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<mods:title id="E1B5BFA0EE0523779FA4E6EB0AEFE09E">Taxonomic guide and historical review of echinoids (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) from northeastern Brazil</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="5A7725AA0941B294807254D82454E456">Gondim, Anne Isabelley</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="C4255B094E1DFFDDFF551D22FE93FAB3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5971074" ID-GBIF-Taxon="154508488" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5971074" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C4255B094E1DFFDDFF551D22FE93FAB3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C4255B094E1DFFDDFF551D22FE93FAB3" lastPageId="48" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
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<heading id="177B5D734E1DFFC3FF551D22FDC9F991" bold="true" box="[151,605,1557,1583]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E1DFFC3FF551D22FDC9F991" ID-CoL="4JF53" authority="(Gmelin, 1791)" baseAuthorityName="Gmelin" baseAuthorityYear="1791" box="[151,605,1557,1583]" class="Echinoidea" family="Brissidae" genus="Plagiobrissus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spatangoida" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="grandis">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E1DFFC3FF551D22FDC9F991" bold="true" box="[151,605,1557,1583]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E1DFFC3FF551D22FE08F991" bold="true" box="[151,412,1557,1583]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Plagiobrissus grandis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E1DFFC3FE6E1D22FDC1F991" author="Gmelin, J. F." box="[428,597,1557,1583]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" pagination="3021 - 3910" refId="ref53510" refString="Gmelin, J. F. (1791) Vermes. In: Gmelin, J. F. (Ed.) Caroli a Linnaei Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Editio Decima Tertia, Aucta Reformata. Tome 1, Pars 6 (Vermes). G. E. Beer, Lipsiae, pp. 3021 - 3910. Available from: http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 83098 # 5 (accessed 13 September 2016)" type="book chapter" year="1791">Gmelin, 1791</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="0496B9944E1DFFC3FF551D0FFED4F9EF" box="[151,320,1592,1617]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" type="description">
<paragraph id="4C33EA1F4E1DFFC3FF551D0FFED4F9EF" blockId="46.[151,605,1557,1617]" box="[151,320,1592,1617]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
<figureCitation id="D4B7F69A4E1DFFC3FF551D0FFE97F9EE" box="[151,259,1592,1617]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="47.[151,250,1901,1923]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,220,1847]" captionTargetId="figure@47.[151,1436,220,1847]" captionTargetPageId="47" captionText="FIGURE 17. Morphological characters of Plagiobrissus grandis (UFBA00522). (A) Aboral view; (B) Oral view; (C) Lateral view; (D) Skeletal rod; (E) Detail of the skeletal rod; (F) Ophicephalous pedicellariae; (G) Triphyllous pedicellariae; (H) Head of triphyllous pedicellariae; (I) Head of ophicephalous pedicellariae; (J) Valve of tridentate pedicellaria; (K) specialized tube foot from the peristomial region." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2612602/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Figure 17</figureCitation>
A–K
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="4C33EA1F4E1DFFC3FF551DB7FA08F8F0" blockId="46.[151,1436,1664,1931]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="6C9CCD314E1DFFC3FF551DB7FA08F8F0" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E1DFFC3FF551DB7FD85F928" authority="Gmelin, 1791: 3200" authorityName="Gmelin" authorityPageNumber="3200" authorityYear="1791" box="[151,529,1664,1686]" class="Echinoidea" family="Echinidae" genus="Echinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Camarodonta" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="grandis">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E1DFFC3FF551DB7FEA8F928" box="[151,316,1664,1686]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Echinus grandis</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="CD2DCC0E4E1DFFC3FE801DB7FD85F928" author="Gmelin, J. F." box="[322,529,1664,1686]" page="3200" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" year="1791">
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E1DFFC3FE801DB7FE45F928" author="Gmelin, J. F." box="[322,465,1664,1686]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" pagination="3021 - 3910" refId="ref53510" refString="Gmelin, J. F. (1791) Vermes. In: Gmelin, J. F. (Ed.) Caroli a Linnaei Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Editio Decima Tertia, Aucta Reformata. Tome 1, Pars 6 (Vermes). G. E. Beer, Lipsiae, pp. 3021 - 3910. Available from: http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 83098 # 5 (accessed 13 September 2016)" type="book chapter" year="1791">Gmelin, 1791</bibRefCitation>
: 3200
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E1DFFC3FF551DA8FDA1F90A" authority="Lamarck, 1816: 29" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityPageNumber="29" authorityYear="1816" box="[151,565,1694,1716]" class="Echinoidea" family="Spatangidae" genus="Spatangus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spatangoida" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pectoralis">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E1DFFC3FF551DA8FEF8F90A" box="[151,364,1694,1716]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Spatangus pectoralis</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="CD2DCC0E4E1DFFC3FEB01DA9FDA1F90A" author="Lamarck, J. B." box="[370,565,1694,1716]" page="29" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" year="1816">
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E1DFFC3FEB01DA9FD84F90A" author="Lamarck, J. B." box="[370,528,1694,1716]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" refId="ref56558" refString="Lamarck, J. B. (1816) Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertebres, presentant les caracteres generaux et particuliers de ces animaux, leur distribution, leur classes, leurs familles, leurs generes, et le citation des principales especes qui s'y rapportent; precedee d'une Introduction offrant la Determination des caracteres essentiells de l'animal, sa distinction du vegetal et des autres corps naturels, enfin, l'Exposition des Principes fondamentaux de la Zoologie. Tome Troisieme. Verdiere, Paris, 586 pp." type="book" year="1816">Lamarck, 1816</bibRefCitation>
: 29
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</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E1DFFC3FF551D89FD2DF96D" ID-CoL="3CJ9Z" authority="D'Archiac &amp; Haime, 1853: 217" authorityName="D'Archiac &amp; Haime" authorityPageNumber="217" authorityYear="1853" box="[151,697,1725,1747]" class="Echinoidea" family="Brissidae" genus="Eupatagus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spatangoida" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pectoralis">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E1DFFC3FF551D89FEFAF96D" box="[151,366,1725,1747]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Eupatagus pectoralis</emphasis>
D’Archiac &amp;
<treatmentCitation id="CD2DCC0E4E1DFFC3FDC21D8AFD2DF96D" author="D'Archiac, A. D. &amp; Haime, J." box="[512,697,1725,1747]" page="217" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" year="1853">
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E1DFFC3FDC21D8AFD12F96D" author="D'Archiac, A. D. &amp; Haime, J." box="[512,646,1725,1747]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" refId="ref51336" refString="D'Archiac, A. D. &amp; Haime, J. (1853) Description des animaux fossiles du groupe nummulitique de l'Inde precedee d'un resume geologique et d'une monographie des Nummulites. Gide &amp; J. Baudry, Paris, 373 pp. Available from: http: // gallica. bnf. fr / ark: / 12148 / bpt 6 k 6516664 j / f 13. item. r =. zoom (accessed 25 October 2016)" type="book" year="1853">Haime, 1853</bibRefCitation>
: 217
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E1DFFC3FF551DEBFDA8F94C" ID-CoL="73CQL" authority="A. Agassiz, 1872: 361" authorityName="A. Agassiz" authorityPageNumber="361" authorityYear="1872" box="[151,572,1756,1778]" class="Echinoidea" family="Brissidae" genus="Metalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spatangoida" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pectoralis">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E1DFFC3FF551DEBFEC5F94C" box="[151,337,1756,1778]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Metalia pectoralis</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="CD2DCC0E4E1DFFC3FE951DEAFDA8F94C" author="Agassiz, A." box="[343,572,1756,1778]" page="361" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" year="1872">
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E1DFFC3FE951DEAFD9DF94C" author="Agassiz, A." box="[343,521,1756,1778]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" pagination="379 - 628" refId="ref46037" refString="Agassiz, A. (1872) Revision of the Echini. Illustrated catalogue of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 7 (3), 379 - 628." type="journal article" year="1872">A. Agassiz, 1872</bibRefCitation>
: 361
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E1DFFC3FF551DCCFDA9F8AF" ID-CoL="6YV7P" authority="Pomel, 1883: 30" authorityName="Pomel" authorityPageNumber="30" authorityYear="1883" box="[151,573,1787,1809]" class="Echinoidea" family="Brissidae" genus="Plagiobrissus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spatangoida" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pectoralis">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E1DFFC3FF551DCCFE19F8AF" box="[151,397,1787,1809]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Plagiobrissus pectoralis</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="CD2DCC0E4E1DFFC3FE561DCCFDA9F8AF" author="Pomel, A." box="[404,573,1787,1809]" page="30" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" year="1883">
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E1DFFC3FE561DCCFD83F8AF" author="Pomel, A." box="[404,535,1787,1809]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" refId="ref62186" refString="Pomel, A. (1883) Classification methodique et Genera des Echinides vivantes et fossiles. Theses presentees a la Faculte des Sciences de Paris pour obtenir le Grade de Docteur es Sciences Naturelles 503. Adolphe Jourdan, Alger, 131 pp. Available from: http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 43038 (accessed 23 May 2011)" type="book" year="1883">Pomel, 1883</bibRefCitation>
: 30
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E1DFFC3FF551C2DFD3EF891" ID-CoL="6GXWG" authority="Cooke, 1942: 54" authorityName="Cooke" authorityPageNumber="54" authorityYear="1942" box="[151,682,1817,1839]" class="Echinoidea" family="Brissidae" genus="Eupatagus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spatangoida" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="grandis" subGenus="Plagiobrissus">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E1DFFC3FF551C2DFE6DF891" box="[151,505,1817,1839]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Eupatagus (Plagiobrissus) grandis</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="CD2DCC0E4E1DFFC3FE3D1C2EFD3EF891" author="Cooke, C. W." box="[511,682,1817,1839]" page="54" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" year="1942">
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E1DFFC3FE3D1C2EFD11F891" author="Cooke, C. W." box="[511,645,1817,1839]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" pagination="1 - 62" refId="ref50695" refString="Cooke, C. W. (1942) Cenozoic irregular echinoids of eastern United States. Journal of Paleontology, 16, 1 - 62." type="journal article" year="1942">Cooke, 1942</bibRefCitation>
: 54
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E1DFFC3FF551C0FFDC9F8F0" ID-CoL="4JF53" authority="H. L. Clark, 1917: 207" authorityName="H. L. Clark" authorityPageNumber="207" authorityYear="1917" box="[151,605,1848,1870]" class="Echinoidea" family="Brissidae" genus="Plagiobrissus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spatangoida" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="grandis">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E1DFFC3FF551C0FFEE2F8F0" box="[151,374,1848,1870]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Plagiobrissus grandis</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="CD2DCC0E4E1DFFC3FEBE1C0EFDC9F8F0" author="Clark, H. L." box="[380,605,1848,1870]" page="207" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" year="1917">
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E1DFFC3FEBE1C0EFDB8F8F0" author="Clark, H. L." box="[380,556,1848,1870]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" pagination="81 - 283" refId="ref50101" refString="Clark, H. L. (1917) Hawaiian and other Pacific Echini. The Echinoneidae, Nucleolitidae, Urechinidae, Echinocorythidae, Calymnidae, Pourtalesiidae, Paleostomatidae, Aeropsidae, Palaeopneustidae, Hemiasteridae, and Spatangidae. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 46 (2), 81 - 283. Available from: http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 30650376 # page / 167 / mode / 1 up (accessed 14 September 2016)" type="journal article" year="1917">H.L. Clark, 1917</bibRefCitation>
: 207
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.―
<treatmentCitation id="CD2DCC0E4E1DFFC3FDB81C0FFCC9F8F0" author="Mortensen, T." box="[634,861,1848,1870]" page="496" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" year="1951">
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E1DFFC3FDB81C0FFCBFF8F0" author="Mortensen, T." box="[634,811,1848,1870]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" refId="ref61186" refString="Mortensen, T. (1951) Monograph of the Echinoidea. V. Part 2. Spatangoida 2. C. A. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 593 pp." type="book" year="1951">Mortensen, 1951</bibRefCitation>
: 496
</treatmentCitation>
–498, pl. 11–41, 63. figs 13–16.―
<treatmentCitation id="CD2DCC0E4E1DFFC3FB761C0FFAE9F8F0" author="Tommasi, L. R." box="[1204,1405,1848,1870]" page="2" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" year="1958">
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E1DFFC3FB761C0FFAF1F8F0" author="Tommasi, L. R." box="[1204,1381,1848,1870]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" pagination="1 - 27" refId="ref65104" refString="Tommasi, L. R. (1958 a) Os Equinodermos do litoral de Sao Paulo. II. Diadematidae, Schizasteridae, Brissidae, Cidaroidae (Echinoidea) e Asteroidea do bentos costeiro. Contribuicoes Avulsas do Instituto Oceanografico, Oceanografia Biologica, 2, 1 - 27." type="journal article" year="1958">Tommasi, 1958a</bibRefCitation>
: 2
</treatmentCitation>
, 7,
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4C33EA1F4E1DFFC3FF051C61FA0FF8D2" blockId="46.[151,1436,1664,1931]" box="[199,1435,1878,1901]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
pl.1, fig. 4; 1959: 602, 603; 1966a: 20, pl. 5b.―
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E1DFFC3FD731C61FCBDF8D2" author="Brito, I. M." box="[689,809,1878,1900]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" pagination="1 - 10" refId="ref48633" refString="Brito, I. M. (1962) Ensaio de Catalogo dos Equinodermas do Brasil. Universidade do Brasil, Faculdade Nacional de Filosofia, Centro de Estudos Zoologicos, 13, 1 - 10." type="journal article" year="1962">Brito, 1962</bibRefCitation>
: 6; 1968: 30–31, pl. 15, fig. 1.–
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E1DFFC3FBA41C61FAACF8D2" author="Martins, L. &amp; Souto, C. &amp; Braga, J. &amp; Tavares, M." box="[1126,1336,1878,1901]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" pagination="521 - 555" refId="ref59121" refString="Martins, L., Souto, C., Braga, J. &amp; Tavares, M. (2018) Echinoidea and Holothuroidea (Echinodermata) of the Trindade and Martin Vaz Archipelago, off Brazil, with new records and remarks on taxonomy and species composition. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 98 (3), 521 - 555. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315416001569" type="journal article" year="2018">
Martins
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E1DFFC3FB001C6FFB61F8D2" box="[1218,1269,1878,1901]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">et al.</emphasis>
, 2018
</bibRefCitation>
: 536, figs
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0496B9944E1DFFC3FF051C42FE99F835" box="[199,269,1909,1931]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" type="description">
<paragraph id="4C33EA1F4E1DFFC3FF051C42FE99F835" blockId="46.[151,1436,1664,1931]" box="[199,269,1909,1931]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">14–15.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0496B9944E1DFFC3FF551C8FFC9FF84B" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="4C33EA1F4E1DFFC3FF551C8FFC9FF84B" blockId="46.[151,1436,1976,2037]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E1DFFC3FF551C8FFE14F86F" bold="true" box="[151,384,1976,2001]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Material examined.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="FCE4E0424E1DFFC3FE451C8FFBFBF86F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2029199737" box="[391,1135,1976,2001]" collectorName="R. B. Moura" location="Alagoas" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Alagoas">
<collectingRegion id="8E4824FD4E1DFFC3FE451C8FFE73F86F" box="[391,487,1976,2001]" country="Brazil" name="Alagoas" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Alagoas</collectingRegion>
: Photographic record (
<collectorName id="E1798FC94E1DFFC3FD241C8FFCFAF86E" box="[742,878,1976,2000]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">R.B. Moura</collectorName>
, personal observation)
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="FCE4E0424E1DFFC3FBB81C8FFC93F84B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2029198885" collectingDate="1993-05-01" county="Busca Vida Beach" location="Camacari" municipality="Guarajuba" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Bahia">
<collectingRegion id="8E4824FD4E1DFFC3FBB81C8FFB54F86F" box="[1146,1216,1976,2001]" country="Brazil" name="Bahia" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Bahia</collectingRegion>
: 1 spm,
<collectingCounty id="A55292934E1DFFC3FADE1C8EFF74F84B" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Busca Vida Beach</collectingCounty>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="AC5770654E1DFFC3FF291CEBFEF7F84B" box="[235,355,2012,2037]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Guarajuba</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="4953BCC44E1DFFC3FEAC1CEBFE48F84B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C4255B094E1DFFDDFF551D22FE93FAB3:4953BCC44E1DFFC3FEAC1CEBFE48F84B" box="[366,476,2012,2037]" county="Busca Vida Beach" municipality="Guarajuba" name="Camacari" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" stateProvince="Bahia">Camaçari</location>
,
<collectingDate id="287635374E1DFFC3FE251CEBFDCDF84A" box="[487,601,2012,2036]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" value="1993-05-01">
<date id="3832CCDF4E1DFFC3FE251CEBFDCDF84A" box="[487,601,2012,2036]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" value="1993-05-01">01.V.1993</date>
</collectingDate>
[UFBA00522]
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="18F3BA974E1CFFC2FF551C5AFE77F857" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2612602/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" startId="47.[151,250,1901,1923]" targetBox="[151,1436,220,1847]" targetPageId="47">
<paragraph id="4C33EA1F4E1CFFC2FF551C5AFE77F857" blockId="47.[151,1436,1900,2025]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E1CFFC2FF551C5AFEB4F83C" bold="true" box="[151,288,1901,1923]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">FIGURE 17.</emphasis>
Morphological characters of
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E1CFFC2FD8D1C5AFCBAF83D" authorityName="H. L. Clark" authorityYear="1917" box="[591,814,1901,1923]" class="Echinoidea" family="Brissidae" genus="Plagiobrissus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spatangoida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="grandis">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E1CFFC2FD8D1C5AFCBAF83D" box="[591,814,1901,1923]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Plagiobrissus grandis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(UFBA00522).
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E1CFFC2FC141C5BFC6EF83D" bold="true" box="[982,1018,1900,1923]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">(A)</emphasis>
Aboral view;
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E1CFFC2FB4F1C5BFB24F83D" bold="true" box="[1165,1200,1900,1923]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">(B)</emphasis>
Oral view;
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E1CFFC2FAE81C5BFAD9F83D" bold="true" box="[1322,1357,1900,1923]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">(C)</emphasis>
Lateral view;
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E1CFFC2FF171CB9FF6DF81B" bold="true" box="[213,249,1934,1957]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">(D)</emphasis>
Skeletal rod;
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E1CFFC2FE471CB9FE33F81B" bold="true" box="[389,423,1934,1957]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">(E)</emphasis>
Detail of the skeletal rod;
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E1CFFC2FD761CB9FD40F81B" bold="true" box="[692,724,1934,1957]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">(F)</emphasis>
Ophicephalous pedicellariae;
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E1CFFC2FBC51CB9FBB8F81B" bold="true" box="[1031,1068,1934,1957]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">(G)</emphasis>
Triphyllous pedicellariae;
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E1CFFC2FAFE1CB9FAF5F81B" bold="true" box="[1340,1377,1934,1957]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">(H)</emphasis>
Head of triphyllous pedicellariae;
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E1CFFC2FE7A1C98FE47F878" bold="true" box="[440,467,1967,1990]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">(I)</emphasis>
Head of ophicephalous pedicellariae;
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E1CFFC2FC9C1C98FCE8F878" bold="true" box="[862,892,1967,1990]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">(J)</emphasis>
Valve of tridentate pedicellaria;
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E1CFFC2FB0E1C98FB65F878" bold="true" box="[1228,1265,1967,1990]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">(K)</emphasis>
specialized tube foot from the peristomial region.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="0496B9944E03FFDDFF051BA0FCA2FDDE" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="description">
<paragraph id="4C33EA1F4E03FFDDFF051BA0FF6DFE13" blockId="48.[151,1437,151,1293]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E03FFDDFF051BA0FECDFF0E" bold="true" box="[199,345,151,176]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Description.</emphasis>
Test oval, rounded anteriorly and truncate posteriorly (TL =
<quantity id="8B7447FA4E03FFDDFBD41BA0FB19FF11" box="[1046,1165,151,176]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.036" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" unit="mm" value="103.6">103.6 mm</quantity>
; TH =
<quantity id="8B7447FA4E03FFDDFB201BAFFADFFF11" box="[1250,1355,152,176]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.08" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" unit="mm" value="30.8">30.8 mm</quantity>
; TW =
<quantity id="8B7447FA4E03FFDDFF551B8BFE90FF6A" box="[151,260,188,212]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.23" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" unit="mm" value="12.3">12.3 mm</quantity>
), covered by spines (
<figureCitation id="D4B7F69A4E03FFDDFDC01B8BFDC2FF6A" box="[514,598,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="47.[151,250,1901,1923]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,220,1847]" captionTargetId="figure@47.[151,1436,220,1847]" captionTargetPageId="47" captionText="FIGURE 17. Morphological characters of Plagiobrissus grandis (UFBA00522). (A) Aboral view; (B) Oral view; (C) Lateral view; (D) Skeletal rod; (E) Detail of the skeletal rod; (F) Ophicephalous pedicellariae; (G) Triphyllous pedicellariae; (H) Head of triphyllous pedicellariae; (I) Head of ophicephalous pedicellariae; (J) Valve of tridentate pedicellaria; (K) specialized tube foot from the peristomial region." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2612602/files/figure.png" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
A–C). Long and slender spines borne on large primary tubercles occur between petals (
<figureCitation id="D4B7F69A4E03FFDDFE901BE8FE29FF46" box="[338,445,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="47.[151,250,1901,1923]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,220,1847]" captionTargetId="figure@47.[151,1436,220,1847]" captionTargetPageId="47" captionText="FIGURE 17. Morphological characters of Plagiobrissus grandis (UFBA00522). (A) Aboral view; (B) Oral view; (C) Lateral view; (D) Skeletal rod; (E) Detail of the skeletal rod; (F) Ophicephalous pedicellariae; (G) Triphyllous pedicellariae; (H) Head of triphyllous pedicellariae; (I) Head of ophicephalous pedicellariae; (J) Valve of tridentate pedicellaria; (K) specialized tube foot from the peristomial region." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2612602/files/figure.png" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Fig. 17A</figureCitation>
). Apical system ethmolytic. Petaloid large, with long petals. Ambulacrum III slightly depressed. Peripetalous fasciole well-developed. Peristome kidney-shaped, covered by large plates, with small spines (
<figureCitation id="D4B7F69A4E03FFDDFF321A10FEC3FEFE" box="[240,343,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="47.[151,250,1901,1923]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,220,1847]" captionTargetId="figure@47.[151,1436,220,1847]" captionTargetPageId="47" captionText="FIGURE 17. Morphological characters of Plagiobrissus grandis (UFBA00522). (A) Aboral view; (B) Oral view; (C) Lateral view; (D) Skeletal rod; (E) Detail of the skeletal rod; (F) Ophicephalous pedicellariae; (G) Triphyllous pedicellariae; (H) Head of triphyllous pedicellariae; (I) Head of ophicephalous pedicellariae; (J) Valve of tridentate pedicellaria; (K) specialized tube foot from the peristomial region." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2612602/files/figure.png" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Fig. 17B</figureCitation>
) and triphyllous pedicellariae. Subanal fasciole well-developed, with anal fascioles stretching aborally on either side of periproct. Spines from oral surface of test expanded at base. Spines of plastron numerous and slenderer than on rest of oral surface. Flat oral surface (
<figureCitation id="D4B7F69A4E03FFDDFC9A1A58FC56FE36" box="[856,962,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="47.[151,250,1901,1923]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,220,1847]" captionTargetId="figure@47.[151,1436,220,1847]" captionTargetPageId="47" captionText="FIGURE 17. Morphological characters of Plagiobrissus grandis (UFBA00522). (A) Aboral view; (B) Oral view; (C) Lateral view; (D) Skeletal rod; (E) Detail of the skeletal rod; (F) Ophicephalous pedicellariae; (G) Triphyllous pedicellariae; (H) Head of triphyllous pedicellariae; (I) Head of ophicephalous pedicellariae; (J) Valve of tridentate pedicellaria; (K) specialized tube foot from the peristomial region." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2612602/files/figure.png" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Fig. 17B</figureCitation>
). Periproct small. Narrow amphisternous plastron.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4C33EA1F4E03FFDDFF051A80FBC7FD82" blockId="48.[151,1437,151,1293]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E03FFDDFF051A80FEFCFE6E" bold="true" box="[199,360,439,464]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Pedicellariae.</emphasis>
Small three-valved pedicellariae without stalk or neck on ambulacra at margins of the plastron. Ophicephalous pedicellariae with long stalk, short neck, and short bottle-shaped valves (
<figureCitation id="D4B7F69A4E03FFDDFB4B1AEBFA97FE4A" box="[1161,1283,476,501]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="47.[151,250,1901,1923]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,220,1847]" captionTargetId="figure@47.[151,1436,220,1847]" captionTargetPageId="47" captionText="FIGURE 17. Morphological characters of Plagiobrissus grandis (UFBA00522). (A) Aboral view; (B) Oral view; (C) Lateral view; (D) Skeletal rod; (E) Detail of the skeletal rod; (F) Ophicephalous pedicellariae; (G) Triphyllous pedicellariae; (H) Head of triphyllous pedicellariae; (I) Head of ophicephalous pedicellariae; (J) Valve of tridentate pedicellaria; (K) specialized tube foot from the peristomial region." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2612602/files/figure.png" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Fig. 17F, I</figureCitation>
). Triphyllous pedicellariae with short valves and large blade (
<figureCitation id="D4B7F69A4E03FFDDFD6C1AC8FCA1FDA6" box="[686,821,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="47.[151,250,1901,1923]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,220,1847]" captionTargetId="figure@47.[151,1436,220,1847]" captionTargetPageId="47" captionText="FIGURE 17. Morphological characters of Plagiobrissus grandis (UFBA00522). (A) Aboral view; (B) Oral view; (C) Lateral view; (D) Skeletal rod; (E) Detail of the skeletal rod; (F) Ophicephalous pedicellariae; (G) Triphyllous pedicellariae; (H) Head of triphyllous pedicellariae; (I) Head of ophicephalous pedicellariae; (J) Valve of tridentate pedicellaria; (K) specialized tube foot from the peristomial region." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2612602/files/figure.png" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Fig. 17G, H</figureCitation>
). Tridentate pedicellariae with short stalks and without a neck. Valves narrow, broadened at the base and narrowing toward the tip (
<figureCitation id="D4B7F69A4E03FFDDFC2A1913FBD2FD82" box="[1000,1094,548,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="47.[151,250,1901,1923]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,220,1847]" captionTargetId="figure@47.[151,1436,220,1847]" captionTargetPageId="47" captionText="FIGURE 17. Morphological characters of Plagiobrissus grandis (UFBA00522). (A) Aboral view; (B) Oral view; (C) Lateral view; (D) Skeletal rod; (E) Detail of the skeletal rod; (F) Ophicephalous pedicellariae; (G) Triphyllous pedicellariae; (H) Head of triphyllous pedicellariae; (I) Head of ophicephalous pedicellariae; (J) Valve of tridentate pedicellaria; (K) specialized tube foot from the peristomial region." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2612602/files/figure.png" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Fig. 17J</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4C33EA1F4E03FFDDFF051970FCA2FDDE" blockId="48.[151,1437,151,1293]" box="[199,822,583,608]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E03FFDDFF051970FEB4FDDE" bold="true" box="[199,288,583,608]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Colour.</emphasis>
Living specimens are brown. Naked test white.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0496B9944E03FFDDFF05195BFAC0FD4E" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="4C33EA1F4E03FFDDFF05195BFAC0FD4E" blockId="48.[151,1437,151,1293]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E03FFDDFF05195BFEF4FD3B" bold="true" box="[199,352,620,645]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Distribution.</emphasis>
Florida, Gulf of
<collectingCountry id="349BAA8F4E03FFDDFDEF195BFD12FD3B" box="[557,646,620,645]" name="Mexico" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Mexico</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="349BAA8F4E03FFDDFD57195BFD6BFD3B" box="[661,767,620,645]" name="Bahamas" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Bahamas</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="349BAA8F4E03FFDDFCCF195BFCC3FD3B" box="[781,855,620,645]" name="Belize" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Belize</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="349BAA8F4E03FFDDFCA4195BFC30FD3B" box="[870,932,620,645]" name="Cuba" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Cuba</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="349BAA8F4E03FFDDFC71195BFB84FD3B" box="[947,1040,620,645]" name="Jamaica" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
, Antilles,
<collectingCountry id="349BAA8F4E03FFDDFB4B195AFB71FD3A" box="[1161,1253,621,644]" name="Panama" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Panama</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="349BAA8F4E03FFDDFB31195BFAF0FD3B" box="[1267,1380,620,645]" name="Colombia" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Colombia</collectingCountry>
, and
<collectingCountry id="349BAA8F4E03FFDDFF5519B8FF4FFD16" box="[151,219,655,680]" name="Brazil" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E03FFDDFF2F19A7FE38FD16" author="Clark, H. L." box="[237,428,655,680]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" refId="ref50270" refString="Clark, H. L. (1925) A catalogue of the recent sea-urchins (Echinoidea) in the Collection of the British Museum. Trustees of the British Museum, London. The Oxford University Press, London, 250 pp." type="book" year="1925">H.L. Clark 1925</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E03FFDDFE7B19B8FD0EFD16" author="Hendler, G. &amp; Miller, J. &amp; Pawson, D. &amp; Porter, K." box="[441,666,655,680]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" refId="ref55076" refString="Hendler, G., Miller, J., Pawson, D. &amp; Porter, K. (1995) Sea Stars, Sea Urchins, and Allies. Echinoderms of Florida and the Caribbean. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 390 pp." type="book" year="1995">
Hendler
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E03FFDDFDDE19A6FDC3FD16" box="[540,599,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">et al.</emphasis>
1995
</bibRefCitation>
; del
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E03FFDDFD1119B8FC7DFD16" author="Valle Garcia, R. &amp; Solis-Marin, F. A. &amp; Abreu Perez, M. &amp; Laguarda-Figueras, F. &amp; Duran Gonzalez, A. de la" box="[723,1001,655,680]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="9 - 28" refId="ref51643" refString="del Valle Garcia, R., Solis-Marin, F. A., Abreu Perez, M., Laguarda-Figueras, F. &amp; Duran Gonzalez, A. de la L. (2005) Catalogo de los equinodermos (Echinodermata: Crinoidea, Echinoidea, Holothuroidea) neritico-betonico del Arquipielago Cubano. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 53 (Supplement 3), 9 - 28." type="journal article" year="2005">
Valle García
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E03FFDDFCAB19A6FC37FD16" box="[873,931,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">et al.</emphasis>
2005
</bibRefCitation>
). In
<collectingCountry id="349BAA8F4E03FFDDFBDF19B8FBF5FD16" box="[1053,1121,655,680]" name="Brazil" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Brazil</collectingCountry>
from AL, BA, SP, and SC, including Trindade Island (ES) (
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E03FFDDFDC71983FD55FD73" author="Clark, H. L." box="[517,705,692,717]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" refId="ref50270" refString="Clark, H. L. (1925) A catalogue of the recent sea-urchins (Echinoidea) in the Collection of the British Museum. Trustees of the British Museum, London. The Oxford University Press, London, 250 pp." type="book" year="1925">H.L. Clark 1925</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E03FFDDFD0C1983FC12FD73" author="Tommasi, L. R." box="[718,902,692,717]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 27" refId="ref65104" refString="Tommasi, L. R. (1958 a) Os Equinodermos do litoral de Sao Paulo. II. Diadematidae, Schizasteridae, Brissidae, Cidaroidae (Echinoidea) e Asteroidea do bentos costeiro. Contribuicoes Avulsas do Instituto Oceanografico, Oceanografia Biologica, 2, 1 - 27." type="journal article" year="1958">Tommasi 1958a</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E03FFDDFC501983FBFAFD72" author="Martins, L. &amp; Souto, C. &amp; Braga, J. &amp; Tavares, M." box="[914,1134,692,717]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="521 - 555" refId="ref59121" refString="Martins, L., Souto, C., Braga, J. &amp; Tavares, M. (2018) Echinoidea and Holothuroidea (Echinodermata) of the Trindade and Martin Vaz Archipelago, off Brazil, with new records and remarks on taxonomy and species composition. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 98 (3), 521 - 555. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315416001569" type="journal article" year="2018">
Martins
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E03FFDDFC331982FBBEFD73" box="[1009,1066,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">et al.</emphasis>
2018
</bibRefCitation>
). This is the first record of this species in
<collectingRegion id="8E4824FD4E03FFDDFEF919E0FE03FD4E" box="[315,407,727,752]" country="Brazil" name="Alagoas" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Alagoas</collectingRegion>
State. From depths of
<quantity id="8B7447FA4E03FFDDFD5719EFFC84FD51" box="[661,784,728,752]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.055" metricValueMax="2.1" metricValueMin="0.01" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" unit="m" value="105.5" valueMax="210.0" valueMin="1.0">1 to 210 m</quantity>
, but most common in less than
<quantity id="8B7447FA4E03FFDDFBB019E0FB3FFD51" box="[1138,1195,727,752]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" unit="m" value="50.0">50 m</quantity>
(
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E03FFDDFB7B19E0FAD3FD4E" author="Serafy, D. K." box="[1209,1351,727,752]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" refId="ref63320" refString="Serafy, D. K. (1979) Memoirs of the Hourglass Cruises. V (III): Echinoids (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). Florida Department of Natural Resources, St. Petersburg, Florida, 120 pp." type="book" year="1979">Serafy 1979</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0496B9944E03FFDDFF0519CBFE93FAB3" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="4C33EA1F4E03FFDDFF0519CBFD5AFBAE" blockId="48.[151,1437,151,1293]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E03FFDDFF0519CBFEAFFCAB" bold="true" box="[199,315,764,789]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Remarks.</emphasis>
The genus
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E03FFDDFE7919CBFDC1FCAB" box="[443,597,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Plagiobrissus</emphasis>
contains three extant species [
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E03FFDDFC6B19CAFB43FCAA" authority="(Verrill, 1871)" baseAuthorityName="Verrill" baseAuthorityYear="1871" box="[937,1239,764,789]" class="Echinoidea" family="Brissidae" genus="Plagiobrissus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spatangoida" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="africanus">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E03FFDDFC6B19CAFBBAFCAA" box="[937,1070,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">P. africanus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E03FFDDFBFE19CBFB5AFCAA" author="Verrill, A. E." box="[1084,1230,764,789]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="568 - 593" refId="ref67167" refString="Verrill, A. E. (1871) Notes on the Radiata in the Museum of Yale College, with descriptions of new genera and species. 8. Additional observations on Echinoderms, chiefly from the Pacific coast of America. Transactions of the Connecticut Acadademy of Arts and Sciences, 1 (8), 568 - 593." type="journal article" year="1871">Verrill, 1871</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E03FFDDFB2019CAFEBFFC86" authority="H. L. Clark, 1940 b" authorityName="H. L. Clark" authorityYear="1940" class="Echinoidea" family="Brissidae" genus="Plagiobrissus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spatangoida" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pacificus">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E03FFDDFB2019CAFAF6FCAA" box="[1250,1378,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">P. pacificus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E03FFDDFAAB19CAFEBFFC86" author="Clark, H. L." pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="331 - 352" refId="ref50410" refString="Clark, H. L. (1940 b) Eastern Pacific Expeditions of the New York Zoological Society. XXI. Notes on Echinoderms from the West Coast of Central America. Zoologica, 25 (3), 331 - 352." type="journal article" year="1940">H.L. Clark, 1940b</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E03FFDDFEA41816FE4DFC86" authorityName="H. L. Clark" authorityYear="1917" box="[358,473,799,824]" class="Echinoidea" family="Brissidae" genus="Plagiobrissus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spatangoida" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="grandis">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E03FFDDFEA41816FE4DFC86" box="[358,473,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">P. grandis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
] (
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E03FFDDFE311828FD4EFC86" author="Kroh, A. &amp; Mooi, R." box="[499,730,799,824]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" refId="ref56245" refString="Kroh, A. &amp; Mooi, R. (2016) World Echinoidea Database. Available from: http: // www. marinespecies. org / echinoidea (accessed 3 September 2016)" type="url" year="2016">Kroh &amp; Mooi 2016</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E03FFDDFD2C1828FC73FC86" authorityName="H. L. Clark" authorityYear="1917" box="[750,999,799,824]" class="Echinoidea" family="Brissidae" genus="Plagiobrissus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spatangoida" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="grandis">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E03FFDDFD2C1828FC73FC86" box="[750,999,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Plagiobrissus grandis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E03FFDDFB401816FA9DFC86" baseAuthorityName="Verrill" baseAuthorityYear="1871" box="[1154,1289,800,824]" class="Echinoidea" family="Brissidae" genus="Plagiobrissus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spatangoida" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="africanus">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E03FFDDFB401816FA9DFC86" box="[1154,1289,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">P. africanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, an endemic species from the African coast, by the well-developed labrum, which is composed of two sternal plates of equal size. According to
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E03FFDDFEAD1850FE63FC3E" author="Kier, P. M." box="[367,503,871,896]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 45" refId="ref55755" refString="Kier, P. M. (1975) The Echinoids of Carrie Bow Cay, Belize. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 206, 1 - 45. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.206" type="journal article" year="1975">Kier (1975)</bibRefCitation>
, young individuals of
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E03FFDDFD3A185EFCFFFC3E" authorityName="H. L. Clark" authorityYear="1917" box="[760,875,871,896]" class="Echinoidea" family="Brissidae" genus="Plagiobrissus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spatangoida" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="grandis">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E03FFDDFD3A185EFCFFFC3E" box="[760,875,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">P. grandis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be easily confused with young specimens of
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E03FFDDFF5518BAFDB9FC1B" authority="(Lamarck, 1816)" baseAuthorityName="Lamarck" baseAuthorityYear="1816" box="[151,557,908,933]" class="Echinoidea" family="Brissidae" genus="Meoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spatangoida" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="ventricosa">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E03FFDDFF5518BAFEF3FC1A" box="[151,359,909,932]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Meoma ventricosa</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E03FFDDFEB718BBFDB0FC1B" author="Lamarck, J. B." box="[373,548,908,933]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" refId="ref56558" refString="Lamarck, J. B. (1816) Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertebres, presentant les caracteres generaux et particuliers de ces animaux, leur distribution, leur classes, leurs familles, leurs generes, et le citation des principales especes qui s'y rapportent; precedee d'une Introduction offrant la Determination des caracteres essentiells de l'animal, sa distinction du vegetal et des autres corps naturels, enfin, l'Exposition des Principes fondamentaux de la Zoologie. Tome Troisieme. Verdiere, Paris, 586 pp." type="book" year="1816">Lamarck, 1816</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. However, the presence of long, sharp, white spines on the aboral surface of
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E03FFDDFA4518BAFF79FC76" authorityName="H. L. Clark" authorityYear="1917" class="Echinoidea" family="Brissidae" genus="Plagiobrissus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spatangoida" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="grandis">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E03FFDDFA4518BAFF79FC76" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">P. grandis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
readily distinguishes them, as does the more flattened test of the latter.
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E03FFDDFBFE1898FB57FC76" author="Kier, P. M." box="[1084,1219,943,968]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 45" refId="ref55755" refString="Kier, P. M. (1975) The Echinoids of Carrie Bow Cay, Belize. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 206, 1 - 45. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.206" type="journal article" year="1975">Kier (1975)</bibRefCitation>
described detailed morphological variations in the ontogenetic development of
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E03FFDDFC9318E2FC51FC53" authorityName="H. L. Clark" authorityYear="1917" box="[849,965,980,1005]" class="Echinoidea" family="Brissidae" genus="Plagiobrissus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spatangoida" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="grandis">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E03FFDDFC9318E2FC51FC53" box="[849,965,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">P. grandis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In the present study, a single adult was examined that is insufficient to indicate variations.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4C33EA1F4E03FFDDFF051F2BFE93FAB3" blockId="48.[151,1437,151,1293]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E03FFDDFF051F2BFE05FB8B" bold="true" box="[199,401,1052,1077]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Ecological notes.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E03FFDDFE591F2BFD07FB8B" authorityName="H. L. Clark" authorityYear="1917" box="[411,659,1052,1077]" class="Echinoidea" family="Brissidae" genus="Plagiobrissus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spatangoida" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="grandis">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E03FFDDFE591F2BFD07FB8B" box="[411,659,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Plagiobrissus grandis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lives buried in sandy areas where seagrass and algae are sparse or absent (
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E03FFDDFF2F1F08FE5DFBE6" author="Hendler, G. &amp; Miller, J. &amp; Pawson, D. &amp; Porter, K." box="[237,457,1087,1112]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" refId="ref55076" refString="Hendler, G., Miller, J., Pawson, D. &amp; Porter, K. (1995) Sea Stars, Sea Urchins, and Allies. Echinoderms of Florida and the Caribbean. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 390 pp." type="book" year="1995">
Hendler
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E03FFDDFE8D1F76FE13FBE6" box="[335,391,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">et al.</emphasis>
1995
</bibRefCitation>
; del
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E03FFDDFE3F1F08FC9EFBE6" author="Valle Garcia, R. &amp; Solis-Marin, F. A. &amp; Abreu Perez, M. &amp; Laguarda-Figueras, F. &amp; Duran Gonzalez, A. de la" box="[509,778,1087,1112]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="9 - 28" refId="ref51643" refString="del Valle Garcia, R., Solis-Marin, F. A., Abreu Perez, M., Laguarda-Figueras, F. &amp; Duran Gonzalez, A. de la L. (2005) Catalogo de los equinodermos (Echinodermata: Crinoidea, Echinoidea, Holothuroidea) neritico-betonico del Arquipielago Cubano. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 53 (Supplement 3), 9 - 28." type="journal article" year="2005">
<collectingRegion id="8E4824FD4E03FFDDFE3F1F08FDA3FBE6" box="[509,567,1087,1112]" country="Honduras" name="Valle" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Valle</collectingRegion>
García
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E03FFDDFD4D1F76FD53FBE6" box="[655,711,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">et al.</emphasis>
2005
</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E03FFDDFCDE1F08FC23FBE6" author="Serafy, D. K." box="[796,951,1087,1112]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" refId="ref63320" refString="Serafy, D. K. (1979) Memoirs of the Hourglass Cruises. V (III): Echinoids (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). Florida Department of Natural Resources, St. Petersburg, Florida, 120 pp." type="book" year="1979">Serafy (1979)</bibRefCitation>
recorded this species from bottoms formed by shell fragments and quartz sand. According to
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E03FFDDFD141F53FC51FBC3" author="Kier, P. M. &amp; Grant, R. E." box="[726,965,1124,1149]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 68" refId="ref55796" refString="Kier, P. M. &amp; Grant, R. E. (1965) Echinoid distribution and habits, Key Largo Coral Reef Preserve, Florida. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 149, 1 - 68." type="journal article" year="1965">Kier &amp; Grant (1965)</bibRefCitation>
,
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E03FFDDFC111F52FBD3FBC3" authorityName="H. L. Clark" authorityYear="1917" box="[979,1095,1124,1149]" class="Echinoidea" family="Brissidae" genus="Plagiobrissus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spatangoida" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="grandis">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E03FFDDFC111F52FBD3FBC3" box="[979,1095,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">P. grandis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is typically found buried at a depth of
<quantity id="8B7447FA4E03FFDDFF3B1FB0FEDFFB21" box="[249,331,1159,1184]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" unit="mm" value="50.0">50 mm</quantity>
. When buried,
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E03FFDDFE301FBEFDF7FB1E" authorityName="H. L. Clark" authorityYear="1917" box="[498,611,1159,1184]" class="Echinoidea" family="Brissidae" genus="Plagiobrissus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spatangoida" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="grandis">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E03FFDDFE301FBEFDF7FB1E" box="[498,611,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">P. grandis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
raises and exposes its long aboral spines, presumably as a defence against predators (
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E03FFDDFED81F9BFD8BFB7B" author="Hendler, G. &amp; Miller, J. &amp; Pawson, D. &amp; Porter, K." box="[282,543,1196,1221]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" refId="ref55076" refString="Hendler, G., Miller, J., Pawson, D. &amp; Porter, K. (1995) Sea Stars, Sea Urchins, and Allies. Echinoderms of Florida and the Caribbean. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 390 pp." type="book" year="1995">
Hendler
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E03FFDDFE481F9AFE44FB7B" box="[394,464,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">et al.</emphasis>
1995
</bibRefCitation>
). According to
<bibRefCitation id="281D97EE4E03FFDDFD311F9AFC08FB7B" author="Moore, D. R." box="[755,924,1196,1221]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="73 - 76" refId="ref60293" refString="Moore, D. R. (1956) Observation of predation on echinoderms by three species of Cassididae. The Nautilus, 69, 73 - 76." type="journal article" year="1956">Moore (1956)</bibRefCitation>
the gastropods
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E03FFDDFBB61F9AFAA6FB7B" baseAuthorityName="Mota" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[1140,1330,1196,1221]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cassidae" genus="Cassis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="tuberosa">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E03FFDDFBB61F9AFAA6FB7B" box="[1140,1330,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Cassis tuberosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E03FFDDFA401F9AFDBEFB56" authority="Clench" authorityName="Clench" authorityYear="1944" class="Gastropoda" family="Cassidae" genus="Cassis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="madagascariensis" subSpecies="spinella">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E03FFDDFA401F9AFE5EFB56" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">C. madagascariensis spinella</emphasis>
Clench
</taxonomicName>
(presently accepted as
<taxonomicName id="8B8C919C4E03FFDDFC971FE7FB7AFB56" authority="Lamarck" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1822" box="[853,1262,1231,1256]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cassidae" genus="Cassis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="madagascariensis">
<emphasis id="7EF8360D4E03FFDDFC971FE7FBECFB56" box="[853,1144,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Cassis madagascariensis</emphasis>
Lamarck
</taxonomicName>
) are its main predators.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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