714 lines
107 KiB
XML
714 lines
107 KiB
XML
<document id="22C242C3C8C812C9D9D9845FD11D2FEE" ID-CLB-Dataset="299640" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.12701883" ID-GBIF-Dataset="4eda7b4b-7112-4f23-9811-120c49e17e8e" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12701883" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="julia" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="julia" IM.metadata_approvedBy="julia" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="julia" IM.treatments_approvedBy="julia" checkinTime="1720553947358" checkinUser="julia" docAuthor="John E. Jackson" docDate="1987" docId="336587B1622AD165FF71FD747F91FBCC" docLanguage="en" docName="MammSpecies.1987.295.1-5.pdf" docOrigin="Mammalian Species 295" docTitle="Ozotoceros bezoarticus" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="4" masterDocId="CF5CFFC9622AD166FFB5FFF67F77FF97" masterDocTitle="Ozotoceros bezoarticus" masterLastPageNumber="5" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1720561223836" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="5480479A095E348052C647FEFE62BAC0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="70999B1C6FD9C06C65F0F3DFD541346D">
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<mods:title id="077ABB53E26A06E0461AFB7049338421">Ozotoceros bezoarticus</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="D593C27DC3FC32B46F7A253F5EE330F3" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="277473C4CFEA9BCF1EE8EC8E3F39326B">
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<mods:roleTerm id="51431C57240FACD5BC3FC9CD3FA7F517">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="F2A574EE68C1236428B9FD1CDFFB2EB0">John E. Jackson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="0961600691B13C767F31EA49BD324B9B">INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE TECNOLOGIA ACROPECUARIA, CASILLA DE CORREO 17, 5730 VILLA MERCEDES, SAN LUIS, ARGENTINA.</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="0670D96F65D330D7D98CD202202FF5B5">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="AE678A693B1C68269A56937539175EFA">
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<mods:title id="4BBCF8B78F3FDAF0AEE476E309C19656">Mammalian Species</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="3E220BB869C023A4F398419BCC13F5E6">
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<mods:date id="6F23646A87DEFE03EA6086398BE4FC2A">1987</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="D2EDF562B00BD2614B0BC6BF4F663615" type="pubDate">
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<mods:number id="ABE0107758B5DC291011D685D7D3D479">1987-08-12</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="1A4BF3527C6510879F5C2FFB7934BBD2" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="AF3389AD1EA1F54F197A500E196DDEBF">295</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent id="FA466455483EBA87EEFEB5779DADB9A6" unit="page">
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<mods:start id="3449F443AD0713305903F662ECF85442">1</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="389EF159BFE97C3B370F7B193570441D">5</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification id="F9BC749AB609DAC121CDD0AD517FC943">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="7DBFB5F0DC6E9CE3375632C8012144A0" type="CLB-Dataset">299640</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="39508DC7AF32D2FF4310E01E2ADFF5D3" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.12701883</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="5098D31E545109076849092E7F37247C" type="GBIF-Dataset">4eda7b4b-7112-4f23-9811-120c49e17e8e</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="DF106ED97798022B6419AD46A8919741" type="Zenodo-Dep">12701883</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="336587B1622AD165FF71FD747F91FBCC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12701891" ID-GBIF-Taxon="235023552" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12701891" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:336587B1622AD165FF71FD747F91FBCC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/336587B1622AD165FF71FD747F91FBCC" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<subSubSection id="F3D6652C622AD166FF71FD747DCAFD0D" box="[196,701,642,666]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="BB7336A7622AD166FF71FD747DCAFD0D" blockId="0.[172,725,642,1384]" box="[196,701,642,666]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<heading id="E03B81CB622AD166FF71FD747DCAFD0D" box="[196,701,642,666]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="7CCC4D24622AD166FF71FD747DCAFD0D" ID-CoL="4BNWT" authority="(Linnaeus., 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus." baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[196,701,642,666]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Ozotoceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bezoarticus">
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<emphasis id="89B8EAB5622AD166FF71FD747EA9FD0D" box="[196,478,642,666]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<docTitle id="FED6CFC9622AD166FF71FD747EA9FD0D" box="[196,478,642,666]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ozotoceros bezoarticus</docTitle>
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</emphasis>
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(Linnaeus., 1758)
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="F3D6652C622AD166FEC9FD6D7D70FD24" box="[380,519,667,691]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="BB7336A7622AD166FEC9FD6D7D70FD24" blockId="0.[172,725,642,1384]" box="[380,519,667,691]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<heading id="E03B81CB622AD166FEC9FD6D7D70FD24" box="[380,519,667,691]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" reason="1">Pampas Deer</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="F3D6652C622AD166FF1BFD357DDCFC5F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="BB7336A7622AD166FF1BFD357DA6FD7A" blockId="0.[172,725,642,1384]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName id="7CCC4D24622AD166FF1BFD357E98FD40" authority="Linnaeus, 1758: 67" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityPageNumber="67" authorityYear="1758" box="[174,495,707,727]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bezoarticus">
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<emphasis id="89B8EAB5622AD166FF1BFD357E3CFD40" box="[174,331,707,727]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cervus bezoarticus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B56622AD166FEE6FD357E98FD40" author="LINNAEUS, C." box="[339,495,707,727]" journalOrPublisher="Stockholm" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 824" part="1" refId="ref5225" refString="LINNAEUS, C. 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, locis. 10 th ed. L. Salvii, Stockholm, 1: 1 - 824." title="Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, locis. 10 th ed. L. Salvii" type="journal article" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758:67</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Type locality South America, restricted to Pernambuco, Brazil by
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<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B56622AD166FD99FD2F7DBDFD7A" author="THOMAS, O." box="[556,714,729,749]" journalOrPublisher="Proc. Zool. Soc. London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="120 - 158" part="1" refId="ref5537" refString="THOMAS, O. 1911. The mammals of the tenth edition of Linnaeus: an attempt to fix the types of the genera and the exact bases and localities of the species. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1: 120 - 158." title="The mammals of the tenth edition of Linnaeus: an attempt to fix the types of the genera and the exact bases and localities of the species" type="journal article" year="1911">Thomas, 1911: 151</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="BB7336A7622AD166FF1BFD197DA4FC94" blockId="0.[172,725,642,1384]" box="[174,723,751,771]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName id="7CCC4D24622AD166FF1BFD197EAFFC94" authority="Kerr, 1792: 303" authorityName="Kerr" authorityPageNumber="303" authorityYear="1792" box="[174,472,751,771]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cuguapara">
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<emphasis id="89B8EAB5622AD166FF1BFD197E30FC94" box="[174,327,751,771]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cervus cuguapara</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B56622AD166FEE4FD197EAFFC94" author="KERR, R." box="[337,472,751,771]" journalOrPublisher="not seen, cited in Cabrera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" part="1943" refId="ref5132" refString="KERR, R. 1792. The animal kingdom, or zoological system, of the celebrated Sir Charles Linnaeus (not seen, cited in Cabrera, 1943)." title="The animal kingdom, or zoological system, of the celebrated Sir Charles Linnaeus" type="journal volume" year="1792">Kerr, 1792:303</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Renaming of
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<emphasis id="89B8EAB5622AD166FDE2FD197DA4FC94" box="[599,723,751,771]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName id="7CCC4D24622AD166FDE2FD197DB8FC94" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[599,719,751,771]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bezoarticus">C. bezoarticus</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="BB7336A7622AD166FF1BFCF37D32FCB9" blockId="0.[172,725,642,1384]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName id="7CCC4D24622AD166FF1BFCF37D75FC8E" authority="Goldfiiss, 1817: 1127" authorityName="Goldfiiss" authorityPageNumber="1127" authorityYear="1817" box="[174,514,773,793]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucogaster">
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<emphasis id="89B8EAB5622AD166FF1BFCF37E3BFC8E" box="[174,332,773,793]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cervus leucogaster</emphasis>
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Goldfiiss, 1817: 1127
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</taxonomicName>
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. Type locality Paraguay; restricted to Asuncion by
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<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B56622AD166FE05FCED7D49FCB9" author="CABRERA, A." box="[432,574,795,814]" journalOrPublisher="Rev. Mus. La Plata (nueva serie, Zool.)" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="5 - 41" part="3" refId="ref4459" refString="1943. Sobre la sistematica del venado y su variacion individual y geografica, Rev. Mus. La Plata (nueva serie, Zool.), 3: 5 - 41." title="Sobre la sistematica del venado y su variacion individual y geografica" type="journal article" year="1943">Cabrera 1943:31</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="BB7336A7622AD166FF1BFCC77E48FCCD" blockId="0.[172,725,642,1384]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName id="7CCC4D24622AD166FF1BFCC77E92FCD2" authority="Weigmann, 1833: 954" authorityName="Weigmann" authorityPageNumber="954" authorityYear="1833" box="[174,485,817,837]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="azarae">
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<emphasis id="89B8EAB5622AD166FF1BFCC77E52FCD2" box="[174,293,817,837]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cervus azarae</emphasis>
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Weigmann, 1833:954
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</taxonomicName>
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. Type locality Paraguay;
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<emphasis id="89B8EAB5622AD166FD0BFCC77E48FCCD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">nomen nudum.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="BB7336A7622AD166FF1BFCAB7E13FC11" blockId="0.[172,725,642,1384]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName id="7CCC4D24622AD166FF1BFCAB7E97FCE6" authority="Wagner, 1844: 368" authorityName="Wagner" authorityPageNumber="368" authorityYear="1844" box="[174,480,861,881]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="comosus">
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<emphasis id="89B8EAB5622AD166FF1BFCAB7E45FCE6" box="[174,306,861,881]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cervus comosus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B56622AD166FE89FCAB7E97FCE6" author="WAGNER, 1. A." box="[316,480,861,881]" editor="Schreber, J. Ch. D .." journalOrPublisher="Leipzig. (not seen, cited in Cabrera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" part="1943" refId="ref5618" refString="WAGNER, 1. A. 1844. In Schreber, J. Ch. D .. Saugthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungan; Suplement Band 4. Leipzig. (not seen, cited in Cabrera, 1943)." type="journal volume" volumeTitle="Saugthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungan" year="1844">Wagner, 1844:368</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Type locality probably Pernambuco, Brazil.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="BB7336A7622AD166FF18FC7F7E10FC24" blockId="0.[172,725,642,1384]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName id="7CCC4D24622AD166FF18FC7F7E9DFC0A" authority="Bravard, 1857: 10" authorityName="Bravard" authorityPageNumber="10" authorityYear="1857" box="[173,490,905,925]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pampaeus">
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<emphasis id="89B8EAB5622AD166FF18FC7F7E33FC0A" box="[173,324,905,925]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cervus pampaeus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B56622AD166FEE5FC7F7E9DFC0A" author="BRAVARD, A." box="[336,490,905,925]" journalOrPublisher="Registro Estadistico del Estado de Buenos Aires" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 44" part="1" refId="ref4391" refString="BRAVARD, A. 1857. Fauna pliocena de la America del Sur. P. 15, in Geologia de los Pampas. Registro Estadistico del Estado de Buenos Aires, 1: 1 - 44." title="Fauna pliocena de la America del Sur. P. 15, in Geologia de los Pampas" type="journal article" year="1857">Bravard, 1857:10</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Type locality Parana, Argentina (a fossil).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="BB7336A7622AD166FF18FC437DDCFC5F" blockId="0.[172,725,642,1384]" box="[173,683,949,968]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName id="7CCC4D24622AD166FF18FC437E84FC5F" authority="Gray, 1873: 427" authorityName="Gray" authorityPageNumber="427" authorityYear="1873" box="[173,499,949,968]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Blastocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvestris">
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<emphasis id="89B8EAB5622AD166FF18FC437E14FC5F" box="[173,355,949,968]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Blastocerus sylvestris</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B56622AD166FEDEFC437E84FC5F" author="GRAY, J. E." box="[363,499,949,968]" journalOrPublisher="Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist." pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="426 - 427" part="4" refId="ref4785" refString="1873. On the wood-deer of Brazil (Blastocerus silvestris). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 4: 426 - 427." title="On the wood-deer of Brazil (Blastocerus silvestris)" type="journal article" year="1873">Gray, 1873:427</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Type locality Brazil.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="F3D6652C622AD166FF6CFC2F7ED7FBD3" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
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<paragraph id="BB7336A7622AD166FF6CFC2F7ED7FBD3" blockId="0.[172,725,642,1384]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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CONTEXT AND CONTENT. Context noted in generic account above. Three subspecies were recognized by
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<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B56622AD166FDEDFC197DA2FB94" author="CABRERA, A." box="[600,725,1007,1027]" journalOrPublisher="Rev. Mus. La Plata (nueva serie, Zool.)" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="5 - 41" part="3" refId="ref4459" refString="1943. Sobre la sistematica del venado y su variacion individual y geografica, Rev. Mus. La Plata (nueva serie, Zool.), 3: 5 - 41." title="Sobre la sistematica del venado y su variacion individual y geografica" type="journal article" year="1943">Cabrera (1943)</bibRefCitation>
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on the basis of coat color and length of the mandibular toothrow. The systematic status of Uruguayan specimens is undefined (
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<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B56622AD166FD3AFBED7FADFBD3" author="CABRERA, A." journalOrPublisher="Rev. Mus. La Plata (nueva serie, Zool.)" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="5 - 41" part="3" refId="ref4459" refString="1943. Sobre la sistematica del venado y su variacion individual y geografica, Rev. Mus. La Plata (nueva serie, Zool.), 3: 5 - 41." title="Sobre la sistematica del venado y su variacion individual y geografica" type="journal article" year="1943">Cabrera, 1943</bibRefCitation>
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; Ximenez et aI., 1972):
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="F3D6652C622AD166FF1BFBA37E3AFB3C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="BB7336A7622AD166FF1BFBA37DA3FBE8" blockId="0.[172,725,642,1384]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName id="7CCC4D24622AD166FF1BFBA37EAFFBFE" authority="(Linnaeus, 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[174,472,1109,1129]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bezoarticus">
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<emphasis id="89B8EAB5622AD166FF1BFBA37E48FBFE" box="[174,319,1109,1129]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. b. bezoarticus</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B56622AD166FEFAFBA37EA4FBFE" author="LINNAEUS, C." box="[335,467,1109,1129]" journalOrPublisher="Stockholm" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 824" part="1" refId="ref5225" refString="LINNAEUS, C. 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, locis. 10 th ed. L. Salvii, Stockholm, 1: 1 - 824." title="Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, locis. 10 th ed. L. Salvii" type="journal article" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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, see above
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<emphasis id="89B8EAB5622AD166FD8AFBA37DD7FBFE" box="[575,672,1109,1129]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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(
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<taxonomicName id="7CCC4D24622AD166FDF0FBA37DB8FBFE" authority="Kerr" authorityName="Kerr" authorityYear="1792" box="[581,719,1109,1129]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cuguapara">cuguapara Kerr</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="7CCC4D24622AD166FF6DFB9A7E14FBE8" authority="Wagner" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1844" box="[216,355,1132,1151]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="comosus">
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<emphasis id="89B8EAB5622AD166FF6DFB9A7E6BFBE8" box="[216,284,1132,1151]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">comosus</emphasis>
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Wagner
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</taxonomicName>
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and probably
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<taxonomicName id="7CCC4D24622AD166FE6CFB9A7D23FBE8" authority="Gray" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1873" box="[473,596,1132,1151]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Blastocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvestris">
|
|
<emphasis id="89B8EAB5622AD166FE6CFB9A7D50FBE8" box="[473,551,1132,1151]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">sylvestris</emphasis>
|
|
Gray
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
are synonyms).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="BB7336A7622AD166FF18FB777E3AFB3C" blockId="0.[172,725,642,1384]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7CCC4D24622AD166FF18FB777EB9FB02" authority="(Goldfiiss, 1817)" baseAuthorityName="Goldfiiss" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[173,462,1153,1173]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucogaster">
|
|
<emphasis id="89B8EAB5622AD166FF18FB777E4AFB02" box="[173,317,1153,1173]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. b. leucogaster</emphasis>
|
|
(Goldfiiss, 1817)
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, see above
|
|
<emphasis id="89B8EAB5622AD166FD80FB777D03FB02" box="[565,628,1153,1173]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
|
(
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7CCC4D24622AD166FD8EFB777DA3FB02" authority="Wiegmann" authorityName="Wiegmann" box="[571,724,1153,1173]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="azarae">azarae Wiegmann</taxonomicName>
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
is a synonym).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="F3D6652C622AD166FF18FB5B7D4BFB40" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
|
|
<paragraph id="BB7336A7622AD166FF18FB5B7D4BFB40" blockId="0.[172,725,642,1384]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7CCC4D24622AD166FF18FB5B7EF3FB56" box="[173,388,1197,1217]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
|
<emphasis id="89B8EAB5622AD166FF18FB5B7E75FB56" box="[173,258,1197,1217]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. b. celer</emphasis>
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B56622AD166FEBDFB5B7EF3FB56" author="CABRERA, A." box="[264,388,1197,1217]" journalOrPublisher="Rev. Mus. La Plata (nueva serie, Zool.)" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="5 - 41" part="3" refId="ref4459" refString="1943. Sobre la sistematica del venado y su variacion individual y geografica, Rev. Mus. La Plata (nueva serie, Zool.), 3: 5 - 41." title="Sobre la sistematica del venado y su variacion individual y geografica" type="journal article" year="1943">Cabrera, 1943</bibRefCitation>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Type locality Campos del Tuyu, General Lavalle, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="F3D6652C622AD166FF6DFB1E7E24FAFF" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="discussion">
|
|
<paragraph id="BB7336A7622AD166FF6DFB1E7E24FAFF" blockId="0.[172,725,642,1384]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
|
The true systematic status of this species is poorly understood and controversial at all levels, and a thorough revision is needed (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B56622AD166FF07FAE57EE9FABF" author="BIANCHINI, J. J. & L. H. DELUPI" box="[178,414,1299,1320]" journalOrPublisher="Physis (C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="83 - 89" part="38" refId="ref4273" refString="BIANCHINI, J. J., AND L. H. DELUPI. 1979. El estado sistematico de los ciervos neotropicales de la tribu Odocoileini Simpson 1945. Physis (C), 38: 83 - 89." title="El estado sistematico de los ciervos neotropicales de la tribu Odocoileini Simpson 1945" type="journal article" year="1979">Bianchini and Delupi, 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B56622AD166FE1CFAE57D55FABF" author="CABRERA, A." box="[425,546,1299,1320]" journalOrPublisher="Field Mus. Publ. Zool." pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="125 - 135" part="27" refId="ref4429" refString="CABRERA, A. 1941. Cranial and dental characters of some South American Cervidae. Field Mus. Publ. Zool., 27: 125 - 135." title="Cranial and dental characters of some South American Cervidae" type="journal article" year="1941">Cabrera, 1941</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B56622AD166FD82FAE57D16FABF" author="CABRERA, A." box="[567,609,1299,1320]" journalOrPublisher="Rev. Mus. La Plata (nueva serie, Zool.)" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="5 - 41" part="3" refId="ref4459" refString="1943. Sobre la sistematica del venado y su variacion individual y geografica, Rev. Mus. La Plata (nueva serie, Zool.), 3: 5 - 41." title="Sobre la sistematica del venado y su variacion individual y geografica" type="journal article" year="1943">1943</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B56622AD166FDDAFAE57F93FAAA" author="HERSHKOVITZ, P." journalOrPublisher="Proc. BioI. Soc. Washington" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="13 - 16" part="71" refId="ref4812" refString="HERSHKOVITZ, P. 1958 a. Technical names of the South American marsh deer and pampas deer. Proc. BioI. Soc. Washington, 71: 13 - 16." title="Technical names of the South American marsh deer and pampas deer" type="journal article" year="1958">
|
|
Hershkovitz,
|
|
<emphasis id="89B8EAB5622AD166FF1BFADF7F9EFAAA" box="[174,233,1321,1341]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">1958a;</emphasis>
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
Ximenez et aI., 1972). Some authors regard the pampas deer as a species of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7CCC4D24622AD166FEE9FAC97EC2FAC4" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1832" box="[348,437,1343,1363]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Odocoileus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="89B8EAB5622AD166FEE9FAC97EC2FAC4" box="[348,437,1343,1363]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Odocoileus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B56622AD166FE70FAC97DDAFAC4" author="BIANCHINI, J. J. & L. H. DELUPI" box="[453,685,1343,1363]" journalOrPublisher="Physis (C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="83 - 89" part="38" refId="ref4273" refString="BIANCHINI, J. J., AND L. H. DELUPI. 1979. El estado sistematico de los ciervos neotropicales de la tribu Odocoileini Simpson 1945. Physis (C), 38: 83 - 89." title="El estado sistematico de los ciervos neotropicales de la tribu Odocoileini Simpson 1945" type="journal article" year="1979">Bianchini and Delupi, 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
|
; Ximenez et aI., 1972).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="F3D6652C622AD166FF6DFA8C7D41F9BF" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="diagnosis">
|
|
<paragraph id="BB7336A7622AD166FF6DFA8C7D41F9BF" blockId="0.[171,725,1402,1786]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
|
DIAGNOSIS.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7CCC4D24622AD166FEEDFA8C7D62FA1A" authority="(Linnaeus., 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus." baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[344,533,1402,1421]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Ozotoceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bezoarticus">
|
|
<emphasis id="89B8EAB5622AD166FEEDFA8C7D62FA1A" box="[344,533,1402,1421]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ozotoceros bezoarticus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is distinguished by welldeveloped hind interdigital glands (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B56622AD166FE67FA797DBEFA33" author="LANGGUTH, A. & J. JACKSON" box="[466,713,1423,1444]" journalOrPublisher="Z. Saugetierk." pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="82 - 90" part="45" refId="ref5187" refString="LANGGUTH, A., AND J. JACKSON. 1980. Cutaneous scent glands in pampas deer Blastoceros bezoarticus (L., 1758). Z. Saugetierk., 45: 82 - 90." title="Cutaneous scent glands in pampas deer Blastoceros bezoarticus (L., 1758)." type="journal article" year="1980">Langguth and Jackson, 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), the exudate of which gives the pungent, persistent, onionlike smell characteristic of the species (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B56622AD166FE11FA4D7D6EFA47" author="DARWIN, C." bookContentInfo="524 pp." box="[420,537,1467,1488]" journalOrPublisher="Doubleday and Company, Inc., Garden City, New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="ref4567" refString="DARWIN, C. 1860. The voyage of the Beagle. Natural History Library Edition: 1962. Doubleday and Company, Inc., Garden City, New York, 524 pp." title="The voyage of the Beagle. Natural History Library Edition: 1962" type="book" year="1860">Darwin, 1860</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). Two distinctive hair whorls are present: one toward the base of the neck and one between the shoulders and the middle of the back, with the hair on the withers directed forward (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B56622AD166FEF7FA0B7EBEF986" author="LYDEKKER, R." bookContentInfo="329 pp." box="[322,457,1533,1553]" journalOrPublisher="Rowland Ward, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="ref5270" refString="LYDEKKER, R. 1898. The deer of all lands: a history of the family Cervidae, living and extinct. Rowland Ward, London, 329 pp." title="The deer of all lands: a history of the family Cervidae, living and extinct" type="book" year="1898">Lydekker, 1898</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B56622AD166FE6CFA0B7D1CF986" author="WHITEHEAD, G. K." bookContentInfo="194 pp." box="[473,619,1533,1553]" journalOrPublisher="Constable, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="ref5661" refString="WHITEHEAD, G. K. 1972. Deer of the world. Constable, London, 194 pp." title="Deer of the world" type="book" year="1972">Whitehead, 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). The exact position of the whorls differs among individuals.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="F3D6652C622AD166FF6CF9C17B74FC88" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
|
|
<paragraph id="BB7336A7622AD166FF6CF9C17B25FE29" blockId="0.[171,725,1402,1786]" lastBlockId="0.[754,1309,338,1142]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
|
GENERAL CHARACTERS.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7CCC4D24622AD166FE5FF9C17DD9F9DD" authority="(Linnaeus., 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus." baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[490,686,1591,1610]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Ozotoceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bezoarticus">
|
|
<emphasis id="89B8EAB5622AD166FE5FF9C17DD9F9DD" box="[490,686,1591,1610]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ozotoceros bezoarticus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is a medium-sized, elegant, lightly built cervid (
|
|
<figureCitation id="23F72A22622AD166FDB2F9B87D4FF9F5" box="[519,568,1614,1634]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="0.[800,830,1744,1764]" captionTargetBox="[755,1306,1208,1725]" captionTargetPageId="0" captionText="FIG. 1. Adult male pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus celer) in central San Luis Province, Argentina." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12701887" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12701887/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
|
). No good data for a series of weights or body measurements have been published.
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B56622AD166FF18F98F7EE1F91A" author="NOWAK, R. M. & J. L. PARADISO" box="[173,406,1657,1677]" journalOrPublisher="Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, Baltimore, Maryland" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="569 - 1362" part="2" refId="ref5358" refString="NOWAK, R. M., AND J. L. PARADISO. 1983. Walker's mammals of the world. Fourth ed. Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 2: 569 - 1362." title="Walker's mammals of the world." type="journal article" year="1983">Nowak and Paradiso (1983)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
gave head and body length as 1,100 to 1,300 rnm, tail length 100 to 150 mm, shoulder height 700 to 750 mm, and weight 30 to 40 kg. My summary of museum data indicates a body length of 1,100 to 1,400 mm
|
|
<emphasis id="89B8EAB5622AD166FD80F94D7D32F958" box="[565,581,1723,1743]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">(n</emphasis>
|
|
= 13) and mean cranial dimensions (in mm) for adults of all subspecies combined were: condylobasallength males, 216.5
|
|
<emphasis id="89B8EAB5622AD166FE5AF9117D77F96D" box="[495,512,1767,1786]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">(n</emphasis>
|
|
= 35) and females, 210.3
|
|
<emphasis id="89B8EAB5622AD166FD41FEA47C74FEF1" box="[756,771,338,358]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">(n</emphasis>
|
|
= 14); basilar length males, 201.5
|
|
<emphasis id="89B8EAB5622AD166FB9BFEA47B4AFEF1" box="[1070,1085,338,358]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">(n</emphasis>
|
|
= 45) and females, 196.5
|
|
<emphasis id="89B8EAB5622AD166FD41FE9E7C74FEEC" box="[756,771,360,379]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">(n</emphasis>
|
|
= 14). Males were slightly larger but there is no marked sexual dimorphism in size, weight; or pelage. Shoulder height was given by
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B56622AD166FD40FE627CFDFE3F" author="WHITEHEAD, G. K." bookContentInfo="194 pp." box="[757,906,404,424]" journalOrPublisher="Constable, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="ref5661" refString="WHITEHEAD, G. K. 1972. Deer of the world. Constable, London, 194 pp." title="Deer of the world" type="book" year="1972">Whitehead (1972)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
as 69 ern.
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B56622AD166FC52FE627B13FE3F" author="CABRERA, A." box="[999,1124,404,424]" journalOrPublisher="Rev. Mus. La Plata (nueva serie, Zool.)" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="5 - 41" part="3" refId="ref4459" refString="1943. Sobre la sistematica del venado y su variacion individual y geografica, Rev. Mus. La Plata (nueva serie, Zool.), 3: 5 - 41." title="Sobre la sistematica del venado y su variacion individual y geografica" type="journal article" year="1943">Cabrera (1943)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
suggested a latitudinal size gradient with northern animals larger.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="BB7336A7622AD166FC95FE377BA0FD50" blockId="0.[754,1309,338,1142]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
|
The color of the short, smooth coat varies geographically according to subspecies, from a pale red-brown
|
|
<emphasis id="89B8EAB5622AD166FBDCFE217BA2FE7C" box="[1129,1237,471,491]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
|
(
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7CCC4D24622AD166FBC5FE217BB9FE7C" box="[1136,1230,471,491]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Ozotoceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bezoarticus">bezoarticus</taxonomicName>
|
|
)
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
through tawny-brown
|
|
<emphasis id="89B8EAB5622AD166FCD1FE1B7CA7FD96" box="[868,976,493,513]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
|
(
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7CCC4D24622AD166FCDEFE1B7CBEFD96" baseAuthorityName="Goldfiiss" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[875,969,493,513]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucogaster">leucogaster</taxonomicName>
|
|
)
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
to bay
|
|
<emphasis id="89B8EAB5622AD166FBAFFE1B7B25FD96" box="[1050,1106,493,513]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">(celer).</emphasis>
|
|
The face is sometimes darker, as is the crown and tail, but not universally so (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B56622AD166FB60FDF57C69FDBA" author="CABRERA, A." journalOrPublisher="Rev. Mus. La Plata (nueva serie, Zool.)" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="5 - 41" part="3" refId="ref4459" refString="1943. Sobre la sistematica del venado y su variacion individual y geografica, Rev. Mus. La Plata (nueva serie, Zool.), 3: 5 - 41." title="Sobre la sistematica del venado y su variacion individual y geografica" type="journal article" year="1943">Cabrera, 1943</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B56622AD166FC9AFDEF7CC1FDBA" author="LYDEKKER, R." bookContentInfo="329 pp." box="[815,950,537,557]" journalOrPublisher="Rowland Ward, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="ref5270" refString="LYDEKKER, R. 1898. The deer of all lands: a history of the family Cervidae, living and extinct. Rowland Ward, London, 329 pp." title="The deer of all lands: a history of the family Cervidae, living and extinct" type="book" year="1898">Lydekker, 1898</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). Coat color is more intense on the back than toward the extremities. Whitish or cream-colored areas occur as tarsal tufts, spots over pedical sites in females, around each eye, inside the ears, the lips, throat, chest, underparts, front and inner sides of the thighs, inner parts of the buttocks, and underside of the tail. White, or albinistic, specimens have been reported (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B56622AD166FB08FD717C69FD27" author="WHITEHEAD, G. K." bookContentInfo="194 pp." journalOrPublisher="Constable, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="ref5661" refString="WHITEHEAD, G. K. 1972. Deer of the world. Constable, London, 194 pp." title="Deer of the world" type="book" year="1972">Whitehead, 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). No distinct seasonal change in coat color is documented. The muzzle is rather pointed and the tail somewhat bushy.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="BB7336A7622AD166FC95FD3F7B74FC88" blockId="0.[754,1309,338,1142]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
|
Only males have antlers, typically consisting of three tines: a lower or front prong of the main fork and the upper or posterior prong divided (
|
|
<figureCitation id="23F72A22622AD166FCD8FD037CEEFC9E" box="[877,921,757,777]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="0.[800,830,1744,1764]" captionTargetBox="[755,1306,1208,1725]" captionTargetPageId="0" captionText="FIG. 1. Adult male pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus celer) in central San Luis Province, Argentina." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12701887" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12701887/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
|
). Examples of animals with up to 20 accessory points are known (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B56622AD166FC38FCFD7C8FFC88" author="GOELDI, E. A." box="[909,1016,779,799]" journalOrPublisher="Mem. Mus. Goeldi, Rio de Janeiro" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="5 - 42" part="3" refId="ref4652" refString="GOELDI, E. A. 1902. Estudos sobre 0 desenvolvimiento de arrnacao dos veados galheiros do Brasil (Cervus paludosus, C. campestris, C. wiegmanni). Mem. Mus. Goeldi, Rio de Janeiro, 3: 5 - 42." title="Estudos sobre 0 desenvolvimiento de arrnacao dos veados galheiros do Brasil (Cervus paludosus, C. campestris, C. wiegmanni)" type="journal article" year="1902">Goeldi, 1902</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="F3D6652C622AD167FC9AFCC67E05FADD" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
|
|
<paragraph id="BB7336A7622AD166FC9AFCC67BFFFB89" blockId="0.[754,1309,338,1142]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
|
DISTRIBUTION. The pampas deer once lived throughout the natural grasslands of eastern South America situated between latitudes 5° and 40° S (
|
|
<figureCitation id="23F72A22622AD166FC12FCAA7CAFFCF8" box="[935,984,860,879]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="1.[219,246,880,900]" captionTargetBox="[177,722,139,858]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIG. 2. Geographical distribution of Ozotoceros bezoarticus. Subspecies are: 1, O. b. bezoarticus; 2, O. b. leucogaster; 3, O. b. celer; 4, Uruguayan population of undetermined subspecific status (adapted from Jungius, 1976)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12701889" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12701889/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
|
). The natural range of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7CCC4D24622AD166FB25FCAA7A6DFCF8" authority="(Linnaeus, 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1168,1306,860,879]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Ozotoceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bezoarticus">
|
|
<emphasis id="89B8EAB5622AD166FB25FCAA7A6DFCF8" box="[1168,1306,860,879]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. b. bezoarticus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
includes eastern and central Brazil south of Amazonia between the plateau of Matto Grosso and the Upper Rio San Francisco, thence southwards to the State of Rio Grande do SuI and Uruguay (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B56622AD166FB6CFC6B7C69FC50" author="JUNGIUS, H." bookContentInfo="287 pp." editor="P. Jackson" journalOrPublisher="World Wildl. Fund, Morges" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="203 - 217" refId="ref5082" refString="JUNGIUS, H. 1976. Status and distribution of threatened deer species in South America. Pp. 203 - 217, in World wildlife yearbook 1975 - 76, (P. Jackson, ed.). World Wildl. Fund, Morges, 287 pp." title="Status and distribution of threatened deer species in South America. Pp" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="World wildlife yearbook 1975" year="1976">Jungius, 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). Although numbers have declined, the overall distribution pattern has changed only slightly in the north but major reductions in range have occurred elsewhere. Formerly widespread and abundant in Uruguay, the species currently is reduced to about 1,000 head in nine isolated sites (Jackson et aI., 1980).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="BB7336A7622AD167FCAAFBD77E5DFB9F" blockId="0.[754,1309,338,1142]" lastBlockId="1.[169,723,991,1827]" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
|
The original range of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7CCC4D24622AD166FC7EFBD77B22FBA2" baseAuthorityName="Goldfiiss" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[971,1109,1057,1077]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucogaster">
|
|
<emphasis id="89B8EAB5622AD166FC7EFBD77B22FBA2" box="[971,1109,1057,1077]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O.b. leucogaster</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
comprised southwestern Brazil (southern Matto Grosso), southeastern Bolivia, Paraguay, and northern Argentina (northern Santiago del Estero, Santa Fe, Formosa, and Corrientes) but not east of the Rio Uruguay. Population densities are low and declining (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B56622BD167FE72FC297D37FC64" author="JUNGIUS, H." bookContentInfo="287 pp." box="[455,576,991,1011]" editor="P. Jackson" journalOrPublisher="World Wildl. Fund, Morges" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="203 - 217" refId="ref5082" refString="JUNGIUS, H. 1976. Status and distribution of threatened deer species in South America. Pp. 203 - 217, in World wildlife yearbook 1975 - 76, (P. Jackson, ed.). World Wildl. Fund, Morges, 287 pp." title="Status and distribution of threatened deer species in South America. Pp" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="World wildlife yearbook 1975" year="1976">Jungius, 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B56622BD167FDE6FC297E68FB9F" author="THORNBACK, J. & M. JENKINS" bookContentInfo="516 pp." journalOrPublisher="Nature, Gland" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refId="ref5585" refString="THORNBACK, J., AND M. JENKINS. 1982. IUCN mammal red data book. Part II. Internal. Union Cons. Nature, Gland, 516 pp." title="IUCN mammal red data book. Part II. Internal. Union Cons" type="book" year="1982">Thornback and Jenkins, 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<caption id="EFB3662F622AD166FC95F9267B02F96E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12701887" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12701887" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12701887/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" startId="0.[800,830,1744,1764]" targetBox="[755,1306,1208,1725]" targetPageId="0" targetType="figure">
|
|
<paragraph id="BB7336A7622AD166FC95F9267B02F96E" blockId="0.[755,1306,1744,1785]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
|
FIG. 1. Adult male pampas deer
|
|
<emphasis id="89B8EAB5622AD166FBFBF9267C57F96E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
|
(
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7CCC4D24622AD166FBE0F9267C6FF96E" authorityName="Cabrera" authorityYear="1943" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Ozotoceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="bezoarticus" subSpecies="celer">Ozotoceros bezoarticus celer</taxonomicName>
|
|
)
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
in central San Luis Province, Argentina.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<caption id="EFB3662F622BD167FF6EFC867ED1FC51" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12701889" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12701889" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12701889/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" startId="1.[219,246,880,900]" targetBox="[177,722,139,858]" targetPageId="1" targetType="figure">
|
|
<paragraph id="BB7336A7622BD167FF6EFC867ED1FC51" blockId="1.[173,724,880,966]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
|
FIG. 2. Geographical distribution of
|
|
<emphasis id="89B8EAB5622BD167FDBBFC867DA5FC13" box="[526,722,880,900]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7CCC4D24622BD167FDBBFC867DB9FC13" box="[526,718,880,900]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Ozotoceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bezoarticus">Ozotoceros bezoarticus</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
Subspecies are: 1, O.
|
|
<emphasis id="89B8EAB5622BD167FEDCFC707E92FC0D" box="[361,485,902,922]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
|
b.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7CCC4D24622BD167FE34FC707EA8FC0D" box="[385,479,902,922]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Ozotoceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bezoarticus">bezoarticus</taxonomicName>
|
|
;
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
2, O.
|
|
<emphasis id="89B8EAB5622BD167FD91FC707DD7FC0D" box="[548,672,902,922]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
|
b.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7CCC4D24622BD167FD89FC707DEFFC0D" baseAuthorityName="Goldfiiss" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[572,664,902,922]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucogaster">leucogaster</taxonomicName>
|
|
;
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
3, O.
|
|
<emphasis id="89B8EAB5622BD167FF1BFC6A7F98FC27" box="[174,239,924,944]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">b. celer;</emphasis>
|
|
4, Uruguayan population of undetermined subspecific status (adapted from
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B56622BD167FE92FC447EE8FC51" author="JUNGIUS, H." bookContentInfo="287 pp." box="[295,415,946,966]" editor="P. Jackson" journalOrPublisher="World Wildl. Fund, Morges" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="203 - 217" refId="ref5082" refString="JUNGIUS, H. 1976. Status and distribution of threatened deer species in South America. Pp. 203 - 217, in World wildlife yearbook 1975 - 76, (P. Jackson, ed.). World Wildl. Fund, Morges, 287 pp." title="Status and distribution of threatened deer species in South America. Pp" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="World wildlife yearbook 1975" year="1976">Jungius, 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<paragraph id="BB7336A7622BD167FF6DFBFD7E39FB59" blockId="1.[169,723,991,1827]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
|
The ancestral range of O.
|
|
<emphasis id="89B8EAB5622BD167FE0AFBFD7E89FB89" box="[447,510,1035,1054]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">b. celer</emphasis>
|
|
embraced the entire Argentinian Pampas from the Atlantic coast almost to the Andean foothills and southward to the Rio Negro (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B56622BD167FDBDFBC17DF6FBDD" author="CABRERA, A." box="[520,641,1079,1098]" journalOrPublisher="Rev. Mus. La Plata (nueva serie, Zool.)" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="5 - 41" part="3" refId="ref4459" refString="1943. Sobre la sistematica del venado y su variacion individual y geografica, Rev. Mus. La Plata (nueva serie, Zool.), 3: 5 - 41." title="Sobre la sistematica del venado y su variacion individual y geografica" type="journal article" year="1943">Cabrera, 1943</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). Current distribution is limited to the coastal margin of the Bahia Samborombon, Buenos Aires Province, and 1,000 km westward in central San Luis (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B56622BD167FF6CFB8F7E27FB1A" author="JACKSON, J. E." bookContentInfo="434 pp." box="[217,336,1145,1165]" journalOrPublisher="Nature, Morges" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="33 - 45" refId="ref4900" refString="JACKSON, J. E. 1978. The Argentinian pampas deer or venado (Ozotoceros bezoarticus celeri. Pp. 33 - 45, in Threatened deer. Internal. Union Cons. Nature, Morges, 434 pp." title="The Argentinian pampas deer or venado (Ozotoceros bezoarticus celeri. Pp" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Threatened deer. Internal. Union Cons" year="1978">Jackson, 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
|
; Jackson and Langguth, in press). The subspecies is recognized as endangered and is one of the rarest cervids (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B56622BD167FF04FB527E46FB20" author="HOLLOWAY, C." box="[177,305,1188,1207]" journalOrPublisher="Deer" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="428 - 433" part="3" refId="ref4871" refString="HOLLOWAY, C. 1975. Threatened deer of the world; research and conservation projects under the IUCN programme. Deer, 3: 428 - 433." title="Threatened deer of the world; research and conservation projects under the IUCN programme" type="journal article" year="1975">Holloway, 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
|
) with total wild stock about 400 head (Jackson and Langguth, in press).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="BB7336A7622BD167FF6DFB287E05FADD" blockId="1.[169,723,991,1827]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
|
<emphasis id="89B8EAB5622BD167FF6DFB287EFAFB64" bold="true" box="[216,397,1246,1267]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">FOSSIL RECORD.</emphasis>
|
|
Fossils are found frequently in local Quaternary deposits.
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B56622BD167FEE3FB037EA4FA9E" author="BRAVARD, A." box="[342,467,1269,1289]" journalOrPublisher="Registro Estadistico del Estado de Buenos Aires" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="1 - 44" part="1" refId="ref4391" refString="BRAVARD, A. 1857. Fauna pliocena de la America del Sur. P. 15, in Geologia de los Pampas. Registro Estadistico del Estado de Buenos Aires, 1: 1 - 44." title="Fauna pliocena de la America del Sur. P. 15, in Geologia de los Pampas" type="journal article" year="1857">Bravard (1857)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
named these
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7CCC4D24622BD167FDF4FB037DA5FA9E" authorityName="Bravard" authorityYear="1857" box="[577,722,1269,1289]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pampaeus">
|
|
<emphasis id="89B8EAB5622BD167FDF4FB037DA5FA9E" box="[577,722,1269,1289]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Cervus pampaeus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
but
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B56622BD167FF79FAFD7E3CFA89" author="CABRERA, A." box="[204,331,1291,1310]" journalOrPublisher="Rev. Mus. La Plata (nueva serie, Zool.)" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="5 - 41" part="3" refId="ref4459" refString="1943. Sobre la sistematica del venado y su variacion individual y geografica, Rev. Mus. La Plata (nueva serie, Zool.), 3: 5 - 41." title="Sobre la sistematica del venado y su variacion individual y geografica" type="journal article" year="1943">Cabrera (1943)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
considered them synonymous with the modern species. This ungulate occurred in South America since the Pleistocene (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B56622BD167FF59FAC07E10FADD" author="SIMPSON, G. G." box="[236,359,1334,1354]" journalOrPublisher="Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hisl." pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="1 - 350" part="85" refId="ref5502" refString="SIMPSON, G. G. 1945. The principles of classification and the classification of mammals. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hisl., 85: 1 - 350." title="The principles of classification and the classification of mammals" type="journal article" year="1945">Simpson, 1945</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<caption id="EFB3662F622BD167FCA9FAED7B28FACD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12701893" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12701893" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12701893/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" startId="1.[796,826,1307,1326]" targetBox="[760,1305,144,1286]" targetPageId="1" targetType="figure">
|
|
<paragraph id="BB7336A7622BD167FCA9FAED7B28FACD" blockId="1.[751,1303,1307,1370]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
|
FIG. 3. Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of cranium, and lateral view of lower jaw of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7CCC4D24622BD167FC5DFAC77BA8FAD3" authorityName="Cabrera" authorityYear="1943" box="[1000,1247,1329,1348]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Ozotoceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="bezoarticus" subSpecies="celer">
|
|
<emphasis id="89B8EAB5622BD167FC5DFAC77BA8FAD3" box="[1000,1247,1329,1348]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Ozotoceros bezoarticus celer</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(adult male, central San Luis Province, Argentina).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<subSubSection id="F3D6652C622BD164FF6DFAAD7DC9FE98" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="description">
|
|
<paragraph id="BB7336A7622BD167FF6DFAAD7EF1FA52" blockId="1.[169,723,991,1827]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
|
<emphasis id="89B8EAB5622BD167FF6DFAAD7EB9FAF8" bold="true" box="[216,462,1371,1391]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">FORM AND FUNCTION.</emphasis>
|
|
The hair on the flanks is approximately 2.5 em long, slightly longer on the back, inside the ears, bordering the genitalia, on the thighs, and on the tail. The undercoat is sparse; it is more abundant in southern specimens than those from the north (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B56622BD167FEB6FA447E0BFA52" author="CABRERA, A." box="[259,380,1458,1477]" journalOrPublisher="Rev. Mus. La Plata (nueva serie, Zool.)" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="5 - 41" part="3" refId="ref4459" refString="1943. Sobre la sistematica del venado y su variacion individual y geografica, Rev. Mus. La Plata (nueva serie, Zool.), 3: 5 - 41." title="Sobre la sistematica del venado y su variacion individual y geografica" type="journal article" year="1943">Cabrera, 1943</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="BB7336A7622BD167FF6DFA3E7D17F9A4" blockId="1.[169,723,991,1827]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
|
Well-developed preorbital scent glands are present. The forehead may playa role in scent communication. Vestibular nasal glands consist of a pair of flattened oval sacs, underlying a white smudge on either side of the nose, and opening by way of a short duct onto the rim of the nostril (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B56622BD167FED1F9D67D21F9A4" author="LANGGUTH, A. & J. JACKSON" box="[356,598,1568,1587]" journalOrPublisher="Z. Saugetierk." pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="82 - 90" part="45" refId="ref5187" refString="LANGGUTH, A., AND J. JACKSON. 1980. Cutaneous scent glands in pampas deer Blastoceros bezoarticus (L., 1758). Z. Saugetierk., 45: 82 - 90." title="Cutaneous scent glands in pampas deer Blastoceros bezoarticus (L., 1758)." type="journal article" year="1980">Langguth and Jackson, 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="BB7336A7622BD167FF62F9C37EEAF921" blockId="1.[169,723,991,1827]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
|
Metatarsal glands mayor may not be present. They were not detected by
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B56622BD167FEA9F9BD7EF8F9C9" author="MILLER, F. W." box="[284,399,1611,1630]" journalOrPublisher="Brazil. J. Mamm." pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="10 - 22" part="11" refId="ref5329" refString="MILLER, F. W. 1930. Notes on some mammals of southern Matto Grosso, Brazil. J. Mamm., 11: 10 - 22" title="Notes on some mammals of southern Matto Grosso" type="journal article" year="1930">Miller (1930)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B56622BD167FE16F9BD7DDAF9C9" author="LANGGUTH, A. & J. JACKSON" box="[419,685,1611,1630]" journalOrPublisher="Z. Saugetierk." pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="82 - 90" part="45" refId="ref5187" refString="LANGGUTH, A., AND J. JACKSON. 1980. Cutaneous scent glands in pampas deer Blastoceros bezoarticus (L., 1758). Z. Saugetierk., 45: 82 - 90." title="Cutaneous scent glands in pampas deer Blastoceros bezoarticus (L., 1758)." type="journal article" year="1980">Langguth and Jackson (1980)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
, or
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B56622BD167FF1FF9977E3BF9E2" author="MACDoNAGH, E. J." box="[170,332,1633,1653]" journalOrPublisher="La Plata" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="47 - 68" part="5" refId="ref5301" refString="MACDoNAGH, E. J. 1940. La etologia del venado en el Tuyu, Notas Mus. La Plata, 5: 47 - 68." title="La etologia del venado en el Tuyu, Notas Mus" type="journal article" year="1940">MacDonagh (1940)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
. However,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B56622BD167FE05F9977D2CF9E2" author="HERSHKOVITZ, P." box="[432,603,1633,1653]" journalOrPublisher="Mammalia" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="537 - 546" part="22" refId="ref4845" refString="1958 b. The metatarsal glands in the white-tailed deer and related forms of the neotropical region. Mammalia, 22: 537 - 546." title="The metatarsal glands in the white-tailed deer and related forms of the neotropical region" type="journal article" year="1958">
|
|
Hershkovitz
|
|
<emphasis id="89B8EAB5622BD167FDACF9977D2CF9E2" box="[537,603,1633,1653]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">(1958b)</emphasis>
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
noted a glandular area sometimes defined buf tufts were not developed in 19 skins he examined. In 26 O.
|
|
<emphasis id="89B8EAB5622BD167FE1EF97A7E87F937" box="[427,496,1676,1696]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">b. celer,</emphasis>
|
|
14 had metatarsal glands (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B56622BD167FF1AF9557EE1F921" author="BIANCHINI, J. J. & L. H. DELUPI" box="[175,406,1699,1718]" journalOrPublisher="Physis (C" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="83 - 89" part="38" refId="ref4273" refString="BIANCHINI, J. J., AND L. H. DELUPI. 1979. El estado sistematico de los ciervos neotropicales de la tribu Odocoileini Simpson 1945. Physis (C), 38: 83 - 89." title="El estado sistematico de los ciervos neotropicales de la tribu Odocoileini Simpson 1945" type="journal article" year="1979">Bianchini and Delupi, 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="BB7336A7622BD167FF63F94E7BC9F9E1" blockId="1.[169,723,991,1827]" lastBlockId="1.[750,1303,1415,1828]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
|
The antler cycle is largely synchronized; old racks are shed in midwinter, and regrowth starts immediately. The new antlers are fully developed and cleaned of velvet by early summer. Captive specimens from Paraguay in the West Berlin Zoo had no fixed rutting season yet demonstrated an annual antler cycle, with antlers cast in winter (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B56622BD167FCD8FA717C81FA0B" author="FRADRICH, H." box="[877,1014,1415,1436]" journalOrPublisher="Zool. Garten" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="7 - 32" part="51" refId="ref4602" refString="FRADRICH, H. 1981 a. Beobachtungen am Pampashirsch, BIastoceros bezoarticus (L., 1758). Zool. Garten, 51: 7 - 32." title="Beobachtungen am Pampashirsch, BIastoceros bezoarticus (L., 1758)" type="journal article" year="1981">
|
|
Fradrich,
|
|
<emphasis id="89B8EAB5622BD167FC77FA717B74FA0B" box="[962,1027,1415,1436]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">1981a).</emphasis>
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
For unidentified populations,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B56622BD167FB48FA717CC1FA26" author="CABRERA, A. & J. YEPES" journalOrPublisher="Ediar, Buenos Aires" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="1 - 160" part="2" refId="ref4493" refString="CABRERA, A., AND J. YEPES. 1960. Mamiferos Sudamericanos. Ediar, Buenos Aires, 2: 1 - 160." title="Mamiferos Sudamericanos" type="journal article" year="1960">Cabrera and Yepes (1960)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
and
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B56622BD167FC51FA6B7B0CFA26" author="WHITEHEAD, G. K." bookContentInfo="194 pp." box="[996,1147,1437,1457]" journalOrPublisher="Constable, London" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refId="ref5661" refString="WHITEHEAD, G. K. 1972. Deer of the world. Constable, London, 194 pp." title="Deer of the world" type="book" year="1972">Whitehead (1972)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
stated that antlers were dropped in May (southern autumn) although some males kept their racks a month or two longer. In O.
|
|
<emphasis id="89B8EAB5622BD167FBE1FA3F7BE0FA4A" box="[1108,1175,1481,1501]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">b. celer,</emphasis>
|
|
85 % of adults were in hard antler between January and July; from August to November (southern winter and spring), 70% ofbucks were in velvet (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B56622BD167FD40F9FD7C1AF988" author="JACKSON, J. E." box="[757,877,1547,1567]" journalOrPublisher="J. Mamm." pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="175 - 176" part="67" refId="ref4971" refString="1986. Antler cycle in pampas deer from San Luis, Argentina. J. Mamm., 67: 175 - 176." title="Antler cycle in pampas deer from San Luis, Argentina" type="journal article" year="1986">Jackson, 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
|
; Jackson and Langguth, in press). Redford (in press) noted the first O.
|
|
<emphasis id="89B8EAB5622BD167FC3CF9D67C89F9A4" box="[905,1022,1568,1587]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
|
b.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7CCC4D24622BD167FC15F9D67C89F9A4" box="[928,1022,1568,1587]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Ozotoceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bezoarticus">bezoarticus</taxonomicName>
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
in velvet in Las Emas, Brazil, in early July; in 34 males observed in September, 15 were in velvet and 19 in polished rack. Male fawns grow small antlers or "buttons" during their first year (Jackson and Langguth, in press).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="BB7336A7622BD167FCAEF98E7C74F920" blockId="1.[750,1303,1415,1828]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
|
Comprehensive anatomical descriptions of whole animals are lacking, however, illustrations of the skull are included herein (
|
|
<figureCitation id="23F72A22622BD167FB4DF9787D8FF920" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="1.[796,826,1307,1326]" captionTargetBox="[760,1305,144,1286]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIG. 3. Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of cranium, and lateral view of lower jaw of Ozotoceros bezoarticus celer (adult male, central San Luis Province, Argentina)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12701893" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12701893/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="BB7336A7622BD164FCAEF94F7DE3FF74" blockId="1.[750,1303,1415,1828]" lastBlockId="2.[171,723,141,271]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
|
The dental formula is i
|
|
<emphasis id="89B8EAB5622BD167FC6AF94F7B33F95A" box="[991,1092,1721,1741]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">0/3, cOil,</emphasis>
|
|
P
|
|
<emphasis id="89B8EAB5622BD167FBEBF94F7BF4F95A" box="[1118,1155,1721,1741]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">3/3,</emphasis>
|
|
m
|
|
<emphasis id="89B8EAB5622BD167FB16F94F7BBFF95A" box="[1187,1224,1721,1741]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">3 / 3,</emphasis>
|
|
total 32. Eruption and wear patterns have not been documented. Permanent upper canines occasionally are present but this is not a general phenomenon.
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B56622BD167FCD3F90C7C82F899" author="LYDEKKER, R." bookContentInfo="329 pp." box="[870,1013,1786,1806]" journalOrPublisher="Rowland Ward, London" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refId="ref5270" refString="LYDEKKER, R. 1898. The deer of all lands: a history of the family Cervidae, living and extinct. Rowland Ward, London, 329 pp." title="The deer of all lands: a history of the family Cervidae, living and extinct" type="book" year="1898">Lydekker (1898)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
stated that canines usually were present in males;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B56622BD167FCCDF8E67C83F8B3" author="CABRERA, A." box="[888,1012,1808,1828]" journalOrPublisher="Rev. Mus. La Plata (nueva serie, Zool.)" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="5 - 41" part="3" refId="ref4459" refString="1943. Sobre la sistematica del venado y su variacion individual y geografica, Rev. Mus. La Plata (nueva serie, Zool.), 3: 5 - 41." title="Sobre la sistematica del venado y su variacion individual y geografica" type="journal article" year="1943">Cabrera (1943)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
disagreed. Deciduous upper canines were detected in 78% of young O.
|
|
<emphasis id="89B8EAB56228D164FE63FF7B7D63FF35" box="[470,532,141,162]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">b. eeler</emphasis>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B566228D164FD97FF7B7FAEFF21" author="BIANCHINI, J. J. & L. H. DELUPI" journalOrPublisher="Physis (C" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="83 - 89" part="38" refId="ref4273" refString="BIANCHINI, J. J., AND L. H. DELUPI. 1979. El estado sistematico de los ciervos neotropicales de la tribu Odocoileini Simpson 1945. Physis (C), 38: 83 - 89." title="El estado sistematico de los ciervos neotropicales de la tribu Odocoileini Simpson 1945" type="journal article" year="1979">Bianchini and Delupi, 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). One (6.7 %) of 15 adult male skulls that I obtained in San Luis, Argentina, had a permanent canine in both maxillae; the remainder showed neither accessory teeth nor their alveoli.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="BB7336A76228D164FF6DFF107DC9FE98" blockId="2.[171,723,141,271]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
|
In 15 transferrin phenogroups found in pampas deer, nine were the same as in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7CCC4D246228D164FE99FF0D7E9AFE98" baseAuthorityName="Zimmermann" baseAuthorityYear="1780" box="[300,493,251,271]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Odoeoileus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="virginianus">
|
|
<emphasis id="89B8EAB56228D164FE99FF0D7E9AFE98" box="[300,493,251,271]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Odoeoileus virginianus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Quinteros et aI., 1971).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="F3D6652C6228D165FF6DFED17DBAFC8D" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="biology_ecology">
|
|
<paragraph id="BB7336A76228D164FF6DFED17F9BFE04" blockId="2.[170,723,295,952]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
|
ONTOGENY AND REPRODUCTION. Wild
|
|
<emphasis id="89B8EAB56228D164FDCCFED17DA4FEAD" box="[633,723,295,314]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Ozotoeeros</emphasis>
|
|
virtually always bear a single fawn. Redford (in press) reported one female in Las Emas with two similar-sized young at heel but did not rule out possible adoption. Twins are rare in captivity (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B566228D164FD3DFE9C7F96FE04" author="FRADRICH, H." journalOrPublisher="Zool. Garten" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="7 - 32" part="51" refId="ref4602" refString="FRADRICH, H. 1981 a. Beobachtungen am Pampashirsch, BIastoceros bezoarticus (L., 1758). Zool. Garten, 51: 7 - 32." title="Beobachtungen am Pampashirsch, BIastoceros bezoarticus (L., 1758)" type="journal article" year="1981">
|
|
Fradrich,
|
|
<emphasis id="89B8EAB56228D164FF18FE777F9BFE04" box="[173,236,385,403]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">1981 a).</emphasis>
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="BB7336A76228D164FF6DFE607FA9FDBA" blockId="2.[170,723,295,952]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
|
According to
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B566228D164FEF1FE607EBBFE3D" author="LYDEKKER, R." bookContentInfo="329 pp." box="[324,460,406,426]" journalOrPublisher="Rowland Ward, London" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refId="ref5270" refString="LYDEKKER, R. 1898. The deer of all lands: a history of the family Cervidae, living and extinct. Rowland Ward, London, 329 pp." title="The deer of all lands: a history of the family Cervidae, living and extinct" type="book" year="1898">Lydekker (1898)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
and
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B566228D164FE41FE607D0DFE3D" author="CAHALANE, V. H." box="[500,634,406,426]" journalOrPublisher="Natl. Geogr." pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="463 - 510" part="76" refId="ref4519" refString="CAHALANE, V. H. 1939. Deer of the world. Natl. Geogr., 76: 463 - 510." title="Deer of the world" type="journal article" year="1939">Cahalane (1939)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
, coat color in neonates is lighter than in adults but this is not so at least in O.
|
|
<emphasis id="89B8EAB56228D164FF19FE347F99FE41" box="[172,238,450,470]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">b. eeler.</emphasis>
|
|
Pelage of newborn is chestnut with a row of white spots on each side of the back and a second line from the shoulders to the thighs. The spots disappear by about 2 months of age, leaving a russet juvenile coat; fawns of this age have the same markings as adults.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="BB7336A76228D164FF6DFDC67E92FCF5" blockId="2.[170,723,295,952]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
|
Gestation is slightly more than 7 months. Females are capable of giving birth at 10-month intervals (range 252 to 406 days). Pregnant females can be distinguished visibly about 3 months before parturition and the udder is evident 1 to 2 weeks before birth (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B566228D164FF04FD7E7E4AFD0B" author="FRADRICH, H." box="[177,317,648,668]" journalOrPublisher="Zool. Garten" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="7 - 32" part="51" refId="ref4602" refString="FRADRICH, H. 1981 a. Beobachtungen am Pampashirsch, BIastoceros bezoarticus (L., 1758). Zool. Garten, 51: 7 - 32." title="Beobachtungen am Pampashirsch, BIastoceros bezoarticus (L., 1758)" type="journal article" year="1981">
|
|
Fradrich,
|
|
<emphasis id="89B8EAB56228D164FEBCFD7E7E3EFD0B" box="[265,329,648,668]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">1981 a).</emphasis>
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B566228D164FEE0FD7E7E87FD0B" author="WHITEHEAD, G. K." bookContentInfo="194 pp." box="[341,496,648,668]" journalOrPublisher="Constable, London" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refId="ref5661" refString="WHITEHEAD, G. K. 1972. Deer of the world. Constable, London, 194 pp." title="Deer of the world" type="book" year="1972">Whitehead (1972)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
reported that most fawns were born from September to November although births have been recorded in almost all months. In O.
|
|
<emphasis id="89B8EAB56228D164FE67FD427D79FD50" box="[466,526,692,711]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">b. eeler</emphasis>
|
|
(Jackson and Langguth, in press), fawns may be dropped all year, but the peak is in the southern spring; 90.5 % of births were recorded from August to April. In Uruguay, births are synchronized in spring (Jackson et aI., 1980).
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B566228D164FF5EFCFA7E14FC88" author="DARWIN, C." bookContentInfo="524 pp." box="[235,355,780,799]" journalOrPublisher="Doubleday and Company, Inc., Garden City, New York" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refId="ref4567" refString="DARWIN, C. 1860. The voyage of the Beagle. Natural History Library Edition: 1962. Doubleday and Company, Inc., Garden City, New York, 524 pp." title="The voyage of the Beagle. Natural History Library Edition: 1962" type="book" year="1860">Darwin (1860)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
noted that in October many females in Argentina and Uruguay had newly born young. In Las Emas, Brazil, no small fawns were observed from May to August, although two were seen in April (Redford, in press).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="BB7336A76228D164FF6DFC927D6BFC2F" blockId="2.[170,723,295,952]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
|
In the West Berlin Zoo, first discernible sexual behavior in males occurs when they are about 1 year of age; adult males are capable of mating year-round. Sexual maturity in captive females may occur at 12 months (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B566228D164FE33FC507D67FC2F" author="FRADRICH, H." box="[390,528,934,952]" journalOrPublisher="Zool. Garten" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="7 - 32" part="51" refId="ref4602" refString="FRADRICH, H. 1981 a. Beobachtungen am Pampashirsch, BIastoceros bezoarticus (L., 1758). Zool. Garten, 51: 7 - 32." title="Beobachtungen am Pampashirsch, BIastoceros bezoarticus (L., 1758)" type="journal article" year="1981">
|
|
Fradrich,
|
|
<emphasis id="89B8EAB56228D164FE69FC507D6BFC2F" box="[476,540,934,952]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">1981a).</emphasis>
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="BB7336A76228D164FF6DFC247DDBFB57" blockId="2.[168,722,978,1830]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">ECOLOGY. Pampas deer occupy or formerly occupied a wide variety of open lowland, grassland habitats throughout eastern South America; man has altered or destroyed many of these. Sites where deer still survive range from those temporarily innundated by fresh or estuarine water such as Los Ajos, Uruguay, or the Bahia Samboromb6n, Argentina, to those with marked winter droughts and no natural, permanent surface water such as central San Luis, Argentina, and Las Emas National Park, Brazil. This deer tolerates a wide range of climatic conditions; daily and seasonal thermal amplitudes may be extreme as for instance in San Luis with absolute winter minima of -15°C and summer shade maxima of 42°C.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="BB7336A76228D164FF62FB357F96FA8F" blockId="2.[168,722,978,1830]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">The exact diet is unknown. My observations in Argentina and Uruguay indicated pampas deer to select new green growth although shrubs and forbs also are browsed and seed-heads of grasses consumed.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="BB7336A76228D164FF6DFAEC7ECEFA5F" blockId="2.[168,722,978,1830]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
|
Former larger predators of pampas deer were the puma
|
|
<emphasis id="89B8EAB56228D164FD10FAEC7F80FAD3" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">(Felis eoneolor)</emphasis>
|
|
and jaguar
|
|
<emphasis id="89B8EAB56228D164FED5FAC77EC4FAD3" box="[352,435,1329,1348]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">(F. onea).</emphasis>
|
|
Both are now reduced in number or locally extinct but account for some deer mortality. Feral dogs were common in the Pampas until the late 19th century. Foxes
|
|
<emphasis id="89B8EAB56228D164FF1FFA847F8AFA10" box="[170,253,1394,1415]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">(Duseyion</emphasis>
|
|
sp.), smaller cats
|
|
<emphasis id="89B8EAB56228D164FE2FFA847EB1FA10" box="[410,454,1394,1415]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">(Felis</emphasis>
|
|
sp.), and wild pigs
|
|
<emphasis id="89B8EAB56228D164FDDBFA847DA5FA10" box="[622,722,1394,1415]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">(Sus sero/a)</emphasis>
|
|
reportedly kill newly born, weak, or poorly attended fawns, but the real impact of predation on numbers is unknown (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B566228D164FDE7FA687DBBFA25" author="JACKSON, J. E." bookContentInfo="434 pp." box="[594,716,1438,1458]" journalOrPublisher="Nature, Morges" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="33 - 45" refId="ref4900" refString="JACKSON, J. E. 1978. The Argentinian pampas deer or venado (Ozotoceros bezoarticus celeri. Pp. 33 - 45, in Threatened deer. Internal. Union Cons. Nature, Morges, 434 pp." title="The Argentinian pampas deer or venado (Ozotoceros bezoarticus celeri. Pp" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Threatened deer. Internal. Union Cons" year="1978">Jackson, 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
|
; Jackson and Langguth, in press).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="BB7336A76228D164FF62FA3C7E2CF9F5" blockId="2.[168,722,978,1830]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
|
Diseases, especially that caused by foot and mouth virus, commonly were blamed for heavy mortality in cervids in the past, but documented scientific evidence is lacking.
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B566228D164FE47FA007DA5F99E" author="BIANCHINI, J. J. & C. L. PEREZ" box="[498,722,1526,1545]" journalOrPublisher="Acta Zool. lilloana" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="5 - 16" part="39" refId="ref4314" refString="BIANCHINI, J. J., AND 1. C. L. PEREZ. 1972 a. El comportamiento de Ozotoceros bezoarticus celer Cabrera en cautiverio. Acta Zool. lilloana, 39: 5 - 16." title="El comportamiento de Ozotoceros bezoarticus celer Cabrera en cautiverio" type="journal article" year="1972">
|
|
Bianchini and Perez (1972
|
|
<emphasis id="89B8EAB56228D164FD77FA007DA5F99E" box="[706,722,1526,1545]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">a)</emphasis>
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
noted that O.
|
|
<emphasis id="89B8EAB56228D164FE91F9FA7E15F988" box="[292,354,1548,1567]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">b. eeler</emphasis>
|
|
recovered from but were weakened by the effects of this virus. Unpublished necropsy reports of this subspecies in semicaptivity indicated deaths from clostridiosis and heavy burdens of intestinal parasites.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="BB7336A76228D164FF63F9957DF4F92F" blockId="2.[168,722,978,1830]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
|
The apparently host-specific ked
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7CCC4D246228D164FE54F9957F9CF91A" authorityName="Bequaert" authorityYear="1957" class="Insecta" family="Hippoboscidae" genus="Lipoptena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guimaraesi" subGenus="Lipoptnella">
|
|
<emphasis id="89B8EAB56228D164FE54F9957F9CF91A" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Lipoptena (Lipoptnella) guimaraesi</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
was described as a new species from pampas deer in Matto Grosso and Goyaz States, Brazil (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B566228D164FE03F9787D41F934" author="BEQUAERT, J. C." box="[438,566,1678,1699]" journalOrPublisher="Entomol. Amer." pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="504 - 507" part="36" refId="ref4245" refString="BEQUAERT, J. C. 1957. The Hippoboscidae or louse-flies of mammals and birds. Entomol. Amer., 36: 504 - 507." title="The Hippoboscidae or louse-flies of mammals and birds" type="journal article" year="1957">Bequaert, 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), and A. Langguth and I found it on animals in Salto Department, Uruguay.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="BB7336A76228D164FF63F94C7CB5FF5B" blockId="2.[168,722,978,1830]" lastBlockId="2.[753,1307,142,514]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
|
Competition for food and space with domestic livestock, especially sheep, and with the introduced European hare
|
|
<emphasis id="89B8EAB56228D164FDCCF9267F9FF96D" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">(Lepus eapensis),</emphasis>
|
|
probably exercised an additional negative effect on
|
|
<emphasis id="89B8EAB56228D164FD18F9107F94F899" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Ozotoeeros</emphasis>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B566228D164FF5AF90A7E10F899" author="JACKSON, J. E." bookContentInfo="434 pp." box="[239,359,1788,1806]" journalOrPublisher="Nature, Morges" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="33 - 45" refId="ref4900" refString="JACKSON, J. E. 1978. The Argentinian pampas deer or venado (Ozotoceros bezoarticus celeri. Pp. 33 - 45, in Threatened deer. Internal. Union Cons. Nature, Morges, 434 pp." title="The Argentinian pampas deer or venado (Ozotoceros bezoarticus celeri. Pp" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Threatened deer. Internal. Union Cons" year="1978">Jackson, 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
|
; Jackson et aI., 1980).
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B566228D164FD9AF90A7F9CF8B1" author="BIANCHINI, J. J. & C. L. PEREZ" journalOrPublisher="Acta Zool. lilloana" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="149 - 157" part="39" refId="ref4354" refString=". 1972 b. Informe sobre la situacion actual del ciervo de las pampas-Ozotoceros bezoarticus celer Cabrera 1943 - en la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Acta Zool. lilloana, 39: 149 - 157." title="Informe sobre la situacion actual del ciervo de las pampas-Ozotoceros bezoarticus celer Cabrera 1943 - en la Provincia de Buenos Aires" type="journal article" year="1972">
|
|
Bianchini and Perez
|
|
<emphasis id="89B8EAB56228D164FF1CF8E77F9CF8B1" box="[169,235,1809,1830]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">(1972 b)</emphasis>
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
believed that livestock displaced the native deer into submarginal habitats;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B566228D164FC25FF787B65FF36" author="JACKSON, J. E." box="[912,1042,142,161]" journalOrPublisher="Z. Saugetierk." pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="107 - 116" part="50" refId="ref4941" refString=". 1985. Behavioural observations on the Argentinian pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus celer Cabrera, 1943). Z. Saugetierk., 50: 107 - 116." title="Behavioural observations on the Argentinian pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus celer Cabrera, 1943)" type="journal article" year="1985">Jackson (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
disagreed, and concluded that competition by exclusion probably was not a contributing factor in the decline of this cervid.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="BB7336A76228D164FCAAFF267C27FEAB" blockId="2.[753,1307,142,514]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Accidents include entanglement in fences and drowning in water tanks and during floods. Periodic droughts cause heavy losses of cattle and sheep, and probably kill deer, too. Despite legal protection, poaching for trophies still takes a considerable toll of remaining populations.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="BB7336A76228D164FCAAFEC87A70FD95" blockId="2.[753,1307,142,514]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
|
In the past, the pampas deer was hunted commercially for skins for exportation and stomach stones (bezoares) for pseudomedicinal use.
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B566228D164FCE0FE9C7CA8FEEA" author="DAGUERRE, J. B." box="[853,991,362,381]" journalOrPublisher="Diana" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="20 - 24" part="363" refId="ref4543" refString="DAGUERRE, J. B. 1970. El venado 0 ciervo de las pampas. Diana, 363: 20 - 24." title="El venado 0 ciervo de las pampas" type="journal article" year="1970">Daguerre (1970)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
calculated that the Argentinian trade in pelts of this species from 1860 to 1870 exceeded 2 million; official statistics for 1880 indicate that 61,401 skins of pampas deer were shipped from the port of Buenos Aires. Commercial exploitation also occurred in Brazil (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B566228D164FC3BFE377C8CFE43" author="GOELDI, E. A." box="[910,1019,449,468]" journalOrPublisher="Mem. Mus. Goeldi, Rio de Janeiro" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="5 - 42" part="3" refId="ref4652" refString="GOELDI, E. A. 1902. Estudos sobre 0 desenvolvimiento de arrnacao dos veados galheiros do Brasil (Cervus paludosus, C. campestris, C. wiegmanni). Mem. Mus. Goeldi, Rio de Janeiro, 3: 5 - 42." title="Estudos sobre 0 desenvolvimiento de arrnacao dos veados galheiros do Brasil (Cervus paludosus, C. campestris, C. wiegmanni)" type="journal article" year="1902">Goeldi, 1902</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). Deer also were hunted locally for food, sport, skins, and stomach stones, and were persecuted as a competitor with livestock (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B566228D164FC7EFE1B7B31FD95" author="JACKSON, J. E." bookContentInfo="434 pp." box="[971,1094,493,514]" journalOrPublisher="Nature, Morges" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="33 - 45" refId="ref4900" refString="JACKSON, J. E. 1978. The Argentinian pampas deer or venado (Ozotoceros bezoarticus celeri. Pp. 33 - 45, in Threatened deer. Internal. Union Cons. Nature, Morges, 434 pp." title="The Argentinian pampas deer or venado (Ozotoceros bezoarticus celeri. Pp" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Threatened deer. Internal. Union Cons" year="1978">Jackson, 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
|
; Jackson et aI., 1980).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="BB7336A76228D164FCA8FDEC7B39FDCD" blockId="2.[751,1305,538,1829]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
|
BEHAVIOR. Comfort movements include stretching, shaking, scratching, yawning, grooming with the tongue, sunbathing, urinating, and defecating (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B566228D164FC7EFDB17B34FDCD" author="JACKSON, J. E." box="[971,1091,583,602]" journalOrPublisher="Z. Saugetierk." pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="107 - 116" part="50" refId="ref4941" refString=". 1985. Behavioural observations on the Argentinian pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus celer Cabrera, 1943). Z. Saugetierk., 50: 107 - 116." title="Behavioural observations on the Argentinian pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus celer Cabrera, 1943)" type="journal article" year="1985">Jackson, 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="BB7336A76228D164FCA8FDAA7CC0FD63" blockId="2.[751,1305,538,1829]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
|
When undisturbed during clement weather, deer lay on open feeding grounds to ruminate and rest. Under adverse conditions, regular sheltered bedding sites are used and vegetation becomes compacted through constant usage to create well-marked beds (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B566228D164FB45FD687CDAFD5F" author="BIANCHINI, J. J. & C. L. PEREZ" journalOrPublisher="Acta Zool. lilloana" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="5 - 16" part="39" refId="ref4314" refString="BIANCHINI, J. J., AND 1. C. L. PEREZ. 1972 a. El comportamiento de Ozotoceros bezoarticus celer Cabrera en cautiverio. Acta Zool. lilloana, 39: 5 - 16." title="El comportamiento de Ozotoceros bezoarticus celer Cabrera en cautiverio" type="journal article" year="1972">
|
|
Bianchini and Perez,
|
|
<emphasis id="89B8EAB56228D164FCCFFD427CC2FD5F" box="[890,949,692,712]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">1972a;</emphasis>
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B566228D164FC0EFD427B46FD5F" author="JACKSON, J. E." box="[955,1073,692,712]" journalOrPublisher="Z. Saugetierk." pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="107 - 116" part="50" refId="ref4941" refString=". 1985. Behavioural observations on the Argentinian pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus celer Cabrera, 1943). Z. Saugetierk., 50: 107 - 116." title="Behavioural observations on the Argentinian pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus celer Cabrera, 1943)" type="journal article" year="1985">Jackson, 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). Deer often scrape bedding places before lying down; they defecate there on rising (Friidrich, 1981
|
|
<emphasis id="89B8EAB56228D164FCA8FD177C5AFD63" box="[797,813,737,756]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">a;</emphasis>
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B566228D164FC80FD177CDBFD63" author="JACKSON, J. E." box="[821,940,737,756]" journalOrPublisher="Z. Saugetierk." pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="107 - 116" part="50" refId="ref4941" refString=". 1985. Behavioural observations on the Argentinian pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus celer Cabrera, 1943). Z. Saugetierk., 50: 107 - 116." title="Behavioural observations on the Argentinian pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus celer Cabrera, 1943)" type="journal article" year="1985">Jackson, 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="BB7336A76228D164FCA8FD007C0FFC33" blockId="2.[751,1305,538,1829]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
|
Reactions to disturbance include staring, peering, standing alert, footstamping and snorting, stilting, and tail raising (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B566228D164FB20FCFA7A7BFCB6" author="JACKSON, J. E." box="[1173,1292,780,801]" journalOrPublisher="Z. Saugetierk." pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="107 - 116" part="50" refId="ref4941" refString=". 1985. Behavioural observations on the Argentinian pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus celer Cabrera, 1943). Z. Saugetierk., 50: 107 - 116." title="Behavioural observations on the Argentinian pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus celer Cabrera, 1943)" type="journal article" year="1985">Jackson, 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). Urination and defecation also occur. Deer flee with either a characteristic stiff-legged mechanical run or bound off, with the tail curled over the back to reveal the white underside and anal region. On fleeing, they often give a sharp whistle. To avoid detection, deer also freeze if in cover, lie on the ground, or crawl or slink away (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B566228D164FD40FC677C1AFC33" author="JACKSON, J. E." box="[757,877,913,932]" journalOrPublisher="Z. Saugetierk." pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="107 - 116" part="50" refId="ref4941" refString=". 1985. Behavioural observations on the Argentinian pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus celer Cabrera, 1943). Z. Saugetierk., 50: 107 - 116." title="Behavioural observations on the Argentinian pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus celer Cabrera, 1943)" type="journal article" year="1985">Jackson, 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="BB7336A76228D164FCA8FC507A60FBC4" blockId="2.[751,1305,538,1829]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
|
Aggressive postures include glaring, a head-low threat and chase, striking with the forefoot, biting, barging and flailing, and antler-present threats; submissive acts include looking-away, exposing the neck, commencing self-grooming, mock grazing, or fleeing with the ears back, head lowered, and tail tucked under (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B566228D164FB78FC087C51FBB1" author="FRADRICH, H." journalOrPublisher="Zool. Garten" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="7 - 32" part="51" refId="ref4602" refString="FRADRICH, H. 1981 a. Beobachtungen am Pampashirsch, BIastoceros bezoarticus (L., 1758). Zool. Garten, 51: 7 - 32." title="Beobachtungen am Pampashirsch, BIastoceros bezoarticus (L., 1758)" type="journal article" year="1981">
|
|
Fradrich,
|
|
<emphasis id="89B8EAB56228D164FD46FBE27C5BFBB1" box="[755,812,1044,1062]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">1981 a;</emphasis>
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
Jackson, 19851).
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B566228D164FC7AFBE27B28FBB1" author="FRADRICH, H." box="[975,1119,1044,1062]" journalOrPublisher="Zool. Garten" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="7 - 32" part="51" refId="ref4602" refString="FRADRICH, H. 1981 a. Beobachtungen am Pampashirsch, BIastoceros bezoarticus (L., 1758). Zool. Garten, 51: 7 - 32." title="Beobachtungen am Pampashirsch, BIastoceros bezoarticus (L., 1758)" type="journal article" year="1981">
|
|
Fradrich
|
|
<emphasis id="89B8EAB56228D164FBA9FBE27B28FBB1" box="[1052,1119,1044,1062]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">(1981 a)</emphasis>
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
also noted submissive subadults of both sexes, and adult does, to suddenly lie down, stretch out the neck and head, and repeatedly place the neck on the ground.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="BB7336A76228D164FCABFBA37C52FA95" blockId="2.[751,1305,538,1829]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
|
During rut, males with polished antlers thrash low branches, grass tussocks, and small shrubs, and rub antler bases, foreheads, and possibly suborbital glands on plants or other objects. More frenzied exhibitions are characterized by scraping the ground with the forefoot, accompanied by urinating and tail curling (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B566228D164FB78FB5A7C51FB40" author="FRADRICH, H." journalOrPublisher="Zool. Garten" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="7 - 32" part="51" refId="ref4602" refString="FRADRICH, H. 1981 a. Beobachtungen am Pampashirsch, BIastoceros bezoarticus (L., 1758). Zool. Garten, 51: 7 - 32." title="Beobachtungen am Pampashirsch, BIastoceros bezoarticus (L., 1758)" type="journal article" year="1981">
|
|
Fradrich,
|
|
<emphasis id="89B8EAB56228D164FD47FB347C5BFB40" box="[754,812,1218,1239]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">1981 a;</emphasis>
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B566228D164FC8DFB347CC4FB40" author="JACKSON, J. E." box="[824,947,1218,1239]" journalOrPublisher="Z. Saugetierk." pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="107 - 116" part="50" refId="ref4941" refString=". 1985. Behavioural observations on the Argentinian pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus celer Cabrera, 1943). Z. Saugetierk., 50: 107 - 116." title="Behavioural observations on the Argentinian pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus celer Cabrera, 1943)" type="journal article" year="1985">Jackson, 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). Sparring is common between males of different sizes; fighting is frequent between equal males (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B566228D164FB66FB2E7C6DFA95" author="JACKSON, J. E." journalOrPublisher="Z. Saugetierk." pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="107 - 116" part="50" refId="ref4941" refString=". 1985. Behavioural observations on the Argentinian pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus celer Cabrera, 1943). Z. Saugetierk., 50: 107 - 116." title="Behavioural observations on the Argentinian pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus celer Cabrera, 1943)" type="journal article" year="1985">Jackson, 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="BB7336A76228D164FCA8FAF27CFDFA0C" blockId="2.[751,1305,538,1829]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
|
Males may approach urinating females, sniff and lick them under the tail, then may lick the wettened earth, too. During courtship, the male follows the estrus female at a slight trot, with his neck slightly lowered and head outstretched, whilst sniffing and tongue flicking. Males demonstrate "flehmen." They may urinate whilst following receptive females, and emit a low, squeaking noise (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B566228D164FD43FA7F7C08FA0C" author="FRADRICH, H." box="[758,895,1417,1435]" journalOrPublisher="Zool. Garten" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="7 - 32" part="51" refId="ref4602" refString="FRADRICH, H. 1981 a. Beobachtungen am Pampashirsch, BIastoceros bezoarticus (L., 1758). Zool. Garten, 51: 7 - 32." title="Beobachtungen am Pampashirsch, BIastoceros bezoarticus (L., 1758)" type="journal article" year="1981">
|
|
Fradrich,
|
|
<emphasis id="89B8EAB56228D164FCFEFA7F7CFDFA0C" box="[843,906,1417,1435]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">1981 a).</emphasis>
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="BB7336A76228D164FCA8FA687BBDFA49" blockId="2.[751,1305,538,1829]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
|
No evidence for territorial reproductive behavior, or pair or harem formation was seen in wild O.
|
|
<emphasis id="89B8EAB56228D164FB85FA457B03FA51" box="[1072,1140,1459,1478]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">b. eeler;</emphasis>
|
|
several males may harry a receptive female simultaneously (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B566228D164FBF2FA3C7BC8FA49" author="JACKSON, J. E." box="[1095,1215,1482,1502]" journalOrPublisher="Z. Saugetierk." pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="107 - 116" part="50" refId="ref4941" refString=". 1985. Behavioural observations on the Argentinian pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus celer Cabrera, 1943). Z. Saugetierk., 50: 107 - 116." title="Behavioural observations on the Argentinian pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus celer Cabrera, 1943)" type="journal article" year="1985">Jackson, 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="BB7336A76228D164FCA8FA297CE0F989" blockId="2.[751,1305,538,1829]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
|
Pampas deer show a nose-sniffing or touching behavioral sequence often followed by mutual grooming (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B566228D164FBFFFA037BC8F99D" author="JACKSON, J. E." box="[1098,1215,1525,1546]" journalOrPublisher="Z. Saugetierk." pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="107 - 116" part="50" refId="ref4941" refString=". 1985. Behavioural observations on the Argentinian pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus celer Cabrera, 1943). Z. Saugetierk., 50: 107 - 116." title="Behavioural observations on the Argentinian pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus celer Cabrera, 1943)" type="journal article" year="1985">Jackson, 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B566228D164FB79FA037CFBF989" author="LANGGUTH, A. & J. JACKSON" journalOrPublisher="Z. Saugetierk." pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="82 - 90" part="45" refId="ref5187" refString="LANGGUTH, A., AND J. JACKSON. 1980. Cutaneous scent glands in pampas deer Blastoceros bezoarticus (L., 1758). Z. Saugetierk., 45: 82 - 90." title="Cutaneous scent glands in pampas deer Blastoceros bezoarticus (L., 1758)." type="journal article" year="1980">Langguth and Jackson, 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="BB7336A76228D164FCA8F9D67C93F9DD" blockId="2.[751,1305,538,1829]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
|
Play consists of running and chasing in fawns and adults (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B566228D164FB58F9D67C25F9DD" author="FRADRICH, H." journalOrPublisher="Zool. Garten" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="7 - 32" part="51" refId="ref4602" refString="FRADRICH, H. 1981 a. Beobachtungen am Pampashirsch, BIastoceros bezoarticus (L., 1758). Zool. Garten, 51: 7 - 32." title="Beobachtungen am Pampashirsch, BIastoceros bezoarticus (L., 1758)" type="journal article" year="1981">
|
|
Fradrich, 1981
|
|
<emphasis id="89B8EAB56228D164FCFCF9CE7C2EF9DD" box="[841,857,1592,1610]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">a;</emphasis>
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B566228D164FCD4F9CE7CAEF9DD" author="JACKSON, J. E." box="[865,985,1592,1610]" journalOrPublisher="Z. Saugetierk." pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="107 - 116" part="50" refId="ref4941" refString=". 1985. Behavioural observations on the Argentinian pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus celer Cabrera, 1943). Z. Saugetierk., 50: 107 - 116." title="Behavioural observations on the Argentinian pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus celer Cabrera, 1943)" type="journal article" year="1985">Jackson, 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="BB7336A76228D164FCA8F9BA7C05F95A" blockId="2.[751,1305,538,1829]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
|
Full-term pregnant females, and those with neonates, become secretive, usually separating from other deer. Females physically defend their small young; defensive gestures toward conspecifics, potential predators, and man include foot stamping, snorting, feigning injury, and butting (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B566228D164FC20F9527B0EF92F" author="BIANCHINI, J. J. & C. L. PEREZ" box="[917,1145,1700,1720]" journalOrPublisher="Acta Zool. lilloana" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="149 - 157" part="39" refId="ref4354" refString=". 1972 b. Informe sobre la situacion actual del ciervo de las pampas-Ozotoceros bezoarticus celer Cabrera 1943 - en la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Acta Zool. lilloana, 39: 149 - 157." title="Informe sobre la situacion actual del ciervo de las pampas-Ozotoceros bezoarticus celer Cabrera 1943 - en la Provincia de Buenos Aires" type="journal article" year="1972">
|
|
Bianchini and Perez,
|
|
<emphasis id="89B8EAB56228D164FBF3F9527BF7F92F" box="[1094,1152,1700,1720]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">1972 b;</emphasis>
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B566228D164FB3DF9527A66F92F" author="FRADRICH, H." box="[1160,1297,1700,1720]" journalOrPublisher="Zool. Garten" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="7 - 32" part="51" refId="ref4602" refString="FRADRICH, H. 1981 a. Beobachtungen am Pampashirsch, BIastoceros bezoarticus (L., 1758). Zool. Garten, 51: 7 - 32." title="Beobachtungen am Pampashirsch, BIastoceros bezoarticus (L., 1758)" type="journal article" year="1981">
|
|
Fradrich,
|
|
<emphasis id="89B8EAB56228D164FB68F9527A60F92F" box="[1245,1303,1700,1720]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">1981 a;</emphasis>
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B566228D164FD45F94D7C1DF95A" author="JACKSON, J. E." box="[752,874,1723,1741]" journalOrPublisher="Z. Saugetierk." pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="107 - 116" part="50" refId="ref4941" refString=". 1985. Behavioural observations on the Argentinian pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus celer Cabrera, 1943). Z. Saugetierk., 50: 107 - 116." title="Behavioural observations on the Argentinian pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus celer Cabrera, 1943)" type="journal article" year="1985">Jackson, 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="BB7336A76228D165FCA8F9397D1AFF63" blockId="2.[751,1305,538,1829]" lastBlockId="3.[174,729,136,1115]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
|
Young fawns remain apart from conspecifics. Mothers never approach hidden offspring directly, but always slowly and cautiously (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B566228D164FD40F90D7C07F898" author="JACKSON, J. E." box="[757,880,1787,1807]" journalOrPublisher="Z. Saugetierk." pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="107 - 116" part="50" refId="ref4941" refString=". 1985. Behavioural observations on the Argentinian pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus celer Cabrera, 1943). Z. Saugetierk., 50: 107 - 116." title="Behavioural observations on the Argentinian pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus celer Cabrera, 1943)" type="journal article" year="1985">Jackson, 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). Day-old young may suckle from the reclining mother (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B566228D164FC8DF8E77CB6F8B2" author="FRADRICH, H." box="[824,961,1809,1829]" journalOrPublisher="Zool. Garten" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="7 - 32" part="51" refId="ref4602" refString="FRADRICH, H. 1981 a. Beobachtungen am Pampashirsch, BIastoceros bezoarticus (L., 1758). Zool. Garten, 51: 7 - 32." title="Beobachtungen am Pampashirsch, BIastoceros bezoarticus (L., 1758)" type="journal article" year="1981">
|
|
Fradrich,
|
|
<emphasis id="89B8EAB56228D164FC3BF8E77CB8F8B2" box="[910,975,1809,1829]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">1981 a).</emphasis>
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
Suckling bouts last from 10 to 180 s; fawns may curl the tail but do not always do so. To stimulate defecation, maternal females muzzle or lick the anal area of the neonate and sometimes also void droppings. Does groom fawns extensively. Mutual grooming is common after fawns lose their spotted natal coat (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B566229D165FEE5FF167EADFF63" author="FRADRICH, H." box="[336,474,224,244]" journalOrPublisher="Zool. Garten" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="7 - 32" part="51" refId="ref4602" refString="FRADRICH, H. 1981 a. Beobachtungen am Pampashirsch, BIastoceros bezoarticus (L., 1758). Zool. Garten, 51: 7 - 32." title="Beobachtungen am Pampashirsch, BIastoceros bezoarticus (L., 1758)" type="journal article" year="1981">
|
|
Fradrich,
|
|
<emphasis id="89B8EAB56229D165FE13FF167E97FF63" box="[422,480,224,244]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1981 a;</emphasis>
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B566229D165FE5CFF167D15FF63" author="JACKSON, J. E." box="[489,610,224,244]" journalOrPublisher="Z. Saugetierk." pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="107 - 116" part="50" refId="ref4941" refString=". 1985. Behavioural observations on the Argentinian pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus celer Cabrera, 1943). Z. Saugetierk., 50: 107 - 116." title="Behavioural observations on the Argentinian pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus celer Cabrera, 1943)" type="journal article" year="1985">Jackson, 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="BB7336A76229D165FF68FF007DD3FEDB" blockId="3.[174,729,136,1115]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
|
Fawns first ingest or test plant material and also eat earth when they are about 4 to 6 weeks old. By about 2 months of age, they feed steadily with the mother and other deer, but commonly bed apart unti 16 months old (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B566229D165FE32FECE7D66FEDB" author="FRADRICH, H." box="[391,529,312,332]" journalOrPublisher="Zool. Garten" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="7 - 32" part="51" refId="ref4602" refString="FRADRICH, H. 1981 a. Beobachtungen am Pampashirsch, BIastoceros bezoarticus (L., 1758). Zool. Garten, 51: 7 - 32." title="Beobachtungen am Pampashirsch, BIastoceros bezoarticus (L., 1758)" type="journal article" year="1981">
|
|
Fradrich,
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|
<emphasis id="89B8EAB56229D165FE68FECE7D6FFEDB" box="[477,536,312,332]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1981 a;</emphasis>
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</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B566229D165FD95FECE7DEEFEDB" author="JACKSON, J. E." box="[544,665,312,332]" journalOrPublisher="Z. Saugetierk." pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="107 - 116" part="50" refId="ref4941" refString=". 1985. Behavioural observations on the Argentinian pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus celer Cabrera, 1943). Z. Saugetierk., 50: 107 - 116." title="Behavioural observations on the Argentinian pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus celer Cabrera, 1943)" type="journal article" year="1985">Jackson, 1985</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="BB7336A76229D165FF68FEB87F92FE6C" blockId="3.[174,729,136,1115]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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For a small captive herd of O.
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<emphasis id="89B8EAB56229D165FE53FEB87D5DFEF5" box="[486,554,334,354]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">b. celer,</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B566229D165FD86FEB87F85FEEF" author="BIANCHINI, J. J. & C. L. PEREZ" journalOrPublisher="Acta Zool. lilloana" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="5 - 16" part="39" refId="ref4314" refString="BIANCHINI, J. J., AND 1. C. L. PEREZ. 1972 a. El comportamiento de Ozotoceros bezoarticus celer Cabrera en cautiverio. Acta Zool. lilloana, 39: 5 - 16." title="El comportamiento de Ozotoceros bezoarticus celer Cabrera en cautiverio" type="journal article" year="1972">
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Bianchini and Perez (1972
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<emphasis id="89B8EAB56229D165FF57FE927F85FEEF" box="[226,242,356,376]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">a)</emphasis>
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</bibRefCitation>
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outlined evidence of territorial formation, home ranges, and social hierarchies. Home size is unknown for wild stock but these deer are largely sedentary. No regular daily or seasonal movements are described.
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<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B566229D165FE9AFE507EBFFE2D" author="WHITEHEAD, G. K." bookContentInfo="194 pp." box="[303,456,422,442]" journalOrPublisher="Constable, London" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refId="ref5661" refString="WHITEHEAD, G. K. 1972. Deer of the world. Constable, London, 194 pp." title="Deer of the world" type="book" year="1972">Whitehead (1972)</bibRefCitation>
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reported that pampas deer are nocturnal whereas
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<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B566229D165FEFFFE4A7D44FE58" author="BIANCHINI, J. J. & C. L. PEREZ" box="[330,563,444,463]" journalOrPublisher="Acta Zool. lilloana" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="149 - 157" part="39" refId="ref4354" refString=". 1972 b. Informe sobre la situacion actual del ciervo de las pampas-Ozotoceros bezoarticus celer Cabrera 1943 - en la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Acta Zool. lilloana, 39: 149 - 157." title="Informe sobre la situacion actual del ciervo de las pampas-Ozotoceros bezoarticus celer Cabrera 1943 - en la Provincia de Buenos Aires" type="journal article" year="1972">
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Bianchini and Perez
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<emphasis id="89B8EAB56229D165FE45FE4A7D44FE58" box="[496,563,444,463]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">(1972b)</emphasis>
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</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B566229D165FDEEFE4A7DAEFE58" author="JACKSON, J. E." box="[603,729,444,463]" journalOrPublisher="Z. Saugetierk." pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="107 - 116" part="50" refId="ref4941" refString=". 1985. Behavioural observations on the Argentinian pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus celer Cabrera, 1943). Z. Saugetierk., 50: 107 - 116." title="Behavioural observations on the Argentinian pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus celer Cabrera, 1943)" type="journal article" year="1985">Jackson (1985)</bibRefCitation>
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noted that O.
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<emphasis id="89B8EAB56229D165FE92FE247E12FE71" box="[295,357,466,486]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">b. celer</emphasis>
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is active throughout the day, particularly in winter.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="BB7336A76229D165FF68FE087DBAFC8D" blockId="3.[174,729,136,1115]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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Even when abundant, pampas deer lived in small herds, rarely exceeding five or six individuals (
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<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B566229D165FE0FFDE27DFBFDBF" author="CABRERA, A. & J. YEPES" box="[442,652,532,552]" journalOrPublisher="Ediar, Buenos Aires" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="1 - 160" part="2" refId="ref4493" refString="CABRERA, A., AND J. YEPES. 1960. Mamiferos Sudamericanos. Ediar, Buenos Aires, 2: 1 - 160." title="Mamiferos Sudamericanos" type="journal article" year="1960">Cabrera and Yepes, 1960</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B566229D165FD2FFDE27FAAFDA9" author="DARWIN, C." bookContentInfo="524 pp." journalOrPublisher="Doubleday and Company, Inc., Garden City, New York" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refId="ref4567" refString="DARWIN, C. 1860. The voyage of the Beagle. Natural History Library Edition: 1962. Doubleday and Company, Inc., Garden City, New York, 524 pp." title="The voyage of the Beagle. Natural History Library Edition: 1962" type="book" year="1860">Darwin, 1860</bibRefCitation>
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); they continue to do so (Jackson and Langguth, in press; Redford, in press). Wild herds are fluid in size and composition. Individuals, especially males, move freely from one group to another but mother-young bonds appear strong with fawns staying with the maternal female until at least a year old. Males mix with females all year, and no evident habitat repartition exists according to sex or age (Jackson and Langguth, in press). Larger aggregations form on common feeding grounds such as burned areas (Jackson and Langguth, in press). Groups of over 50 animals reported from Las Emas Park, Brazil in the wet season (Redford, in press) may be loose, temporary feeding associations with distinct social subunits.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="F3D6652C6229D165FF69FCDD7F91FBCC" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="BB7336A76229D165FF69FCDD7ED4FC55" blockId="3.[174,729,136,1115]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<emphasis id="89B8EAB56229D165FF69FCDD7E3BFCA9" bold="true" box="[220,332,811,830]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">REMARKS.</emphasis>
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Local vernacular names for
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<taxonomicName id="7CCC4D246229D165FDF6FCDD7DCBFCA9" authority="(Linnaeus., 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus." baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[579,700,811,830]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Ozotoceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bezoarticus">
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<emphasis id="89B8EAB56229D165FDF6FCDD7DCBFCA9" box="[579,700,811,830]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">O. bezoarticus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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include venado campeiro, veado braco, or veado in Brazil; venado in Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay, and Uruguay; gama (sometimes used only for the female) in Argentina, Bolivia, and Paraguay; venado del campo in Uruguay; venado 0 ciervo de las pampas in Argentina; guazu ti (Guarani) in southern Brazil, Paraguay, and northern Argentina; and guazu in Bolivia.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="BB7336A76229D165FF6EFC327E6CFC7A" blockId="3.[174,729,136,1115]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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An International Stud Book is kept for captive specimens (
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<bibRefCitation id="DF5D4B566229D165FD19FC327E67FC7A" author="FRADRICH, H." journalOrPublisher="Bongo" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="73 - 80" part="5" refId="ref4632" refString="1981 b. Internationales Zuchtbuch fur den Pampashirsch, Blastoceros bezoarticus. Bongo, 5: 73 - 80." title="Internationales Zuchtbuch fur den Pampashirsch, Blastoceros bezoarticus" type="journal article" year="1981">
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Fradrich, 1981
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<emphasis id="89B8EAB56229D165FEBDFC2D7E6CFC7A" box="[264,283,987,1005]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">b).</emphasis>
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</bibRefCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="BB7336A76229D165FF69FC067E78FB8E" blockId="3.[174,729,136,1115]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">No genetics section is included in this account for lack of information.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="BB7336A76229D165FF69FBEA7F91FBCC" blockId="3.[174,729,136,1115]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<taxonomicName id="7CCC4D246229D165FF69FBEA7ED7FBA7" ID-CoL="4BNWT" authority="(Linnaeus., 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus." baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[220,416,1052,1072]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Ozotoceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bezoarticus">
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<emphasis id="89B8EAB56229D165FF69FBEA7ED7FBA7" box="[220,416,1052,1072]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Ozotoceros bezoarticus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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once was one of the most broadly distributed and abundant New World deer, yet is one of the least known.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |