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<mods:title id="2D56CD6B77DBF49B5055705B416EEE63">Taxonomic guide and historical review of echinoids (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) from northeastern Brazil</mods:title>
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<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E2AFFF4FF55195EFE20FD3D" bold="true" box="[151,436,617,643]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Tripneustes ventricosus</emphasis>
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<figureCitation id="D4B7F69A4E2AFFF4FF5519BBFE94FD1A" box="[151,256,652,677]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="31.[151,250,1917,1939]" captionTargetBox="[191,1396,193,1895]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[191,1396,193,1895]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 8. Morphological characters of Tripneustes ventricosus (UFPB/ECH.1722). (A) Aboral view; (B) Oral view; (C–D) Valve of globiferous pedicellariae; (E) Valve of ophicephalous pedicellariae; (F) Valve of tridentate pedicellariae; (G) Valve of triphyllous pedicellariae; (H) C-shaped spicules of tube feet; (I) Tube foot ossicle; (J) Aboral view of naked test; (L)) Detail of the apical system; (M) Ambulacral plates; (N) Interambulacral plates." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2612580/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Figures 8</figureCitation>
A–N, 18 E
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<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E2AFFF4FF5519E3FEF6FD54" box="[151,354,724,746]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Echinus ventricosus</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E2AFFF4FF5519C4FEF5FCB6" box="[151,353,754,776]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Hipponoë esculenta</emphasis>
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: 135
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.― 
<treatmentCitation id="CD2DCC0E4E2AFFF4FDA719C5FCA7FCB6" author="Rathbun, R." box="[613,819,754,776]" page="144" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" year="1879">
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: 144
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<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E2AFFF4FF551825FE12FC99" box="[151,390,786,807]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Tripneustes ventricosus</emphasis>
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: 44
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.― 
<treatmentCitation id="CD2DCC0E4E2AFFF4FDAC1826FCC2FC99" author="Bernasconi, I." box="[622,854,785,807]" page="119" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" year="1956">
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: 119
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–121, pl. 1, figs 1–2.― 
<treatmentCitation id="CD2DCC0E4E2AFFF4FB821826FB41FC99" author="Brito, I. M." box="[1088,1237,785,807]" page="6" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" year="1962">
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: 6
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; 1971: 264, figs 1– 2.― 
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: 15
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, fig. 22, pl. 3a; 1972: 27, fig. 55.― 
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: 10
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.― 
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: 3
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; 1988: 2.― 
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: 547
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.― 
<treatmentCitation id="CD2DCC0E4E2AFFF4FD881879FCFDFCDA" author="Fernandes, M. L. B. &amp; Tommasi, L. R. &amp; Lima, E. J. B." box="[586,873,846,869]" page="422" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" year="2002">
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Fernandes 
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E2AFFF4FD7F1867FD66FCDA" box="[701,754,846,869]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">et al.</emphasis>
, 2002
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.― 
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Magalhães 
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, 2005
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</treatmentCitation>
.― 
<treatmentCitation id="CD2DCC0E4E2AFFF4FB7A1879FF7AFC3D" author="Ventura, C. R. R. &amp; Verissimo, I. &amp; Nobre, C. C. &amp; Zama, P. C." page="252" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" year="2007">
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E2AFFF4FB7A1879FA0CFCDA" author="Ventura, C. R. R. &amp; Verissimo, I. &amp; Nobre, C. C. &amp; Zama, P. C." box="[1208,1432,846,869]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="217 - 258" refId="ref66833" refString="Ventura, C. R. R., Verissimo, I., Nobre, C. C. &amp; Zama, P. C. (2007 a). Filo Echinodermata. In: Lavrado, H. P. &amp; Viana, M. S. (Eds.), Atlas de Invertebrados Marinhos da regiao central da Zona Economica Exclusiva brasileira. Parte 1. Serie Livros 25. Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 217 - 258." type="book chapter" year="2007">
Ventura 
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E2AFFF4FAD61867FADDFCDA" box="[1300,1353,846,869]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">et al.</emphasis>
, 2007a
</bibRefCitation>
: 252
</treatmentCitation>
.― 
<treatmentCitation id="CD2DCC0E4E2AFFF4FEC9185AFE2CFC3D" author="Xavier, L. A. R." box="[267,440,877,899]" page="63" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" year="2010">
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E2AFFF4FEC9185AFE01FC3D" author="Xavier, L. A. R." box="[267,405,877,899]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="73 - 78" refId="ref67622" refString="Xavier, L. A. R. (2010) Inventario dos Equinodermos do Estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil. Brazilian Journal of Aquatic Science and Technology, 14 (2), 73 - 78. https: // doi. org / 10.14210 / bjast. v 14 n 2. p 73 - 78" type="journal article" year="2010">Xavier, 2010</bibRefCitation>
: 63
</treatmentCitation>
.― 
<treatmentCitation id="CD2DCC0E4E2AFFF4FE14185AFD5AFC3D" author="Oliveira, J. P. &amp; Oliveira, J. &amp; Manso, C. L. C." box="[470,718,877,899]" page="10" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" year="2010">
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E2AFFF4FE14185AFD39FC3D" author="Oliveira, J. P. &amp; Oliveira, J. &amp; Manso, C. L. C." box="[470,685,877,899]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="1 - 14" refId="ref61513" refString="Oliveira, J. P., Oliveira, J. &amp; Manso, C. L. C. (2010) Inventario da colecao de equinodermos do LABIMAR, Campus Prof °. Alberto Carvalho, Universidade Federal de Sergipe. Scientia Plena, 6 (12), 1 - 14." type="journal article" year="2010">
Oliveira 
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E2AFFF4FDF61859FDFCFC3D" box="[564,616,877,899]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">et al.</emphasis>
, 2010
</bibRefCitation>
: 10
</treatmentCitation>
.― 
<treatmentCitation id="CD2DCC0E4E2AFFF4FD2E185AFC6EFC3D" author="Miranda, A. L. S. &amp; Lima, M. L. F. &amp; Sovierzoski, H. H. &amp; Correia, M. D." box="[748,1018,877,899]" page="142" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" year="2012">
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E2AFFF4FD2E185AFC53FC3D" author="Miranda, A. L. S. &amp; Lima, M. L. F. &amp; Sovierzoski, H. H. &amp; Correia, M. D." box="[748,967,877,899]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="135 - 146" refId="ref59728" refString="Miranda, A. L. S., Lima, M. L. F., Sovierzoski, H. H. &amp; Correia, M. D. (2012) Inventory of the Echinodermata collection from the Universidade Federal de Alagoas. Biota Neotropica, 12 (2), 135 - 146. Available from: http: // www. biotaneotropica. org. br / v 12 n 2 / en / abstract? inventory + bn 00812022012 (accessed 1 Agust 2012)" type="journal article" year="2012">
<collectingRegion id="8E4824FD4E2AFFF4FD2E185AFCD2FC3D" box="[748,838,877,899]" country="Venezuela" name="Miranda" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Miranda</collectingRegion>
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E2AFFF4FC8C1859FC17FC3D" box="[846,899,877,899]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">et al.</emphasis>
, 2012
</bibRefCitation>
: 142
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 4e.― 
<treatmentCitation id="CD2DCC0E4E2AFFF4FBA7185AFAFEFC3D" author="Martins, L. &amp; Souto, C. &amp; Braga, J. &amp; Tavares, M." box="[1125,1386,877,899]" page="522" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" year="2018">
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E2AFFF4FBA7185AFAA2FC3D" author="Martins, L. &amp; Souto, C. &amp; Braga, J. &amp; Tavares, M." box="[1125,1334,877,899]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="521 - 555" refId="ref59121" refString="Martins, L., Souto, C., Braga, J. &amp; Tavares, M. (2018) Echinoidea and Holothuroidea (Echinodermata) of the Trindade and Martin Vaz Archipelago, off Brazil, with new records and remarks on taxonomy and species composition. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 98 (3), 521 - 555. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315416001569" type="journal article" year="2018">
Martins 
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E2AFFF4FB7C1859FB67FC3D" box="[1214,1267,877,899]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">et al.</emphasis>
, 2018
</bibRefCitation>
: 522
</treatmentCitation>
, figs 10–11.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4C33EA1F4E2AFFF4FF55189DFD8BFC7E" blockId="25.[151,1437,724,1022]" box="[151,543,938,960]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="6C9CCD314E2AFFF4FF55189DFD8BFC7E" box="[151,543,938,960]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E2AFFF4FF55189DFD88FC7E" ID-CoL="3K9Z7" authority="Girard, 1850: 365" authorityName="Girard" authorityPageNumber="365" authorityYear="1850" box="[151,540,938,960]" class="Echinoidea" family="Toxopneustidae" genus="Heliechinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Camarodonta" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="gouldii">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E2AFFF4FF55189DFECAFC7E" box="[151,350,938,960]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Heliechinus gouldii</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="CD2DCC0E4E2AFFF4FEA6189DFD88FC7E" author="Girard, C." box="[356,540,938,960]" page="365" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" year="1850">
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E2AFFF4FEA6189DFE7DFC7E" author="Girard, C." box="[356,489,938,960]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="363 - 368" refId="ref53346" refString="Girard, C. (1850) Observations upon Planarian Worms, with descriptions of several new species of Echinoderms. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, 3, 363 - 368." type="journal article" year="1850">Girard, 1850</bibRefCitation>
: 365
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4C33EA1F4E2AFFF4FF5518FDFDCCFC61" blockId="25.[151,1437,724,1022]" box="[151,600,969,991]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="6C9CCD314E2AFFF4FF5518FDFDCCFC61" box="[151,600,969,991]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E2AFFF4FF5518FDFD8BFC61" ID-CoL="9G6GN" authority="Bell, 1879: 657" authorityName="Bell" authorityPageNumber="657" authorityYear="1879" box="[151,543,969,991]" class="Echinoidea" family="Toxopneustidae" genus="Tripneustes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Camarodonta" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="esculentus">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E2AFFF4FF5518FDFEE8FC61" box="[151,380,969,991]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Tripneustes esculentus</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="CD2DCC0E4E2AFFF4FE4018FEFD8BFC61" author="Bell, F. J." box="[386,543,969,991]" page="657" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" year="1879">
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E2AFFF4FE4018FEFE7BFC61" author="Bell, F. J." box="[386,495,969,991]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="249 - 255" refId="ref47554" refString="Bell, F. J. (1879) Observations on the characters of Echinoidea. I. On the species of the genus Brissus, and on the allied forms Meoma and Metalia. Proceedings of The Zoological Society of London, 1879, 249 - 255. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1879. tb 02654. x" type="journal article" year="1879">Bell, 1879</bibRefCitation>
: 657
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
–662.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4C33EA1F4E2AFFF4FF5518DEFDA6FC40" blockId="25.[151,1437,724,1022]" box="[151,562,1000,1022]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="6C9CCD314E2AFFF4FF5518DEFDA6FC40" box="[151,562,1000,1022]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E2AFFF4FF5518DEFDBAFC40" ID-CoL="9DF32" authority="Verrill, 1907: 324" authorityName="Verrill" authorityPageNumber="324" authorityYear="1907" box="[151,558,1000,1022]" class="Echinoidea" family="Toxopneustidae" genus="Tripneustes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Camarodonta" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="esculenta">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E2AFFF4FF5518DEFEE6FC40" box="[151,370,1000,1022]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Tripneustes esculenta</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="CD2DCC0E4E2AFFF4FEB518DFFDBAFC40" author="Verrill, A. E." box="[375,558,1000,1022]" page="324" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" year="1907">
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E2AFFF4FEB518DFFE6FFC40" author="Verrill, A. E." box="[375,507,1000,1022]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="1 - 323" refId="ref67229" refString="Verrill, A. E. (1907) The Bermuda Island. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Science, 12, 1 - 323." type="journal article" year="1907">Verrill, 1907</bibRefCitation>
: 324
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0496B9944E2AFFF4FF551F1DFE68FA81" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="4C33EA1F4E2AFFF4FF551F1DFE68FA81" blockId="25.[151,1437,1066,2027]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E2AFFF4FF551F1DFE15FBFD" bold="true" box="[151,385,1066,1091]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Material examined.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="FCE4E0424E2AFFF4FE4B1F1DFA0DFB11" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2029199945" collectingDate="1981-01-21" collectingDateMax="1985-05-31" collectingDateMin="1981-01-21" county="Bessa Beach" latitude="-6.483333" location="Project" longLatPrecision="1304" longitude="-34.85" municipality="Joao Pessoa" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Paraiba">
<collectingRegion id="8E4824FD4E2AFFF4FE4B1F1DFE76FBFD" box="[393,482,1066,1091]" country="Brazil" name="Paraiba" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Paraíba</collectingRegion>
: 1 spm, 
<collectingCounty id="A55292934E2AFFF4FD831F1CFD40FBFD" box="[577,724,1066,1091]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Bessa Beach</collectingCounty>
, 
<collectingMunicipality id="AC5770654E2AFFF4FD221F1CFCFFFBFC" box="[736,875,1067,1090]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">João Pessoa</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<collectingDate id="287635374E2AFFF4FCB51F1DFC7DFBFD" box="[887,1001,1066,1091]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="1985-05-31">
<date id="3832CCDF4E2AFFF4FCB51F1DFC7DFBFD" box="[887,1001,1066,1091]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="1985-05-31">31.V.1985</date>
</collectingDate>
[UFPB/ECH.1361]; 
<location id="4953BCC44E2AFFF4FB1B1F1DFABCFBFD" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C4255B094E2AFFF7FF55195EFDADFB7B:4953BCC44E2AFFF4FB1B1F1DFABCFBFD" box="[1241,1320,1066,1091]" county="Bessa Beach" latitude="-6.483333" longLatPrecision="1304" longitude="-34.85" municipality="Joao Pessoa" name="Project" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" stateProvince="Paraiba">Project</location>
Algas—3 spms, 
<geoCoordinate id="29B88CD84E2AFFF4FF1D1F79FEBEFBD9" box="[223,298,1102,1127]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" precision="925" value="-6.65">6°39′S</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="29B88CD84E2AFFF4FEF01F79FE01FBD9" box="[306,405,1102,1127]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" precision="925" value="-34.816666">34°49′W</geoCoordinate>
, st. 77, 20 m, 
<collectingDate id="287635374E2AFFF4FDF41F78FD3DFBD9" box="[566,681,1103,1127]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="1981-05-28">
<date id="3832CCDF4E2AFFF4FDF41F78FD3DFBD9" box="[566,681,1103,1127]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="1981-05-28">28.V.1981</date>
</collectingDate>
[UFPB/ECH.1630]; 1 spm, 
<geoCoordinate id="29B88CD84E2AFFF4FC281F79FBA1FBD9" box="[1002,1077,1102,1127]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" precision="925" value="-7.5166664">7°31′S</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="29B88CD84E2AFFF4FBFF1F79FB0AFBD9" box="[1085,1182,1102,1127]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" precision="925" value="-34.516666">34°31′W</geoCoordinate>
, st. 5, 34 m, 
<collectingDate id="287635374E2AFFF4FAF31F78FA08FBD9" box="[1329,1436,1103,1127]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="1981-01-22">
<date id="3832CCDF4E2AFFF4FAF31F78FA08FBD9" box="[1329,1436,1103,1127]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="1981-01-22">22.I.1981</date>
</collectingDate>
[UFPB/ECH.1635]; 1 spm, 
<geoCoordinate id="29B88CD84E2AFFF4FE121F45FD8FFB35" box="[464,539,1138,1163]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" precision="925" value="-7.5666666">7°34′S</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="29B88CD84E2AFFF4FDE01F45FD11FB35" box="[546,645,1138,1163]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" precision="925" value="-34.75">34°45′W</geoCoordinate>
, st. 1, 11 m, 
<collectingDate id="287635374E2AFFF4FCD71F44FC14FB35" box="[789,896,1139,1163]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="1981-01-21">
<date id="3832CCDF4E2AFFF4FCD71F44FC14FB35" box="[789,896,1139,1163]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="1981-01-21">21.I.1981</date>
</collectingDate>
[UFPB/ECH.1637]; 1 spm, 
<geoCoordinate id="29B88CD84E2AFFF4FB031F45FA98FB35" box="[1217,1292,1138,1163]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" precision="925" value="-7.4666667">7°28′S</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="29B88CD84E2AFFF4FAD11F45FAE3FB35" box="[1299,1399,1138,1163]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" precision="925" value="-34.666668">34°40′W</geoCoordinate>
, st. 10, 14 m, 
<collectingDate id="287635374E2AFFF4FED41FA1FEEEFB11" box="[278,378,1174,1199]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="1981-05-05">
<date id="3832CCDF4E2AFFF4FED41FA1FEEEFB11" box="[278,378,1174,1199]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="1981-05-05">5.V.1981</date>
</collectingDate>
[UFPB/ECH.1641]; 3 spms, 
<geoCoordinate id="29B88CD84E2AFFF4FD151FA1FC8BFB11" box="[727,799,1174,1199]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" precision="925" value="-6.483333">6°29′S</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="29B88CD84E2AFFF4FCE91FA1FC18FB11" box="[811,908,1174,1199]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" precision="925" value="-34.85">34°51′W</geoCoordinate>
, st. 88, 22 m, 
<collectingDate id="287635374E2AFFF4FB821FA1FB26FB11" box="[1088,1202,1174,1199]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="1981-06-05">
<date id="3832CCDF4E2AFFF4FB821FA1FB26FB11" box="[1088,1202,1174,1199]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="1981-06-05">5.VI.1981</date>
</collectingDate>
[UFPB/ECH.1724]
</materialsCitation>
. 
<materialsCitation id="FCE4E0424E2AFFF4FF551F8DFD65FB49" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2029201208" collectingDate="1983-01-29" collectingDateMax="2011-02-09" collectingDateMin="1983-01-29" location="Marechal Deodoro" municipality="Frances Beach" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Alagoas">
<collectingRegion id="8E4824FD4E2AFFF4FF551F8DFF63FB6D" box="[151,247,1210,1235]" country="Brazil" name="Alagoas" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Alagoas</collectingRegion>
: 1 spm, 
<collectingMunicipality id="AC5770654E2AFFF4FEA91F8CFD8EFB6D" box="[363,538,1210,1235]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Francês Beach</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<location id="4953BCC44E2AFFF4FDEC1F8DFC9FFB6D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C4255B094E2AFFF7FF55195EFDADFB7B:4953BCC44E2AFFF4FDEC1F8DFC9FFB6D" box="[558,779,1210,1235]" municipality="Frances Beach" name="Marechal Deodoro" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" stateProvince="Alagoas">Marechal Deodoro</location>
, 
<collectingDate id="287635374E2AFFF4FCDD1F8CFC1EFB6D" box="[799,906,1211,1235]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="1983-01-29">
<date id="3832CCDF4E2AFFF4FCDD1F8CFC1EFB6D" box="[799,906,1211,1235]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="1983-01-29">29.I.1983</date>
</collectingDate>
[UFPB/ECH.1725]; 1 spm, Francês Beach, Marechal Deodoro, 
<collectingDate id="287635374E2AFFF4FE4D1FE8FD97FB49" box="[399,515,1247,1271]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="2011-02-09">
<date id="3832CCDF4E2AFFF4FE4D1FE8FD97FB49" box="[399,515,1247,1271]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="2011-02-09">09.II.2011</date>
</collectingDate>
[UFPB/ECH.1916]
</materialsCitation>
. 
<materialsCitation id="FCE4E0424E2AFFF4FCC41FE9FE6DFA81" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2029200345" collectingDate="1982-09-16" collectingDateMax="1985-12-22" collectingDateMin="1982-09-16" location="Itaparica Island" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Bahia">
<collectingRegion id="8E4824FD4E2AFFF4FCC41FE9FCD8FB49" box="[774,844,1246,1271]" country="Brazil" name="Bahia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Bahia</collectingRegion>
: 2 spms, 
<location id="4953BCC44E2AFFF4FC141FE9FB06FB49" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C4255B094E2AFFF7FF55195EFDADFB7B:4953BCC44E2AFFF4FC141FE9FB06FB49" box="[982,1170,1246,1271]" name="Itaparica Island" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" stateProvince="Bahia">Itaparica Island</location>
, 
<collectingDate id="287635374E2AFFF4FB6B1FE9FAA7FB49" box="[1193,1331,1246,1271]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="1985-12-22">
<date id="3832CCDF4E2AFFF4FB6B1FE9FAA7FB49" box="[1193,1331,1246,1271]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="1985-12-22">22.XII.1985</date>
</collectingDate>
[UFPB/ ECH.1722]; 1 spm, Itapuã Beach, 
<collectingDate id="287635374E2AFFF4FD921E34FD4CFAA5" box="[592,728,1283,1307]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="1984-12-21">
<date id="3832CCDF4E2AFFF4FD921E34FD4CFAA5" box="[592,728,1283,1307]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="1984-12-21">21.XII.1984</date>
</collectingDate>
[UFPB/ECH.1723]; 1 spm, Arembepe Beach, Camaçari, 
<collectingDate id="287635374E2AFFF4FF551E11FE82FA81" box="[151,278,1318,1343]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="1982-09-16">
<date id="3832CCDF4E2AFFF4FF551E11FE82FA81" box="[151,278,1318,1343]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="1982-09-16">16.IX.1982</date>
</collectingDate>
[UFPB/ECH.1726]
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0496B9944E2AFFF7FF051E7DFE8BFEFE" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="description">
<paragraph id="4C33EA1F4E2AFFF4FF051E7DFF5DF975" blockId="25.[151,1437,1066,2027]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E2AFFF4FF051E7DFECDFADD" bold="true" box="[199,345,1354,1379]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Description.</emphasis>
Test hemispheric or approaching pentagonal, with oral side flat (TD = 
<quantity id="8B7447FA4E2AFFF4FBB71E7CFA9AFADC" box="[1141,1294,1354,1379]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.165" metricValueMax="9.53" metricValueMin="0.8" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" unit="mm" value="51.65" valueMax="95.3" valueMin="8.0">8 to 95.3 mm</quantity>
; TH = 
<quantity id="8B7447FA4E2AFFF4FA9E1E7DFF7FFA39" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.13" metricValueMax="5.7" metricValueMin="0.5599999999999999" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" unit="mm" value="31.3" valueMax="57.0" valueMin="5.6">5.6 to 57 mm</quantity>
) (
<figureCitation id="D4B7F69A4E2AFFF4FEC61E59FE53FA39" box="[260,455,1390,1415]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="31.[151,250,1917,1939]" captionTargetBox="[191,1396,193,1895]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[191,1396,193,1895]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 8. Morphological characters of Tripneustes ventricosus (UFPB/ECH.1722). (A) Aboral view; (B) Oral view; (C–D) Valve of globiferous pedicellariae; (E) Valve of ophicephalous pedicellariae; (F) Valve of tridentate pedicellariae; (G) Valve of triphyllous pedicellariae; (H) C-shaped spicules of tube feet; (I) Tube foot ossicle; (J) Aboral view of naked test; (L)) Detail of the apical system; (M) Ambulacral plates; (N) Interambulacral plates." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2612580/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Fig. 8A, B, J, K</figureCitation>
). Apical system hemicyclic (
<figureCitation id="D4B7F69A4E2AFFF4FCDA1E59FC1AFA39" box="[792,910,1390,1415]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="31.[151,250,1917,1939]" captionTargetBox="[191,1396,193,1895]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[191,1396,193,1895]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 8. Morphological characters of Tripneustes ventricosus (UFPB/ECH.1722). (A) Aboral view; (B) Oral view; (C–D) Valve of globiferous pedicellariae; (E) Valve of ophicephalous pedicellariae; (F) Valve of tridentate pedicellariae; (G) Valve of triphyllous pedicellariae; (H) C-shaped spicules of tube feet; (I) Tube foot ossicle; (J) Aboral view of naked test; (L)) Detail of the apical system; (M) Ambulacral plates; (N) Interambulacral plates." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2612580/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Fig. 8J, L</figureCitation>
). Plates of apical system bearing many small tubercles (
<figureCitation id="D4B7F69A4E2AFFF4FECC1EA5FE16FA15" box="[270,386,1426,1451]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="31.[151,250,1917,1939]" captionTargetBox="[191,1396,193,1895]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[191,1396,193,1895]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 8. Morphological characters of Tripneustes ventricosus (UFPB/ECH.1722). (A) Aboral view; (B) Oral view; (C–D) Valve of globiferous pedicellariae; (E) Valve of ophicephalous pedicellariae; (F) Valve of tridentate pedicellariae; (G) Valve of triphyllous pedicellariae; (H) C-shaped spicules of tube feet; (I) Tube foot ossicle; (J) Aboral view of naked test; (L)) Detail of the apical system; (M) Ambulacral plates; (N) Interambulacral plates." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2612580/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Fig. 8J, L</figureCitation>
). Ambulacra and interambulacra approximately same width (
<figureCitation id="D4B7F69A4E2AFFF4FB821EA5FB2CFA15" box="[1088,1208,1426,1451]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="31.[151,250,1917,1939]" captionTargetBox="[191,1396,193,1895]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[191,1396,193,1895]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 8. Morphological characters of Tripneustes ventricosus (UFPB/ECH.1722). (A) Aboral view; (B) Oral view; (C–D) Valve of globiferous pedicellariae; (E) Valve of ophicephalous pedicellariae; (F) Valve of tridentate pedicellariae; (G) Valve of triphyllous pedicellariae; (H) C-shaped spicules of tube feet; (I) Tube foot ossicle; (J) Aboral view of naked test; (L)) Detail of the apical system; (M) Ambulacral plates; (N) Interambulacral plates." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2612580/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Fig. 8J, K</figureCitation>
). Ambulacral plates trigeminate, with pores arranged in three vertical series (
<figureCitation id="D4B7F69A4E2AFFF4FCD21E81FCFBFA71" box="[784,879,1462,1487]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="31.[151,250,1917,1939]" captionTargetBox="[191,1396,193,1895]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[191,1396,193,1895]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 8. Morphological characters of Tripneustes ventricosus (UFPB/ECH.1722). (A) Aboral view; (B) Oral view; (C–D) Valve of globiferous pedicellariae; (E) Valve of ophicephalous pedicellariae; (F) Valve of tridentate pedicellariae; (G) Valve of triphyllous pedicellariae; (H) C-shaped spicules of tube feet; (I) Tube foot ossicle; (J) Aboral view of naked test; (L)) Detail of the apical system; (M) Ambulacral plates; (N) Interambulacral plates." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2612580/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Fig. 8M</figureCitation>
). Interambulacral plate with three to four primary tubercles (
<figureCitation id="D4B7F69A4E2AFFF4FED21EEDFEFAFA4D" box="[272,366,1498,1523]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="31.[151,250,1917,1939]" captionTargetBox="[191,1396,193,1895]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[191,1396,193,1895]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 8. Morphological characters of Tripneustes ventricosus (UFPB/ECH.1722). (A) Aboral view; (B) Oral view; (C–D) Valve of globiferous pedicellariae; (E) Valve of ophicephalous pedicellariae; (F) Valve of tridentate pedicellariae; (G) Valve of triphyllous pedicellariae; (H) C-shaped spicules of tube feet; (I) Tube foot ossicle; (J) Aboral view of naked test; (L)) Detail of the apical system; (M) Ambulacral plates; (N) Interambulacral plates." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2612580/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Fig. 8N</figureCitation>
). Primary tubercles forming three to four vertical series on the ambulacra and four or five horizontal series on each plate of ambitus (
<figureCitation id="D4B7F69A4E2AFFF4FD651EC9FCEAF9A9" box="[679,894,1534,1559]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="31.[151,250,1917,1939]" captionTargetBox="[191,1396,193,1895]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[191,1396,193,1895]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 8. Morphological characters of Tripneustes ventricosus (UFPB/ECH.1722). (A) Aboral view; (B) Oral view; (C–D) Valve of globiferous pedicellariae; (E) Valve of ophicephalous pedicellariae; (F) Valve of tridentate pedicellariae; (G) Valve of triphyllous pedicellariae; (H) C-shaped spicules of tube feet; (I) Tube foot ossicle; (J) Aboral view of naked test; (L)) Detail of the apical system; (M) Ambulacral plates; (N) Interambulacral plates." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2612580/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Fig. 8J, K, M, N</figureCitation>
). Primary spines small, whitish, with several longitudinal striae. Secondary spines similar to primary spines, but smaller. Tubercles non-crenulate and imperforate (
<figureCitation id="D4B7F69A4E2AFFF4FEEF1D71FE6FF9E1" box="[301,507,1606,1631]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="31.[151,250,1917,1939]" captionTargetBox="[191,1396,193,1895]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[191,1396,193,1895]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 8. Morphological characters of Tripneustes ventricosus (UFPB/ECH.1722). (A) Aboral view; (B) Oral view; (C–D) Valve of globiferous pedicellariae; (E) Valve of ophicephalous pedicellariae; (F) Valve of tridentate pedicellariae; (G) Valve of triphyllous pedicellariae; (H) C-shaped spicules of tube feet; (I) Tube foot ossicle; (J) Aboral view of naked test; (L)) Detail of the apical system; (M) Ambulacral plates; (N) Interambulacral plates." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2612580/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Fig. 8J, K, M, N</figureCitation>
). Peristomial membrane with few plates, numerous ophicephalous pedicellariae surrounding mouth (close to buccal feet), and few, sparsely distributed triphyllous and tridentate pedicellariae (
<figureCitation id="D4B7F69A4E2AFFF4FAAD1D5DFF74F919" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="31.[151,250,1917,1939]" captionTargetBox="[191,1396,193,1895]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[191,1396,193,1895]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 8. Morphological characters of Tripneustes ventricosus (UFPB/ECH.1722). (A) Aboral view; (B) Oral view; (C–D) Valve of globiferous pedicellariae; (E) Valve of ophicephalous pedicellariae; (F) Valve of tridentate pedicellariae; (G) Valve of triphyllous pedicellariae; (H) C-shaped spicules of tube feet; (I) Tube foot ossicle; (J) Aboral view of naked test; (L)) Detail of the apical system; (M) Ambulacral plates; (N) Interambulacral plates." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2612580/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Fig. 8B, K</figureCitation>
). Buccal plates with many ophicephalous pedicellariae (
<figureCitation id="D4B7F69A4E2AFFF4FCA81DB9FC51F919" box="[874,965,1678,1703]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="31.[151,250,1917,1939]" captionTargetBox="[191,1396,193,1895]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[191,1396,193,1895]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 8. Morphological characters of Tripneustes ventricosus (UFPB/ECH.1722). (A) Aboral view; (B) Oral view; (C–D) Valve of globiferous pedicellariae; (E) Valve of ophicephalous pedicellariae; (F) Valve of tridentate pedicellariae; (G) Valve of triphyllous pedicellariae; (H) C-shaped spicules of tube feet; (I) Tube foot ossicle; (J) Aboral view of naked test; (L)) Detail of the apical system; (M) Ambulacral plates; (N) Interambulacral plates." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2612580/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Fig. 8B</figureCitation>
). Tube feet with C-shaped spicules (
<figureCitation id="D4B7F69A4E2AFFF4FAAD1DB9FF28F975" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="31.[151,250,1917,1939]" captionTargetBox="[191,1396,193,1895]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[191,1396,193,1895]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 8. Morphological characters of Tripneustes ventricosus (UFPB/ECH.1722). (A) Aboral view; (B) Oral view; (C–D) Valve of globiferous pedicellariae; (E) Valve of ophicephalous pedicellariae; (F) Valve of tridentate pedicellariae; (G) Valve of triphyllous pedicellariae; (H) C-shaped spicules of tube feet; (I) Tube foot ossicle; (J) Aboral view of naked test; (L)) Detail of the apical system; (M) Ambulacral plates; (N) Interambulacral plates." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2612580/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Fig. 8H</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4C33EA1F4E2AFFF7FF051DE1FAF3FF6A" blockId="25.[151,1437,1066,2027]" lastBlockId="26.[151,1436,151,1221]" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E2AFFF4FF051DE1FEFEF951" bold="true" box="[199,362,1750,1775]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Pedicellariae:</emphasis>
Globiferous pedicellariae small and lacking a neck, abundant especially on the apical system and in interambulacra. There are three glands on the stalk and three associated with the valves. Valves long, proximal region broad, blade narrow with a long end tooth (
<figureCitation id="D4B7F69A4E2AFFF4FC811C29FC55F889" box="[835,961,1822,1847]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="31.[151,250,1917,1939]" captionTargetBox="[191,1396,193,1895]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[191,1396,193,1895]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 8. Morphological characters of Tripneustes ventricosus (UFPB/ECH.1722). (A) Aboral view; (B) Oral view; (C–D) Valve of globiferous pedicellariae; (E) Valve of ophicephalous pedicellariae; (F) Valve of tridentate pedicellariae; (G) Valve of triphyllous pedicellariae; (H) C-shaped spicules of tube feet; (I) Tube foot ossicle; (J) Aboral view of naked test; (L)) Detail of the apical system; (M) Ambulacral plates; (N) Interambulacral plates." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2612580/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Fig. 8C, D</figureCitation>
). C-shaped and dumbbell-shaped spicules found on all pedicellariae, being more numerous on the glands and in the areas close to the end tooth. Ophicephalous pedicellariae with short stalk, long neck (twice as long as stalk), and dumbbell-shaped spicules. Valves elongated, with broad areas for insertion of adductor muscle, and denticulate and serrate margin (
<figureCitation id="D4B7F69A4E2AFFF4FAF51CBDFA1BF81D" box="[1335,1423,1930,1955]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="31.[151,250,1917,1939]" captionTargetBox="[191,1396,193,1895]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[191,1396,193,1895]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 8. Morphological characters of Tripneustes ventricosus (UFPB/ECH.1722). (A) Aboral view; (B) Oral view; (C–D) Valve of globiferous pedicellariae; (E) Valve of ophicephalous pedicellariae; (F) Valve of tridentate pedicellariae; (G) Valve of triphyllous pedicellariae; (H) C-shaped spicules of tube feet; (I) Tube foot ossicle; (J) Aboral view of naked test; (L)) Detail of the apical system; (M) Ambulacral plates; (N) Interambulacral plates." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2612580/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Fig. 8E</figureCitation>
). Triphyllous pedicellariae with a long neck (almost as long as stalk) and short head, dumbbell-shaped spicules within entire pedicellaria. Valves short, proximal region short and narrower than distal portion, which is broader and longer (
<figureCitation id="D4B7F69A4E29FFF7FEE11BA0FEEBFF0E" box="[291,383,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="31.[151,250,1917,1939]" captionTargetBox="[191,1396,193,1895]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[191,1396,193,1895]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 8. Morphological characters of Tripneustes ventricosus (UFPB/ECH.1722). (A) Aboral view; (B) Oral view; (C–D) Valve of globiferous pedicellariae; (E) Valve of ophicephalous pedicellariae; (F) Valve of tridentate pedicellariae; (G) Valve of triphyllous pedicellariae; (H) C-shaped spicules of tube feet; (I) Tube foot ossicle; (J) Aboral view of naked test; (L)) Detail of the apical system; (M) Ambulacral plates; (N) Interambulacral plates." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2612580/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 8G</figureCitation>
). Tridentate pedicellariae with neck and stalk of about same size, bearing dumbbell-shaped spicules. Valves short, with base and lamina of the same size, blade serrate and denticulate at the tip (
<figureCitation id="D4B7F69A4E29FFF7FAC71B8BFACEFF6A" box="[1285,1370,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="31.[151,250,1917,1939]" captionTargetBox="[191,1396,193,1895]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[191,1396,193,1895]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 8. Morphological characters of Tripneustes ventricosus (UFPB/ECH.1722). (A) Aboral view; (B) Oral view; (C–D) Valve of globiferous pedicellariae; (E) Valve of ophicephalous pedicellariae; (F) Valve of tridentate pedicellariae; (G) Valve of triphyllous pedicellariae; (H) C-shaped spicules of tube feet; (I) Tube foot ossicle; (J) Aboral view of naked test; (L)) Detail of the apical system; (M) Ambulacral plates; (N) Interambulacral plates." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2612580/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 8F</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4C33EA1F4E29FFF7FF051BE8FE8BFEFE" blockId="26.[151,1436,151,1221]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E29FFF7FF051BE8FEB4FF46" bold="true" box="[199,288,223,248]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Colour.</emphasis>
Test appears uniformly dark brown, including the basal muscles of primary spines (
<figureCitation id="D4B7F69A4E29FFF7FB121BE8FADEFF46" box="[1232,1354,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="31.[151,250,1917,1939]" captionTargetBox="[191,1396,193,1895]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[191,1396,193,1895]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 8. Morphological characters of Tripneustes ventricosus (UFPB/ECH.1722). (A) Aboral view; (B) Oral view; (C–D) Valve of globiferous pedicellariae; (E) Valve of ophicephalous pedicellariae; (F) Valve of tridentate pedicellariae; (G) Valve of triphyllous pedicellariae; (H) C-shaped spicules of tube feet; (I) Tube foot ossicle; (J) Aboral view of naked test; (L)) Detail of the apical system; (M) Ambulacral plates; (N) Interambulacral plates." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2612580/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 8A, B</figureCitation>
). Short primary and secondary spines white to dirty white (
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E29FFF7FD1A1A33FC20FEA3" author="Hendler, G. &amp; Miller, J. &amp; Pawson, D. &amp; Porter, K." box="[728,948,260,285]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref55076" refString="Hendler, G., Miller, J., Pawson, D. &amp; Porter, K. (1995) Sea Stars, Sea Urchins, and Allies. Echinoderms of Florida and the Caribbean. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 390 pp." type="book" year="1995">
Hendler 
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E29FFF7FCFE1A32FCE0FEA3" box="[828,884,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al.</emphasis>
1995
</bibRefCitation>
) (
<figureCitation id="D4B7F69A4E29FFF7FC0E1A33FBD2FEA2" box="[972,1094,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="31.[151,250,1917,1939]" captionTargetBox="[191,1396,193,1895]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[191,1396,193,1895]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 8. Morphological characters of Tripneustes ventricosus (UFPB/ECH.1722). (A) Aboral view; (B) Oral view; (C–D) Valve of globiferous pedicellariae; (E) Valve of ophicephalous pedicellariae; (F) Valve of tridentate pedicellariae; (G) Valve of triphyllous pedicellariae; (H) C-shaped spicules of tube feet; (I) Tube foot ossicle; (J) Aboral view of naked test; (L)) Detail of the apical system; (M) Ambulacral plates; (N) Interambulacral plates." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2612580/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 8A, B</figureCitation>
). Naked test completely white (
<figureCitation id="D4B7F69A4E29FFF7FF5D1A10FE86FEFE" box="[159,274,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="31.[151,250,1917,1939]" captionTargetBox="[191,1396,193,1895]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[191,1396,193,1895]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 8. Morphological characters of Tripneustes ventricosus (UFPB/ECH.1722). (A) Aboral view; (B) Oral view; (C–D) Valve of globiferous pedicellariae; (E) Valve of ophicephalous pedicellariae; (F) Valve of tridentate pedicellariae; (G) Valve of triphyllous pedicellariae; (H) C-shaped spicules of tube feet; (I) Tube foot ossicle; (J) Aboral view of naked test; (L)) Detail of the apical system; (M) Ambulacral plates; (N) Interambulacral plates." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2612580/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 8J, K</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0496B9944E29FFF7FF051A7BFD71FD83" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="4C33EA1F4E29FFF7FF051A7BFD71FD83" blockId="26.[151,1436,151,1221]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E29FFF7FF051A7BFEF4FEDB" bold="true" box="[199,352,332,357]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Distribution.</emphasis>
Gulf of 
<collectingCountry id="349BAA8F4E29FFF7FE131A7BFDBDFEDB" box="[465,553,332,357]" name="Mexico" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Mexico</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="349BAA8F4E29FFF7FDF81A7BFD07FEDB" box="[570,659,332,357]" name="Mexico" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Mexico</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="349BAA8F4E29FFF7FD611A7BFD79FEDB" box="[675,749,332,357]" name="Belize" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Belize</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="349BAA8F4E29FFF7FD3C1A7BFCEEFEDB" box="[766,890,332,357]" name="Guatemala" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="349BAA8F4E29FFF7FC4E1A7BFC68FEDB" box="[908,1020,332,357]" name="Honduras" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Honduras</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="349BAA8F4E29FFF7FBCE1A7BFBDEFEDB" box="[1036,1098,332,357]" name="Cuba" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Cuba</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="349BAA8F4E29FFF7FB991A7BFB02FEDB" box="[1115,1174,332,357]" name="Haiti" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Haiti</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="349BAA8F4E29FFF7FB651A7BFA0CFEDB" box="[1191,1432,332,357]" name="Dominican Republic" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Dominican Republic</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="349BAA8F4E29FFF7FF551A47FE8BFE36" box="[151,287,367,392]" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Puerto Rico</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="349BAA8F4E29FFF7FEEB1A58FE0BFE36" box="[297,415,367,392]" name="Nicaragua" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Nicaragua</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="349BAA8F4E29FFF7FE681A47FDB3FE36" box="[426,551,367,392]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="349BAA8F4E29FFF7FDF01A47FD1AFE39" box="[562,654,368,391]" name="Panama" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Panama</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="349BAA8F4E29FFF7FD5A1A58FC9DFE36" box="[664,777,367,392]" name="Colombia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Colombia</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="349BAA8F4E29FFF7FCD61A58FC1EFE36" box="[788,906,367,392]" name="Venezuela" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
, and 
<collectingCountry id="349BAA8F4E29FFF7FC061A58FB9CFE36" box="[964,1032,367,392]" name="Brazil" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E29FFF7FBD51A58FB56FE36" author="Alvarado, J. J." box="[1047,1218,367,392]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="261 - 285" refId="ref47180" refString="Alvarado, J. J. (2011) Echinoderm diversity in the Caribbean Sea. Marine Biodiversity, 41, 261 - 285. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12526 - 010 - 0053 - 0" type="journal article" year="2011">Alvarado 2011</bibRefCitation>
; del 
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E29FFF7FB341A58FF63FE12" author="Valle Garcia, R. &amp; Abreu Perez, M. &amp; Rodriguez, R. &amp; Solis-Marin, F. A. &amp; Laguarda-Figueras, A. &amp; Duran Gonzalez, A. de la" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="19 - 35" refId="ref51574" refString="del Valle Garcia, R., Abreu Perez, M., Rodriguez, R., Solis-Marin, F. A., Laguarda-Figueras, A. &amp; Duran Gonzalez, A. de la L. (2008) Equinodermos (Echinodermata) del occidente del Archipielago Sabana-Camaguey, Cuba. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 56 (Supplement 3), 19 - 35." type="journal article" year="2008">
Valle García 
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E29FFF7FA4A1A46FF20FE13" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al.</emphasis>
2008
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E29FFF7FEC61AA3FE72FE13" author="Kroh, A. &amp; Mooi, R." box="[260,486,404,429]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref56245" refString="Kroh, A. &amp; Mooi, R. (2016) World Echinoidea Database. Available from: http: // www. marinespecies. org / echinoidea (accessed 3 September 2016)" type="url" year="2016">Kroh &amp; Mooi 2016</bibRefCitation>
). In 
<collectingCountry id="349BAA8F4E29FFF7FDD81AA3FDCAFE13" box="[538,606,404,429]" name="Brazil" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Brazil</collectingCountry>
from RN, PE, AL, BA, SP, RJ, and SC, including Fernando de Noronha and Trindade Islands and Abrolhos Archipelago (
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E29FFF7FD0F1A80FCE7FE6E" author="Rathbun, R." box="[717,883,439,464]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="139 - 151" refId="ref62391" refString="Rathbun, R. (1879) A list of the Brazilian echinoderms, with notes on their distribution, etc. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 5, 139 - 151." type="journal article" year="1879">Rathbun 1879</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E29FFF7FC421A80FBD6FE6E" author="Bernasconi, I." box="[896,1090,439,464]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="119 - 148" refId="ref47900" refString="Bernasconi, I. (1956) Equinoideos y Asteroideos de la Coleccion del Instituto Oceanografico de la Univerdidad de San Pablo. Segunda contribucion. Boletim do Instituto Oceanografico, 7 (1 - 2), 119 - 148. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0373 - 55241956000100008" type="journal article" year="1956">Bernasconi 1956</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E29FFF7FB921A80FA9DFE6E" author="Tommasi, L. R." box="[1104,1289,439,464]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="1 - 50" refId="ref65269" refString="Tommasi, L. R. (1966 a) Lista dos Equinoides recentes do Brasil. Contribuicoes do Instituto Oceanografico, Serie Oceanografia Biologica, 11, 1 - 50." type="journal article" year="1966">Tommasi 1966a</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E29FFF7FAD41A80FF47FE4B" author="Lima-Verde, J. S." pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="9 - 13" refId="ref57752" refString="Lima-Verde, J. S. (1969) Primeira contribuicao ao inventario dos Echinodermas do nordeste Brasileiro. Arquivos de Ciencias do Mar, 9 (1), 9 - 13." type="journal article" year="1969">Lima-Verde 1969</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E29FFF7FF1F1AEBFECDFE4A" author="Brito, I. M." box="[221,345,476,501]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="261 - 265" refId="ref48700" refString="Brito, I. M. (1971) Contribuicao ao conhecimento dos Equinodermas da Ilha da Trindade. Arquivos do Museu Nacional, 54, 261 - 265." type="journal article" year="1971">Brito 1971</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E29FFF7FEA61AEBFDFFFE4A" author="Tommasi, L. R. &amp; Aron, M. A." box="[356,619,476,501]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="1 - 6" refId="ref65574" refString="Tommasi, L. R. &amp; Aron, M. A. (1988) Equinodermes da plataforma continental do Sudeste do estado da Bahia. Relatorios Internos do Instituto Oceanografico, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 19, 1 - 6." type="journal article" year="1988">Tommasi &amp; Aron 1988</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E29FFF7FDB41AEBFCC5FE4B" author="Hendler, G. &amp; Miller, J. &amp; Pawson, D. &amp; Porter, K." box="[630,849,476,501]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref55076" refString="Hendler, G., Miller, J., Pawson, D. &amp; Porter, K. (1995) Sea Stars, Sea Urchins, and Allies. Echinoderms of Florida and the Caribbean. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 390 pp." type="book" year="1995">
Hendler 
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E29FFF7FD151AEAFC9BFE4B" box="[727,783,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al.</emphasis>
1995
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E29FFF7FC9E1AEBFBC4FE4A" author="Fernandes, M. L. B. &amp; Tommasi, L. R. &amp; Lima, E. J. B." box="[860,1104,476,501]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="405 - 427" refId="ref52988" refString="Fernandes, M. L. B., Tommasi, L. R. &amp; Lima, E. J. B. (2002) Filo Echinodermata de Pernambuco. In: Tabarelli, M. &amp; Silva, J. M. C. (Eds.), Diagnostico da Biodiversidade de Pernambuco. Vol. 2. Massangana, Recife, pp. 405 - 427." type="book chapter" year="2002">
Fernandes 
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E29FFF7FC141AEAFB9AFE4B" box="[982,1038,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al.</emphasis>
2002
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E29FFF7FB9E1AEBFAC1FE4B" author="Magalhaes, W. F. &amp; Martins, L. R. &amp; Alves, O. F. S." box="[1116,1365,476,501]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="375 - 381" refId="ref58552" refString="Magalhaes, W. F., Martins, L. R. &amp; Alves, O. F. S. (2005) Inventario dos Echinodermata do Estado da Bahia. Brazilian Journal of Aquatic Science and Technology, 40, 375 - 381. https: // doi. org / 10.14210 / bjast. v 9 n 1. p 61 - 65" type="journal article" year="2005">
Magalhães 
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E29FFF7FB1E1AEAFA80FE4B" box="[1244,1300,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al.</emphasis>
2005
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E29FFF7FAA21AEBFEE5FDA6" author="Lima, E. J. &amp; Fernandes, M. L. B." pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="55 - 63" refId="ref57559" refString="Lima, E. J. B &amp; Fernandes, M. L. B. (2009) Diversidade de equinodermos (Echinodermata) no Estado de Pernambuco (Brasil). Revista Brasileira de Zoociencias, 11 (1), 55 - 63. Available from: https: // zoociencias. ufjf. emnuvens. com. br / zoociencias / article / view / 448 (accessed 20 November 2016)" type="journal article" year="2009">Lima &amp; Fernandes 2009</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E29FFF7FE421AC8FD87FDA6" author="Xavier, L. A. R." box="[384,531,511,536]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="73 - 78" refId="ref67622" refString="Xavier, L. A. R. (2010) Inventario dos Equinodermos do Estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil. Brazilian Journal of Aquatic Science and Technology, 14 (2), 73 - 78. https: // doi. org / 10.14210 / bjast. v 14 n 2. p 73 - 78" type="journal article" year="2010">Xavier 2010</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E29FFF7FDE01AC8FC9CFDA6" author="Martins, L. &amp; Souto, C. &amp; Braga, J. &amp; Tavares, M." box="[546,776,511,536]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="521 - 555" refId="ref59121" refString="Martins, L., Souto, C., Braga, J. &amp; Tavares, M. (2018) Echinoidea and Holothuroidea (Echinodermata) of the Trindade and Martin Vaz Archipelago, off Brazil, with new records and remarks on taxonomy and species composition. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 98 (3), 521 - 555. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315416001569" type="journal article" year="2018">
Martins 
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E29FFF7FD461936FD54FDA6" box="[644,704,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al.</emphasis>
2018
</bibRefCitation>
). In this study, we record 
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E29FFF7FBFD1936FB4BFDA6" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1816" box="[1087,1247,513,536]" class="Echinoidea" family="Toxopneustidae" genus="Tripneustes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Camarodonta" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="ventricosus">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E29FFF7FBFD1936FB4BFDA6" box="[1087,1247,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">T. ventricosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for the State of 
<collectingRegion id="8E4824FD4E29FFF7FF551913FF7BFD83" box="[151,239,548,573]" country="Brazil" name="Paraiba" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Paraíba</collectingRegion>
. From 
<quantity id="8B7447FA4E29FFF7FEFF1913FE33FD82" box="[317,423,548,573]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.75" metricValueMax="5.5" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" unit="m" value="27.5" valueMax="55.0" valueMin="0.0">0 to 55 m</quantity>
depth (
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E29FFF7FE391913FD4DFD83" author="Hendler, G. &amp; Miller, J. &amp; Pawson, D. &amp; Porter, K." box="[507,729,548,573]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref55076" refString="Hendler, G., Miller, J., Pawson, D. &amp; Porter, K. (1995) Sea Stars, Sea Urchins, and Allies. Echinoderms of Florida and the Caribbean. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 390 pp." type="book" year="1995">
Hendler 
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E29FFF7FD9C1912FD02FD83" box="[606,662,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al.</emphasis>
1995
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0496B9944E29FFF7FF051970FDADFB7B" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="4C33EA1F4E29FFF7FF051970FCB7FC3E" blockId="26.[151,1436,151,1221]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E29FFF7FF051970FEAFFDDE" bold="true" box="[199,315,583,608]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Remarks.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E29FFF7FE87197EFE52FDDE" authorityName="L. Agassiz" authorityYear="1841" box="[325,454,585,608]" class="Echinoidea" family="Toxopneustidae" genus="Tripneustes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Camarodonta" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E29FFF7FE87197EFE52FDDE" box="[325,454,585,608]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Tripneustes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
contains four extant species (
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E29FFF7FCE11970FB89FDDE" author="Bronstein, O. &amp; Kroh, A. &amp; Tautscher, B. &amp; Liggins, L. &amp; Haring, E." box="[803,1053,583,608]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="5948" refId="ref48786" refString="Bronstein, O., Kroh, A., Tautscher, B., Liggins, L. &amp; Haring, E. (2017) Cryptic speciation in pan-tropical sea urchins: a case study of an edge-of-range population of Tripneustes from the Kermadec Islands. Scientific Reports, 7 (1), 5948. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / s 41598 - 017 - 06183 - 2" type="journal article" year="2017">
Bronstein 
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E29FFF7FC5E197EFC43FDDE" box="[924,983,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al.</emphasis>
2017
</bibRefCitation>
), of which only 
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E29FFF7FB22197EFAEAFDDE" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1816" box="[1248,1406,585,608]" class="Echinoidea" family="Toxopneustidae" genus="Tripneustes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Camarodonta" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="ventricosus">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E29FFF7FB22197EFAEAFDDE" box="[1248,1406,585,608]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">T. ventricosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is recorded from the Brazilian littoral. 
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E29FFF7FDFD195AFCDEFD3A" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1816" box="[575,842,621,644]" class="Echinoidea" family="Toxopneustidae" genus="Tripneustes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Camarodonta" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="ventricosus">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E29FFF7FDFD195AFCDEFD3A" box="[575,842,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Tripneustes ventricosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from its congener 
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E29FFF7FBBD195AFF5BFD16" authority="A. Agassiz, 1863" authorityName="A. Agassiz" authorityYear="1863" class="Echinoidea" family="Toxopneustidae" genus="Tripneustes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Camarodonta" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="depressus">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E29FFF7FBBD195AFA9FFD3B" box="[1151,1291,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">T. depressus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E29FFF7FAD4195BFF5BFD16" author="Agassiz, A." pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="17 - 28" refId="ref45904" refString="Agassiz, A. (1863) List of the echinoderms sent to different institutions in exchange for other specimens, with annotations. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 1, 17 - 28." type="journal article" year="1863">A. Agassiz, 1863</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
by having a purple test, only two 
<typeStatus id="933754BD4E29FFF7FDA619A7FD0BFD16" box="[612,671,656,680]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">types</typeStatus>
of pedicellariae (ophicephalous and tridentate) and less numerous primary spines. 
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E29FFF7FE951983FE79FD72" author="Caso, M. H." box="[343,493,692,716]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="1 - 24" refId="ref49179" refString="Caso, M. H. (1974 a) Contribuicion al estudio de los equinoideos de Mexico el genero, Tripneustes Agassiz. Morfologia y ecologia de Tripneustes ventricosus (Lamarck). Annales del Centro de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, 1 (1), 1 - 24." type="journal article" year="1974">Caso (1974a</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E29FFF7FE3D1983FD9AFD73" author="Caso, M. H." box="[511,526,692,717]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="25 - 40" refId="ref49238" refString="Caso, M. H. (1974 b) Contribuicion al estudio de los equinoideos de Mexico, morfologia de Tripneustes depressus Agassiz y estudio comparativo entre T. ventricosus y T. depressus. Annales del Centro de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, 1 (1), 25 - 40." type="journal article" year="1974">b</bibRefCitation>
) provided important contributions on the morphology of 
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E29FFF7FB061982FAF2FD72" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1816" box="[1220,1382,693,716]" class="Echinoidea" family="Toxopneustidae" genus="Tripneustes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Camarodonta" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="ventricosus">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E29FFF7FB061982FAF2FD72" box="[1220,1382,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">T. ventricosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and distinguishing characters with regards to 
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E29FFF7FDA019EEFD66FD4E" box="[610,754,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E29FFF7FDA019EEFD79FD4E" authorityName="A. Agassiz" authorityYear="1863" box="[610,749,727,752]" class="Echinoidea" family="Toxopneustidae" genus="Tripneustes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Camarodonta" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="depressus">T. depressus</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
According to 
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E29FFF7FC5319E0FBE8FD4E" author="Hendler, G. &amp; Miller, J. &amp; Pawson, D. &amp; Porter, K." box="[913,1148,727,752]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref55076" refString="Hendler, G., Miller, J., Pawson, D. &amp; Porter, K. (1995) Sea Stars, Sea Urchins, and Allies. Echinoderms of Florida and the Caribbean. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 390 pp." type="book" year="1995">
Hendler 
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E29FFF7FC3319EEFBBDFD4E" box="[1009,1065,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al.</emphasis>
(1995)
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E29FFF7FB4519EEFAB6FD4E" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1816" box="[1159,1314,729,752]" class="Echinoidea" family="Toxopneustidae" genus="Tripneustes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Camarodonta" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="ventricosus">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E29FFF7FB4519EEFAB6FD4E" box="[1159,1314,729,752]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">T. ventricosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may reach a TD of 
<quantity id="8B7447FA4E29FFF7FF3919CBFEC9FCAA" box="[251,349,764,789]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" unit="mm" value="150.0">150 mm</quantity>
. In the present study, both young and adult specimens were analysed, but we failed to observe morphological variations, except for, apical system, which was dicyclic in young individuals and hemicyclic in adults. 
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E29FFF7FF281872FE67FCE2" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1816" box="[234,499,837,860]" class="Echinoidea" family="Toxopneustidae" genus="Tripneustes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Camarodonta" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="ventricosus">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E29FFF7FF281872FE67FCE2" box="[234,499,837,860]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Tripneustes ventricosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is sexually dimorphic, with a long and tubular genital papilla in males, and short and conical genital papilla in females (
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E29FFF7FD85185FFC83FC3E" author="Turner, R. L. &amp; Lyon, M. L. &amp; Carroll, D. J." box="[583,791,871,896]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="277 - 280" refId="ref65958" refString="Turner, R. L., Lyon, M. L. &amp; Carroll, D. J. (2010) Sexual dimorphism in genital papillae of Tripneustes ventricosus. In: Harris, L. G., Bottger, S. A., Walker, C. W. &amp; Lesser, M. P. (Eds.), Echinoderms: Durham: Proceedings of the 12 th International Echinoderm Conference, 7 - 11 August 2006, Durham, New Hamsphire, USA. Taylor &amp; Francis Group, London, pp. 277 - 280." type="book chapter" year="2010">
Turner 
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E29FFF7FD59185EFD47FC3E" box="[667,723,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al.</emphasis>
2010
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4C33EA1F4E29FFF7FF0518BBFDADFB7B" blockId="26.[151,1436,151,1221]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E29FFF7FF0518BBFE04FC1B" bold="true" box="[199,400,908,933]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Ecological notes.</emphasis>
This species lives in areas on sandy substrates with seagrass, and in cracks or in gravel in reef environments (
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E29FFF7FEB31898FDC4FC76" author="Hendler, G. &amp; Miller, J. &amp; Pawson, D. &amp; Porter, K." box="[369,592,943,968]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref55076" refString="Hendler, G., Miller, J., Pawson, D. &amp; Porter, K. (1995) Sea Stars, Sea Urchins, and Allies. Echinoderms of Florida and the Caribbean. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 390 pp." type="book" year="1995">
Hendler 
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E29FFF7FE161886FD99FC76" box="[468,525,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al.</emphasis>
1995
</bibRefCitation>
). In 
<collectingCountry id="349BAA8F4E29FFF7FD411898FD55FC76" box="[643,705,943,968]" name="Cuba" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Cuba</collectingCountry>
, it was found in high densities near reefs, or in reef lagoons with or without marine phanerogams (mainly 
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E29FFF7FDA018E3FCC5FC53" authorityName="K. D. Koenig" authorityYear="1805" box="[610,849,980,1005]" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicarionidae" genus="Thalassia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="testudinum">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E29FFF7FDA018E3FCC5FC53" box="[610,849,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Thalassia testudinum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E29FFF7FC4A18E3FB83FC53" box="[904,1047,980,1005]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cymodoceaceae" genus="Syringodium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E29FFF7FC4A18E3FB83FC53" box="[904,1047,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Syringodium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.) (del 
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E29FFF7FB4018E3FA05FC53" author="Valle Garcia, R. &amp; Solis-Marin, F. A. &amp; Abreu Perez, M. &amp; Laguarda-Figueras, F. &amp; Duran Gonzalez, A. de la" box="[1154,1425,980,1005]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="9 - 28" refId="ref51643" refString="del Valle Garcia, R., Solis-Marin, F. A., Abreu Perez, M., Laguarda-Figueras, F. &amp; Duran Gonzalez, A. de la L. (2005) Catalogo de los equinodermos (Echinodermata: Crinoidea, Echinoidea, Holothuroidea) neritico-betonico del Arquipielago Cubano. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 53 (Supplement 3), 9 - 28." type="journal article" year="2005">
Valle García 
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E29FFF7FAD618E2FAD9FC53" box="[1300,1357,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al.</emphasis>
2005
</bibRefCitation>
). It feeds mainly on algae and detritus (
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E29FFF7FD8018CFFCB9FBAE" author="Ventura, C. R. R. &amp; Verissimo, I. &amp; Nobre, C. C. &amp; Zama, P. C." box="[578,813,1015,1040]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="217 - 258" refId="ref66833" refString="Ventura, C. R. R., Verissimo, I., Nobre, C. C. &amp; Zama, P. C. (2007 a). Filo Echinodermata. In: Lavrado, H. P. &amp; Viana, M. S. (Eds.), Atlas de Invertebrados Marinhos da regiao central da Zona Economica Exclusiva brasileira. Parte 1. Serie Livros 25. Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 217 - 258." type="book chapter" year="2007">
Ventura 
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E29FFF7FD6118CEFD48FBAE" box="[675,732,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al.</emphasis>
2007a
</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E29FFF7FC8218CEFBDCFBAE" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1816" box="[832,1096,1017,1040]" class="Echinoidea" family="Toxopneustidae" genus="Tripneustes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Camarodonta" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="ventricosus">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E29FFF7FC8218CEFBDCFBAE" box="[832,1096,1017,1040]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Tripneustes ventricosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, like 
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E29FFF7FB4B18CEFA89FBAE" baseAuthorityName="Serafy" baseAuthorityYear="1973" box="[1161,1309,1017,1040]" class="Echinoidea" family="Toxopneustidae" genus="Lytechinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Camarodonta" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="variegatus">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E29FFF7FB4B18CEFA89FBAE" box="[1161,1309,1017,1040]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">L. variegatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, displays a “covering behaviour” with shell fragments, gravel, and algae (
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E29FFF7FC501F2BFB1CFB8B" author="Hendler, G. &amp; Miller, J. &amp; Pawson, D. &amp; Porter, K." box="[914,1160,1052,1077]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref55076" refString="Hendler, G., Miller, J., Pawson, D. &amp; Porter, K. (1995) Sea Stars, Sea Urchins, and Allies. Echinoderms of Florida and the Caribbean. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 390 pp." type="book" year="1995">
Hendler 
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E29FFF7FC3E1F2AFBA9FB8B" box="[1020,1085,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al.</emphasis>
1995
</bibRefCitation>
). Along the littoral of northeastern 
<collectingCountry id="349BAA8F4E29FFF7FEE91F08FEE6FBE6" box="[299,370,1087,1112]" name="Brazil" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, the species is usually not numerous, although population outbreaks have been recorded for some localities, such as the beaches of the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago (State of 
<collectingRegion id="8E4824FD4E29FFF7FB441F53FA81FBC3" box="[1158,1301,1124,1149]" country="Brazil" name="Pernambuco" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Pernambuco</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="349BAA8F4E29FFF7FAE01F53FAFFFBC3" box="[1314,1387,1124,1149]" name="Brazil" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Brazil</collectingCountry>
). At Francês Beach (State of 
<collectingRegion id="8E4824FD4E29FFF7FE721FB0FD84FB1E" box="[432,528,1159,1184]" country="Brazil" name="Alagoas" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Alagoas</collectingRegion>
), the species occurs in protected areas and in crevices and caves, sharing space with crinoids, hydroids, and sponges.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>