolidates the formulated hypothesis that flufenacet is detoxified by isoform(s) belonging to the superfamily of GSTs, it is not clear which isoforms of which class(es) are involved in the reduction of flufenacet sensitivity. Altogether 47 GST isoforms belonging to the classes tau (28), phi (13), theta (3), zeta (2), and lambda (2) were identified in the genome of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="80B7A7F1EF45FFA2541AF951FB5AF920" authority="(Wagner et al. 2002)" baseAuthorityName="Wagner" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[812,1241,1695,1720]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Arabidopsis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="3" pageNumber="454" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="thaliana">
|
||
<emphasis id="75C30060EF45FFA2541AF951FC7DF92F" box="[812,1022,1695,1719]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">Arabidopsis thaliana</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2326A183EF45FFA2533AF96EFB52F920" author="Wagner U & Edwards R & Dixon DP & Mauch F" box="[1036,1233,1695,1720]" pageId="3" pageNumber="454" pagination="515 - 532" refId="ref8780" refString="Wagner U, Edwards R, Dixon DP, Mauch F (2002) Probing the diversity of the Arabidopsis glutathione S - transferase gene family. Plant Mol Biol 49: 515 - 532" type="journal article" year="2002">Wagner et al. 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and 79 putative GSTs belonging to the classes tau (52), phi (17), zeta (4), DHAR (2), EF1G (2), theta (1) and TCHQD (1) were identified in rice (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="80B7A7F1EF45FFA25403F939FC3BF897" box="[821,952,1783,1807]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Oryza" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="3" pageNumber="454" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sativa">
|
||
<emphasis id="75C30060EF45FFA25403F939FC3BF897" box="[821,952,1783,1807]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">Oryza sativa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L.) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2326A183EF45FFA254C6F936FB16F888" author="Jain M & Ghanashyam C & Bhattacharjee A" box="[1008,1173,1783,1808]" pageId="3" pageNumber="454" refId="ref7414" refString="Jain M, Ghanashyam C, Bhattacharjee A (2010) Comprehensive expression analysis suggests overlapping and specific roles of rice glutathione S - transferase genes during development and stress responses. BMC Genomics 11: 73" type="journal volume" year="2010">Jain et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The large number of GST isoforms, as well as sequence similarities, complicates the identification of candidate GSTs in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="80B7A7F1EF45FFA25371F8FCFB5CF8D2" box="[1095,1247,1842,1866]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Alopecurus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="3" pageNumber="454" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="myosuroides">
|
||
<emphasis id="75C30060EF45FFA25371F8FCFB5CF8D2" box="[1095,1247,1842,1866]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">A. myosuroides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with traditional methods like real-time PCR. This may particularly apply to the larger classes tau and phi, which have probably undergone extensive gene-duplication events after divergence of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2326A183EF45FFA2537EF866FAA6F858" author="Monticolo F & Colantuono C & Chiusano ML" box="[1096,1317,1960,1984]" pageId="3" pageNumber="454" refId="ref7745" refString="Monticolo F, Colantuono C, Chiusano ML (2017) Shaping the evolutionary tree of green plants: evidence from the GST family. Sci Rep-UK 7: 14363" type="journal volume" year="2017">Monticolo et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Therefore, an RNA-seq approach was chosen for identification of candidate genes conferring reduction in flufenacet sensitivity in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="80B7A7F1EF42FFA555AEFC11FF21FB8D" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Alopecurus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="myosuroides">
|
||
<emphasis id="75C30060EF42FFA555AEFC11FF21FB8D" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">A. myosuroides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by investigating differences in constitutive gene expression among populations with a shift in sensitivity.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="13C88CFAEF42FFA55746FC84FF76FC12" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12534064" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12534064" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12534064/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" startId="4.[112,164,842,858]" targetBox="[216,1376,178,812]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="4708DC72EF42FFA55746FC84FF76FC12" blockId="4.[112,1480,841,906]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">
|
||
<emphasis id="75C30060EF42FFA55746FC84FF3EFCC2" bold="true" box="[112,189,842,858]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">Figure 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Most frequent BLASTx annotations of contigs with differential expression. (A) Most frequent annotations with higher expression levels in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="80B7A7F1EF42FFA553DEFC87FF2CFCEA" authority="populations" authorityName="Populations" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Alopecurus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="452" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="myosuroides">
|
||
<emphasis id="75C30060EF42FFA553DEFC87FA1CFCC2" box="[1256,1439,841,858]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">Alopecurus myosuroides</emphasis>
|
||
populations
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Kehdingen, Germany, including a β- ketoacyl-CoA reductase1 (KCR1); and (B) most frequent annotations with higher expression levels in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="80B7A7F1EF42FFA553C3FCAFFAE5FCEA" box="[1269,1382,865,882]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Alopecurus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="myosuroides">
|
||
<emphasis id="75C30060EF42FFA553C3FCAFFAE5FCEA" box="[1269,1382,865,882]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">A.myosuroides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
populations from Kehdingen.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="4708DC72EF42FFA557A6FBF6FD3FF9E6" blockId="4.[112,776,962,1956]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">
|
||
A differential gene expression analysis was used to identify transcriptomic differences between the sensitive populations Herbiseed-S and Appel-S and the less susceptible populations Kehdingen1 and Kehdingen2. This revealed 319 gene-associated contigs with significantly higher expression and 218 gene-associated contigs with significantly lower expression as potential candidate genes conferring differences in flufenacet susceptibility. Annotations of detoxification-associated functions were most abundant among the set of more highly expressed contigs, indicating a constitutive upregulation of detoxification pathways. In addition to 15 glucosyltransferases and 7 CYPs, 6 GSTs (7 contigs) were found among the most frequent annotations (
|
||
<figureCitation id="DF8CC0F7EF42FFA556DFFAB5FDB9FA0B" box="[489,570,1403,1427]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[112,164,842,858]" captionTargetBox="[216,1376,178,812]" captionTargetId="figure-642@4.[214,1379,176,815]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Most frequent BLASTx annotations of contigs with differential expression.(A) Most frequent annotations with higher expression levels in Alopecurus myosuroides populations from Kehdingen,Germany,including a β-ketoacyl-CoA reductase1 (KCR1); and (B) most frequent annotations with higher expression levels in A.myosuroides populations from Kehdingen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12534064" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12534064/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). Furthermore, 9 significantly more highly expressed contigs were annotated as different transcription factors. Additionally, further transcription- and translation-related functions such as zinc finger domains, several kinases, a ribosome-binding factor, a mitochondrial RNA helicase, and chaperones were significantly more highly expressed. The higher expression of this group of genes indicates a complex change in gene expression patterns in the less sensitive populations that may play a role in the reduced sensitivity in the populations of interest.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4708DC72EF42FFA557A6F94DFB2EFBAB" blockId="4.[112,776,962,1956]" lastBlockId="4.[816,1481,963,1956]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">
|
||
Interestingly, one of the significantly more highly expressed contigs, although with relatively low TMM values, was annotated as β- ketoacyl-CoA reductase1 (KCR1). KCR1 is part of the VLCFA elongase complex, which additionally consist of a enoyl-CoAreductase, a β- hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydratase, and ketoacyl-CoAsynthases, the family of enzymes that represents the putative site of action of flufenacet and catalyze the first and rate-limiting step of the elongation of VLCFAs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2326A183EF42FFA556A8F89FFD10F8F1" author="Haslam TM & Kunst L" box="[414,659,1872,1897]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" pagination="93 - 107" refId="ref7162" refString="Haslam TM, Kunst L (2013) Extending the story of very-long-chain fatty acid elongation. Plant Sci 210: 93 - 107" type="journal article" year="2013">Haslam and Kunst 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2326A183EF42FFA555ABF89FFF54F81E" author="Trenkamp S & Martin W & Tietjen K" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" pagination="11903 - 11908" refId="ref8743" refString="Trenkamp S, Martin W, Tietjen K (2004) Specific and differential inhibition of very-long-chain fatty acid elongases from Arabidopsis thaliana by different herbicides. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101: 11903 - 11908" type="journal article" year="2004">Trenkamp et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This observation leads to the hypothesis that a higher production rate of VLCFAs may lead to reduced sensitivity of weed populations treated with herbicides inhibiting the synthesis of VLCFAs. The combination of higher flufenacet detoxification rates and possibly a change in the VLCFA elongation complex can lead to a decrease in flufenacet sensitivity.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4708DC72EF42FFA55466FBF6FA20FACF" blockId="4.[816,1481,963,1956]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">Among the set of 218 contigs with significantly lower expression levels, the largest group of contigs with similar BLASTx annotations contained contigs coding for receptor-like kinases, which may play a role in signal transduction or the regulation of transcription factors. In addition, each three of these contigs were annotated as mitochondrial elongation factors and GSTs, while all other annotations occurred less frequently. Contigs annotated as the typical housekeeping gene actin (e.g., contigs alomy11359 or alomy027178) were not among the set of differentially expressed genes and typically showed homogenous expression patterns.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4708DC72EF42FFA55466FA90FBC4F903" blockId="4.[816,1481,963,1956]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">
|
||
Based on the results of the interaction study with GST inhibitors (
|
||
<figureCitation id="DF8CC0F7EF42FFA55401FAB5FC0FFA0B" box="[823,908,1403,1427]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[108,160,842,858]" captionTargetBox="[258,1324,178,811]" captionTargetId="figure-684@3.[255,1329,176,814]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Flufenacet degradation 24 h after treatment with different inhibitors in the sensitive Alopecurus myosuroides population Herbiseed-S (A) and population Kehdingen1 with reduced flufenacet efficacy (B).Different letters indicate significant differences in flufenacet degradation between treatments,and asterisks (*) indicate significant differences between the two populations for each treatment (P ≤ 0.05)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12534061" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12534061/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
) and previous findings on the detoxification pathway of flufenacet in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="80B7A7F1EF42FFA55482FA56FAAFFA29" authority="(Ducker et al. 2019 b)" baseAuthorityName="Ducker" baseAuthorityYear="2019" box="[948,1324,1431,1457]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Alopecurus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="myosuroides">
|
||
<emphasis id="75C30060EF42FFA55482FA56FBCDFA37" box="[948,1102,1431,1455]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">A. myosuroides</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2326A183EF42FFA5536DFA57FAA6FA29" author="Ducker R & Zollner P & Parcharidou E & Ries S & Lorentz L & Beffa R" box="[1115,1317,1432,1457]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" pagination="2996 - 3004" refId="ref6902" refString="Ducker R, Zollner P, Parcharidou E, Ries S, Lorentz L, Beffa R (2019 b) Enhanced metabolism causes reduced flufenacet sensitivity in black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.) field populations. Pest Manag Sci 75: 2996 - 3004." type="journal article" year="2019">Dücker et al. 2019b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the GSTs with significantly higher expression levels in population Kehdingen2 were selected as candidate genes. The open reading frames of seven GSTs with significantly higher levels of expression were identified. Based on their amino acid sequences, four were identified as GSTs belonging to class tau, two as phi-class GSTs, and one as a thetaclass GST (
|
||
<tableCitation id="0A35E9C9EF42FFA554AAF987FC65F9F9" box="[924,998,1609,1633]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="5.[108,157,182,199]" captionTargetBox="[129,1455,249,488]" captionTargetId="graphics-300@5.[108,1476,235,492]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Table 1. Similarities of amino acid sequences of AmGSTF1 and the contigs of three tau-class glutathione transferases (GST1, GST2,GST3), two phi-class GSTs (GST4, GST5), and a theta-class isoform (GST6) with their contig names as published in the reference transcriptome by Gardin et al. (2015)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/13C88CFAEF43FFA4575AFF78FB4EFF47" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" tableUuid="13C88CFAEF43FFA4575AFF78FB4EFF47">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). As two of the contigs coding for tau-class GSTs had an amino acid similarity of 100%, only the longer contig was chosen for further analysis.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4708DC72EF42FFA45466F96FFC7DF9DE" blockId="4.[816,1481,963,1956]" lastBlockId="5.[812,1476,1522,1958]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="456" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">
|
||
The analysis of the expression patterns of the six candidate GSTs revealed that all of them were more highly expressed in populations Kehdingen1 and Kehdingen2. In all six cases, the level of expression was significantly higher in population Kehdingen
|
||
<quantity id="804F7197EF42FFA55296F937FA4BF889" box="[1440,1480,1785,1809]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" unit="in" value="2.0">2 in</quantity>
|
||
comparison to the sensitive population Herbiseed-S. Only the level of expression of GST2 (tau) was also significantly higher in population Kehdingen
|
||
<quantity id="804F7197EF42FFA554E7F89FFC77F8F1" box="[977,1012,1873,1897]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" unit="in" value="1.0">1 in</quantity>
|
||
comparison to the sensitive populations. This suggests a generally higher expression level of detoxificationrelated genes or pathway(s) in population Kehdingen2 and is in accordance with the resistance level characterized in the dose– response bioassay. However, the expression levels differed from contig to contig. While GST1 (tau), GST2 (tau), GST4 (phi), and GST5 (phi) achieved relatively high expression levels, particularly in individuals of population Kehdingen2, GST3 (tau) and GST6 (theta) were expressed at low levels, with TMM values below 100 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="DF8CC0F7EF43FFA45744F96DFF44F923" box="[114,199,1699,1723]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[108,160,1391,1407]" captionTargetBox="[123,1461,579,1360]" captionTargetId="figure-510@5.[120,1464,577,1363]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. Expression of three tau-class glutathione transferases (GST1,GST2,GST3),two phi-class GSTs (GST4,GST5),and a theta-class isoform (GST6) differentially expressed in the sensitive Alopecurus myosuroides populations Herbiseed-S and Appel-S and the populations Kehdingen1 and Kehdingen2 with reduced flufenacet efficacy. Different letters indicate significant differences between populations (false discovery rate ≤ 0.05). TMM, trimmed mean of M values." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12534067" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12534067/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Figure 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). Finally,
|
||
<emphasis id="75C30060EF43FFA4561BF96CFED2F921" box="[301,337,1698,1721]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Am</emphasis>
|
||
GSTF1, which is frequently associated with metabolic herbicide resistance in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="80B7A7F1EF43FFA456F6F90EFDDBF94F" box="[448,600,1727,1751]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Alopecurus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="myosuroides">
|
||
<emphasis id="75C30060EF43FFA456F6F90EFDDBF94F" box="[448,600,1727,1751]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">A. myosuroides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, was not among the candidate GSTs (sequence similarities <44.5% with local alignment;
|
||
<tableCitation id="0A35E9C9EF43FFA4579BF935FF7BF88B" box="[173,248,1787,1811]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="5.[108,157,182,199]" captionTargetBox="[129,1455,249,488]" captionTargetId="graphics-300@5.[108,1476,235,492]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Table 1. Similarities of amino acid sequences of AmGSTF1 and the contigs of three tau-class glutathione transferases (GST1, GST2,GST3), two phi-class GSTs (GST4, GST5), and a theta-class isoform (GST6) with their contig names as published in the reference transcriptome by Gardin et al. (2015)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/13C88CFAEF43FFA4575AFF78FB4EFF47" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" tableUuid="13C88CFAEF43FFA4575AFF78FB4EFF47">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). This isoform was the only commonly upregulated gene in a set of multiple-resistant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="80B7A7F1EF43FFA456FBF8D6FDE6F8B7" box="[461,613,1815,1839]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Alopecurus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="myosuroides">
|
||
<emphasis id="75C30060EF43FFA456FBF8D6FDE6F8B7" box="[461,613,1815,1839]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">A. myosuroides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
analyzed in an RNA-seq experiment conducted by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2326A183EF43FFA456F9F8F8FD4AF8D6" author="Tetard-Jones C & Sabbadin F & Moss S & Hull R & Neve P & Edwards R" box="[463,713,1845,1870]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" pagination="709 - 720" refId="ref8579" refString="Tetard-Jones C, Sabbadin F, Moss S, Hull R, Neve P, Edwards R (2018) Changes in the proteome of the problem weed blackgrass correlating with multiple-herbicide resistance. Plant J 94: 709 - 720" type="journal article" year="2018">Tétard-Jones et al. (2018)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, indicating upregulation of different pathways in different multiple-resistant populations. Yet all of these genes may play minor or major roles in flufenacet detoxification by glutathione conjugation, as indicated by the inhibitor tests and the metabolites identified in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="80B7A7F1EF43FFA4541AF9DEFC47F9BF" box="[812,964,1551,1575]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Alopecurus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="myosuroides">
|
||
<emphasis id="75C30060EF43FFA4541AF9DEFC47F9BF" box="[812,964,1551,1575]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">A. myosuroides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and flufenacet-tolerant crops (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2326A183EF43FFA453C8F9DEFA3CF9B0" author="Bieseler B & Fedtke C & Neuefeind T & Etzel W & Prade L & Reinemer R" box="[1278,1471,1552,1576]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" pagination="117 - 140" refId="ref6498" refString="Bieseler B, Fedtke C, Neuefeind T, Etzel W, Prade L, Reinemer R (1997) Maize selectivity of FOE 5043: degradation of active ingredient by glutathione- S - transferases. Pflanzenschutz-Nachrichten Bayer 50: 117 - 140" type="journal article" year="1997">Bieseler et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2326A183EF43FFA4541AF9E0FC71F9DE" author="Ducker R & Zollner P & Parcharidou E & Ries S & Lorentz L & Beffa R" box="[812,1010,1581,1606]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" pagination="2996 - 3004" refId="ref6902" refString="Ducker R, Zollner P, Parcharidou E, Ries S, Lorentz L, Beffa R (2019 b) Enhanced metabolism causes reduced flufenacet sensitivity in black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.) field populations. Pest Manag Sci 75: 2996 - 3004." type="journal article" year="2019">Dücker et al. 2019b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="13C88CFAEF43FFA4575AFF78FB4EFF47" ID-Table-UUID="13C88CFAEF43FFA4575AFF78FB4EFF47" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/13C88CFAEF43FFA4575AFF78FB4EFF47" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" startId="5.[108,157,182,199]" targetBox="[129,1455,249,488]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="5" targetType="table">
|
||
<paragraph id="4708DC72EF43FFA4575AFF78FB4EFF47" blockId="5.[108,1478,180,223]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">
|
||
<emphasis id="75C30060EF43FFA4575AFF78FF32FF5F" bold="true" box="[108,177,182,199]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Table 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Similarities of amino acid sequences of
|
||
<emphasis id="75C30060EF43FFA45533FF7AFD9CFF5F" box="[517,543,180,199]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Am</emphasis>
|
||
GSTF1 and the contigs of three tau-class glutathione transferases (GST1, GST2,GST3), two phi-class GSTs (GST4, GST5), and a theta-class isoform (GST6) with their contig names as published in the reference transcriptome by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2326A183EF43FFA45310FF03FB4AFF47" author="Gardin JAC & Gouzy J & Carrere S & Delye C" box="[1062,1225,205,223]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" refId="ref7039" refString="Gardin JAC, Gouzy J, Carrere S, Delye C (2015) ALOMYbase, a resource to investigate non-target-site-based resistance to herbicides inhibiting acetolactate-synthase (ALS) in the major grass weed Alopecurus myosuroides (black-grass). BMC Genomics 16: 590" type="journal volume" year="2015">Gardin et al. (2015)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="4708DC72EF43FFA457B7FF37FA12FE7E" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">
|
||
<table id="35B72ED2EF43005E57B7FF37FA2CFE70" box="[129,1455,249,488]" gridcols="10" gridrows="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">
|
||
<tr id="F987DE30EF43005E57B7FF37FA2CFE93" box="[129,1455,249,267]" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">
|
||
<th id="BA56B74CEF43005E57B7FF37FE9FFE93" box="[129,284,249,267]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Contig description</th>
|
||
<th id="BA56B74CEF43005E5675FF37FA2CFE93" box="[323,1455,249,267]" colspan="9" colspanRight="8" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Sequence similarities between contigs of different GSTs %</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="F987DE30EF43005E57B7FED0FA2CFEAA" box="[129,1455,286,306]" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">
|
||
<th id="BA56B74CEF43005E57B7FED0FE9FFEAA" box="[129,284,286,306]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Contig name</th>
|
||
<td id="BA56B74CEF43005E5675FED0FE17FEAA" box="[323,404,286,306]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">GST class</td>
|
||
<td id="BA56B74CEF43005E56D4FED0FDBBFEAA" box="[482,568,286,306]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">GST name</td>
|
||
<td id="BA56B74CEF43005E55B1FED0FD31FEAA" box="[647,690,286,306]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">GST1</td>
|
||
<td id="BA56B74CEF43005E5436FED0FCA8FEAA" box="[768,811,286,306]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">GST2</td>
|
||
<td id="BA56B74CEF43005E544CFED0FC26FEAA" box="[890,933,286,306]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">GST3</td>
|
||
<td id="BA56B74CEF43005E54C5FED0FB9CFEAA" box="[1011,1055,286,306]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">GST4</td>
|
||
<td id="BA56B74CEF43005E535BFED0FB1BFEAA" box="[1133,1176,286,306]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">GST5</td>
|
||
<td id="BA56B74CEF43005E53D0FED0FA92FEAA" box="[1254,1297,286,306]" gridcol="8" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">GST6</td>
|
||
<td id="BA56B74CEF43005E5256FED0FA2CFEAA" box="[1376,1455,286,306]" gridcol="9" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">
|
||
<emphasis id="75C30060EF43FFA45256FED0FAF9FEA9" box="[1376,1402,286,305]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Am</emphasis>
|
||
GSTF1
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="F987DE30EF43005E57B7FE88FA2CFEC0" box="[129,1455,326,344]" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
|
||
<th id="BA56B74CEF43005E57B7FE88FE9FFEC0" box="[129,284,326,344]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Alomy040330</th>
|
||
<td id="BA56B74CEF43005E5675FE88FE17FEC0" box="[323,404,326,344]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Tau</td>
|
||
<td id="BA56B74CEF43005E56D4FE88FDBBFEC0" box="[482,568,326,344]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">GST1</td>
|
||
<td id="BA56B74CEF43005E55B1FE88FD31FEC0" box="[647,690,326,344]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">—</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="F987DE30EF43005E57B7FE90FA2CFEE8" box="[129,1455,350,368]" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
|
||
<th id="BA56B74CEF43005E57B7FE90FE9FFEE8" box="[129,284,350,368]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Alomy042368</th>
|
||
<td id="BA56B74CEF43005E5675FE90FE17FEE8" box="[323,404,350,368]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Tau</td>
|
||
<td id="BA56B74CEF43005E56D4FE90FDBBFEE8" box="[482,568,350,368]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">GST2</td>
|
||
<td id="BA56B74CEF43005E55B1FE90FD31FEE8" box="[647,690,350,368]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">74.2</td>
|
||
<td id="BA56B74CEF43005E5436FE90FCA8FEE8" box="[768,811,350,368]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">—</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="F987DE30EF43005E57B7FEB8FA2CFE10" box="[129,1455,374,392]" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
|
||
<th id="BA56B74CEF43005E57B7FEB8FE9FFE10" box="[129,284,374,392]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Alomy056271</th>
|
||
<td id="BA56B74CEF43005E5675FEB8FE17FE10" box="[323,404,374,392]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Tau</td>
|
||
<td id="BA56B74CEF43005E56D4FEB8FDBBFE10" box="[482,568,374,392]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">GST3</td>
|
||
<td id="BA56B74CEF43005E55B1FEB8FD31FE10" box="[647,690,374,392]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">52.7</td>
|
||
<td id="BA56B74CEF43005E5436FEB8FCA8FE10" box="[768,811,374,392]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">61.9</td>
|
||
<td id="BA56B74CEF43005E544CFEB8FC26FE10" box="[890,933,374,392]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">—</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="F987DE30EF43005E57B7FE43FA2CFE07" box="[129,1455,397,415]" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
|
||
<th id="BA56B74CEF43005E57B7FE43FE9FFE07" box="[129,284,397,415]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Alomy071497</th>
|
||
<td id="BA56B74CEF43005E5675FE43FE17FE07" box="[323,404,397,415]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Phi</td>
|
||
<td id="BA56B74CEF43005E56D4FE43FDBBFE07" box="[482,568,397,415]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">GST4</td>
|
||
<td id="BA56B74CEF43005E55B1FE43FD31FE07" box="[647,690,397,415]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">22.8</td>
|
||
<td id="BA56B74CEF43005E5436FE43FCA8FE07" box="[768,811,397,415]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">25.9</td>
|
||
<td id="BA56B74CEF43005E544CFE43FC26FE07" box="[890,933,397,415]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">28</td>
|
||
<td id="BA56B74CEF43005E54C5FE43FB9CFE07" box="[1011,1055,397,415]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">—</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="F987DE30EF43005E57B7FE68FA2CFE20" box="[129,1455,422,440]" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
|
||
<th id="BA56B74CEF43005E57B7FE68FE9FFE20" box="[129,284,422,440]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Alomy085325</th>
|
||
<td id="BA56B74CEF43005E5675FE68FE17FE20" box="[323,404,422,440]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Phi</td>
|
||
<td id="BA56B74CEF43005E56D4FE68FDBBFE20" box="[482,568,422,440]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">GST5</td>
|
||
<td id="BA56B74CEF43005E55B1FE68FD31FE20" box="[647,690,422,440]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">20.6</td>
|
||
<td id="BA56B74CEF43005E5436FE68FCA8FE20" box="[768,811,422,440]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">15.7</td>
|
||
<td id="BA56B74CEF43005E544CFE68FC26FE20" box="[890,933,422,440]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">19.9</td>
|
||
<td id="BA56B74CEF43005E54C5FE68FB9CFE20" box="[1011,1055,422,440]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">5.7</td>
|
||
<td id="BA56B74CEF43005E535BFE68FB1BFE20" box="[1133,1176,422,440]" gridcol="7" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">—</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="F987DE30EF43005E57B7FE70FA2CFE48" box="[129,1455,446,464]" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" rowspan-9="1">
|
||
<th id="BA56B74CEF43005E57B7FE70FE9FFE48" box="[129,284,446,464]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">ALomy020490</th>
|
||
<td id="BA56B74CEF43005E5675FE70FE17FE48" box="[323,404,446,464]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Theta</td>
|
||
<td id="BA56B74CEF43005E56D4FE70FDBBFE48" box="[482,568,446,464]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">GST6</td>
|
||
<td id="BA56B74CEF43005E55B1FE70FD31FE48" box="[647,690,446,464]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">22.9</td>
|
||
<td id="BA56B74CEF43005E5436FE70FCA8FE48" box="[768,811,446,464]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">24.8</td>
|
||
<td id="BA56B74CEF43005E544CFE70FC26FE48" box="[890,933,446,464]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">14.7</td>
|
||
<td id="BA56B74CEF43005E54C5FE70FB9CFE48" box="[1011,1055,446,464]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">10.1</td>
|
||
<td id="BA56B74CEF43005E535BFE70FB1BFE48" box="[1133,1176,446,464]" gridcol="7" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">5</td>
|
||
<td id="BA56B74CEF43005E53D0FE70FA92FE48" box="[1254,1297,446,464]" gridcol="8" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">—</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="F987DE30EF43005E57B7FE1AFA2CFE70" box="[129,1455,468,488]" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">
|
||
<th id="BA56B74CEF43005E57B7FE1AFE9FFE70" box="[129,284,468,488]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">—</th>
|
||
<td id="BA56B74CEF43005E5675FE1AFE17FE70" box="[323,404,468,488]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Phi</td>
|
||
<td id="BA56B74CEF43005E56D4FE1AFDBBFE70" box="[482,568,468,488]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">
|
||
<emphasis id="75C30060EF43FFA456D4FE1AFE7FFE7F" box="[482,508,468,487]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Am</emphasis>
|
||
GSTF1
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="BA56B74CEF43005E55B1FE1AFD31FE70" box="[647,690,468,488]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">31</td>
|
||
<td id="BA56B74CEF43005E5436FE1AFCA8FE70" box="[768,811,468,488]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">35.5</td>
|
||
<td id="BA56B74CEF43005E544CFE1AFC26FE70" box="[890,933,468,488]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">31.3</td>
|
||
<td id="BA56B74CEF43005E54C5FE1AFB9CFE70" box="[1011,1055,468,488]" gridcol="6" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">44.5</td>
|
||
<td id="BA56B74CEF43005E535BFE1AFB1BFE70" box="[1133,1176,468,488]" gridcol="7" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">27</td>
|
||
<td id="BA56B74CEF43005E53D0FE1AFA92FE70" box="[1254,1297,468,488]" gridcol="8" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">19.2</td>
|
||
<td id="BA56B74CEF43005E5256FE1AFA2CFE70" box="[1376,1455,468,488]" gridcol="9" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">—</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="13C88CFAEF43FFA4575AFAA1FC7CFA37" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12534067" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12534067" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12534067/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" startId="5.[108,160,1391,1407]" targetBox="[123,1461,579,1360]" targetPageId="5" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="4708DC72EF43FFA4575AFAA1FC7CFA37" blockId="5.[108,1476,1391,1455]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">
|
||
<emphasis id="75C30060EF43FFA4575AFAA1FF3AFAE7" bold="true" box="[108,185,1391,1407]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Figure 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Expression of three tau-class glutathione transferases (GST1, GST2,GST3), two phi-class GSTs (GST4, GST5), and a theta-class isoform (GST6) differentially expressed in the sensitive
|
||
<taxonomicName id="80B7A7F1EF43FFA457E5FA48FE6DFA0F" authority="populations" authorityName="Populations" box="[211,494,1414,1431]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Alopecurus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="5" pageNumber="452" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="myosuroides">
|
||
<emphasis id="75C30060EF43FFA457E5FA48FE08FA0F" box="[211,395,1414,1431]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Alopecurus myosuroides</emphasis>
|
||
populations
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Herbiseed-S and Appel-S and the populations Kehdingen1 and Kehdingen2 with reduced flufenacet efficacy. Different letters indicate significant differences between populations (false discovery rate ≤ 0.05). TMM, trimmed mean of M values.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="4708DC72EF43FFA7547AF984FE1DFEC4" blockId="5.[812,1476,1522,1958]" lastBlockId="6.[112,777,177,1962]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="457" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">
|
||
However, in addition to their classical function of glutathione conjugation and their role in detoxification, GSTs can fulfill several other roles in plants that may indirectly decrease the activity of herbicides in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="80B7A7F1EF43FFA454E2F96CFBF3F922" box="[980,1136,1698,1722]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Alopecurus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="myosuroides">
|
||
<emphasis id="75C30060EF43FFA454E2F96CFBF3F922" box="[980,1136,1698,1722]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">A. myosuroides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
plants. These roles include their function as ligandins (e.g., for the auxin indole-3-acetic acid;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2326A183EF43FFA4541AF910FB9DF96E" author="Bilang J & Sturm A" box="[812,1054,1758,1782]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" pagination="253 - 260" refId="ref6541" refString="Bilang J, Sturm A (1995) Cloning and characterization of a glutathione S - transferase that can be photolabeled with 5 - azido-indole- 3 - acetic acid. Plant Physiol 109: 253 - 260" type="journal article" year="1995">Bilang and Sturm 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2326A183EF43FFA4531BF910FACEF96E" author="Sylvestre-Gonon E & Law SR & Schwartz M & Robe K & Keech O & Didierjean C & Dubos C & Rouhier N & Hecker A" box="[1069,1357,1757,1782]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" refId="ref8504" refString="Sylvestre-Gonon E, Law SR, Schwartz M, Robe K, Keech O, Didierjean C, Dubos C, Rouhier N, Hecker A (2019) Functional, structural and biochemical features of plant serinyl-glutathione transferases. Front Plant Sci 10: 608" type="journal volume" year="2019">Sylvestre-Gonon et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and additionally include their glutathione-dependent hyperoxidase activity (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2326A183EF43FFA45464F8D6FC7CF8A8" author="Axarli I & Dhavala P & Papageorgiou AC & Labrou NE" box="[850,1023,1816,1840]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" pagination="247 - 256" refId="ref6408" refString="Axarli I, Dhavala P, Papageorgiou AC, Labrou NE (2009) Crystal structure of Glycine max glutathione transferase in complex with glutathione: investigation of the mechanism operating by the Tau class glutathione transferases. Biochem J 422: 247 - 256" type="journal article" year="2009">Axarli et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The catalytic and noncatalytic functions of GSTs are involved in tolerance to abiotic stresses, regulation of antioxidants, pathogen defense, or signaling (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2326A183EF43FFA4522CF89DFCDEF811" author="Cummins I & Wortley DJ & Sabbadin F & He Z & Coxon CR & Straker HE & Sellars JD & Knight K & Edwards L & Hughes D & Kaundun SS & Hutchings S-J & Steel PG & Edwards R" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" pagination="5812 - 5817" refId="ref6787" refString="Cummins I, Wortley DJ, Sabbadin F, He Z, Coxon CR, Straker HE, Sellars JD, Knight K, Edwards L, Hughes D, Kaundun SS, Hutchings S-J, Steel PG, Edwards R (2013) Key role for a glutathione transferase in multiple-herbicide resistance in grass weeds. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 110: 5812 - 5817" type="journal article" year="2013">Cummins et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2326A183EF43FFA45444F8BFFBC4F811" author="Gullner G & Komives T & Kiraly L & Schroder P" box="[882,1095,1904,1929]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" refId="ref7133" refString="Gullner G, Komives T, Kiraly L, Schroder P (2018) Glutathione S - transferase enzymes in plant-pathogen interactions. Front Plant Sci 9: 1836" type="journal volume" year="2018">Gullner et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2326A183EF43FFA4536DF8BEFAF2F811" author="Kumar S & Trivedi PK" box="[1115,1393,1904,1929]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" refId="ref7494" refString="Kumar S, Trivedi PK (2018) Glutathione S - transferases: role in combating abiotic stresses including arsenic detoxification in plants. Front Plant Sci 9: 751" type="journal volume" year="2018">Kumar and Trivedi 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2326A183EF43FFA452B0F8BEFCDEF83E" author="Marrs KA" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" pagination="127 - 158" refId="ref7685" refString="Marrs KA (1996) The functions and regulation of glutathione S - transferases in plants. Annu Rev Plant Biol 47: 127 - 158" type="journal article" year="1996">Marrs 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2326A183EF43FFA4545CF840FB08F83E" author="Nianiou-Obeidat I & Madesis P & Kissoudis C & Voulgari G & Chronopoulou E & Tsaftaris A & Labrou NE" box="[874,1163,1933,1958]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" pagination="791 - 805" refId="ref7932" refString="Nianiou-Obeidat I, Madesis P, Kissoudis C, Voulgari G, Chronopoulou E, Tsaftaris A, Labrou NE (2017) Plant glutathione transferase-mediated stress tolerance: functions and biotechnological applications. Plant Cell Rep 36: 791 - 805" type="journal article" year="2017">Nianiou-Obeidat et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Thus, it has been confirmed that various plant GSTs are induced by environmental factors such as pathogens, xenobiotics, metals, drought, and cold, as well as phytohormone production or oxidative stress, which typically accompany the environmental factors (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2326A183EF40FFA75511FEC4FC81FEBA" author="Gullner G & Komives T & Kiraly L & Schroder P" box="[551,770,265,290]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" refId="ref7133" refString="Gullner G, Komives T, Kiraly L, Schroder P (2018) Glutathione S - transferase enzymes in plant-pathogen interactions. Front Plant Sci 9: 1836" type="journal volume" year="2018">Gullner et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2326A183EF40FFA75746FEE9FEC9FEA7" author="Lallement P-A & Brouwer B & Keech O & Hecker A & Rouhier N" box="[112,330,294,319]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" refId="ref7524" refString="Lallement P-A, Brouwer B, Keech O, Hecker A, Rouhier N (2014) The still mysterious roles of cysteine-containing glutathione transferases in plants. Front Pharmacol 5: 192" type="journal volume" year="2014">Lallement et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2326A183EF40FFA7566EFEE8FE53FEA7" author="Marrs KA" box="[344,464,294,319]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" pagination="127 - 158" refId="ref7685" refString="Marrs KA (1996) The functions and regulation of glutathione S - transferases in plants. Annu Rev Plant Biol 47: 127 - 158" type="journal article" year="1996">Marrs 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2326A183EF40FFA756E8FEE9FC81FEA7" author="Nianiou-Obeidat I & Madesis P & Kissoudis C & Voulgari G & Chronopoulou E & Tsaftaris A & Labrou NE" box="[478,770,294,319]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" pagination="791 - 805" refId="ref7932" refString="Nianiou-Obeidat I, Madesis P, Kissoudis C, Voulgari G, Chronopoulou E, Tsaftaris A, Labrou NE (2017) Plant glutathione transferase-mediated stress tolerance: functions and biotechnological applications. Plant Cell Rep 36: 791 - 805" type="journal article" year="2017">Nianiou-Obeidat et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2326A183EF40FFA75746FE8AFE0CFEC4" author="Sylvestre-Gonon E & Law SR & Schwartz M & Robe K & Keech O & Didierjean C & Dubos C & Rouhier N & Hecker A" box="[112,399,324,348]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" refId="ref8504" refString="Sylvestre-Gonon E, Law SR, Schwartz M, Robe K, Keech O, Didierjean C, Dubos C, Rouhier N, Hecker A (2019) Functional, structural and biochemical features of plant serinyl-glutathione transferases. Front Plant Sci 10: 608" type="journal volume" year="2019">Sylvestre-Gonon et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4708DC72EF40FFA757A6FEACFE47FD07" blockId="6.[112,777,177,1962]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">
|
||
The regulation of GST expression in plants can be complex, as multiple transcription start points can be present (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2326A183EF40FFA75545FEB1FF22FE2C" author="Thatcher LF & Carrie C & Andersson CR & Sivasithamparam K & Whelan J & Singh KB" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" pagination="28915 - 28928" refId="ref8620" refString="Thatcher LF, Carrie C, Andersson CR, Sivasithamparam K, Whelan J, Singh KB (2007) Differential gene expression and subcellular targeting of Arabidopsis glutathione S - transferase F 8 is achieved through alternative transcription start sites. J Biol Chem 282: 28915 - 28928" type="journal article" year="2007">Thatcher et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and multiple regulatory elements can be present in the promoter regions of GSTs. For example, in the promoter region of the rice GST
|
||
<emphasis id="75C30060EF40FFA757E2FE18FF6DFE75" box="[212,238,470,493]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Os</emphasis>
|
||
GSTL2, several stress-regulated
|
||
<emphasis id="75C30060EF40FFA7550EFE19FDD2FE76" box="[568,593,471,494]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">cis</emphasis>
|
||
elements such as Box-W1,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="3FA09CE2EF40FFA757E6FE3AFE84FD93" box="[208,263,500,523]" name="Ireland" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">EIRE</collectingCountry>
|
||
, or LTR or elements responding to phytohormones such as TCA, CGTCA-motif, or ERE have been found. Similarly, the presence of ABRE and MYB in the promoter region of a tau-class GST of the succulent
|
||
<taxonomicName id="80B7A7F1EF40FFA756D2FD85FC8AFDFC" authority="Roxb." authorityName="Roxb." box="[484,777,587,612]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Salicornia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="brachiata">
|
||
<emphasis id="75C30060EF40FFA756D2FD85FD38FDFB" box="[484,699,587,611]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Salicornia brachiata</emphasis>
|
||
Roxb.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2326A183EF40FFA75741FDA4FEA4FD1A" author="Tiwari V & Patel MK & Chaturvedi AK & Mishra A & Jha B" box="[119,295,617,642]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" refId="ref8696" refString="Tiwari V, Patel MK, Chaturvedi AK, Mishra A, Jha B (2016) Functional characterization of the tau class glutathione- S - transferases gene (SbGSTU) promoter of Salicornia brachiata under salinity and osmotic stress. PLoS ONE 11: e 0148494" type="journal volume" year="2016">Tiwari et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) indicates concurrent binding of different transcription factors (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2326A183EF40FFA75612FD49FE34FD07" author="Hu T & He S & Yang G & Zeng H & Wang G & Chen Z & Huang X" box="[292,439,647,671]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" pagination="539 - 549" refId="ref7255" refString="Hu T, He S, Yang G, Zeng H, Wang G, Chen Z, Huang X (2011) Isolation and characterization of a rice glutathione S - transferase gene promoter regulated by herbicides and hormones. Plant Cell Rep 30: 539 - 549" type="journal article" year="2011">Hu et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4708DC72EF40FFA757A6FD6BFD41FCAA" blockId="6.[112,777,177,1962]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">
|
||
The regulation of GST expression in weeds has so far only been described in a limited number of detailed studies (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2326A183EF40FFA7554DFD0CFF55FD6F" author="Brazier-Hicks M & Knight KM & Sellars JD & Steel PG & Edwards R" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" pagination="828 - 836" refId="ref6614" refString="Brazier-Hicks M, Knight KM, Sellars JD, Steel PG, Edwards R (2018) Testing a chemical series inspired by plant stress oxylipin signalling agents for herbicide safening activity. Pest Manag Sci 74: 828 - 836" type="journal article" year="2018">Brazier-Hicks et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2326A183EF40FFA757D7FD11FEF4FD6F" author="Wei L & Zhu Y & Liu R & Zhang A & Zhu M & Xu W & Lin A & Lu K & Li J" box="[225,375,735,759]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" pagination="1 - 13" refId="ref8815" refString="Wei L, Zhu Y, Liu R, Zhang A, Zhu M, Xu W, Lin A, Lu K, Li J (2019) Genome wide identification and comparative analysis of glutathione transferases (GST) family genes in Brassica napus. Sci Rep 9: 1 - 13" type="journal article" year="2019">Wei et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). There is, however, evidence that posttranscriptional modifications play a role in resistance-related gene expression (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2326A183EF40FFA757DCFCD4FE37FCAA" author="Nandula VK & Riechers DE & Ferhatoglu Y & Barrett M & Duke SO & Dayan FE & Goldberg-Cavalleri A & Tetard-Jones C & Wortley DJ & Onkokesung N & Brazier-Hicks M & Edwards R & Gaines T & Iwakami S & Jugulam M & Ma R" box="[234,436,793,818]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" pagination="149 - 175" refId="ref7827" refString="Nandula VK, Riechers DE, Ferhatoglu Y, Barrett M, Duke SO, Dayan FE, Goldberg-Cavalleri A, Tetard-Jones C, Wortley DJ, Onkokesung N, Brazier-Hicks M, Edwards R, Gaines T, Iwakami S, Jugulam M, Ma R (2019) Herbicide metabolism: crop selectivity, bioactivation, weed resistance, and regulation. Weed Sci 67: 149 - 175" type="journal article" year="2019">Nandula et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
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;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2326A183EF40FFA756F7FCD4FD37FCAA" author="Tetard-Jones C & Sabbadin F & Moss S & Hull R & Neve P & Edwards R" box="[449,692,793,818]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" pagination="709 - 720" refId="ref8579" refString="Tetard-Jones C, Sabbadin F, Moss S, Hull R, Neve P, Edwards R (2018) Changes in the proteome of the problem weed blackgrass correlating with multiple-herbicide resistance. Plant J 94: 709 - 720" type="journal article" year="2018">Tétard-Jones et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4708DC72EF40FFA757A6FCF9FDBEFBA2" blockId="6.[112,777,177,1962]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">
|
||
The regulation of GST expression, in particular the roles of the significantly more highly and less expressed transcription factors and their potential to interact with DNA binding domains for the expression of the identified candidate GSTs, remains to be investigated in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="80B7A7F1EF40FFA7561AFC62FE40FC5C" box="[300,451,940,964]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Alopecurus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="myosuroides">
|
||
<emphasis id="75C30060EF40FFA7561AFC62FE40FC5C" box="[300,451,940,964]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">A. myosuroides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
populations studied here, which would require analyses of the genomic sequences. Further analysis of epigenetic modifications (e.g., methylation) of the GST promoters, which could modify gene expression (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2326A183EF40FFA75547FBCBFC80FB85" author="Gressel J" box="[625,771,1029,1053]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" pagination="1164 - 1173" refId="ref7084" refString="Gressel J (2009) Evolving understanding of the evolution of herbicide resistance. Pest Manag Sci 65: 1164 - 1173" type="journal article" year="2009">Gressel 2009</bibRefCitation>
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;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2326A183EF40FFA75746FBECFE06FBA2" author="Schnekenburger M & Karius T & Diederich M" box="[112,389,1057,1082]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" refId="ref8187" refString="Schnekenburger M, Karius T, Diederich M (2014) Regulation of epigenetic traits of the glutathione S-transferase P 1 gene: from detoxification toward cancer prevention and diagnosis. Front Pharmacol 5: 170" type="journal volume" year="2014">Schnekenburger et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), is also required.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4708DC72EF40FFA757A6FBF1FE70F997" blockId="6.[112,777,177,1962]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">
|
||
Differentially expressed genes such as the set of receptor-like kinases with significantly lower expression levels may play a role in differential flufenacet susceptibility. With more than 600 isoforms identified in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="80B7A7F1EF40FFA75674FB58FE3BFB36" authorityName="Schur" authorityYear="1866" box="[322,440,1174,1198]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Arabidopsis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="75C30060EF40FFA75674FB58FE3BFB36" box="[322,440,1174,1198]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Arabidopsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and more than 1,100 isoforms identified in rice, these kinases belong to the largest family of receptors in plants (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2326A183EF40FFA75603FB1CFE4DFB72" author="Shiu S-H & Karlowski WM & Pan R & Tzeng Y-H & Mayer KF & Li W-H" box="[309,462,1233,1258]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" pagination="1220 - 1234" refId="ref8223" refString="Shiu S-H, Karlowski WM, Pan R, Tzeng Y-H, Mayer KF, Li W-H (2004) Comparative analysis of the receptor-like kinase family in Arabidopsis and rice. Plant Cell 16: 1220 - 1234" type="journal article" year="2004">Shiu et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The functions of these signaling proteins range from pathogen response via morphological development to functions involved in processes such as selfincompatibility (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2326A183EF40FFA7562DFAE4FD80FADA" author="Morillo SA & Tax FE" box="[283,515,1321,1346]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" pagination="460 - 469" refId="ref7775" refString="Morillo SA, Tax FE (2006) Functional analysis of receptor-like kinases in monocots and dicots. Curr Opin Plant Biol 9: 460 - 469" type="journal article" year="2006">Morillo and Tax 2006</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2326A183EF40FFA75524FAE4FD44FADA" author="Shpak ED & Berthiaume CT & Hill EJ & Torii KU" box="[530,711,1321,1346]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" pagination="1491 - 1501" refId="ref8262" refString="Shpak ED, Berthiaume CT, Hill EJ, Torii KU (2004) Synergistic interaction of three ERECTA-family receptor-like kinases controls Arabidopsis organ growth and flower development by promoting cell proliferation. Development 131: 1491 - 1501" type="journal article" year="2004">Shpak et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2326A183EF40FFA755E0FAE4FF57FAC7" author="Stein JC & Howlett B & Boyes DC & Nasrallah ME & Nasrallah JB" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" pagination="8816 - 8820" refId="ref8459" refString="Stein JC, Howlett B, Boyes DC, Nasrallah ME, Nasrallah JB (1991) Molecular cloning of a putative receptor protein kinase gene encoded at the self-incompatibility locus of Brassica oleracea. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 8816 - 8820" type="journal article" year="1991">Stein et al. 1991</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2326A183EF40FFA757E8FA89FEF8FAC7" author="Tang D & Wang G & Zhou J-M" box="[222,379,1351,1375]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" pagination="618 - 637" refId="ref8550" refString="Tang D, Wang G, Zhou J-M (2017) Receptor kinases in plant-pathogen interactions: more than pattern recognition. Plant Cell 29: 618 - 637" type="journal article" year="2017">Tang et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Receptor-like kinase-mediated signaling can activate and repress signaling pathways and is affected by multiple interactions of extracellular domains (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2326A183EF40FFA75579FA4CFC80FA02" author="Jaillais Y & Belkhadir Y & Balsemao-Pires E & Dangl JL & Chory J" box="[591,771,1410,1434]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" pagination="8503 - 8507" refId="ref7374" refString="Jaillais Y, Belkhadir Y, Balsemao-Pires E, Dangl JL, Chory J (2011) Extracellular leucine-rich repeats as a platform for receptor / coreceptor complex formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108: 8503 - 8507" type="journal article" year="2011">Jaillais et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2326A183EF40FFA75746FA6EFE14FA20" author="Smakowska-Luzan E & Mott GA & Parys K & Stegmann M & Howton TC & Layeghifard M & Neuhold J & Lehner A & Kong J & Grunwald K & Weinberger N & Satbhai SB & Mayer D & Busch W & Madalinski M" box="[112,407,1439,1464]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" refId="ref8394" refString="Smakowska-Luzan E, Mott GA, Parys K, Stegmann M, Howton TC, Layeghifard M, Neuhold J, Lehner A, Kong J, Grunwald K, Weinberger N, Satbhai SB, Mayer D, Busch W, Madalinski M, et al. (2018) An extracellular network of Arabidopsis leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases. Nature 553: 342" type="journal volume" year="2018">Smakowska-Luzan et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). While some kinases can affect gene expression (e.g., by phosphorylation of transcription factors;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2326A183EF40FFA75746FA14FEDBFA6A" author="Sirichandra C & Davanture M & Turk BE & Zivy M & Valot B & Leung J & Merlot S" box="[112,344,1498,1522]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" refId="ref8301" refString="Sirichandra C, Davanture M, Turk BE, Zivy M, Valot B, Leung J, Merlot S (2010) The Arabidopsis ABA-activated kinase OST 1 phosphorylates the bZIP transcription factor ABF 3 and creates a 14 - 3 - 3 binding site involved in its turnover. PLoS ONE 5: e 13935" type="journal volume" year="2010">Sirichandra et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the role of these differentially expressed receptor-like kinases remains unclear.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4708DC72EF40FFA757A6F9DBFB17FE2B" blockId="6.[112,777,177,1962]" lastBlockId="6.[816,1480,178,436]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">
|
||
Finally, the reduction of flufenacet detoxification in the presence of the GST inhibitors ethacrynic acid and tridiphane and the detection of six significantly more highly expressed GSTs provide further evidence concerning the role of GSTs in the detoxification of flufenacet and, thereby, the similarity of mechanisms in crops and grass weeds. Additional research is needed to validate the detected candidate genes involved in reduced flufenacet sensitivity in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="80B7A7F1EF40FFA757B8F92CFEA9F961" box="[142,298,1761,1785]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Alopecurus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="myosuroides">
|
||
<emphasis id="75C30060EF40FFA757B8F92CFEA9F961" box="[142,298,1761,1785]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">A. myosuroides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The availability of full cDNA sequences and genomic sequences will allow characterization of the biochemical function of the selected genes as well as a better understanding of regulation of their expression (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2326A183EF40FFA756ABF8F4FDBCF8CA" author="Ravet K & Patterson EL & Krahmer H & Hamouzova K & Fan L & Jasieniuk M & Rauh A & Malone JM & McElroy JS & Merotto A Jr & Westra P" box="[413,575,1850,1874]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" pagination="2216 - 2225" refId="ref8046" refString="Ravet K, Patterson EL, Krahmer H, Hamouzova K, Fan L, Jasieniuk M, Lawton- Rauh A, Malone JM, McElroy JS, Merotto A Jr, Westra P (2018) The power and potential of genomics in weed biology and management. Pest Manag Sci 74: 2216 - 2225" type="journal article" year="2018">Ravet et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This will provide a better understanding of the evolution of herbicide resistance and the prediction of cross-resistance patterns. The implementation of agricultural practices to slow down or even avoid the evolution of flufenacet resistance is becoming increasingly important. This is particularly the case because the maximum field rate of flufenacet may be significantly reduced, as proposed in Europe, increasing the potential risk of sublethal dose rates selecting for non–target site resistance in the future. The knowledge of the detoxification pathways of the different herbicides and the genes involved will help to (1) set specific resistance diagnostics and (2) define the best mixture strategies, either by application of tank mixtures, premixed products, or sequential treatments.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |