385 lines
46 KiB
XML
385 lines
46 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="5C49F253E5C6CD726D0685A43BDF1A7E">The diversity of Triassic South American sphenodontians: a new basal form, clevosaurs, and a revision of rhynchocephalian phylogeny</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="DE76365DFD3D574837A19CB27BEE0970">Chambi-Trowell, Sofia A. V.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="BC6AB02EF5DAA395F43297F2B55A8693">School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS 8 1 TF, UK;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="5CD195D1465183EE965C7EAE48EAB1CB">Martinell, Agust ́ ın G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="487F1DA0AD0DDB461AB081882170FF00">Whitesid, David I.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="937F44D59C07B0E0ED8BA86B74C389AA">Romo de Viva, Paulo R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="006CFDE8250DA36A0C9CB602CFF8DF23">Soare, Marina Bento</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5AC984E68CB4B29E6CDF2F24AEF18063">Schult, Cesar L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="065944BE9A3D81E2E5970347A0E46CC8">Gil, Pamela G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="437BCD95248193EF204855F679E735D8">Bento, Michael J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A8845C1A5BDBFF6B0DB1E94011781BFC">Rayfiel, Emily J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="501971D451121C945FC5A9280E08B44C">Journal of Systematic Palaeontology</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="E2651BD5ECC14980C835A5A54A5F7B43">2021</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="3C87FE763941ABDA88A6D81B3D859748">2021-11-01</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="24181F18842814C8FB2B09AE142C00B8">19</mods:number>
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<treatment id="038E87CAFFB42735FF44FE905751FE29" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10959847" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10959847" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038E87CAFFB42735FF44FE905751FE29" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038E87CAFFB42735FF44FE905751FE29" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="814" pageId="27" pageNumber="813">
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<subSubSection id="C33D6557FFB42732FF44FE9053ADFA11" box="[159,504,1426,1452]" pageId="27" pageNumber="813" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9836DCFFB42732FF44FE9053ADFA11" blockId="27.[159,781,1426,1901]" box="[159,504,1426,1452]" pageId="27" pageNumber="813">
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<heading id="D0D081B0FFB42732FF44FE9053ADFA11" box="[159,504,1426,1452]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="27" pageNumber="813" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB42732FF44FE9053ADFA11" authorityName="Chambi-Trowell & Martinell & Whitesid & Romo de Viva & Soare & Schult & Gil & Bento & Rayfiel" authorityYear="2021" box="[159,504,1426,1452]" genus="Microsphenodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhynchocephalia" pageId="27" pageNumber="813" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bonapartei">
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<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB42732FF44FE9053ADFA11" bold="true" box="[159,504,1426,1452]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="813">Microsphenodon bonapartei</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C33D6557FFB42735FF44FEB75751FE29" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="814" pageId="27" pageNumber="813" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8B9836DCFFB42732FF44FEB7563FFEC9" blockId="27.[159,781,1426,1901]" lastBlockId="27.[844,1467,189,1901]" pageId="27" pageNumber="813">
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Originally considered to be the juvenile form of
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<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB42732FF44FED753E3FA51" baseAuthorityName="Bonaparte & Sues" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[159,438,1493,1516]" family="Clevosauridae" genus="Clevosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="27" pageNumber="813" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
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<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB42732FF44FED753E3FA51" box="[159,438,1493,1516]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="813">Clevosaurus brasiliensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B2DFFB42732FE0FFED75150FA51" author="Bonaparte, J. F. & Sues, H. - D." box="[468,773,1493,1516]" pageId="27" pageNumber="813" pagination="917 - 923" refId="ref21083" refString="Bonaparte, J. F. & Sues, H. - D. 2006. A new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia) from the upper Triassic of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Palaeontology, 49, 917 - 923. doi: 10.1111 / j. 1475 - 49832006.00568. x" type="journal article" year="2006">Bonaparte & Sues 2006</bibRefCitation>
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||
; Romo de Vivar Mart́ınez & Soares 2015), we note the following morphological differences that indicate it represents a different genus and species: fusion of articular, surangular and prearticular; fusion of exoccipitals and basioccipital; deep diagonal wear facets on dentary; lack of an enlarged posterior-most tooth on the dentary; two rows of teeth on the palatine (albeit one is rudimentary); elongated antorbital region of the skull; broad parietal table; four-cornered postfrontal; typical acrodonty (teeth sit on the jaw crest and do not extend deeply into the jaw bones); elongated premaxillary process on maxilla; short posterior process on the parietal; relatively gracile jaw; non-interdigitating facets between jugal-postorbital and maxilla-prefrontal; and presence of (small) caniniforms. All
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<specimenCount id="9D21FD55FFB42732FC11FBFF5624FEA9" box="[970,1137,253,276]" count="4" pageId="27" pageNumber="813" type="generic">four specimens</specimenCount>
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of
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<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB42732FB46FBFF576EFEA9" authorityName="Chambi-Trowell & Martinell & Whitesid & Romo de Viva & Soare & Schult & Gil & Bento & Rayfiel" authorityYear="2021" box="[1181,1339,253,276]" genus="Microsphenodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="27" pageNumber="813" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bonapartei">
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<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB42732FB46FBFF576EFEA9" box="[1181,1339,253,276]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="813">M. bonapartei</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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suggest an animal with a skull around
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<quantity id="4CDF9B39FFB42732FB51FA1F5687FE89" box="[1162,1234,285,308]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="813" unit="mm" value="20.0">20 mm</quantity>
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long, which is only slightly smaller than
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<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB42732FB97FA3F56A4FEE9" baseAuthorityName="Bonaparte & Sues" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[1100,1265,317,340]" family="Clevosauridae" genus="Clevosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="27" pageNumber="813" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
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<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB42732FB97FA3F56A4FEE9" box="[1100,1265,317,340]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="813">C. brasiliensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(with specimens averaging around
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<quantity id="4CDF9B39FFB42732FBCAFA5F560AFEC9" box="[1041,1119,349,372]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="27" pageNumber="813" unit="mm" value="25.0">25 mm</quantity>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9836DCFFB42732FCBCFA7F5759FCD1" blockId="27.[844,1467,189,1901]" pageId="27" pageNumber="813">
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Our phylogenetic analysis (
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<figureCitation id="131C2A59FFB42732FB17FA7F5778FE29" box="[1228,1325,381,404]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="26.[159,226,1486,1507]" captionTargetBox="[160,1465,188,1468]" captionTargetId="figure-128@26.[159,1466,188,1469]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Figure 16. Phylogeny of Rhynchocephalia, recovered from: A, strict consensus tree from the maximum parsimony analysis with Bremer values above 1 labelled beside the nodes; and B, 50% majority rule consensus tree from the Bayesian-inference analysis with clade credibility values (decimal proportions) labelled beside nodes." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10959871" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10959871/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="813">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
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) recovered
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<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB42732FC96FA9E51ABFE0E" baseAuthorityName="Jones & Lappin" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[845,1022,412,435]" genus="Microsphenodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="27" pageNumber="813" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB42732FC96FA9E51ABFE0E" box="[845,1022,412,435]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="813">Microsphenodon</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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as the earliest diverging eusphenodontian after
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<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB42732FC60FABE560EFE6E" baseAuthorityName="Fraser & Benton" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[955,1115,444,467]" genus="Polysphenodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="27" pageNumber="813" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB42732FC60FABE560EFE6E" box="[955,1115,444,467]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="813">Polysphenodon</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Plesiomorphic features include its relatively elongated snout, fusion of the exoccipitals to the basioccipital, broad flat parietal table, low gracile dentary, and its multiple rows of palatal teeth, while apomorphies include its fully acrodont dentition, a high coronoid process, differentiated dentition, and a large parietal opening. The last character-state could be interpreted as evidence the specimen is juvenile, perhaps based on the wider, flatter parietals in juvenile
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<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB42732FB62F9BA5778FD72" baseAuthorityName="Evans" baseAuthorityYear="2008" box="[1209,1325,696,719]" class="Sphenodontia" family="Sphenodontidae" genus="Sphenodon" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="27" pageNumber="813" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB42732FB62F9BA5778FD72" box="[1209,1325,696,719]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="813">Sphenodon</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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compared to adults, but some cranial sutures in
