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<document id="D87CFDFCA9ED82F0D0A10EB797190E7E" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.187566" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a46d1995-ece9-4042-a712-d432f33cc8b5" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="187566" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461072783696" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Bravo, Freddy &amp; Salazar-Valenzuela, David" docDate="2009" docId="0C275919B053FFF7FF00FCAC03B02C53" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02093p042.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2093" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Sycorax wampukrum Bravo &amp; Salazar-Valenzuela, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="41" masterDocId="F01E2161B052FFF3FF97FF8D001C2A47" masterDocTitle="A new species of Sycorax Curtis (Diptera, Psychodidae, Sycoracinae) collected on harlequin frogs (Anura: Bufonidae, Atelopus) in the Ecuadorian Andes" masterLastPageNumber="42" masterPageNumber="37" pageNumber="38" updateTime="1698585050388" updateUser="plazi">
<mods:mods id="73C23AF3A8BFA93141E42C6CBE689A6D" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="B145A313663249BE8ABEB8608822B40C">
<mods:title id="A5E8C063D514BA375D6A1BE5433ABF8E">A new species of Sycorax Curtis (Diptera, Psychodidae, Sycoracinae) collected on harlequin frogs (Anura: Bufonidae, Atelopus) in the Ecuadorian Andes</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="63267A390519161FD4469C1F9F2542F3" type="personal">
<mods:role id="A966BE95B8A8790B6F2EE9B73F890FE2">
<mods:roleTerm id="DA15983189A7BD4D7CA88CCD723D0B1E">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="15645FDB8438B37F6F60E3DD24371B31">Bravo, Freddy</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="42DD2A1243A623AA67C9C2B16B35A82D" type="personal">
<mods:role id="BF280BF02AF88CF5A8E39C851B4ABE79">
<mods:roleTerm id="8CC654D447EB8511C6718AF6E8A05710">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="308D6461CC44CCCF1A327173870A7FC7">Salazar-Valenzuela, David</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="D62756C3CEB8ABA074DEF33612461E5A">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="F3F45B4D31EAE7DE0EF1F003CAFBD15B" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="68F12BDA252ABE187496C237DDE10263">
<mods:title id="FAA8C593B0048DDE873586DA7B9D94FE">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="2C2B35F91EC18EABB66B4ECA012FBE2F">
<mods:date id="A2B40959F36BC3F04183362E521278AD">2009</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="AF63AA0633FA9364A9AC05C3CE5CBA0C" type="volume">
<mods:number id="212FCA028BB6D51A7C7E2FB980890582">2093</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent id="3514C2F1BAFAF1014594B02537B93904" unit="page">
<mods:start id="55FCB2813DD7A1CAC54C9752448679DC">37</mods:start>
<mods:end id="6101FB9CE754415E81E9CA6677CCF605">42</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="4DFCBF136C43175E67B0D526D3F7C7D5">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="6F7FD0A17DDDFE5973C87DDB1AB5A9DC" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.187566</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="F8B4A75B21B3D8AE54D42A93022650F3" type="GBIF-Dataset">a46d1995-ece9-4042-a712-d432f33cc8b5</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="1AB9CB076994BA4683B20D4865E232E2" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="D66E49E38B79609F95C87AAD3974381F" type="Zenodo-Dep">187566</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="0C275919B053FFF7FF00FCAC03B02C53" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6215177" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119616109" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6215177" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0C275919B053FFF7FF00FCAC03B02C53" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0C275919B053FFF7FF00FCAC03B02C53" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">
<subSubSection id="CC94BB84B053FFF2FF00FCAC01062919" pageId="1" pageNumber="38" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8431E80FB053FFF2FF00FCAC037B297D" blockId="1.[151,871,800,862]" box="[151,871,800,827]" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">
<heading id="DF795F63B053FFF2FF00FCAC037B297D" bold="true" box="[151,871,800,827]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="38" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B6FA341DB053FFF2FF00FCAC037B297D" bold="true" box="[151,871,800,827]" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">
<taxonomicName id="438E938CB053FFF2FF00FCAC031F297D" ID-CoL="53LZG" authority="Bravo &amp; Salazar-Valenzuela" authorityName="Bravo &amp; Salazar-Valenzuela" box="[151,771,800,827]" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Sycorax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wampukrum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B6FA341DB053FFF2FF00FCAC0185297C" bold="true" box="[151,409,801,827]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">Sycorax wampukrum</emphasis>
Bravo &amp; Salazar-Valenzuela
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="ADC98966B053FFF2FC9DFCAD037B297D" box="[778,871,800,826]" pageId="1" pageNumber="38" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8431E80FB053FFF2FF00FCC901062919" blockId="1.[151,871,800,862]" box="[151,282,836,862]" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">
(
<figureCitation id="1CB5F48AB053FFF2FF08FCC9010D2919" box="[159,273,836,862]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 1 – 12" captionStart-1="FIGURE 13" captionStartId-0="3.[151,270,1813,1837]" captionStartId-1="4.[151,259,764,788]" captionTargetBox-0="[161,1425,223,1769]" captionTargetBox-1="[401,1184,194,740]" captionTargetId-0="figure@3.[151,1436,197,1788]" captionTargetId-1="figure@4.[401,1186,194,741]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="4" captionText-0="FIGURES 1 – 12. Sycorax wampukrum Bravo &amp; Salazar-Valenzuela sp. nov., male. 1. Head. 2. Antenna: scape, pedicel and basal flagellomeres. 3. Antenna: flagellomeres 10 – 13. 4. Palpus. 5. Wing. Male terminalia, Figures 6 – 11: 6. Lateral. 7. Gonostylus and gonocoxite 8 Dorsal. 9. Ventral. 10. Epandrium, Cerci and sternite 10. 11. Aedeagus, paramere and genital filament. Female terminalia, Figure 12: 12. Lateral. (ae = aedeagus; ce = cercus; gf = genital filament; pr = paramere; S 8 = sternite 8; S 10 = sternite 10; T 8 = tergite 8; T 9 = tergite 9)." captionText-1="FIGURE 13. Specimen of harlequin frog, Atelopus sp., from Río Napinaza, Ecuador, with specimens of Sycorax wampukrum Bravo &amp; Salazar-Valenzuela sp. nov. on the dorsal surface of its body." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/187567/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/187568/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">Fig. 1–13</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CC94BB84B053FFF2FF00FC1D03312ED4" pageId="1" pageNumber="38" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8431E80FB053FFF2FF00FC1D03672E58" blockId="1.[151,1437,912,2028]" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="B6FA341DB053FFF2FF00FC1D014F29ED" bold="true" box="[151,339,912,938]" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">
<typeStatus id="5B3556ADB053FFF2FF00FC1D00C929ED" box="[151,213,912,938]" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">Type</typeStatus>
material.
</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="FC99A89FB053FFF2FEC9FC1C01E829EC" box="[350,500,913,939]" name="Ecuador" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">ECUADOR</collectingCountry>
, Morona Santiago, Río Napinaza (
<geoCoordinate id="E1BA8EC8B053FFF2FC08FC1C043029EC" box="[927,1068,913,939]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="38" precision="1" value="-2.92665">2,92665° S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="E1BA8EC8B053FFF2FBADFC1C04C229EC" box="[1082,1246,913,939]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="38" precision="1" value="-78.40701">78,40701° W</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="437645EAB053FFF2FB7CFC1C054D29EC" box="[1259,1361,913,939]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.01" pageId="1" pageNumber="38" unit="m" value="1010.0">1010 m</quantity>
.a.s.l.),
<typeStatus id="5B3556ADB053FFF2FF00FC35011C2995" box="[151,256,952,978]" pageId="1" pageNumber="38" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
male,
<date id="F030CECFB053FFF2FEC4FC3501C72995" box="[339,475,952,978]" pageId="1" pageNumber="38" value="2005-04-28">28.IV.2005</date>
, Salazar-Valenzuela, D. (TiposQCAZI 2022); 1
<typeStatus id="5B3556ADB053FFF2FBB3FC3504902995" box="[1060,1164,952,978]" pageId="1" pageNumber="38" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
female, same locality, date and collector as
<typeStatus id="5B3556ADB053FFF2FE01FC5301E229BF" box="[406,510,990,1016]" pageId="1" pageNumber="38" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
(TiposQCAZI 2023); 25
<typeStatus id="5B3556ADB053FFF2FCA4FC53038629BF" box="[819,922,990,1016]" pageId="1" pageNumber="38" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
males, same locality, date and collector as
<typeStatus id="5B3556ADB053FFF2FF00FB8800E22E58" box="[151,254,1029,1055]" pageId="1" pageNumber="38" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
(TiposQCAZI
<date id="F030CECFB053FFF2FE26FB88022B2E58" box="[433,567,1029,1055]" pageId="1" pageNumber="38" value="2024" valueMax="2037">2024–2037</date>
, MZUEFS #43842-43851).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8431E80FB053FFF2FF51FBA603312ED4" blockId="1.[151,1437,912,2028]" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="B6FA341DB053FFF2FF51FBA602272E02" bold="true" box="[198,571,1067,1093]" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">Additional studied specimens.</emphasis>
<specimenCount id="92882386B053FFF2FDD6FBA102B52E01" box="[577,681,1068,1094]" pageId="1" pageNumber="38" type="male">58 males</specimenCount>
and
<specimenCount id="92882386B053FFF2FD75FBA1037C2E01" box="[738,864,1068,1094]" pageId="1" pageNumber="38" type="female">11 females</specimenCount>
preserved in 75% ethanol from the same locality as the
<typeStatus id="5B3556ADB053FFF2FF7FFBDF01442E2B" box="[232,344,1106,1132]" pageId="1" pageNumber="38" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, all collected by David Salazar-Valenzuela (
<collectionCode id="E29F70CAB053FFF2FC15FBDF03FE2E2B" box="[898,994,1106,1132]" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">QCAZI</collectionCode>
15289 and 15290):
<specimenCount id="92882386B053FFF2FB48FBDF05532E2B" box="[1247,1359,1106,1132]" pageId="1" pageNumber="38" type="male">10 males</specimenCount>
and
<specimenCount id="92882386B053FFF2FA1AFBDF00E92ED4" pageId="1" pageNumber="38" type="female">4 females</specimenCount>
,
<date id="F030CECFB053FFF2FE96FBF401992ED4" box="[257,389,1145,1171]" pageId="1" pageNumber="38" value="2007-12-09">9.XII.2007</date>
;
<specimenCount id="92882386B053FFF2FE07FBF401E52ED4" box="[400,505,1145,1171]" pageId="1" pageNumber="38" type="male">48 males</specimenCount>
and
<specimenCount id="92882386B053FFF2FDA5FBF402BA2ED4" box="[562,678,1145,1171]" pageId="1" pageNumber="38" type="female">7 females</specimenCount>
,
<date id="F030CECFB053FFF2FD25FBF403342ED4" box="[690,808,1145,1171]" pageId="1" pageNumber="38" value="2008-04-01">1.IV.2008</date>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CC94BB84B053FFF2FF51FB12059C2F13" pageId="1" pageNumber="38" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8431E80FB053FFF2FF51FB12059C2F13" blockId="1.[151,1437,912,2028]" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="B6FA341DB053FFF2FF51FB12014F2EFE" bold="true" box="[198,339,1183,1209]" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">Etymology.</emphasis>
The name
<taxonomicName id="438E938CB053FFF2FE77FB2D026D2EFE" box="[480,625,1184,1209]" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Sycorax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wampukrum">
<emphasis id="B6FA341DB053FFF2FE77FB2D026D2EFE" box="[480,625,1184,1209]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">wampukrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a word in the Shuar language that means “extremely poisonous colorful frog” (
<bibRefCitation id="E01F95FEB053FFF2FEC2FB4B02472EA7" author="Arbelaez" box="[341,603,1222,1248]" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" refString="Arbelaez Ortiz, E. (2005) Atelopus sp. 13. In: Rueda-Almonacid, J. V., J. V. Rodriguez-Mahecha, S. Lotters, E. La Marca, T. Kahn, &amp; A. Angulo (Eds.). Ranas arlequines. Conservacion Internacional. Panamericana Formas e Impresos S. A., Bogota. p. 149" type="book chapter" year="2005">Arbeláez Ortiz 2005</bibRefCitation>
). This is the name given by the Shuar people (an ethnic group that inhabits the southeastern region of
<collectingCountry id="FC99A89FB053FFF2FDA4FB6002892F40" box="[563,661,1261,1287]" name="Ecuador" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
and northeastern
<collectingCountry id="FC99A89FB053FFF2FCF1FB6003822F40" box="[870,926,1261,1287]" name="Peru" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">Peru</collectingCountry>
) to the
<taxonomicName id="438E938CB053FFF2FC60FB6004422F41" box="[1015,1118,1261,1286]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Atelopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="1" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B6FA341DB053FFF2FC60FB6004422F41" box="[1015,1118,1261,1286]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">Atelopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species inhabiting the area where the specimens of the new species of
<taxonomicName id="438E938CB053FFF2FD5FFA9903332F6A" box="[712,815,1300,1325]" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Sycorax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B6FA341DB053FFF2FD5FFA9903332F6A" box="[712,815,1300,1325]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">Sycorax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were found. The Shuar word is actually spelled
<taxonomicName id="438E938CB053FFF2FF00FAB601342F13" box="[151,296,1339,1364]" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Sycorax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wampukrum">
<emphasis id="B6FA341DB053FFF2FF00FAB601342F13" box="[151,296,1339,1364]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">wampukrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Ernesto Arbeláez Ortiz, pers. comm.), and not
<emphasis id="B6FA341DB053FFF2FCCBFAB603F12F13" box="[860,1005,1339,1364]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">wampucrum</emphasis>
as used by
<bibRefCitation id="E01F95FEB053FFF2FBE1FAB705602F13" box="[1142,1404,1338,1364]" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" refString="Arbelaez Ortiz, E. (2005) Atelopus sp. 13. In: Rueda-Almonacid, J. V., J. V. Rodriguez-Mahecha, S. Lotters, E. La Marca, T. Kahn, &amp; A. Angulo (Eds.). Ranas arlequines. Conservacion Internacional. Panamericana Formas e Impresos S. A., Bogota. p. 149" type="book chapter">Arbeláez Ortiz (2005)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CC94BB84B053FFF2FF51FAED00FF2C24" pageId="1" pageNumber="38" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8431E80FB053FFF2FF51FAED00FF2C24" blockId="1.[151,1437,912,2028]" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="B6FA341DB053FFF2FF51FAED01722F3D" bold="true" box="[198,366,1376,1402]" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">
<typeStatus id="5B3556ADB053FFF2FF51FAED01182F3D" box="[198,260,1376,1402]" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">Type</typeStatus>
locality.
</emphasis>
The specimens of the new species of
<taxonomicName id="438E938CB053FFF2FCAAFAEC03872F3D" box="[829,923,1377,1402]" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Sycorax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B6FA341DB053FFF2FCAAFAEC03872F3D" box="[829,923,1377,1402]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">Sycorax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were collected on the margin of Napinaza River on the Amazonian slopes of the Cordillera Oriental in the southern Ecuadorian Andes. The collection locality is situated 6.6 Km north of the central park of General Plaza (also known as Limón) on the main highway to Macas. The vegetation in this region belongs to Foothill Evergreen Forest (Bosque Siempreverde Piemontano,
<emphasis id="B6FA341DB053FFF2FEA8FA7101992C52" box="[319,389,1532,1557]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="E01F95FEB053FFF2FE19FA71028C2C51" author="Palacios" box="[398,656,1532,1558]" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" refString="Palacios, W., Ceron, C., Valencia, R. &amp; Sierra, R. (1999) Las formaciones naturales de la Amazonia del Ecuador. In, R. Sierra (ed.), Propuesta preliminar de un sistema de clasificacion de vegetacion para el Ecuador continental, Proyecto INEFAN / GEF-BIRF y Ecociencia, Quito, pp. 109 - 119." type="book chapter" year="1999">
Palacios
<emphasis id="B6FA341DB053FFF2FD95FA7102272C52" box="[514,571,1532,1557]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">et al</emphasis>
. 1999
</bibRefCitation>
), although it has largely been cleared for cattle ranching and agriculture, with an annual rainfall of
<quantity id="437645EAB053FFF2FDF3F9AF03392C7B" box="[612,805,1570,1596]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="38" unit="mm" value="1750.0" valueMax="2000.0" valueMin="1500.0">1500–2000 mm</quantity>
, and annual temperature of 18–22°C (
<bibRefCitation id="E01F95FEB053FFF2FB66F9AF00CA2C24" author="Canadas-Cruz" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" refString="Canadas-Cruz, L. (1983). El mapa bioclimatico y ecologico del Ecuador. Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganaderia, Programa Nacional de Regionalizacion (MAG-PRONAREG), Quito, 210 pp." type="book" year="1983">Cañadas-Cruz 1983</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CC94BB84B053FFF2FF51F9E200E32D63" pageId="1" pageNumber="38" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8431E80FB053FFF2FF51F9E200E32D63" blockId="1.[151,1437,912,2028]" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="B6FA341DB053FFF2FF51F9E2015A2CCE" bold="true" box="[198,326,1647,1673]" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
First flagellomere 2.1X length of second flagellomere; male genitalia not inverted; gonostylus with a long subterminal hair and three long, thick spines, one of them apical, one preapical and one at middle; aedeagus with one aperture; genital filaments of male terminalia parallel in ventral and dorsal views and Ushaped in lateral view; sternite 8 of female fused to tergite 8; lobes of sternite 8 of female wider dorsally than ventrally
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CC94BB84B053FFF7FF51F8BD03B02C53" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="1" pageNumber="38" type="description">
<paragraph id="8431E80FB053FFF1FF51F8BD01A12819" blockId="1.[151,1437,912,2028]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1437,152,1965]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="B6FA341DB053FFF2FF51F8BD01432D0D" bold="true" box="[198,351,1840,1866]" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">Description.</emphasis>
Male. Eyes separated, without eye bridge; clypeus rectangular; labrum triangular, 1.8X length of clypeus (
<figureCitation id="1CB5F48AB053FFF2FE1FF8D501C92D35" box="[392,469,1880,1906]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 12" captionStartId="3.[151,270,1813,1837]" captionTargetBox="[161,1425,223,1769]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,197,1788]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 12. Sycorax wampukrum Bravo &amp; Salazar-Valenzuela sp. nov., male. 1. Head. 2. Antenna: scape, pedicel and basal flagellomeres. 3. Antenna: flagellomeres 10 – 13. 4. Palpus. 5. Wing. Male terminalia, Figures 6 – 11: 6. Lateral. 7. Gonostylus and gonocoxite 8 Dorsal. 9. Ventral. 10. Epandrium, Cerci and sternite 10. 11. Aedeagus, paramere and genital filament. Female terminalia, Figure 12: 12. Lateral. (ae = aedeagus; ce = cercus; gf = genital filament; pr = paramere; S 8 = sternite 8; S 10 = sternite 10; T 8 = tergite 8; T 9 = tergite 9)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187567/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
); antenna with 13 flagellomeres; scape smaller than pedicel (
<figureCitation id="1CB5F48AB053FFF2FB67F8D5055D2D35" box="[1264,1345,1880,1906]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 12" captionStartId="3.[151,270,1813,1837]" captionTargetBox="[161,1425,223,1769]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,197,1788]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 12. Sycorax wampukrum Bravo &amp; Salazar-Valenzuela sp. nov., male. 1. Head. 2. Antenna: scape, pedicel and basal flagellomeres. 3. Antenna: flagellomeres 10 – 13. 4. Palpus. 5. Wing. Male terminalia, Figures 6 – 11: 6. Lateral. 7. Gonostylus and gonocoxite 8 Dorsal. 9. Ventral. 10. Epandrium, Cerci and sternite 10. 11. Aedeagus, paramere and genital filament. Female terminalia, Figure 12: 12. Lateral. (ae = aedeagus; ce = cercus; gf = genital filament; pr = paramere; S 8 = sternite 8; S 10 = sternite 10; T 8 = tergite 8; T 9 = tergite 9)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187567/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
); basal flagellomeres cylindrical (
<figureCitation id="1CB5F48AB053FFF2FE5AF80C020A2DDC" box="[461,534,1921,1947]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 12" captionStartId="3.[151,270,1813,1837]" captionTargetBox="[161,1425,223,1769]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,197,1788]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 12. Sycorax wampukrum Bravo &amp; Salazar-Valenzuela sp. nov., male. 1. Head. 2. Antenna: scape, pedicel and basal flagellomeres. 3. Antenna: flagellomeres 10 – 13. 4. Palpus. 5. Wing. Male terminalia, Figures 6 – 11: 6. Lateral. 7. Gonostylus and gonocoxite 8 Dorsal. 9. Ventral. 10. Epandrium, Cerci and sternite 10. 11. Aedeagus, paramere and genital filament. Female terminalia, Figure 12: 12. Lateral. (ae = aedeagus; ce = cercus; gf = genital filament; pr = paramere; S 8 = sternite 8; S 10 = sternite 10; T 8 = tergite 8; T 9 = tergite 9)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187567/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
); 1st flagellomere 2.1X length of 2nd flagellomere (
<figureCitation id="1CB5F48AB053FFF2FBFAF80C04AA2DDC" box="[1133,1206,1921,1947]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 12" captionStartId="3.[151,270,1813,1837]" captionTargetBox="[161,1425,223,1769]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,197,1788]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 12. Sycorax wampukrum Bravo &amp; Salazar-Valenzuela sp. nov., male. 1. Head. 2. Antenna: scape, pedicel and basal flagellomeres. 3. Antenna: flagellomeres 10 – 13. 4. Palpus. 5. Wing. Male terminalia, Figures 6 – 11: 6. Lateral. 7. Gonostylus and gonocoxite 8 Dorsal. 9. Ventral. 10. Epandrium, Cerci and sternite 10. 11. Aedeagus, paramere and genital filament. Female terminalia, Figure 12: 12. Lateral. (ae = aedeagus; ce = cercus; gf = genital filament; pr = paramere; S 8 = sternite 8; S 10 = sternite 10; T 8 = tergite 8; T 9 = tergite 9)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187567/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
); ascoids lost in all specimens studied; fovea of ascoids observed in all flagellomeres, except the last; flagellomeres 3 to 13 shorter than the first and second (
<figureCitation id="1CB5F48AB053FFF2FDB2F85F02702DAB" box="[549,620,2002,2028]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 12" captionStartId="3.[151,270,1813,1837]" captionTargetBox="[161,1425,223,1769]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,197,1788]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 12. Sycorax wampukrum Bravo &amp; Salazar-Valenzuela sp. nov., male. 1. Head. 2. Antenna: scape, pedicel and basal flagellomeres. 3. Antenna: flagellomeres 10 – 13. 4. Palpus. 5. Wing. Male terminalia, Figures 6 – 11: 6. Lateral. 7. Gonostylus and gonocoxite 8 Dorsal. 9. Ventral. 10. Epandrium, Cerci and sternite 10. 11. Aedeagus, paramere and genital filament. Female terminalia, Figure 12: 12. Lateral. (ae = aedeagus; ce = cercus; gf = genital filament; pr = paramere; S 8 = sternite 8; S 10 = sternite 10; T 8 = tergite 8; T 9 = tergite 9)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187567/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
); last flagellomere (13th) with small conical apiculus (
<figureCitation id="1CB5F48AB053FFF2FB79F85F052A2DAB" box="[1262,1334,2002,2028]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 12" captionStartId="3.[151,270,1813,1837]" captionTargetBox="[161,1425,223,1769]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,197,1788]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 12. Sycorax wampukrum Bravo &amp; Salazar-Valenzuela sp. nov., male. 1. Head. 2. Antenna: scape, pedicel and basal flagellomeres. 3. Antenna: flagellomeres 10 – 13. 4. Palpus. 5. Wing. Male terminalia, Figures 6 – 11: 6. Lateral. 7. Gonostylus and gonocoxite 8 Dorsal. 9. Ventral. 10. Epandrium, Cerci and sternite 10. 11. Aedeagus, paramere and genital filament. Female terminalia, Figure 12: 12. Lateral. (ae = aedeagus; ce = cercus; gf = genital filament; pr = paramere; S 8 = sternite 8; S 10 = sternite 10; T 8 = tergite 8; T 9 = tergite 9)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187567/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
); palpus formula = 1.0:0.8:0.7:0.9 (
<figureCitation id="1CB5F48AB050FFF1FE40FF15023E2AF5" box="[471,546,152,178]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 12" captionStartId="3.[151,270,1813,1837]" captionTargetBox="[161,1425,223,1769]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,197,1788]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 12. Sycorax wampukrum Bravo &amp; Salazar-Valenzuela sp. nov., male. 1. Head. 2. Antenna: scape, pedicel and basal flagellomeres. 3. Antenna: flagellomeres 10 – 13. 4. Palpus. 5. Wing. Male terminalia, Figures 6 – 11: 6. Lateral. 7. Gonostylus and gonocoxite 8 Dorsal. 9. Ventral. 10. Epandrium, Cerci and sternite 10. 11. Aedeagus, paramere and genital filament. Female terminalia, Figure 12: 12. Lateral. (ae = aedeagus; ce = cercus; gf = genital filament; pr = paramere; S 8 = sternite 8; S 10 = sternite 10; T 8 = tergite 8; T 9 = tergite 9)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187567/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). Wing (
<figureCitation id="1CB5F48AB050FFF1FD1CFF1502CF2AF5" box="[651,723,152,178]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 12" captionStartId="3.[151,270,1813,1837]" captionTargetBox="[161,1425,223,1769]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,197,1788]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 12. Sycorax wampukrum Bravo &amp; Salazar-Valenzuela sp. nov., male. 1. Head. 2. Antenna: scape, pedicel and basal flagellomeres. 3. Antenna: flagellomeres 10 – 13. 4. Palpus. 5. Wing. Male terminalia, Figures 6 – 11: 6. Lateral. 7. Gonostylus and gonocoxite 8 Dorsal. 9. Ventral. 10. Epandrium, Cerci and sternite 10. 11. Aedeagus, paramere and genital filament. Female terminalia, Figure 12: 12. Lateral. (ae = aedeagus; ce = cercus; gf = genital filament; pr = paramere; S 8 = sternite 8; S 10 = sternite 10; T 8 = tergite 8; T 9 = tergite 9)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187567/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
) with Sc reaching the C vein; CuA2 short, not reaching the wing margin. Male genitalia not inverted. Epandrium pilose (
<figureCitation id="1CB5F48AB050FFF1FCF0FF4C03FB2A9C" box="[871,999,193,219]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 12" captionStartId="3.[151,270,1813,1837]" captionTargetBox="[161,1425,223,1769]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,197,1788]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 12. Sycorax wampukrum Bravo &amp; Salazar-Valenzuela sp. nov., male. 1. Head. 2. Antenna: scape, pedicel and basal flagellomeres. 3. Antenna: flagellomeres 10 – 13. 4. Palpus. 5. Wing. Male terminalia, Figures 6 – 11: 6. Lateral. 7. Gonostylus and gonocoxite 8 Dorsal. 9. Ventral. 10. Epandrium, Cerci and sternite 10. 11. Aedeagus, paramere and genital filament. Female terminalia, Figure 12: 12. Lateral. (ae = aedeagus; ce = cercus; gf = genital filament; pr = paramere; S 8 = sternite 8; S 10 = sternite 10; T 8 = tergite 8; T 9 = tergite 9)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187567/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Figs. 6, 10</figureCitation>
), with the posterior margin V-shaped in dorsal view (
<figureCitation id="1CB5F48AB050FFF1FED9FF6501B92B45" box="[334,421,232,258]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 12" captionStartId="3.[151,270,1813,1837]" captionTargetBox="[161,1425,223,1769]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,197,1788]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 12. Sycorax wampukrum Bravo &amp; Salazar-Valenzuela sp. nov., male. 1. Head. 2. Antenna: scape, pedicel and basal flagellomeres. 3. Antenna: flagellomeres 10 – 13. 4. Palpus. 5. Wing. Male terminalia, Figures 6 – 11: 6. Lateral. 7. Gonostylus and gonocoxite 8 Dorsal. 9. Ventral. 10. Epandrium, Cerci and sternite 10. 11. Aedeagus, paramere and genital filament. Female terminalia, Figure 12: 12. Lateral. (ae = aedeagus; ce = cercus; gf = genital filament; pr = paramere; S 8 = sternite 8; S 10 = sternite 10; T 8 = tergite 8; T 9 = tergite 9)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187567/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
); cerci long (
<figureCitation id="1CB5F48AB050FFF1FDD5FF6502852B45" box="[578,665,232,258]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 12" captionStartId="3.[151,270,1813,1837]" captionTargetBox="[161,1425,223,1769]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,197,1788]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 12. Sycorax wampukrum Bravo &amp; Salazar-Valenzuela sp. nov., male. 1. Head. 2. Antenna: scape, pedicel and basal flagellomeres. 3. Antenna: flagellomeres 10 – 13. 4. Palpus. 5. Wing. Male terminalia, Figures 6 – 11: 6. Lateral. 7. Gonostylus and gonocoxite 8 Dorsal. 9. Ventral. 10. Epandrium, Cerci and sternite 10. 11. Aedeagus, paramere and genital filament. Female terminalia, Figure 12: 12. Lateral. (ae = aedeagus; ce = cercus; gf = genital filament; pr = paramere; S 8 = sternite 8; S 10 = sternite 10; T 8 = tergite 8; T 9 = tergite 9)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187567/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
), 0.35X length of gonocoxite, with micropilosity and few bristles at the apex (
<figureCitation id="1CB5F48AB050FFF1FEBFFE8201B62B6E" box="[296,426,271,297]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 12" captionStartId="3.[151,270,1813,1837]" captionTargetBox="[161,1425,223,1769]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,197,1788]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 12. Sycorax wampukrum Bravo &amp; Salazar-Valenzuela sp. nov., male. 1. Head. 2. Antenna: scape, pedicel and basal flagellomeres. 3. Antenna: flagellomeres 10 – 13. 4. Palpus. 5. Wing. Male terminalia, Figures 6 – 11: 6. Lateral. 7. Gonostylus and gonocoxite 8 Dorsal. 9. Ventral. 10. Epandrium, Cerci and sternite 10. 11. Aedeagus, paramere and genital filament. Female terminalia, Figure 12: 12. Lateral. (ae = aedeagus; ce = cercus; gf = genital filament; pr = paramere; S 8 = sternite 8; S 10 = sternite 10; T 8 = tergite 8; T 9 = tergite 9)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187567/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Figs. 6, 10</figureCitation>
). Gonocoxite pilose, 2.0X length of gonostylus (
<figureCitation id="1CB5F48AB050FFF1FC7EFE8204462B6E" box="[1001,1114,271,297]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 12" captionStartId="3.[151,270,1813,1837]" captionTargetBox="[161,1425,223,1769]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,197,1788]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 12. Sycorax wampukrum Bravo &amp; Salazar-Valenzuela sp. nov., male. 1. Head. 2. Antenna: scape, pedicel and basal flagellomeres. 3. Antenna: flagellomeres 10 – 13. 4. Palpus. 5. Wing. Male terminalia, Figures 6 – 11: 6. Lateral. 7. Gonostylus and gonocoxite 8 Dorsal. 9. Ventral. 10. Epandrium, Cerci and sternite 10. 11. Aedeagus, paramere and genital filament. Female terminalia, Figure 12: 12. Lateral. (ae = aedeagus; ce = cercus; gf = genital filament; pr = paramere; S 8 = sternite 8; S 10 = sternite 10; T 8 = tergite 8; T 9 = tergite 9)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187567/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Figs. 6, 8</figureCitation>
); gonocoxites separated on dorsal surface (
<figureCitation id="1CB5F48AB050FFF1FEC4FEB801822B08" box="[339,414,309,335]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 12" captionStartId="3.[151,270,1813,1837]" captionTargetBox="[161,1425,223,1769]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,197,1788]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 12. Sycorax wampukrum Bravo &amp; Salazar-Valenzuela sp. nov., male. 1. Head. 2. Antenna: scape, pedicel and basal flagellomeres. 3. Antenna: flagellomeres 10 – 13. 4. Palpus. 5. Wing. Male terminalia, Figures 6 – 11: 6. Lateral. 7. Gonostylus and gonocoxite 8 Dorsal. 9. Ventral. 10. Epandrium, Cerci and sternite 10. 11. Aedeagus, paramere and genital filament. Female terminalia, Figure 12: 12. Lateral. (ae = aedeagus; ce = cercus; gf = genital filament; pr = paramere; S 8 = sternite 8; S 10 = sternite 10; T 8 = tergite 8; T 9 = tergite 9)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187567/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
); gonocoxal apodeme triangular not fused medially (
<figureCitation id="1CB5F48AB050FFF1FBBFFEB804682B08" box="[1064,1140,309,335]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 12" captionStartId="3.[151,270,1813,1837]" captionTargetBox="[161,1425,223,1769]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,197,1788]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 12. Sycorax wampukrum Bravo &amp; Salazar-Valenzuela sp. nov., male. 1. Head. 2. Antenna: scape, pedicel and basal flagellomeres. 3. Antenna: flagellomeres 10 – 13. 4. Palpus. 5. Wing. Male terminalia, Figures 6 – 11: 6. Lateral. 7. Gonostylus and gonocoxite 8 Dorsal. 9. Ventral. 10. Epandrium, Cerci and sternite 10. 11. Aedeagus, paramere and genital filament. Female terminalia, Figure 12: 12. Lateral. (ae = aedeagus; ce = cercus; gf = genital filament; pr = paramere; S 8 = sternite 8; S 10 = sternite 10; T 8 = tergite 8; T 9 = tergite 9)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187567/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
); gonocoxites with long posterior bristle (
<figureCitation id="1CB5F48AB050FFF1FEF0FED101E62B31" box="[359,506,348,374]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 12" captionStartId="3.[151,270,1813,1837]" captionTargetBox="[161,1425,223,1769]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,197,1788]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 12. Sycorax wampukrum Bravo &amp; Salazar-Valenzuela sp. nov., male. 1. Head. 2. Antenna: scape, pedicel and basal flagellomeres. 3. Antenna: flagellomeres 10 – 13. 4. Palpus. 5. Wing. Male terminalia, Figures 6 – 11: 6. Lateral. 7. Gonostylus and gonocoxite 8 Dorsal. 9. Ventral. 10. Epandrium, Cerci and sternite 10. 11. Aedeagus, paramere and genital filament. Female terminalia, Figure 12: 12. Lateral. (ae = aedeagus; ce = cercus; gf = genital filament; pr = paramere; S 8 = sternite 8; S 10 = sternite 10; T 8 = tergite 8; T 9 = tergite 9)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187567/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Figs. 6, 7, 8</figureCitation>
). Hypandrium lost. Gonostylus pilose with a long subterminal hair and three long, thick bristles (= spine), one of them apical, one preapical and one at middle (
<figureCitation id="1CB5F48AB050FFF1FBE5FE0F05182BDB" box="[1138,1284,386,412]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 12" captionStartId="3.[151,270,1813,1837]" captionTargetBox="[161,1425,223,1769]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,197,1788]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 12. Sycorax wampukrum Bravo &amp; Salazar-Valenzuela sp. nov., male. 1. Head. 2. Antenna: scape, pedicel and basal flagellomeres. 3. Antenna: flagellomeres 10 – 13. 4. Palpus. 5. Wing. Male terminalia, Figures 6 – 11: 6. Lateral. 7. Gonostylus and gonocoxite 8 Dorsal. 9. Ventral. 10. Epandrium, Cerci and sternite 10. 11. Aedeagus, paramere and genital filament. Female terminalia, Figure 12: 12. Lateral. (ae = aedeagus; ce = cercus; gf = genital filament; pr = paramere; S 8 = sternite 8; S 10 = sternite 10; T 8 = tergite 8; T 9 = tergite 9)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187567/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Figs. 6, 7, 8</figureCitation>
). Sternite 10 long, triangular in dorso-ventral view, with apical micropilosity (
<figureCitation id="1CB5F48AB050FFF1FC21FE24040E2B84" box="[950,1042,425,451]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 12" captionStartId="3.[151,270,1813,1837]" captionTargetBox="[161,1425,223,1769]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,197,1788]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 12. Sycorax wampukrum Bravo &amp; Salazar-Valenzuela sp. nov., male. 1. Head. 2. Antenna: scape, pedicel and basal flagellomeres. 3. Antenna: flagellomeres 10 – 13. 4. Palpus. 5. Wing. Male terminalia, Figures 6 – 11: 6. Lateral. 7. Gonostylus and gonocoxite 8 Dorsal. 9. Ventral. 10. Epandrium, Cerci and sternite 10. 11. Aedeagus, paramere and genital filament. Female terminalia, Figure 12: 12. Lateral. (ae = aedeagus; ce = cercus; gf = genital filament; pr = paramere; S 8 = sternite 8; S 10 = sternite 10; T 8 = tergite 8; T 9 = tergite 9)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187567/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
). Parameres pilose, complex, as drawn (
<figureCitation id="1CB5F48AB050FFF1FF64FE5D01642BAD" box="[243,376,464,490]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 12" captionStartId="3.[151,270,1813,1837]" captionTargetBox="[161,1425,223,1769]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,197,1788]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 12. Sycorax wampukrum Bravo &amp; Salazar-Valenzuela sp. nov., male. 1. Head. 2. Antenna: scape, pedicel and basal flagellomeres. 3. Antenna: flagellomeres 10 – 13. 4. Palpus. 5. Wing. Male terminalia, Figures 6 – 11: 6. Lateral. 7. Gonostylus and gonocoxite 8 Dorsal. 9. Ventral. 10. Epandrium, Cerci and sternite 10. 11. Aedeagus, paramere and genital filament. Female terminalia, Figure 12: 12. Lateral. (ae = aedeagus; ce = cercus; gf = genital filament; pr = paramere; S 8 = sternite 8; S 10 = sternite 10; T 8 = tergite 8; T 9 = tergite 9)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187567/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Figs. 8, 11</figureCitation>
); parameres linked by a subrectangular sclerotized sclerite (
<figureCitation id="1CB5F48AB050FFF1FBC6FE5D04802BAD" box="[1105,1180,464,490]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 12" captionStartId="3.[151,270,1813,1837]" captionTargetBox="[161,1425,223,1769]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,197,1788]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 12. Sycorax wampukrum Bravo &amp; Salazar-Valenzuela sp. nov., male. 1. Head. 2. Antenna: scape, pedicel and basal flagellomeres. 3. Antenna: flagellomeres 10 – 13. 4. Palpus. 5. Wing. Male terminalia, Figures 6 – 11: 6. Lateral. 7. Gonostylus and gonocoxite 8 Dorsal. 9. Ventral. 10. Epandrium, Cerci and sternite 10. 11. Aedeagus, paramere and genital filament. Female terminalia, Figure 12: 12. Lateral. (ae = aedeagus; ce = cercus; gf = genital filament; pr = paramere; S 8 = sternite 8; S 10 = sternite 10; T 8 = tergite 8; T 9 = tergite 9)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187567/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
). Aedeagus with one aperture (
<figureCitation id="1CB5F48AB050FFF1FE91FE7A01982856" box="[262,388,503,529]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 12" captionStartId="3.[151,270,1813,1837]" captionTargetBox="[161,1425,223,1769]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,197,1788]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 12. Sycorax wampukrum Bravo &amp; Salazar-Valenzuela sp. nov., male. 1. Head. 2. Antenna: scape, pedicel and basal flagellomeres. 3. Antenna: flagellomeres 10 – 13. 4. Palpus. 5. Wing. Male terminalia, Figures 6 – 11: 6. Lateral. 7. Gonostylus and gonocoxite 8 Dorsal. 9. Ventral. 10. Epandrium, Cerci and sternite 10. 11. Aedeagus, paramere and genital filament. Female terminalia, Figure 12: 12. Lateral. (ae = aedeagus; ce = cercus; gf = genital filament; pr = paramere; S 8 = sternite 8; S 10 = sternite 10; T 8 = tergite 8; T 9 = tergite 9)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187567/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Figs. 8, 11</figureCitation>
); genital filaments parallel in ventral and dorsal views (
<figureCitation id="1CB5F48AB050FFF1FB99FE7A04602856" box="[1038,1148,503,529]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 12" captionStartId="3.[151,270,1813,1837]" captionTargetBox="[161,1425,223,1769]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,197,1788]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 12. Sycorax wampukrum Bravo &amp; Salazar-Valenzuela sp. nov., male. 1. Head. 2. Antenna: scape, pedicel and basal flagellomeres. 3. Antenna: flagellomeres 10 – 13. 4. Palpus. 5. Wing. Male terminalia, Figures 6 – 11: 6. Lateral. 7. Gonostylus and gonocoxite 8 Dorsal. 9. Ventral. 10. Epandrium, Cerci and sternite 10. 11. Aedeagus, paramere and genital filament. Female terminalia, Figure 12: 12. Lateral. (ae = aedeagus; ce = cercus; gf = genital filament; pr = paramere; S 8 = sternite 8; S 10 = sternite 10; T 8 = tergite 8; T 9 = tergite 9)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187567/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Figs. 8, 9</figureCitation>
) and U-shaped in lateral view (
<figureCitation id="1CB5F48AB050FFF1FF74FD9001212870" box="[227,317,541,567]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 12" captionStartId="3.[151,270,1813,1837]" captionTargetBox="[161,1425,223,1769]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,197,1788]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 12. Sycorax wampukrum Bravo &amp; Salazar-Valenzuela sp. nov., male. 1. Head. 2. Antenna: scape, pedicel and basal flagellomeres. 3. Antenna: flagellomeres 10 – 13. 4. Palpus. 5. Wing. Male terminalia, Figures 6 – 11: 6. Lateral. 7. Gonostylus and gonocoxite 8 Dorsal. 9. Ventral. 10. Epandrium, Cerci and sternite 10. 11. Aedeagus, paramere and genital filament. Female terminalia, Figure 12: 12. Lateral. (ae = aedeagus; ce = cercus; gf = genital filament; pr = paramere; S 8 = sternite 8; S 10 = sternite 10; T 8 = tergite 8; T 9 = tergite 9)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187567/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
). Aedeagal apodeme 0.8X length of gonocoxite, narrow in dorsal view (
<figureCitation id="1CB5F48AB050FFF1FB24FD9005352870" box="[1203,1321,541,567]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 12" captionStartId="3.[151,270,1813,1837]" captionTargetBox="[161,1425,223,1769]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,197,1788]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 12. Sycorax wampukrum Bravo &amp; Salazar-Valenzuela sp. nov., male. 1. Head. 2. Antenna: scape, pedicel and basal flagellomeres. 3. Antenna: flagellomeres 10 – 13. 4. Palpus. 5. Wing. Male terminalia, Figures 6 – 11: 6. Lateral. 7. Gonostylus and gonocoxite 8 Dorsal. 9. Ventral. 10. Epandrium, Cerci and sternite 10. 11. Aedeagus, paramere and genital filament. Female terminalia, Figure 12: 12. Lateral. (ae = aedeagus; ce = cercus; gf = genital filament; pr = paramere; S 8 = sternite 8; S 10 = sternite 10; T 8 = tergite 8; T 9 = tergite 9)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187567/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Figs. 8, 9</figureCitation>
), wide in lateral view (
<figureCitation id="1CB5F48AB050FFF1FEA7FDC901B32819" box="[304,431,580,606]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 12" captionStartId="3.[151,270,1813,1837]" captionTargetBox="[161,1425,223,1769]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,197,1788]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 12. Sycorax wampukrum Bravo &amp; Salazar-Valenzuela sp. nov., male. 1. Head. 2. Antenna: scape, pedicel and basal flagellomeres. 3. Antenna: flagellomeres 10 – 13. 4. Palpus. 5. Wing. Male terminalia, Figures 6 – 11: 6. Lateral. 7. Gonostylus and gonocoxite 8 Dorsal. 9. Ventral. 10. Epandrium, Cerci and sternite 10. 11. Aedeagus, paramere and genital filament. Female terminalia, Figure 12: 12. Lateral. (ae = aedeagus; ce = cercus; gf = genital filament; pr = paramere; S 8 = sternite 8; S 10 = sternite 10; T 8 = tergite 8; T 9 = tergite 9)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187567/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Figs. 6, 11</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8431E80FB050FFF1FF00FDE701AF28BE" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,1965]" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">
Female. Similar to males except as follows: sternite 8 fused to tergite 8 (= sintergosternite) (
<figureCitation id="1CB5F48AB050FFF1FB47FDE7053B28C3" box="[1232,1319,618,644]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 12" captionStartId="3.[151,270,1813,1837]" captionTargetBox="[161,1425,223,1769]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,197,1788]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 12. Sycorax wampukrum Bravo &amp; Salazar-Valenzuela sp. nov., male. 1. Head. 2. Antenna: scape, pedicel and basal flagellomeres. 3. Antenna: flagellomeres 10 – 13. 4. Palpus. 5. Wing. Male terminalia, Figures 6 – 11: 6. Lateral. 7. Gonostylus and gonocoxite 8 Dorsal. 9. Ventral. 10. Epandrium, Cerci and sternite 10. 11. Aedeagus, paramere and genital filament. Female terminalia, Figure 12: 12. Lateral. (ae = aedeagus; ce = cercus; gf = genital filament; pr = paramere; S 8 = sternite 8; S 10 = sternite 10; T 8 = tergite 8; T 9 = tergite 9)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187567/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
); lobes of sternite 8 wider dorsally than ventrally (
<figureCitation id="1CB5F48AB050FFF1FDE6FD1C02D628EC" box="[625,714,657,683]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 12" captionStartId="3.[151,270,1813,1837]" captionTargetBox="[161,1425,223,1769]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,197,1788]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 12. Sycorax wampukrum Bravo &amp; Salazar-Valenzuela sp. nov., male. 1. Head. 2. Antenna: scape, pedicel and basal flagellomeres. 3. Antenna: flagellomeres 10 – 13. 4. Palpus. 5. Wing. Male terminalia, Figures 6 – 11: 6. Lateral. 7. Gonostylus and gonocoxite 8 Dorsal. 9. Ventral. 10. Epandrium, Cerci and sternite 10. 11. Aedeagus, paramere and genital filament. Female terminalia, Figure 12: 12. Lateral. (ae = aedeagus; ce = cercus; gf = genital filament; pr = paramere; S 8 = sternite 8; S 10 = sternite 10; T 8 = tergite 8; T 9 = tergite 9)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187567/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
). Tergite 9 wide (
<figureCitation id="1CB5F48AB050FFF1FC0CFD1C03EF28EC" box="[923,1011,657,683]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 12" captionStartId="3.[151,270,1813,1837]" captionTargetBox="[161,1425,223,1769]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,197,1788]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 12. Sycorax wampukrum Bravo &amp; Salazar-Valenzuela sp. nov., male. 1. Head. 2. Antenna: scape, pedicel and basal flagellomeres. 3. Antenna: flagellomeres 10 – 13. 4. Palpus. 5. Wing. Male terminalia, Figures 6 – 11: 6. Lateral. 7. Gonostylus and gonocoxite 8 Dorsal. 9. Ventral. 10. Epandrium, Cerci and sternite 10. 11. Aedeagus, paramere and genital filament. Female terminalia, Figure 12: 12. Lateral. (ae = aedeagus; ce = cercus; gf = genital filament; pr = paramere; S 8 = sternite 8; S 10 = sternite 10; T 8 = tergite 8; T 9 = tergite 9)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187567/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
). Tergite 10, subtriangular in lateral view, sclerotized, articulated to sternite 10 (
<figureCitation id="1CB5F48AB050FFF1FD02FD3502F72895" box="[661,747,696,722]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 12" captionStartId="3.[151,270,1813,1837]" captionTargetBox="[161,1425,223,1769]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,197,1788]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 12. Sycorax wampukrum Bravo &amp; Salazar-Valenzuela sp. nov., male. 1. Head. 2. Antenna: scape, pedicel and basal flagellomeres. 3. Antenna: flagellomeres 10 – 13. 4. Palpus. 5. Wing. Male terminalia, Figures 6 – 11: 6. Lateral. 7. Gonostylus and gonocoxite 8 Dorsal. 9. Ventral. 10. Epandrium, Cerci and sternite 10. 11. Aedeagus, paramere and genital filament. Female terminalia, Figure 12: 12. Lateral. (ae = aedeagus; ce = cercus; gf = genital filament; pr = paramere; S 8 = sternite 8; S 10 = sternite 10; T 8 = tergite 8; T 9 = tergite 9)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187567/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
); sternite 10 between the cerci (
<figureCitation id="1CB5F48AB050FFF1FBF7FD3504AA2895" box="[1120,1206,696,722]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 12" captionStartId="3.[151,270,1813,1837]" captionTargetBox="[161,1425,223,1769]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,197,1788]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 12. Sycorax wampukrum Bravo &amp; Salazar-Valenzuela sp. nov., male. 1. Head. 2. Antenna: scape, pedicel and basal flagellomeres. 3. Antenna: flagellomeres 10 – 13. 4. Palpus. 5. Wing. Male terminalia, Figures 6 – 11: 6. Lateral. 7. Gonostylus and gonocoxite 8 Dorsal. 9. Ventral. 10. Epandrium, Cerci and sternite 10. 11. Aedeagus, paramere and genital filament. Female terminalia, Figure 12: 12. Lateral. (ae = aedeagus; ce = cercus; gf = genital filament; pr = paramere; S 8 = sternite 8; S 10 = sternite 10; T 8 = tergite 8; T 9 = tergite 9)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187567/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
); cerci hemispheric in lateral view (
<figureCitation id="1CB5F48AB050FFF1FED9FD5201BA28BE" box="[334,422,735,761]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 12" captionStartId="3.[151,270,1813,1837]" captionTargetBox="[161,1425,223,1769]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,197,1788]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 12. Sycorax wampukrum Bravo &amp; Salazar-Valenzuela sp. nov., male. 1. Head. 2. Antenna: scape, pedicel and basal flagellomeres. 3. Antenna: flagellomeres 10 – 13. 4. Palpus. 5. Wing. Male terminalia, Figures 6 – 11: 6. Lateral. 7. Gonostylus and gonocoxite 8 Dorsal. 9. Ventral. 10. Epandrium, Cerci and sternite 10. 11. Aedeagus, paramere and genital filament. Female terminalia, Figure 12: 12. Lateral. (ae = aedeagus; ce = cercus; gf = genital filament; pr = paramere; S 8 = sternite 8; S 10 = sternite 10; T 8 = tergite 8; T 9 = tergite 9)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187567/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8431E80FB050FFF1FF51FC8802E52E3C" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,1965]" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">
<emphasis id="B6FA341DB050FFF1FF51FC8801C22958" bold="true" box="[198,478,773,799]" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Taxonomic comments.</emphasis>
The new species described here is morphologically similar to four other species from the Pacific slopes of the Colombian Andes that were described by
<bibRefCitation id="E01F95FEB050FFF1FC4EFCA104622901" author="Young" box="[985,1150,812,838]" pageId="2" pageNumber="42" refString="Young, D. G. (1979) A review of the bloodsucking psychodid flies of Colombia (Diptera: Phlebotominae and Sycoracinae). Technical Bulletin 806, IFAS, University of Florida, Gainsville, 226 pp." type="book" year="1979">Young (1979)</bibRefCitation>
. These five species have three or more spines on the gonostylus as well as a characteristic genital filament not observed in other Neotropical species of
<taxonomicName id="438E938CB050FFF1FE2BFCF4023D29D5" box="[444,545,889,914]" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Sycorax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B6FA341DB050FFF1FE2BFCF4023D29D5" box="[444,545,889,914]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Sycorax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Three species of Andean
<taxonomicName id="438E938CB050FFF1FCE1FCF403C729D5" box="[886,987,889,914]" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Sycorax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B6FA341DB050FFF1FCE1FCF403C729D5" box="[886,987,889,914]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Sycorax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have 3 spines in the gonostylus:
<taxonomicName id="438E938CB050FFF1FA12FCF401C429FD" authority="Young, 1979" authorityName="Young" authorityYear="1979" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Sycorax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="colombiensis">
<emphasis id="B6FA341DB050FFF1FA12FCF4012F29FE" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">S. colombiensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="E01F95FEB050FFF1FEACFC2D01C429FD" author="Young" box="[315,472,928,954]" pageId="2" pageNumber="42" refString="Young, D. G. (1979) A review of the bloodsucking psychodid flies of Colombia (Diptera: Phlebotominae and Sycoracinae). Technical Bulletin 806, IFAS, University of Florida, Gainsville, 226 pp." type="book" year="1979">Young, 1979</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="438E938CB050FFF1FE71FC2D030529FD" authority="Young, 1979" authorityName="Young" authorityYear="1979" box="[486,793,928,954]" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Sycorax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fairchildi">
<emphasis id="B6FA341DB050FFF1FE71FC2D026829FE" box="[486,628,928,953]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">S. fairchildi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="E01F95FEB050FFF1FDEBFC2D030529FD" author="Young" box="[636,793,928,954]" pageId="2" pageNumber="42" refString="Young, D. G. (1979) A review of the bloodsucking psychodid flies of Colombia (Diptera: Phlebotominae and Sycoracinae). Technical Bulletin 806, IFAS, University of Florida, Gainsville, 226 pp." type="book" year="1979">Young, 1979</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; and
<taxonomicName id="438E938CB050FFF1FCCDFC2D048A29FD" authority="Young, 1979" authorityName="Young" authorityYear="1979" box="[858,1174,928,954]" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Sycorax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trispinosa">
<emphasis id="B6FA341DB050FFF1FCCDFC2D03EC29FE" box="[858,1008,928,953]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">S. trispinosa</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="E01F95FEB050FFF1FC6EFC2D048A29FD" author="Young" box="[1017,1174,928,954]" pageId="2" pageNumber="42" refString="Young, D. G. (1979) A review of the bloodsucking psychodid flies of Colombia (Diptera: Phlebotominae and Sycoracinae). Technical Bulletin 806, IFAS, University of Florida, Gainsville, 226 pp." type="book" year="1979">Young, 1979</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. The other species,
<taxonomicName id="438E938CB050FFF1FA12FC2D01A929A6" authority="Young, 1979" authorityName="Young" authorityYear="1979" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Sycorax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="andicola">
<emphasis id="B6FA341DB050FFF1FA12FC2D011A29A7" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">S. andicola</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="E01F95FEB050FFF1FE98FC4A01A929A6" author="Young" box="[271,437,967,993]" pageId="2" pageNumber="42" refString="Young, D. G. (1979) A review of the bloodsucking psychodid flies of Colombia (Diptera: Phlebotominae and Sycoracinae). Technical Bulletin 806, IFAS, University of Florida, Gainsville, 226 pp." type="book" year="1979">Young, 1979</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, has 4 spines in the gonostylus. Only
<taxonomicName id="438E938CB050FFF1FC37FC4A047429A7" box="[928,1128,967,992]" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Sycorax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="colombiensis">
<emphasis id="B6FA341DB050FFF1FC37FC4A047429A7" box="[928,1128,967,992]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">S. colombiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="438E938CB050FFF1FB3FFC4A055C29A7" box="[1192,1344,967,992]" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Sycorax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fairchildi">
<emphasis id="B6FA341DB050FFF1FB3FFC4A055C29A7" box="[1192,1344,967,992]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">S. fairchildi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have a gonostylus with a long subterminal bristle. The new species can be differentiated from the latter two species by the shape of the genital filaments as observed in lateral view: in
<taxonomicName id="438E938CB050FFF1FC76FB9904BD2E6A" box="[993,1185,1044,1069]" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Sycorax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="colombiensis">
<emphasis id="B6FA341DB050FFF1FC76FB9904BD2E6A" box="[993,1185,1044,1069]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">S. colombiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
it is longer than the aedeagus and sinuous; in
<taxonomicName id="438E938CB050FFF1FE55FBB602572E13" box="[450,587,1083,1108]" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Sycorax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fairchildi">
<emphasis id="B6FA341DB050FFF1FE55FBB602572E13" box="[450,587,1083,1108]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">S. fairchildi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
it is the same length of the aedeagus and slightly curved; and in the new species it is longer than the aedeagus and U-shaped.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8431E80FB050FFF1FF52FB0504ED2F51" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,1965]" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">
Among the Andean species of
<taxonomicName id="438E938CB050FFF1FDBCFB0502952EE6" box="[555,649,1160,1185]" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Sycorax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B6FA341DB050FFF1FDBCFB0502952EE6" box="[555,649,1160,1185]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Sycorax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the Colombian species collected on the Pacific slopes and the new Ecuadorian species collected on the Amazonian slopes seem to belong to a unique evolutionary lineage, separated from the other species of Neotropical
<taxonomicName id="438E938CB050FFF1FD58FB5B03312EA8" box="[719,813,1238,1263]" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Sycorax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B6FA341DB050FFF1FD58FB5B03312EA8" box="[719,813,1238,1263]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Sycorax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. We prefer not propose a new supraspecific taxon at this time for these Andean species of
<taxonomicName id="438E938CB050FFF1FDD8FB7102B12F52" box="[591,685,1276,1301]" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Sycorax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B6FA341DB050FFF1FDD8FB7102B12F52" box="[591,685,1276,1301]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Sycorax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
because this genus has not yet been well studied.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8431E80FB050FFF1FF51FAAF01082C82" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,1965]" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">
<emphasis id="B6FA341DB050FFF1FF51FAAF01A12F7B" bold="true" box="[198,445,1314,1340]" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Biological remarks.</emphasis>
All the specimens of the new species of
<taxonomicName id="438E938CB050FFF1FC2BFAAE04062F7B" box="[956,1050,1315,1340]" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Sycorax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B6FA341DB050FFF1FC2BFAAE04062F7B" box="[956,1050,1315,1340]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Sycorax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were found in contact with the dorsal surfaces of head, body and extremities of male individuals of
<taxonomicName id="438E938CB050FFF1FC4FFAC4045D2F25" box="[984,1089,1353,1378]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Atelopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B6FA341DB050FFF1FC4FFAC4045D2F25" box="[984,1089,1353,1378]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Atelopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. (
<figureCitation id="1CB5F48AB050FFF1FBEAFAC404C42F24" box="[1149,1240,1353,1379]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="4.[151,259,764,788]" captionTargetBox="[401,1184,194,740]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[401,1186,194,741]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 13. Specimen of harlequin frog, Atelopus sp., from Río Napinaza, Ecuador, with specimens of Sycorax wampukrum Bravo &amp; Salazar-Valenzuela sp. nov. on the dorsal surface of its body." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187568/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
). The flies were found active at night when the frogs were resting on top of leaves from vegetation adjacent to the stream. Of 1306 captures of individuals of
<taxonomicName id="438E938CB050FFF1FD9BFA1A026F2FF7" box="[524,627,1431,1456]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Atelopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B6FA341DB050FFF1FD9BFA1A026F2FF7" box="[524,627,1431,1456]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Atelopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.,
<taxonomicName id="438E938CB050FFF1FD3CFA1A03152FF7" box="[683,777,1431,1456]" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Sycorax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B6FA341DB050FFF1FD3CFA1A03152FF7" box="[683,777,1431,1456]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Sycorax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
flies were detected on nine occasions, in April, August, September, November and December. The number of flies counted on frogs varied from 5 to 55 (mean 19 ± 17, n = 9) (
<bibRefCitation id="E01F95FEB050FFF1FE8EFA69025F2FB9" author="Salazar-Valenzuela" box="[281,579,1508,1534]" pageId="2" pageNumber="42" refString="Salazar-Valenzuela, D. (2007) Demografia e historia natural de una de las ultimas ranas arlequin (Atelopus sp.) (Anura: Bufonidae) del Ecuador. Unpubl. Licenciatura Thesis, Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Ecuador. Quito, Ecuador." type="book" year="2007">Salazar-Valenzuela 2007</bibRefCitation>
). One frog rubbished its back with its front and hind legs when dipterans were present, and another frog was found with its hands on top of its eyes when a high number of flies (7) were present on its head. On
<date id="F030CECFB050FFF1FE6EF9B902FB2C09" box="[505,743,1585,1614]" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" value="2007-12-09">December 9th, 2007</date>
, 14 flies were found on a male
<taxonomicName id="438E938CB050FFF1FBF1F9B904D32C0A" box="[1126,1231,1588,1613]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Atelopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B6FA341DB050FFF1FBF1F9B904D32C0A" box="[1126,1231,1588,1613]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Atelopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. Of these, ten were males and four were females (two with blood in their abdomen). On
<date id="F030CECFB050FFF1FB97F9D304B72C3F" box="[1024,1195,1627,1656]" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" value="2007-04-01">April 1st, 2007</date>
, 55 flies were found on another male
<taxonomicName id="438E938CB050FFF1FEF1F90801CD2CD9" box="[358,465,1669,1694]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Atelopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B6FA341DB050FFF1FEF1F90801CD2CD9" box="[358,465,1669,1694]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Atelopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. Of these, 48 were males and seven were females (three with blood in their abdomen).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8431E80FB050FFF1FF52F95F040E2DEA" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,1965]" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">
<bibRefCitation id="E01F95FEB050FFF1FF52F95F018B2CAB" author="Desportes" box="[197,407,1746,1772]" pageId="2" pageNumber="42" refString="Desportes, C. (1942) Forcipomyia velox Winn et Sycorax silacea Curtis, vecteurs d' Icosiella neglecta (Diesing, 1850) filaire commune de la grenouille verte. Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparee, 19, 53 - 68." type="journal article" year="1942">Desportes (1942)</bibRefCitation>
collected specimens of the European
<taxonomicName id="438E938CB050FFF1FCF1F95F043A2CAC" box="[870,1062,1746,1771]" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Sycorax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="silacea">
<emphasis id="B6FA341DB050FFF1FCF1F95F043A2CAC" box="[870,1062,1746,1771]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Sycorax silacea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
feeding on frogs’ blood of the species
<taxonomicName id="438E938CB050FFF1FF60F97401AE2D55" box="[247,434,1785,1810]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="esculenta">
<emphasis id="B6FA341DB050FFF1FF60F97401AE2D55" box="[247,434,1785,1810]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Rana esculenta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L. (=
<taxonomicName id="438E938CB050FFF1FD96F97402E72D55" box="[513,763,1785,1810]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Pelophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lessonae">
<emphasis id="B6FA341DB050FFF1FD96F97402E72D55" box="[513,763,1785,1810]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Pelophylax lessonae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
x
<taxonomicName id="438E938CB050FFF1FC8CF97404D52D54" authority="Frost 2008" authorityName="Frost" authorityYear="2008" box="[795,1225,1785,1811]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Pelophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ridibundus">
<emphasis id="B6FA341DB050FFF1FC8CF974042C2D55" box="[795,1072,1785,1810]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Pelophylax ridibundus</emphasis>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E01F95FEB050FFF1FBD7F97404D52D54" author="Frost" box="[1088,1225,1785,1811]" pageId="2" pageNumber="42" refString="Frost, D. R. 2008. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.2 (15 July, 2008). Electronic Database accessible at http: // research. amnh. org / herpetology / amphibia / index. php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. Accessed January 14 th, 2009)." type="journal article" year="2008">Frost 2008</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
); the female flies collected were infected with filarial worms of
<taxonomicName id="438E938CB050FFF1FD55F8AD040D2D7E" authority="Diesing" authorityName="Diesing" box="[706,1041,1823,1849]" class="Chromadorea" family="Onchocercidae" genus="Icosiella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spirurida" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="neglecta">
<emphasis id="B6FA341DB050FFF1FD55F8AD038A2D7E" box="[706,918,1824,1849]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Icosiella neglecta</emphasis>
(Diesing)
</taxonomicName>
. It is known that only females of
<taxonomicName id="438E938CB050FFF1FF00F8CB00E42D18" box="[151,248,1862,1887]" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Sycorax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B6FA341DB050FFF1FF00F8CB00E42D18" box="[151,248,1862,1887]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Sycorax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
bite, because only they possess mandibles. Our finding of blood on females of the new species of
<taxonomicName id="438E938CB050FFF1FF00F8E000E92DC1" box="[151,245,1901,1926]" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Sycorax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B6FA341DB050FFF1FF00F8E000E92DC1" box="[151,245,1901,1926]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Sycorax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
suggests that they were feeding on harlequin frogs’ blood. The high number of male flies collected on
<taxonomicName id="438E938CB050FFF1FF00F81E00E22DEB" box="[151,254,1939,1964]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Atelopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B6FA341DB050FFF1FF00F81E00E22DEB" box="[151,254,1939,1964]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Atelopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. can be interpreted as an aggregation behavior of males to mate.
</paragraph>
<caption id="D0F1B887B051FFF0FF00F89803AA2DF0" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187567/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="40" targetBox="[161,1425,223,1769]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="8431E80FB051FFF0FF00F89803AA2DF0" blockId="3.[151,1437,1813,1975]" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">
<emphasis id="B6FA341DB051FFF0FF00F898014D2D6A" bold="true" box="[151,337,1813,1837]" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">FIGURES 1–12.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="438E938CB051FFF0FECFF898036D2D6B" authority="Bravo &amp; Salazar-Valenzuela" authorityName="Bravo &amp; Salazar-Valenzuela" box="[344,881,1813,1836]" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Sycorax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wampukrum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B6FA341DB051FFF0FECFF89802252D6B" box="[344,569,1813,1836]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">Sycorax wampukrum</emphasis>
Bravo &amp; Salazar-Valenzuela
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B6FA341DB051FFF0FCEEF89803D32D6A" bold="true" box="[889,975,1813,1837]" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="ADC98966B051FFF0FCEEF89803D32D6A" box="[889,975,1813,1837]" pageId="3" pageNumber="40" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, male. 1. Head. 2. Antenna: scape, pedicel and basal flagellomeres. 3. Antenna: flagellomeres 10–13. 4. Palpus. 5. Wing. Male terminalia, Figures 6–11: 6. Lateral. 7. Gonostylus and gonocoxite 8 Dorsal. 9. Ventral. 10. Epandrium, Cerci and sternite 10. 11. Aedeagus, paramere and genital filament. Female terminalia, Figure 12: 12. Lateral. (ae = aedeagus; ce = cercus; gf = genital filament; pr = paramere; S8 = sternite 8; S10 = sternite 10; T8 = tergite 8; T9 = tergite 9).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="D0F1B887B056FFF7FF00FD7104132971" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187568/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="41" targetBox="[401,1184,194,740]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="8431E80FB056FFF7FF00FD7104132971" blockId="4.[151,1437,764,823]" pageId="4" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="B6FA341DB056FFF7FF00FD7101322953" bold="true" box="[151,302,764,788]" pageId="4" pageNumber="41">FIGURE 13.</emphasis>
Specimen of harlequin frog,
<taxonomicName id="438E938CB056FFF7FDEAFD7002FC2953" box="[637,736,765,788]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Atelopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B6FA341DB056FFF7FDEAFD7002FC2953" box="[637,736,765,788]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="41">Atelopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp., from Río Napinaza, Ecuador, with specimens of
<taxonomicName id="438E938CB056FFF7FAD5FD70024C2971" authority="Bravo &amp; Salazar-Valenzuela" authorityName="Bravo &amp; Salazar-Valenzuela" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Sycorax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wampukrum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B6FA341DB056FFF7FAD5FD7001072970" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="41">Sycorax wampukrum</emphasis>
Bravo &amp; Salazar-Valenzuela
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B6FA341DB056FFF7FDC0FC9202B12970" bold="true" box="[599,685,799,823]" pageId="4" pageNumber="41">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="ADC98966B056FFF7FDC0FC9202B12970" box="[599,685,799,823]" pageId="4" pageNumber="41" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
on the dorsal surface of its body.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8431E80FB056FFF7FF52FCE403E92E98" blockId="4.[151,1437,873,1556]" pageId="4" pageNumber="41">
It is worth noting that the biological association between flies of the genus
<taxonomicName id="438E938CB056FFF7FBDBFCE404B029C5" box="[1100,1196,873,898]" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Sycorax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B6FA341DB056FFF7FBDBFCE404B029C5" box="[1100,1196,873,898]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="41">Sycorax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and harlequin frogs presented in this paper differs from parasitic associations reported between other groups of flies [blow flies (
<taxonomicName id="438E938CB056FFF7FF08FC3B01522997" box="[159,334,950,976]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Calliphoridae</taxonomicName>
), flesh flies (
<taxonomicName id="438E938CB056FFF7FE78FC3B02B72997" box="[495,683,950,976]" class="Insecta" family="Sarcophagidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sarcophagidae</taxonomicName>
), grass flies (
<taxonomicName id="438E938CB056FFF7FCC7FC3B03F02997" box="[848,1004,950,976]" class="Insecta" family="Chloropidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chloropidae</taxonomicName>
) and muscid flies (
<taxonomicName id="438E938CB056FFF7FB4DFC3B05442997" box="[1242,1368,950,976]" class="Insecta" family="Muscidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Muscidae</taxonomicName>
)] and several anuran families (see
<bibRefCitation id="E01F95FEB056FFF7FE71FC5002CF29B0" author="Hagman" box="[486,723,989,1015]" pageId="4" pageNumber="42" refString="Hagman, M., Pape, T. &amp; Schulte, R. (2005) Flesh fly myiasis (Diptera, Sarcophagidae) in Peruvian poison frog genus Epipedobates (Anura, Dendrobatidae). Phyllomedusa, 4, 69 - 73." type="journal article" year="2005">
Hagman
<emphasis id="B6FA341DB056FFF7FDC6FC50029829B1" box="[593,644,989,1014]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="41">et al</emphasis>
. 2005
</bibRefCitation>
). In those cases, flies produce myasis –invasion of fly larvae in vertebrate tissues – which is lethal for frogs. The low frequency of encounters of
<taxonomicName id="438E938CB056FFF7FBF1FB8905082E5A" box="[1126,1300,1028,1053]" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" genus="Sycorax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wampukrum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B6FA341DB056FFF7FBF1FB8905082E5A" box="[1126,1300,1028,1053]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="41">S. wampukrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B6FA341DB056FFF7FA8CFB8E05642E5A" bold="true" box="[1307,1400,1027,1053]" pageId="4" pageNumber="41">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="ADC98966B056FFF7FA8CFB8E05642E5A" box="[1307,1400,1027,1053]" pageId="4" pageNumber="41" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
on
<taxonomicName id="438E938CB056FFF7FF00FBA700E22E04" box="[151,254,1066,1091]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Atelopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B6FA341DB056FFF7FF00FBA700E22E04" box="[151,254,1066,1091]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="41">Atelopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. (nine registers of over 1300 frog captures) is in agreement with the classification of
<bibRefCitation id="E01F95FEB056FFF7FA81FBA700F92E2C" author="Skevington" pageId="4" pageNumber="42" refString="Skevington, J. H. (2002). &quot; Intimate neighbours: Parasitoids and parasites. &quot; Biodiversity, 3, 8 - 12." type="journal article" year="2002">Skevington (2002)</bibRefCitation>
of members of the family
<taxonomicName id="438E938CB056FFF7FDB3FBDC02A52E2C" box="[548,697,1105,1131]" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Psychodidae</taxonomicName>
as transient blood-suckers, rather than true parasites. This last statement might change in the future if filarial worms are found infecting the frogs. At this time, we have not been able to examine blood contained on female flies or frogs’ blood due to scarcity of encounters with flies and the endangered status of the population of harlequin frogs monitored.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8431E80FB056FFF7FF52FB6603B02C53" blockId="4.[151,1437,873,1556]" pageId="4" pageNumber="41">
Most flies of the subfamily
<taxonomicName id="438E938CB056FFF7FDB0FB6602DD2F42" box="[551,705,1259,1285]" class="Insecta" family="Psychodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Sycoracinae">Sycoracinae</taxonomicName>
have been collected on vegetation close to running water (
<bibRefCitation id="E01F95FEB056FFF7FF08FA9F01852F6B" author="Bejarano" box="[159,409,1298,1324]" pageId="4" pageNumber="42" refString="Bejarano, E. E, Duque, P &amp; Velez, I. D. (2008) A new species of Sycorax (Diptera, Psychodidae, Sycoracinae) from the Pacific coast of Colombia. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 52, 28 - 31." type="journal article" year="2008">
Bejarano
<emphasis id="B6FA341DB056FFF7FE83FA9F01562F6C" box="[276,330,1298,1323]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="41">et al</emphasis>
. 2008
</bibRefCitation>
), and as this is the same
<typeStatus id="5B3556ADB056FFF7FD52FA9F02E42F6B" box="[709,760,1298,1324]" pageId="4" pageNumber="41">type</typeStatus>
of habitat associated with harlequin frogs, because they reproduce under lotic conditions (
<bibRefCitation id="E01F95FEB056FFF7FDB7FAB402A52F14" author="Lotters" box="[544,697,1337,1363]" pageId="4" pageNumber="42" refString="Lotters, S. (1996) The neotropical toad genus Atelopus, Checklist-Biology-Distribution. Vences and Glaw Verlags, Koln, Germany." type="book" year="1996">Lötters 1996</bibRefCitation>
), it is quite possible that these two taxa interact in other regions of the Neotropics. Given the critical challenge of conserving these frogs, more information will be needed about their basic biology (
<bibRefCitation id="E01F95FEB056FFF7FE43FA0B02692FE7" author="Lotters" box="[468,629,1414,1440]" pageId="4" pageNumber="42" refString="Lotters, S. (2007) The fate of the harlequin toads - help through a synchronous multidisciplinary approach and the IUCN ' Amphibian Conservation Action Plan'. Mitteilungen Museum fur Naturkunde Berlin, Zoologische Reihe, 83, Supplement, 69 - 73." type="journal article" year="2007">Lötters 2007</bibRefCitation>
). Ecological interactions between insects and harlequin frogs is an important area of research as previous studies have shown that these relationships can have significant consequences on individual frogs (such as lethal parasitism,
<bibRefCitation id="E01F95FEB056FFF7FCCDFA5E04762FAA" author="Crump" box="[858,1130,1491,1517]" pageId="4" pageNumber="42" refString="Crump, M. L. &amp; Pounds, J. A. (1985) Lethal parasitism of an aposematic anuran (Atelopus varius) by Notochaeta bufonivora (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). Journal of Parasitology, 71, 588 - 591." type="journal article" year="1985">Crump &amp; Pounds 1985</bibRefCitation>
) or on their habitats (such as alterations in aquatic insect communities,
<bibRefCitation id="E01F95FEB056FFF7FD34FA7703BC2C53" author="Ranvestel" box="[675,928,1530,1556]" pageId="4" pageNumber="42" refString="Ranvestel, T. W., Lips, K. R., Pringle, C. M., Whiles, M. R. &amp; Bixby, R. J. (2004) Neotropical tadpoles influence stream benthos: evidence for ecological consequences of amphibian declines. Freshwater Biology, 49, 274 - 285." type="journal article" year="2004">
Ranvestel
<emphasis id="B6FA341DB056FFF7FC89FA77034E2C54" box="[798,850,1530,1555]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="41">et al</emphasis>
. 2004
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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