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<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB42732FAD1F9D557EEFD53" baseAuthorityName="Jones & Lappin" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[1290,1467,727,750]" genus="Microsphenodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="27" pageNumber="813" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB42732FAD1F9D557EEFD53" box="[1290,1467,727,750]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="813">Microsphenodon</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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appear to be well fused, and the parietal opening size varies substantially among extinct rhynchocephalians, being small in
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<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB42732FC22F83456CFFCF0" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1980" box="[1017,1178,822,845]" class="Reptilia" family="Gephyrosauridae" genus="Gephyrosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhynchocephalia" pageId="27" pageNumber="813" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB42732FC22F83456CFFCF0" box="[1017,1178,822,845]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="813">Gephyrosaurus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and outgroups, and large in clevosaurs and most eusphenodontians.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9836DCFFB42732FCBCF877561DFA50" blockId="27.[844,1467,189,1901]" pageId="27" pageNumber="813">
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The palate of
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<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB42732FBCBF8775690FC31" baseAuthorityName="Jones & Lappin" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[1040,1221,885,908]" genus="Microsphenodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="27" pageNumber="813" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB42732FBCBF8775690FC31" box="[1040,1221,885,908]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="813">Microsphenodon</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is its key diagnostic feature, bearing multiple rows of teeth on the vomers, palatines and pterygoids. Although there are more tooth rows than in most eusphenodontians, the number of rows is still fewer than in earlier diverging forms such as
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<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB42732FC78FF175612FB91" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1980" box="[931,1095,1045,1068]" class="Reptilia" family="Gephyrosauridae" genus="Gephyrosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhynchocephalia" pageId="27" pageNumber="813" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB42732FC78FF175612FB91" box="[931,1095,1045,1068]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="813">Gephyrosaurus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB42732FB54FF175701FB91" authorityName="Whiteside" authorityYear="1986" box="[1167,1364,1045,1068]" class="Sphenodontia" family="Sphenodontidae" genus="Diphydontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhynchocephalia" pageId="27" pageNumber="813" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB42732FB54FF175701FB91" box="[1167,1364,1045,1068]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="813">Diphydontosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB42732FC97FF375672FBF1" baseAuthorityName="Fraser" baseAuthorityYear="1982" box="[844,1063,1077,1100]" class="Sphenodontia" family="Sphenodontidae" genus="Planocephalosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="27" pageNumber="813" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB42732FC97FF375672FBF1" box="[844,1063,1077,1100]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="813">Planocephalosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The palatine of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB42732FB31FF3757CAFBF1" baseAuthorityName="Jones & Lappin" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[1258,1439,1077,1100]" genus="Microsphenodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="27" pageNumber="813" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB42732FB31FF3757CAFBF1" box="[1258,1439,1077,1100]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="813">Microsphenodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is similar to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB42732FBD5FF5756E1FBD1" box="[1038,1204,1109,1132]" class="Reptilia" genus="Rebbanasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhynchocephalia" pageId="27" pageNumber="813" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB42732FBD5FF5756E1FBD1" box="[1038,1204,1109,1132]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="813">Rebbanasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Early Jurassic of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F330764CFFB42732FCABFF7751F2FB31" box="[880,935,1141,1164]" name="India" pageId="27" pageNumber="813">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B2DFFB42732FC67FF7756DEFB31" author="Evans, S. E. & Prasad, G. V. R. & Manhas, B. K." box="[956,1163,1141,1164]" pageId="27" pageNumber="813" pagination="309 - 334" refId="ref21777" refString="Evans, S. E., Prasad, G. V. R. & Manhas, B. K. 2001. Rhynchocephalians (Diapsida: Lepidosauria) from the Jurassic Kota Formation of India. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 133, 309 - 334." type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
Evans
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB42732FBD7FF77561CFB31" box="[1036,1097,1141,1164]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="813">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), both of which bear two rows of palatine teeth, one reduced to just two to three teeth and positioned at roughly 45
|
||
<superScript id="7C529B94FFB42732FB15FFB35682FB7F" attach="left" box="[1230,1239,1201,1218]" fontSize="7" pageId="27" pageNumber="813">Ǫ</superScript>
|
||
to the main row of teeth. Medially, the palatine bears a single tooth that is otherwise an apomorphy (a single tooth or cluster of teeth placed medially on the palatine) known only within clevosaurs, suggesting this feature was plesiomorphic to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB42732FC04FE545631FAD0" authorityName="Swinton" authorityYear="1939" box="[991,1124,1366,1389]" family="Clevosauridae" genus="Clevosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="27" pageNumber="813" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB42732FC04FE545631FAD0" box="[991,1124,1366,1389]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="813">Clevosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, though it is also arguably known in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB42732FC1FFE745616FA30" authorityName="Martínez, Apaldetti, Colombi, Praderio, Fernandez, Santi Malnis, Correa, Abelin & Alcober" authorityYear="2013" box="[964,1091,1398,1421]" class="Sphenodontia" family="Sphenodontidae" genus="Sphenotitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="27" pageNumber="813" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB42732FC1FFE745616FA30" box="[964,1091,1398,1421]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="813">Sphenotitan</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Rhaetian of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F330764CFFB42732FA8BFE7457EEFA30" box="[1360,1467,1398,1421]" name="Argentina" pageId="27" pageNumber="813">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Mart́ınez
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB42732FC1BFE9451ACFA10" box="[960,1017,1430,1453]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="813">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2013). Whether this single tooth is present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB42732FC79FEB4561DFA70" box="[930,1096,1462,1485]" class="Reptilia" genus="Rebbanasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhynchocephalia" pageId="27" pageNumber="813" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB42732FC79FEB4561DFA70" box="[930,1096,1462,1485]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="813">Rebbanasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is unknown because this part of the palatine is missing.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9836DCFFB42735FCBCFEF453CAFD61" blockId="27.[844,1467,189,1901]" lastBlockId="28.[159,781,189,1901]" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="814" pageId="27" pageNumber="813">
|
||
The marginal teeth of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB42732FBA2FEF4577FF9B0" baseAuthorityName="Jones & Lappin" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[1145,1322,1526,1549]" genus="Microsphenodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="27" pageNumber="813" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB42732FBA2FEF4577FF9B0" box="[1145,1322,1526,1549]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="813">Microsphenodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
show some resemblances to those of derived rhynchocephalians. For example, the dentary is like that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB42732FB3FFD34572EF9F0" authorityName="Apesteguía, Gómez & Rougier" authorityYear="2012" box="[1252,1403,1590,1613]" class="Reptilia" genus="Sphenocondor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhynchocephalia" pageId="27" pageNumber="813" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB42732FB3FFD34572EF9F0" box="[1252,1403,1590,1613]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="813">Sphenocondor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Middle Jurassic of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F330764CFFB42732FBB6FD545683F9D0" box="[1133,1238,1622,1645]" name="Argentina" pageId="27" pageNumber="813">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Apestegúıa
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB42732FAA1FD5457EEF9D0" box="[1402,1467,1622,1645]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="813">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2012), with a high but elongated and blunt coronoid process, a gracile elongated dentary ramus and similar complex tooth differentiation. There are a few large, mesiodistally elongated additional teeth, and anterior to this many smaller teeth alternating in size, and successional teeth located most anteriorly, including a caniniform.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB42732FC42FC34561FF8F0" baseAuthorityName="Jones & Lappin" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[921,1098,1846,1869]" genus="Microsphenodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="27" pageNumber="813" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB42732FC42FC34561FF8F0" box="[921,1098,1846,1869]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="813">Microsphenodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB42732FB27FC3457C6F8F0" authorityName="Apesteguía, Gómez & Rougier" authorityYear="2012" box="[1276,1427,1846,1869]" class="Reptilia" genus="Sphenocondor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhynchocephalia" pageId="27" pageNumber="813" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB42732FB27FC3457C6F8F0" box="[1276,1427,1846,1869]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="813">Sphenocondor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in showing no evidence of any other successional teeth anterior to the caniniform (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131C2A59FFB32735FE1AFBBF5047FF69" box="[449,530,189,212]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="8.[159,226,1655,1676]" captionTargetId="figure-1@7.[159,1466,188,1965]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. Digital segmentation of selected cranial material of Clevosaurus brasiliensis (A, B, F–H, R, S, UFSM-PV-0131; C–E, I–O, UFRGS-PV-0748-T; P, Q, UFRGS-PV-0974-T). A, B, right premaxilla in A, lateral; and B, anterior views. C–E, right maxilla in C, lateral; D, ventral; and E, medial views. F, G, nasals in F, left lateral; and G, anterior views. H, rostrum in left lateral view. I, right prefrontal in lateral view. J, right postfrontal in lateral view. K, left postfrontal in medial view. L, parietals and frontals in dorsal view. M, frontals in ventral view. N, O, left jugal in N, lateral; and O, medial views. P, Q, left postorbital in P, lateral; and Q, medial views. R, S, left squamosal in R, lateral; and S, medial views. Abbreviations: add, additional; ant, anterior; con, conical; ept, ectopterygoid; f, frontal; fac, facet; ht, hatchling; j, jugal; m, maxilla; n, nasal; p, parietal; pal, palatine; pinf, pineal foramen; pm, premaxilla; po, postorbital; pof, postfrontal; post, posterior; prf, prefrontal; proc, process; q, quadrate; sq, squamosal; st, supratemporal; th, tooth; ven, ventral. Scale bars for C–E, L, M equal 10 mm; F, G, I, N–S equal 5 mm; and A, B, H, J, K equal 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10959839" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10959839/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="814">Fig. 3C</figureCitation>
|
||
). The only known specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB32735FED2FBDF53F5FF49" authorityName="Apesteguía, Gómez & Rougier" authorityYear="2012" box="[265,416,221,244]" class="Reptilia" genus="Sphenocondor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhynchocephalia" pageId="28" pageNumber="814" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB32735FED2FBDF53F5FF49" box="[265,416,221,244]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="814">Sphenocondor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been identified as a juvenile because some of its dentary teeth alternate in size, but it is roughly the same size as all known specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB32735FF44FA3D5305FEEB" baseAuthorityName="Jones & Lappin" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[159,336,319,342]" genus="Microsphenodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="28" pageNumber="814" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB32735FF44FA3D5305FEEB" box="[159,336,319,342]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="814">Microsphenodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and adult specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB32735FF44FA5D5335FECB" authorityName="Whiteside" authorityYear="1986" box="[159,352,351,374]" class="Sphenodontia" family="Sphenodontidae" genus="Diphydontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhynchocephalia" pageId="28" pageNumber="814" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB32735FF44FA5D5335FECB" box="[159,352,351,374]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="814">Diphydontosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
similarly display alternation in tooth size, suggesting that this
|
||
<typeStatus id="549C887EFFB32735FE76FA82538FFE2A" box="[429,474,384,407]" pageId="28" pageNumber="814">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of dentition is not restricted to juveniles. Likewise, adult specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB32735FD43FAA25158FE0A" baseAuthorityName="Evans" baseAuthorityYear="2008" box="[664,781,416,439]" class="Sphenodontia" family="Sphenodontidae" genus="Sphenodon" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="28" pageNumber="814" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB32735FD43FAA25158FE0A" box="[664,781,416,439]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="814">Sphenodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also have additional teeth that alternate in size (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B2DFFB32735FD6AFAC35286FE45" author="Maisano, J." pageId="28" pageNumber="814" refId="ref23036" refString="Maisano, J. 2001. Sphenodon punctatus, digital morphology. Updated at: http: // digimorph. org / specimens / Sphenodon _ punctatus / adult /, accessed 22 April 2018." type="url" year="2001">Maisano 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Further,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB32735FE92FAE353AFFE45" baseAuthorityName="Jones & Lappin" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[329,506,481,504]" genus="Microsphenodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="28" pageNumber="814" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB32735FE92FAE353AFFE45" box="[329,506,481,504]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="814">Microsphenodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, like
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB32735FDE0FAE35087FE45" authorityName="Apesteguía, Gómez & Rougier" authorityYear="2012" box="[571,722,481,504]" class="Reptilia" genus="Sphenocondor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhynchocephalia" pageId="28" pageNumber="814" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB32735FDE0FAE35087FE45" box="[571,722,481,504]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="814">Sphenocondor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, also has caniniform teeth, a tooth form not known in any other sphenodontians before the Jurassic, and not outside Neosphenodontia. However, the dentary of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB32735FDADF9415158FDE7" authorityName="Apesteguía, Gómez & Rougier" authorityYear="2012" box="[630,781,579,602]" class="Reptilia" genus="Sphenocondor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhynchocephalia" pageId="28" pageNumber="814" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB32735FDADF9415158FDE7" box="[630,781,579,602]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="814">Sphenocondor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB32735FEB9F9615046FDC7" baseAuthorityName="Jones & Lappin" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[354,531,611,634]" genus="Microsphenodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="28" pageNumber="814" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB32735FEB9F9615046FDC7" box="[354,531,611,634]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="814">Microsphenodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in seemingly possessing a large incisiform tooth and lacking the pronounced gap between the coronoid process and teeth (see below for further explanation).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9836DCFFB32735FF62F9E75751FE29" blockId="28.[159,781,189,1901]" lastBlockId="28.[844,1467,189,404]" pageId="28" pageNumber="814">
|
||
It is important to compare
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB32735FDCEF9E7509FFD41" baseAuthorityName="Jones & Lappin" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[533,714,741,764]" genus="Microsphenodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="28" pageNumber="814" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB32735FDCEF9E7509FFD41" box="[533,714,741,764]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="814">Microsphenodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB32735FF44F8075084FCA1" authority="(Romo de Vivar et al. 2020 a)" baseAuthorityName="Romo de Vivar" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[159,721,773,796]" genus="Lanceirosphenodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="28" pageNumber="814" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB32735FF44F8075326FCA1" box="[159,371,773,796]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="814">Lanceirosphenodon</emphasis>
|
||
(Romo de Vivar
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB32735FD9BF8075021FCA1" box="[576,628,773,796]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="814">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2020a)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, also from the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB32735FED6F82453E2FC80" authority="AZ" authorityName="AZ" box="[269,439,806,829]" class="Reptilia" family="Tritheledontidae" genus="Riograndia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="28" pageNumber="814" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB32735FED6F82453D3FC80" box="[269,390,806,829]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="814">Riograndia</emphasis>
|
||
AZ
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Candeĺaria Sequence) of the Linha S̃ao Luiz outcrop in southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F330764CFFB32735FD1EF844515FFCE0" box="[709,778,838,861]" name="Brazil" pageId="28" pageNumber="814">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB32735FF44F8655326FCC3" box="[159,371,871,894]" genus="Lanceirosphenodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="28" pageNumber="814" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB32735FF44F8655326FCC3" box="[159,371,871,894]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="814">Lanceirosphenodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
resembles
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB32735FDCFF865509CFCC3" baseAuthorityName="Jones & Lappin" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[532,713,871,894]" genus="Microsphenodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="28" pageNumber="814" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB32735FDCFF865509CFCC3" box="[532,713,871,894]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="814">Microsphenodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but there are several apomorphies that distinguish the two taxa. While the
|
||
<typeStatus id="549C887EFFB32735FE85F8AA53EEFC02" box="[350,443,936,959]" pageId="28" pageNumber="814" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
and associated specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB32735FF44F8CA5301FC62" baseAuthorityName="Jones & Lappin" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[159,340,968,991]" genus="Microsphenodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="28" pageNumber="814" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB32735FF44F8CA5301FC62" box="[159,340,968,991]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="814">Microsphenodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are believed to represent adult individuals of a similar size, it is probable that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB32735FF44FF0B5326FB9D" box="[159,371,1033,1056]" genus="Lanceirosphenodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="28" pageNumber="814" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB32735FF44FF0B5326FB9D" box="[159,371,1033,1056]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="814">Lanceirosphenodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is based on a juvenile
|
||
<typeStatus id="549C887EFFB32735FD72FF0B515CFB9D" box="[681,777,1033,1056]" pageId="28" pageNumber="814" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, with the distance between the symphysis to the coronoid process being ~
|
||
<quantity id="4CDF9B39FFB32735FE82FF4853FFFBDC" box="[345,426,1098,1121]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.1" pageId="28" pageNumber="814" unit="mm" value="7.1">7.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
, making it approximately twothirds the size of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB32735FEBEFF69504FFB3F" baseAuthorityName="Jones & Lappin" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[357,538,1131,1154]" genus="Microsphenodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="28" pageNumber="814" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB32735FEBEFF69504FFB3F" box="[357,538,1131,1154]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="814">Microsphenodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The pronounced gap between the ultimate tooth and the coronoid process of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB32735FF44FFAE5301FB7E" baseAuthorityName="Jones & Lappin" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[159,340,1196,1219]" genus="Microsphenodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="28" pageNumber="814" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB32735FF44FFAE5301FB7E" box="[159,340,1196,1219]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="814">Microsphenodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, seen in other early sphenodontians including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB32735FECCFFCE5389FB5E" authorityName="Whiteside" authorityYear="1986" box="[279,476,1228,1251]" class="Sphenodontia" family="Sphenodontidae" genus="Diphydontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhynchocephalia" pageId="28" pageNumber="814" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB32735FECCFFCE5389FB5E" box="[279,476,1228,1251]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="814">Diphydontosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB32735FE2CFFCE5087FB5E" baseAuthorityName="Fraser" baseAuthorityYear="1982" box="[503,722,1228,1251]" class="Sphenodontia" family="Sphenodontidae" genus="Planocephalosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="28" pageNumber="814" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB32735FE2CFFCE5087FB5E" box="[503,722,1228,1251]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="814">Planocephalosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB32735FF44FFEF5335FAB9" box="[159,352,1261,1284]" family="Clevosauridae" genus="Clevosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="28" pageNumber="814" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB32735FF44FFEF5371FAB9" box="[159,292,1261,1284]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="814">Clevosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B2DFFB32735FEADFFEF53AAFAB9" author="Fraser, N. C." box="[374,511,1261,1284]" pageId="28" pageNumber="814" pagination="709 - 725" refId="ref21861" refString="Fraser, N. C. 1982. A new rhynchocephalian from the British Upper Trias. Palaeontology, 25, 709 - 725." type="journal article" year="1982">Fraser 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, pl. 70 (2); Whiteside 1986, fig. 4B; Fraser 1988, fig. 19), is absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB32735FF44FE2C5326FAF8" box="[159,371,1326,1349]" genus="Lanceirosphenodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="28" pageNumber="814" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB32735FF44FE2C5326FAF8" box="[159,371,1326,1349]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="814">Lanceirosphenodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This gap does not relate to ontogeny as it is present throughout life in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB32735FD5CFE4C52A6FA3B" baseAuthorityName="Fraser" baseAuthorityYear="1988" family="Clevosauridae" genus="Clevosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="28" pageNumber="814" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hudsoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB32735FD5CFE4C52A6FA3B" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="814">Clevosaurus hudsoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fraser 1988, fig. 23). There also appear to be two series of alternating teeth on the dentary of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB32735FF44FEB25326FA7A" box="[159,371,1456,1479]" genus="Lanceirosphenodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="28" pageNumber="814" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB32735FF44FEB25326FA7A" box="[159,371,1456,1479]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="814">Lanceirosphenodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Romo de Vivar
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB32735FD92FEB250D3FA7A" box="[585,646,1456,1479]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="814">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2020a, fig. 4B), one apparently representing the hatchling teeth and the other the larger additional teeth, but there is only one such series in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB32735FEA8FD13507DF995" baseAuthorityName="Jones & Lappin" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[371,552,1553,1576]" genus="Microsphenodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="28" pageNumber="814" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB32735FEA8FD13507DF995" box="[371,552,1553,1576]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="814">Microsphenodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB32735FDE2FD135158F995" box="[569,781,1553,1576]" genus="Lanceirosphenodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="28" pageNumber="814" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB32735FDE2FD135158F995" box="[569,781,1553,1576]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="814">Lanceirosphenodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also lacks pronounced diagonal wear facets on its dentary, but this could reflect its young age. Further, though both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB32735FF02FD7153F8F937" box="[217,429,1651,1674]" genus="Lanceirosphenodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="28" pageNumber="814" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB32735FF02FD7153F8F937" box="[217,429,1651,1674]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="814">Lanceirosphenodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB32735FE32FD7150CBF937" baseAuthorityName="Jones & Lappin" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[489,670,1651,1674]" genus="Microsphenodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="28" pageNumber="814" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB32735FE32FD7150CBF937" box="[489,670,1651,1674]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="814">Microsphenodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
share the trait of two large additional teeth most posteriorly on the dentary following a row of additional teeth that alternate in size, their teeth differ in shape. The two largest posterior teeth of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB32735FE61FDF7503AF8B1" baseAuthorityName="Jones & Lappin" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[442,623,1781,1804]" genus="Microsphenodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="28" pageNumber="814" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB32735FE61FDF7503AF8B1" box="[442,623,1781,1804]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="814">Microsphenodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are mesiodistally elongated with an equidistant triangular profile, while those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB32735FE85FC345067F8F0" box="[350,562,1846,1869]" genus="Lanceirosphenodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="28" pageNumber="814" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB32735FE85FC345067F8F0" box="[350,562,1846,1869]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="814">Lanceirosphenodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are more conical (Romo de Vivar
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB32735FE7BFC5453BCF8D0" box="[416,489,1878,1901]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="814">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2020a, fig. 4). If
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB32735FC97FBBF5675FF69" box="[844,1056,189,212]" genus="Lanceirosphenodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="28" pageNumber="814" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB32735FC97FBBF5675FF69" box="[844,1056,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="814">Lanceirosphenodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a juvenile, then it likely would have had more of these larger additional teeth as an adult. The maxilla of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C274D5FFFB32735FB9BFBFF571FFEA9" baseAuthorityName="Bonaparte & Sues" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[1088,1354,253,276]" family="Clevosauridae" genus="Clevosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="28" pageNumber="814" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B953EACEFFB32735FB9BFBFF571FFEA9" box="[1088,1354,253,276]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="814">Clevosaurus brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
possesses two large, additional teeth (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131C2A59FFB32735FB5CFA1F568BFE89" box="[1159,1246,285,308]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="8.[159,226,1655,1676]" captionTargetId="figure-1@7.[159,1466,188,1965]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. Digital segmentation of selected cranial material of Clevosaurus brasiliensis (A, B, F–H, R, S, UFSM-PV-0131; C–E, I–O, UFRGS-PV-0748-T; P, Q, UFRGS-PV-0974-T). A, B, right premaxilla in A, lateral; and B, anterior views. C–E, right maxilla in C, lateral; D, ventral; and E, medial views. F, G, nasals in F, left lateral; and G, anterior views. H, rostrum in left lateral view. I, right prefrontal in lateral view. J, right postfrontal in lateral view. K, left postfrontal in medial view. L, parietals and frontals in dorsal view. M, frontals in ventral view. N, O, left jugal in N, lateral; and O, medial views. P, Q, left postorbital in P, lateral; and Q, medial views. R, S, left squamosal in R, lateral; and S, medial views. Abbreviations: add, additional; ant, anterior; con, conical; ept, ectopterygoid; f, frontal; fac, facet; ht, hatchling; j, jugal; m, maxilla; n, nasal; p, parietal; pal, palatine; pinf, pineal foramen; pm, premaxilla; po, postorbital; pof, postfrontal; post, posterior; prf, prefrontal; proc, process; q, quadrate; sq, squamosal; st, supratemporal; th, tooth; ven, ventral. Scale bars for C–E, L, M equal 10 mm; F, G, I, N–S equal 5 mm; and A, B, H, J, K equal 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10959839" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10959839/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="814">Fig. 3D</figureCitation>
|
||
), so the possession of two large posterior-most teeth in the maxilla and dentary might have been a plesiomorphic trait for the rhynchocephalians of this Assemblage Zone.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |