treatments-xml/data/03/8E/87/038E878CFFA3B175FDC1FB46FA081CEA.xml

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<mods:title id="82FDFE19099AA5D01E8FF6EFD9098223">Contributions to the knowledge of Formicidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata): a new diagnosis of the family, the first global male-based key to subfamilies, and a treatment of early branching lineages</mods:title>
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<subSubSection id="C33D6511FFA3B16EFDC1FB46FB9B1BF3" box="[625,1039,1197,1223]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFA3B16EFDC1FB46FB9B1BF3" blockId="11.[625,1039,1197,1223]" box="[625,1039,1197,1223]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<heading id="D0D081F6FFA3B16EFDC1FB46FB9B1BF3" box="[625,1039,1197,1223]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
Family 
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA3B16EFD7BFB46FB9B1BF3" ID-CoL="623T5" authority="Latreille, 1809" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1809" box="[715,1039,1197,1223]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA3B16EFD7BFB46FCCE1BF3" bold="true" box="[715,858,1197,1223]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Formicidae</emphasis>
Latreille, 1809
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33D6511FFA3B169FF53FB05FE3F1D2B" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFA3B16EFF53FB05FEC81A3C" blockId="11.[227,348,1262,1288]" box="[227,348,1262,1288]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<heading id="D0D081F6FFA3B16EFF53FB05FEC81A3C" bold="true" box="[227,348,1262,1288]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA3B16EFF53FB05FEC81A3C" bold="true" box="[227,348,1262,1288]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Diagnosis</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFA3B16EFF53FAF6FCEE1A03" blockId="11.[227,890,1309,1335]" box="[227,890,1309,1335]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
Aculeate 
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA3B16EFEE2FAF6FE661A03" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[338,498,1309,1335]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
with the following apomorphies:
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFA3B16EFF53FAB5FBA61A4C" blockId="11.[227,1436,1374,2034]" box="[227,1074,1374,1401]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">1. Eusocial, wingless worker caste present, colonies perennial (note 1).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFA3B16EFF53FA6AFCDB1AAF" blockId="11.[227,1436,1374,2034]" box="[227,847,1409,1435]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">2. Sexuals with synchronous nuptial flights (note 2)</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFA3B16EFF53FA4EFCF01A8B" blockId="11.[227,1436,1374,2034]" box="[227,868,1444,1471]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">3. Head capsule prognathous (worker, gyne) (note 1).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFA3B16EFF53FA23FB8A1AD6" blockId="11.[227,1436,1374,2034]" box="[227,1054,1480,1506]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">4. Infrabuccal sac present between labium and hypopharynx (note 1).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFA3B16EFF53FA00FB5B1931" blockId="11.[227,1436,1374,2034]" box="[227,1231,1515,1542]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">5. Antenna geniculate between long scape and funiculus (worker, gyne) (notes 1, 3).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFA3B16EFF53F9E5FA08197F" blockId="11.[227,1436,1374,2034]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
6. Disticoxal foramen directed laterally and completely enclosing protrochanteral base, including protrochanteral condyles, such that all disticoxal membrane concealed (all castes, 
<figureCitation id="131C2A1FFFA3B16EFB60F9DAFABD197F" box="[1232,1321,1585,1611]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[227,269,1899,1925]" captionTargetBox="[349,1285,302,1860]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[317,1335,302,1869]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 3. Coxal morphology of representative hymenopterans: right procoxae, left column; right mesocoxae, middle column; right metacoxae, right column; top procoxa lateral view, bottom procoxa medial view; top meso- and metacoxae anterior view, bottom meso- and metacoxae posterior view. A. Tenthredinidae. B. Polistes sp., Vespidae. C. Paraponera clavata gyne (Paraponerinae, Formicidae). Scale bars = 1.0 mm." pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 3C</figureCitation>
) (note 4).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFA3B16EFF53F9BEFC7219A7" blockId="11.[227,1436,1374,2034]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
7. All meso- and metacoxal cavities small, circular, monocondylic, ventrally-directed, and disticoxae strongly produced laterally (all adult castes, 
<figureCitation id="131C2A1FFFA3B16EFCA9F993FCE519A6" box="[793,881,1656,1682]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[227,269,1899,1925]" captionTargetBox="[349,1285,302,1860]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[317,1335,302,1869]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 3. Coxal morphology of representative hymenopterans: right procoxae, left column; right mesocoxae, middle column; right metacoxae, right column; top procoxa lateral view, bottom procoxa medial view; top meso- and metacoxae anterior view, bottom meso- and metacoxae posterior view. A. Tenthredinidae. B. Polistes sp., Vespidae. C. Paraponera clavata gyne (Paraponerinae, Formicidae). Scale bars = 1.0 mm." pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 3C</figureCitation>
) (note 5).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFA3B16EFF53F970FC091982" blockId="11.[227,1436,1374,2034]" box="[227,925,1691,1718]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">8. Metapleural gland present (adult castes, but see note 6).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFA3B16EFF53F955FC5719C8" blockId="11.[227,1436,1374,2034]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">9. Propodeal spiracle located on lateral propodeal face distant from the anterodorsal propodeal corner, often near propodeum midlength (all adult castes) (note 7).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFA3B16EFF53F8EEFBA4182B" blockId="11.[227,1436,1374,2034]" box="[227,1072,1796,1823]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">10. Wings of alate gyne deciduous, being shed after copulation (note 1).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFA3B16EFF53F8C3FC991876" blockId="11.[227,1436,1374,2034]" box="[227,781,1832,1858]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">11. Forewing 3rs-m and 2m-cu absent (note 1).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFA3B16EFF53F8A0FBEC1851" blockId="11.[227,1436,1374,2034]" box="[227,1144,1867,1893]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">12. Hindwing C not extending along anterior margin, even spectrally (note 8).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFA3B16EFF53F885FBDB18BC" blockId="11.[227,1436,1374,2034]" box="[227,1103,1902,1929]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">13. Hindwing basal/radial cell not produced distally (alate castes) (note 9).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFA3B16EFF53F87AFB1518C6" blockId="11.[227,1436,1374,2034]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">14. Metasoma petiolate (abdominal segment II differentiated from segment II,I which is strongly constricted between the pre- and postsclerites) (all castes), extremely rarely (~ 1 species) abdominal segment III not constricted between pre- and postsclerites (notes 1 and 10).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFA4B169FF53FEDAFE3F1D2B" blockId="12.[227,1437,305,543]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
Additional, non-synapomorphic characters of value for diagnosis and identification include: Antenna with 4–12 antennomeres (female) or 5–13 antennomeres (male) (note 11). Bulbus neck (= radicle) and scape with common axis. Epicnemium extremely reduced, not visible 
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA4B169FBF0FE93FB181EA5" box="[1088,1164,376,401]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">in situ</emphasis>
(note 12). Abdominal segment II with sternum and tergum equally sclerotized. Pterostigma present or absent (note 13). Wing venation variable, may be extremely reduced, with at minimum no closed cells (note 14). Jugal lobe present or absent; abdominal sternum IX may be complex and modified apically (including prongs, teeth, and lobes).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33D6511FFA4B168FF53FDA3FA851971" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFA4B169FF53FDA3FEBA1D50" blockId="12.[227,302,584,612]" box="[227,302,584,612]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA4B169FF53FDA3FEBA1D50" bold="true" box="[227,302,584,612]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Notes</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFA4B169FF53FD90FD701DA1" blockId="12.[227,1437,635,2035]" box="[227,740,635,662]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
1. Noted as apomorphic by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B6BFFA4B169FD87FD90FD741DA1" author="Bolton B." box="[567,736,635,661]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 370" refId="ref30019" refString="Bolton B. 2003. Synopsis and classification of Formicidae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 71: 1 - 370." type="journal article" year="2003">
<collectingRegion id="49E3F878FFA4B169FD87FD90FD131DA1" box="[567,647,635,661]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Bolton</collectingRegion>
(2003)
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFA4B169FF53FD74FD241C16" blockId="12.[227,1437,635,2035]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
2. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B6BFFA4B169FEA0FD75FE201D8D" author="Bolton B." box="[272,436,670,697]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 370" refId="ref30019" refString="Bolton B. 2003. Synopsis and classification of Formicidae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 71: 1 - 370." type="journal article" year="2003">
<collectingRegion id="49E3F878FFA4B169FEA0FD75FEF41D8C" box="[272,352,670,696]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Bolton</collectingRegion>
(2003)
</bibRefCitation>
indicated that “sexuals with mass nuptial flight” was an apomorphy of the 
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA4B169FABFFD75FA0D1D8C" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1809" box="[1295,1433,670,696]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Formicidae</taxonomicName>
. Although mass flights do occur in several lineages of ants, it is not clear if the ancestral condition for the 
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA4B169FE8BFD0EFE551DCB" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1809" box="[315,449,741,767]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Formicidae</taxonomicName>
is to release large quantities of sexuals. The wording has been specifically rephrased here to account for this uncertainty.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFA4B169FF53FCC0FEF01C9B" blockId="12.[227,1437,635,2035]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
3. Males of many species have derived geniculate antennae with elongate scapes, including numerous 
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA4B169FEA0FCA5FE361C5C" authorityName="Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau" authorityYear="1835" box="[272,418,846,872]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Myrmicinae">Myrmicinae</taxonomicName>
, most 
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, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA4B169FD0EFCA4FB9C1C5D" authority="(Dolichoderinae)" baseAuthorityName="Dolichoderinae" box="[702,1032,846,873]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tapinoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA4B169FD0EFCA4FCA61C5C" box="[702,818,847,872]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Tapinoma</emphasis>
(Dolichoderinae)
</taxonomicName>
. Most males, including poneroids and numerous formicoids, however, have antennae which are not geniculate and have very short scapes.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFA4B169FF53FC53FD581A4C" blockId="12.[227,1437,635,2035]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
4. The procoxa of 
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA4B169FE74FC53FDDE1CE6" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1809" box="[452,586,952,978]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Formicidae</taxonomicName>
is characteristically modified. The trochanteral foramen (situated apically on the procoxa) is directed laterally and entirely enclosed, revealing no membrane in undamaged specimens (
<figureCitation id="131C2A1FFFA4B169FE2BFC15FE6C1B2D" box="[411,504,1022,1049]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[227,269,1899,1925]" captionTargetBox="[349,1285,302,1860]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[317,1335,302,1869]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 3. Coxal morphology of representative hymenopterans: right procoxae, left column; right mesocoxae, middle column; right metacoxae, right column; top procoxa lateral view, bottom procoxa medial view; top meso- and metacoxae anterior view, bottom meso- and metacoxae posterior view. A. Tenthredinidae. B. Polistes sp., Vespidae. C. Paraponera clavata gyne (Paraponerinae, Formicidae). Scale bars = 1.0 mm." pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 3C</figureCitation>
, left column, top row). Medially, the foramen is closed by an unfused seam of the anterior and posterior apical coxal lobes, which completely surround the anterior trochanteral process. The axis of coxal-trochanteral articulation, rather than being lateromedial as in Symphyta (
<figureCitation id="131C2A1FFFA4B169FEA9FB83FEE21BB6" box="[281,374,1128,1154]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[227,269,1899,1925]" captionTargetBox="[349,1285,302,1860]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[317,1335,302,1869]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 3. Coxal morphology of representative hymenopterans: right procoxae, left column; right mesocoxae, middle column; right metacoxae, right column; top procoxa lateral view, bottom procoxa medial view; top meso- and metacoxae anterior view, bottom meso- and metacoxae posterior view. A. Tenthredinidae. B. Polistes sp., Vespidae. C. Paraponera clavata gyne (Paraponerinae, Formicidae). Scale bars = 1.0 mm." pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
), or rotated obliquely as in many 
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA4B169FD4AFB83FCF61BB6" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[762,866,1128,1154]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" infraOrder="Aculeata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="infraOrder">Aculeata</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="131C2A1FFFA4B169FCC1FB83FC581BB6" box="[881,972,1128,1154]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[227,269,1899,1925]" captionTargetBox="[349,1285,302,1860]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[317,1335,302,1869]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 3. Coxal morphology of representative hymenopterans: right procoxae, left column; right mesocoxae, middle column; right metacoxae, right column; top procoxa lateral view, bottom procoxa medial view; top meso- and metacoxae anterior view, bottom meso- and metacoxae posterior view. A. Tenthredinidae. B. Polistes sp., Vespidae. C. Paraponera clavata gyne (Paraponerinae, Formicidae). Scale bars = 1.0 mm." pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
), is almost entirely anteroposterior. Leg adduction and abduction occurs along this anteroposterior axis in more-or-less one plane of motion, with the trochanter rotating within the closed disticoxal foramen. The coxae and their articulations with the mesosoma and trochanters are poorly studied and show promise for valuable systematic characters. Previous work on hymenopteran coxae include 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B6BFFA4B169FC0FFB1EFBE31A3B" author="Johnson N. R." box="[959,1143,1269,1295]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="870 - 881" refId="ref31538" refString="Johnson N. R. 1988. Midcoxal articulations and phylogeny of the order Hymenoptera. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 81: 870 - 881." type="journal article" year="1988">Johnson (1988)</bibRefCitation>
, which solely focused on the basicoxite and its musculature, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B6BFFA4B169FD07FAF3FC161A06" author="Michener C. D." box="[695,898,1304,1330]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="319 - 326" refId="ref32013" refString="Michener C. D. 1981. Comparative morphology of the middle coxae of Apoidea. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 54: 319 - 326." type="journal article" year="1981">Michener (1981)</bibRefCitation>
, which focused on the meso- and metacoxae of the Apoidea, and 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B6BFFA4B169FDB1FAD0FCB01A61" author="Vilhelmsen L. &amp; Miko I. &amp; Krogmann L." box="[513,804,1339,1365]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="22 - 194" refId="ref32838" refString="Vilhelmsen L., Miko I. &amp; Krogmann L. 2010. Beyond the wasp-waist: structural diversity and phylogenetic significance of the mesosoma in apocritan wasps (Insecta: Hymenoptera). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 159: 22 - 194. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2009.00576. x" type="journal article" year="2010">
Vilhelmsen 
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA4B169FD3FFAD7FD5F1A61" box="[655,715,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
(2010)
</bibRefCitation>
, which operationalized several coxal characters. This character is unique to the 
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA4B169FD8EFAB5FD5C1A4C" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1809" box="[574,712,1374,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Formicidae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFA4B169FF53FA6AFE4A1931" blockId="12.[227,1437,635,2035]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
5. The meso- and metacoxal foramina are monocondylic, bearing only the medial coxal articular processes and lacking the lateral coxal articular processes of the meso- and metapleurae. Lateral condyles are lacking in the examined species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA4B169FCE1FA23FC7E1AD6" box="[849,1002,1480,1506]" class="Insecta" family="Chyphotidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Chyphotinae">Chyphotinae</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA4B169FC47FA23FB501AD6" authorityName="Saussure" authorityYear="1892" box="[1015,1220,1480,1506]" class="Insecta" family="Bradynobaenidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Bradynobaenidae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA4B169FB7CFA22FA9F1AD6" box="[1228,1291,1481,1506]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">s. str.</emphasis>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA4B169FAABFA23FA0C1AD6" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[1307,1432,1480,1506]" class="Insecta" family="Mutillidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mutillidae</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA4B169FEF2FA00FE4E1931" authorityName="Fox" authorityYear="1894" box="[322,474,1515,1541]" class="Insecta" family="Myrmosidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Myrmosidae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFA4B169FF53F9E5FDA11978" blockId="12.[227,1437,635,2035]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">6. The metapleural gland, so distinctive of the female castes, is variably developed in males and has been lost in various taxa.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFA4B169FF53F9BEFDD518FB" blockId="12.[227,1437,635,2035]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
7. The “high and far forward” placement of the propodeal spiracle remarked upon by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B6BFFA4B169FB45F9BEFA08195B" author="Bolton B." box="[1269,1436,1621,1647]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 370" refId="ref30019" refString="Bolton B. 2003. Synopsis and classification of Formicidae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 71: 1 - 370." type="journal article" year="2003">
<collectingRegion id="49E3F878FFA4B169FB45F9BEFAD1195B" box="[1269,1349,1621,1647]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Bolton</collectingRegion>
(2003)
</bibRefCitation>
as a plesiomorphy for the 
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA4B169FDE5F993FD4F19A6" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1809" box="[597,731,1656,1682]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Formicidae</taxonomicName>
is actually an apomorphy for the family. In non-formicid 
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA4B169FEA0F970FEEC1981" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[272,376,1691,1717]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" infraOrder="Aculeata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="infraOrder">Aculeata</taxonomicName>
(including Apoidea, 
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA4B169FD31F970FD651981" box="[641,753,1691,1717]" class="Insecta" family="Scoliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Scoliidae</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA4B169FC8AF970FB931981" authorityName="Saussure" authorityYear="1892" box="[826,1031,1691,1717]" class="Insecta" family="Bradynobaenidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Bradynobaenidae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA4B169FBA4F977FBC31981" box="[1044,1111,1692,1717]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">s. str.</emphasis>
) the propodeal spiracle is usually situated at the extreme anterodorsal corner of the propodeum, usually within a propodeal spiracle length from the metanotum, and often on the dorsal propodeal face. Some 
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA4B169FB54F909FAFE19C8" box="[1252,1386,1762,1788]" class="Insecta" family="Pompilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pompilidae</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA4B169FEA0F8EEFD9D1814" authority="(Tiphiinae)" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" baseAuthorityName="Tiphiinae" box="[272,521,1797,1824]" class="Insecta" family="Tiphiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tiphiidae (Tiphiinae)</taxonomicName>
have the spiracle situated more posteriorly. Although the propodeal spiracle of † 
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA4B169FEAFF8C3FD951876" authorityName="Wilson &amp; Brown" authorityYear="1967" box="[287,513,1832,1858]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphecomyrma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="freyi">
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA4B169FEAFF8C3FD951876" box="[287,513,1832,1858]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Sphecomyrma freyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is situated high—but laterally—and rather anteriorly (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B6BFFA4B169FBCFF8C3FAC81877" author="Wilson E. O. &amp; Carpenter F. M. &amp; Brown W. L. Jr." box="[1151,1372,1832,1859]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 19" refId="ref33439" refString="Wilson E. O., Carpenter F. M. &amp; Brown W. L. Jr. 1967. The first Mesozoic ants, with a description of a new subfamily. Psyche 74: 1 - 19." type="journal article" year="1967">
Wilson 
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA4B169FB6CF8C2FA831876" box="[1244,1303,1832,1858]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
1967
</bibRefCitation>
), it is clearly not at the extreme of other Aculeates. Other † 
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA4B169FC3BF8A0FBA51851" box="[907,1073,1867,1893]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphecomyrma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA4B169FC3BF8A0FBA51851" box="[907,1073,1867,1893]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Sphecomyrma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species have more posteriorly situated spiracles which are clearly situated laterally (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B6BFFA4B169FC20F885FBB818BD" author="Wilson E. O." box="[912,1068,1902,1929]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="205 - 216" refId="ref33414" refString="Wilson E. O. 1985. Ants from the Cretaceous and Eocene amber of North America. Psyche 92: 205 - 216." type="journal article" year="1985">Wilson 1985</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B6BFFA4B169FB8AF885FACE18BD" author="Engel M. S. &amp; Grimaldi D. A." box="[1082,1370,1902,1929]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 23" refId="ref31150" refString="Engel M. S. &amp; Grimaldi D. A. 2005. Primitive new ants in Cretaceous amber from Myanmar, New Jersey, and Canada (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). American Museum Novitates 3485: 1 - 23." type="journal article" year="2005">Engel &amp; Grimaldi 2005</bibRefCitation>
). The potential male of † 
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA4B169FE40F879FD021898" box="[496,662,1938,1964]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphecomyrma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA4B169FE40F879FD021898" box="[496,662,1938,1964]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Sphecomyrma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
identified by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B6BFFA4B169FC8BF879FBAB1898" author="Grimaldi D. &amp; Agosti D. &amp; Carpenter J. M." box="[827,1087,1938,1964]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 43" refId="ref31309" refString="Grimaldi D., Agosti D. &amp; Carpenter J. M. 1997. New and rediscovered primitive ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Cretaceous amber from New Jersey, and their phylogenetic relationships. American Museum Novitates 3208: 1 - 43." type="journal article" year="1997">
Grimaldi 
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA4B169FC1DF878FC7D1898" box="[941,1001,1938,1964]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
(1997)
</bibRefCitation>
has a low spiracle situated at about segment midlength.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFA4B169FF53F833FB6518C6" blockId="12.[227,1437,635,2035]" box="[227,1265,2008,2035]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">8. Reduction of the hindwing costal vein occurs sporadically in other aculeate families.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFA5B168FF53FEDAFD7C1EA5" blockId="13.[227,1437,305,1036]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
9. The basal/radial cell has been convergently reduced or lost in several ant subfamilies, and has been lost in 
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA5B168FED5FEBFFE761E5A" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[357,482,340,366]" class="Insecta" family="Mutillidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mutillidae</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA5B168FE41FEBFFD1C1E5A" authorityName="Fox" authorityYear="1894" box="[497,648,340,366]" class="Insecta" family="Myrmosidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Myrmosidae</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA5B168FD26FEBFFCF71E5A" authorityName="Saussure" authorityYear="1892" box="[662,867,340,366]" class="Insecta" family="Bradynobaenidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Bradynobaenidae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA5B168FCDDFEBEFC391E5A" box="[877,941,341,366]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">s. str.</emphasis>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA5B168FC42FEBFFB181E5A" box="[1010,1164,340,366]" class="Insecta" family="Chyphotidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chyphotidae</taxonomicName>
. The generality of this trait in these families was not evaluated.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFA5B168FF53FE70FB921D9F" blockId="13.[227,1437,305,1036]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
10. The male of an unidentified 
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA5B168FDE2FE70FCEA1E82" authority="(Leptanillinae)" baseAuthorityName="Leptanillinae" baseAuthorityYear="1990" box="[594,894,411,438]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Protanilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA5B168FDE2FE70FD5E1E81" box="[594,714,411,437]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Protanilla</emphasis>
(Leptanillinae)
</taxonomicName>
from 
<collectingCountry id="F330760AFFA5B168FC71FE70FBBD1E81" box="[961,1065,411,437]" name="Thailand" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Thailand</collectingCountry>
has secondarily lost petiolation, where the third abdominal segment is no longer constricted between the pre- and postsclerites (
<figureCitation id="131C2A1FFFA5B168FADDFE55FED31ECF" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="31.[227,270,1858,1884]" captionTargetBox="[228,1436,601,1807]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[228,1436,601,1818]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Fig. 10. Representative males of Leptanillinae, lateral view A. Protanilla “TH01” (Thailand, CASENT0119776, A. Nobile), arrow indicates loss of abdominal segment II petiolation. B. Protanilla “TH03” (Thailand, CASENT0119791, E. Prado). C. Leptanilla swani (Australia, CASENT0172318, A. Nobile). D. Protanilla sp. (Indonesia, CASENT0178838, A. Nobile), arrow indicates basolateral basimeral process. E. Scyphodon sp. (Indonesia, MCZ155112w, A. Nobile). F. Noonilla sp., used with permission from Petersen (1968). Scale bars: A, C, E–F = 0.2 mm, D = 0.5 mm, B = 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3780168" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3780168/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 10A</figureCitation>
). These males are still recognizable as ants by the closed apical procoxal foramen, ventrallydirected meso- and metacoxal cavities, and low and lateral propodeal spiracle. Other 
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA5B168FB7CFDEFFAD01D2A" baseAuthorityName="Holldobler &amp; Wilson" baseAuthorityYear="1990" box="[1228,1348,516,542]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Protanilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA5B168FB7CFDEFFAD01D2A" box="[1228,1348,516,542]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Protanilla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species (even in sympatry) retain the constriction, while yet others have petiolation of the third abdominal segment (
<figureCitation id="131C2A1FFFA5B168FE33FDA0FE7B1D51" box="[387,495,587,613]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="31.[227,270,1858,1884]" captionTargetBox="[228,1436,601,1807]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[228,1436,601,1818]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Fig. 10. Representative males of Leptanillinae, lateral view A. Protanilla “TH01” (Thailand, CASENT0119776, A. Nobile), arrow indicates loss of abdominal segment II petiolation. B. Protanilla “TH03” (Thailand, CASENT0119791, E. Prado). C. Leptanilla swani (Australia, CASENT0172318, A. Nobile). D. Protanilla sp. (Indonesia, CASENT0178838, A. Nobile), arrow indicates basolateral basimeral process. E. Scyphodon sp. (Indonesia, MCZ155112w, A. Nobile). F. Noonilla sp., used with permission from Petersen (1968). Scale bars: A, C, E–F = 0.2 mm, D = 0.5 mm, B = 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3780168" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3780168/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 10B</figureCitation>
). Some males of the 
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA5B168FD5AFDA0FC0B1D51" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1878" box="[746,927,587,613]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Dolichoderinae">Dolichoderinae</taxonomicName>
(e.g., 
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA5B168FC5BFDA0FBAD1D51" box="[1003,1081,587,613]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Azteca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA5B168FC5BFDA0FBAD1D51" box="[1003,1081,587,613]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Azteca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and other unidentified males of the 
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA5B168FEEDFD85FE6C1DBC" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1910" box="[349,504,622,648]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Leptanillinae">Leptanillinae</taxonomicName>
have very reduced petioles, but these are still distinctly differentiated from the third abdominal segment and are slightly posteriorly constricted.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFA5B168FF53FD5FFA0E1C0C" blockId="13.[227,1437,305,1036]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
11. Antennomere count for males usually 13, less often 8–12 (count of 8 observed in 
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA5B168FB47FD5EFAFC1DFB" box="[1271,1384,693,719]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acropyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA5B168FB47FD5EFAFC1DFB" box="[1271,1384,693,719]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Acropyga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA5B168FEA0FD33FE1E1DC6" box="[272,394,728,754]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Stenamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA5B168FEA0FD33FE1E1DC6" box="[272,394,728,754]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Stenamma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; counts of 10+ more common). Antennomere counts may be extremely reduced in inquilines, for example in 
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA5B168FDF5FD10FCB11C21" baseAuthorityName="Santschi" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[581,805,763,789]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acutidens">
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA5B168FDF5FD10FCB11C21" box="[581,805,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Pheidole acutidens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which occasionally have an antennomere count of 5, although this is variable infraspecifically, and indeed may vary between the left and right antennae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFA5B168FF53FCAAFC231C95" blockId="13.[227,1437,305,1036]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
12. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B6BFFA5B168FEA0FCAAFE5E1C68" author="Brothers D. J." box="[272,458,833,860]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="485 - 648" refId="ref30456" refString="Brothers D. J. 1975. Phylogeny and classification of aculeate Hymenoptera, with special reference to Mutillidae. The University of Kansas Science Bulletin 50: 485 - 648." type="journal article" year="1975">Brothers (1975)</bibRefCitation>
contends that the form of the formicid epicnemium is unique, being highly reduced, fused to and extending over the height of the mesepisternum, and obscured by the pronotum. This putative homology was not evaluated in the present work.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFA5B168FF53FC40FD131CDD" blockId="13.[227,1437,305,1036]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
13. The pterostigma is lost in most 
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA5B168FD1DFC40FCDF1CF1" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1910" box="[685,843,939,965]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Leptanillinae">Leptanillinae</taxonomicName>
, some myrmicine genera, and some species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA5B168FEA0FC24FD101CDD" authority="(Dolichoderinae)" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1862" baseAuthorityName="Dolichoderinae" box="[272,644,974,1001]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA5B168FEA0FC24FE241CDC" box="[272,432,975,1000]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Leptomyrmex</emphasis>
(Dolichoderinae)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFA5B168FF53FC1AFB351B3F" blockId="13.[227,1437,305,1036]" box="[227,1185,1009,1036]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
14. No closed cells are observed in some males of 
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA5B168FC86FC1AFC451B3F" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1910" box="[822,977,1009,1035]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Leptanillinae">Leptanillinae</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA5B168FBBAFC1AFB091B3F" authorityName="Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau" authorityYear="1835" box="[1034,1181,1009,1035]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Myrmicinae">Myrmicinae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFA5B168FF53FBD8FEC11B79" blockId="13.[227,341,1075,1101]" box="[227,341,1075,1101]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<heading id="D0D081F6FFA5B168FF53FBD8FEC11B79" bold="true" box="[227,341,1075,1101]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA5B168FF53FBD8FEC11B79" bold="true" box="[227,341,1075,1101]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Remarks</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFA5B168FF53FB8AFA851971" blockId="13.[227,1437,1121,1605]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
The 
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA5B168FEAAFB8AFE341B4F" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1809" box="[282,416,1121,1147]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Formicidae</taxonomicName>
is an unequivocally monophyletic group, previously defined by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B6BFFA5B168FB19FB8AFADD1B4F" author="Bolton B." box="[1193,1353,1121,1147]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refId="ref29998" refString="Bolton B. 1994. Identification Guide to the Ant Genera of the World. Harvard University Press, Cambridge." type="book" year="1994">
<collectingRegion id="49E3F878FFA5B168FB19FB8AFB6D1B4F" box="[1193,1273,1121,1147]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Bolton</collectingRegion>
(1994
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B6BFFA5B168FAE8FB8AFA001B4F" author="Bolton B." box="[1368,1428,1121,1147]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="1 - 370" refId="ref30019" refString="Bolton B. 2003. Synopsis and classification of Formicidae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 71: 1 - 370." type="journal article" year="2003">2003</bibRefCitation>
) as eusocial, sexually dimorphic aculeate 
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA5B168FD54FB6EFC101BAB" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[740,900,1157,1183]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
bearing metapleural glands and geniculate antennae, among other characters. Several previously unreported synapomorphies exist for the family, including a suite of adaptations for terrestrial locomotion (characters 6 and 7). The “low and lateral” propodeal spiracle placement may also be an adaptation for terrestrial locomotion, as it may reduce the distance oxygen would need to diffuse to leg locomotor muscles. While this does not clarify whether the ancestral ant was hypogaeic or epigaeic, it does indicate that terrestrial locomotion was a crucial transition for the 
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA5B168FE1BFABCFDA01A45" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1809" box="[427,564,1367,1393]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Formicidae</taxonomicName>
, as these apomorphies are present in all adult castes of the family. Previous diagnoses of the family (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B6BFFA5B168FDB0FA90FD3F1AA1" author="Brothers D. J." box="[512,683,1402,1429]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="485 - 648" refId="ref30456" refString="Brothers D. J. 1975. Phylogeny and classification of aculeate Hymenoptera, with special reference to Mutillidae. The University of Kansas Science Bulletin 50: 485 - 648." type="journal article" year="1975">Brothers 1975</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B6BFFA5B168FD06FA90FC201AA1" author="Gauld I. &amp; Bolton B." box="[694,948,1403,1429]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refId="ref31223" refString="Gauld I. &amp; Bolton B. (eds.) 1988. The Hymenoptera. Oxford University Press, Oxford." type="book" year="1988">
Gauld &amp; 
<collectingRegion id="49E3F878FFA5B168FC90FA90FCE41AA1" box="[800,880,1403,1429]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Bolton</collectingRegion>
1988
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B6BFFA5B168FC0FFA90FB291AA1" author="Goulet H. &amp; Huber J." box="[959,1213,1403,1429]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refId="ref31284" refString="Goulet H. &amp; Huber J. 1993. Hymenoptera of the World: an Identification Guide to Families. Agriculture Canada, Ottawa." type="book" year="1993">Goulet &amp; Huber 1993</bibRefCitation>
) were significantly improved by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B6BFFA5B168FE33FA75FDB61A8C" author="Bolton B." box="[387,546,1438,1464]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refId="ref29998" refString="Bolton B. 1994. Identification Guide to the Ant Genera of the World. Harvard University Press, Cambridge." type="book" year="1994">
<collectingRegion id="49E3F878FFA5B168FE33FA75FE471A8C" box="[387,467,1438,1464]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Bolton</collectingRegion>
(1994
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B6BFFA5B168FD81FA75FDE51A8C" author="Bolton B." box="[561,625,1438,1464]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="1 - 370" refId="ref30019" refString="Bolton B. 2003. Synopsis and classification of Formicidae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 71: 1 - 370." type="journal article" year="2003">2003</bibRefCitation>
). Characters indicated in the family diagnosis by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B6BFFA5B168FB72FA75FAFC1A8C" author="Bolton B." box="[1218,1384,1438,1464]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="1 - 370" refId="ref30019" refString="Bolton B. 2003. Synopsis and classification of Formicidae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 71: 1 - 370." type="journal article" year="2003">
<collectingRegion id="49E3F878FFA5B168FB72FA75FA861A8C" box="[1218,1298,1438,1464]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Bolton</collectingRegion>
(2003)
</bibRefCitation>
and above will be valuable to evaluate for critical fossil taxa such as † 
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA5B168FC4FFA29FB5A1AEF" authority="Dlussky" authorityName="Dlussky" box="[1023,1230,1473,1500]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Armania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA5B168FC4FFA29FBF21AE8" box="[1023,1126,1474,1500]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Armania</emphasis>
Dlussky
</taxonomicName>
and other fossils assigned to the † 
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA5B168FE01FA0FFDAB1ACA" authorityName="Dlussky" authorityYear="1983" box="[433,575,1508,1534]" class="Insecta" family="Armaniidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Armaniidae</taxonomicName>
whose relationship to the 
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA5B168FC39FA0FFB9B1ACA" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1809" box="[905,1039,1508,1534]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Formicidae</taxonomicName>
is uncertain (see 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B6BFFA5B168FB5EFA0FFA0C1ACB" author="Dlussky G. M." box="[1262,1432,1508,1535]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="114 - 122" refId="ref30715" refString="Dlussky G. M. 1975. Superfamily Formicoidea Latreille, 1802. Family Formicidae Latreille, 1802. [In Russian] In: Rasnitsyn, A. P. Hymenoptera Apocrita of Mesozoic: 114 - 122. Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta, Akademiya Nauk SSSR." type="book chapter" year="1975">Dlussky 1975</bibRefCitation>
: † 
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA5B168FF41F9ECFE181915" authorityName="Dlussky" authorityYear="1975" box="[241,396,1543,1569]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Archaeopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA5B168FF41F9ECFE181915" box="[241,396,1543,1569]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Archaeopone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, † 
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA5B168FE19F9ECFDCD1915" authorityName="Dlussky" authorityYear="1975" box="[425,601,1543,1569]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dolichomyrma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA5B168FE19F9ECFDCD1915" box="[425,601,1543,1569]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Dolichomyrma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, † 
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA5B168FDC6F9E3FC811915" authorityName="Dlusskiy" authorityYear="1983" box="[630,789,1544,1569]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Poneropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA5B168FDC6F9E3FC811915" box="[630,789,1544,1569]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Poneropterus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, † 
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA5B168FC81F9ECFC481915" authorityName="Dlusskiy" authorityYear="1983" box="[817,988,1543,1569]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pseudarmania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA5B168FC81F9ECFC481915" box="[817,988,1543,1569]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Pseudarmania</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B6BFFA5B168FC5BF9ECFB041916" author="Dlussky G. M." box="[1003,1168,1543,1570]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="65 - 78" refId="ref30763" refString="Dlussky G. M. 1983. A new family of Upper Cretaceous Hymenoptera: an &quot; intermediate link &quot; between ants and the scoliids. [In Russian] Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal 1983 (3): 65 - 78." type="journal article" year="1983">Dlussky 1983</bibRefCitation>
: † 
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA5B168FB19F9ECFAB91915" authorityName="Dlusskiy" authorityYear="1983" box="[1193,1325,1543,1569]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Armaniella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA5B168FB19F9ECFAB91915" box="[1193,1325,1543,1569]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Armaniella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B6BFFA5B168FA8CF9ECFEB61971" author="Dlussky G. M." pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="62 - 66" refId="ref30860" refString="Dlussky G. M. 1999. The first find of the Formicoidea (Hymenoptera) in the lower Cretaceous of the northern hemisphere. [In Russian] Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal 1999 (3): 62 - 66." type="journal article" year="1999">Dlussky 1999</bibRefCitation>
: † 
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA5B168FE8CF9C0FE3C1971" authorityName="Dlussky" authorityYear="1999" box="[316,424,1579,1605]" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Khetania" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA5B168FE8CF9C0FE3C1971" box="[316,424,1579,1605]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Khetania</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B6BFFA5B168FE07F9C0FD0B1971" author="Dlussky G. M. &amp; Brothers D. J. &amp; Rasnitsyn A. P." box="[439,671,1579,1605]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="1 - 13" refId="ref30900" refString="Dlussky G. M., Brothers D. J. &amp; Rasnitsyn A. P. 2004. The first Late Cretaceous ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from southern Africa, with comments on the origin of the Myrmicinae. Insect Systematics and Evolution 35: 1 - 13." type="journal article" year="2004">
Dlussky 
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA5B168FDAEF9C7FDC61971" box="[542,594,1579,1605]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al</emphasis>
. 2004
</bibRefCitation>
: † 
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA5B168FD09F9C0FC9A1971" box="[697,782,1579,1605]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Orapia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA5B168FD09F9C0FC9A1971" box="[697,782,1579,1605]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Orapia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; also see discussion in 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B6BFFA5B168FB90F9C0FA911971" author="LaPolla J. S. &amp; Dlussky G. M. &amp; Perrichot V." box="[1056,1285,1579,1605]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="609 - 630" refId="ref31840" refString="LaPolla J. S., Dlussky G. M. &amp; Perrichot V. 2013. Ants and the fossil record. Annual Review of Entomology 58: 609 - 630. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1146 / annurev-ento- 120710 - 100600" type="journal article" year="2013">
LaPolla 
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA5B168FB33F9C7FB221971" box="[1155,1206,1579,1605]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al</emphasis>
. 2013
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33D6511FFA5B168FF53F985FCF519BE" box="[227,865,1645,1674]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFA5B168FF53F985FCF519BE" blockId="13.[227,865,1645,1674]" box="[227,865,1645,1674]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<heading id="D0D081F6FFA5B168FF53F985FCF519BE" box="[227,865,1645,1674]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA5B168FF53F985FCF519BE" bold="true" box="[227,865,1645,1674]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Key to global subfamilies, based on extant males</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33D6511FFA5B168FF53F949FB6C1812" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFA5B168FF53F949FB6C1812" blockId="13.[227,1437,1698,1830]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Notes: It may be expected that some taxa will fail this key, as males of at least 70 genera are undescribed and/or uncollected (see subfamily diagnoses for specific genera). This key treats alate males only, because ergatoid males are identifiable similarly to the workers. Ergatoid males generally bear shorter scapes and more antennomeres than the female, and are known for about a dozen genera.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33D6511FFA5B175FF53F8A6FA081CEA" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="key">
<key id="FFB661ABFFA5B16AFF53F8A6FA0818CB" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<keyStep id="30D32E3FFFA5B168FF53F8A6FA0918BE" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFA5B168FF53F8A6FA091853" blockId="13.[227,1437,1869,1930]" box="[227,1437,1869,1896]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<keyLead id="30D695AFFFA5B168FF53F8A6FA091853" box="[227,1437,1869,1896]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
1 Apicolateral corners of abdominal sternum IX pronged or toothed (even if minutely) (
<figureCitation id="131C2A1FFFA5B168FB54F8A6FABD1853" box="[1252,1321,1869,1895]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="17.[227,270,1790,1816]" captionTargetBox="[349,1305,302,1757]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[348,1305,302,1757]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Fig. 4. Male morphology. A–C. Abdominal sternum IX in ventral view. B. Oblique. D–E. Petiole in lateral view. F. Forewing in dorsal view. G–H. Propodeum in lateral view. — A. Aenictogiton indet. (Zambia, CASENT0106126, M. Branstetter). B. Cerapachys “parasyscia” lineage (Kenya, B. Boudinot). C. Emeryopone buttelreepeni (Thailand, CASENT0278779, B. Boudinot). D. Paraponera clavata (?Panama, B. Boudinot). E. Cerapachys lividus (Madagascar, CASENT0138502, D. Raharinjanahary). F. Phaulomyrma indet. (Thailand, UCRENT150358, A. Nobile). G. Leptanillinae indet. (Thailand, CASENT0156249, B. Boudinot); arrow indicates dorsal margin of petiolar foramen. H. Adelomyrmex dentivagans; arrow indicates propodeal lobe. All scale bars = 0.2 mm, except D–E = 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3780158" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3780158/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
A–B)… 
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA5B168FA3EF8A6FA091853" bold="true" box="[1422,1437,1869,1895]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">2</emphasis>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFA5B168FF53F89BFA0918BE" blockId="13.[227,1437,1869,1930]" box="[227,1437,1904,1930]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<keyLead id="30D695AFFFA5B168FF53F89BFA0918BE" box="[227,1437,1904,1930]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
– Apicolateral corners of abdominal sternum IX lobed or rounded (
<figureCitation id="131C2A1FFFA5B168FB9EF89BFB1E18BE" box="[1070,1162,1904,1930]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="17.[227,270,1790,1816]" captionTargetBox="[349,1305,302,1757]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[348,1305,302,1757]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Fig. 4. Male morphology. A–C. Abdominal sternum IX in ventral view. B. Oblique. D–E. Petiole in lateral view. F. Forewing in dorsal view. G–H. Propodeum in lateral view. — A. Aenictogiton indet. (Zambia, CASENT0106126, M. Branstetter). B. Cerapachys “parasyscia” lineage (Kenya, B. Boudinot). C. Emeryopone buttelreepeni (Thailand, CASENT0278779, B. Boudinot). D. Paraponera clavata (?Panama, B. Boudinot). E. Cerapachys lividus (Madagascar, CASENT0138502, D. Raharinjanahary). F. Phaulomyrma indet. (Thailand, UCRENT150358, A. Nobile). G. Leptanillinae indet. (Thailand, CASENT0156249, B. Boudinot); arrow indicates dorsal margin of petiolar foramen. H. Adelomyrmex dentivagans; arrow indicates propodeal lobe. All scale bars = 0.2 mm, except D–E = 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3780158" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3780158/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 4C</figureCitation>
)…………………… 
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA5B168FA3EF89BFA0918BE" bold="true" box="[1422,1437,1904,1930]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">3</emphasis>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30D32E3FFFA6B16BFF53FEDAFA081D2A" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFA6B16BFF53FEDAFA081EA5" blockId="14.[227,1437,305,543]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<keyLead id="30D695AFFFA6B16BFF53FEDAFA081EA5" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
2 Petiole hatchet-shaped in profile view, with distinct peduncle, and node with distinct anterodorsal angle in profile view (
<figureCitation id="131C2A1FFFA6B16BFDA5FEBFFDED1E5A" box="[533,633,340,366]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="17.[227,270,1790,1816]" captionTargetBox="[349,1305,302,1757]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[348,1305,302,1757]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Fig. 4. Male morphology. A–C. Abdominal sternum IX in ventral view. B. Oblique. D–E. Petiole in lateral view. F. Forewing in dorsal view. G–H. Propodeum in lateral view. — A. Aenictogiton indet. (Zambia, CASENT0106126, M. Branstetter). B. Cerapachys “parasyscia” lineage (Kenya, B. Boudinot). C. Emeryopone buttelreepeni (Thailand, CASENT0278779, B. Boudinot). D. Paraponera clavata (?Panama, B. Boudinot). E. Cerapachys lividus (Madagascar, CASENT0138502, D. Raharinjanahary). F. Phaulomyrma indet. (Thailand, UCRENT150358, A. Nobile). G. Leptanillinae indet. (Thailand, CASENT0156249, B. Boudinot); arrow indicates dorsal margin of petiolar foramen. H. Adelomyrmex dentivagans; arrow indicates propodeal lobe. All scale bars = 0.2 mm, except D–E = 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3780158" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3780158/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 4D</figureCitation>
). Clypeus well-developed, with conspicuous convex median disc. Pretarsal claws cleft. Pygostyles present. Neotropical……………… 
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA6B16BFB86FE9CFA081EA5" authority="(Paraponera)" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" baseAuthorityName="Paraponera" box="[1078,1436,375,402]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Paraponerinae">
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA6B16BFB86FE9CFA081EA5" bold="true" box="[1078,1436,375,402]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
Paraponerinae (
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA6B16BFAB3FE93FA061EA6" bold="true" box="[1283,1426,376,402]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Paraponera</emphasis>
)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFA6B16BFF53FE70FA081D2A" blockId="14.[227,1437,305,543]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<keyLead id="30D695AFFFA6B16BFF53FE70FA081D2A" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
– Petiole nodiform, fusiform, subrectangular, or cylindrical in profile view, with or without a distinct peduncle, and node without anterodorsal angle in profile view (
<figureCitation id="131C2A1FFFA6B16BFC5EFE55FBDF1EEC" box="[1006,1099,446,472]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="17.[227,270,1790,1816]" captionTargetBox="[349,1305,302,1757]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[348,1305,302,1757]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Fig. 4. Male morphology. A–C. Abdominal sternum IX in ventral view. B. Oblique. D–E. Petiole in lateral view. F. Forewing in dorsal view. G–H. Propodeum in lateral view. — A. Aenictogiton indet. (Zambia, CASENT0106126, M. Branstetter). B. Cerapachys “parasyscia” lineage (Kenya, B. Boudinot). C. Emeryopone buttelreepeni (Thailand, CASENT0278779, B. Boudinot). D. Paraponera clavata (?Panama, B. Boudinot). E. Cerapachys lividus (Madagascar, CASENT0138502, D. Raharinjanahary). F. Phaulomyrma indet. (Thailand, UCRENT150358, A. Nobile). G. Leptanillinae indet. (Thailand, CASENT0156249, B. Boudinot); arrow indicates dorsal margin of petiolar foramen. H. Adelomyrmex dentivagans; arrow indicates propodeal lobe. All scale bars = 0.2 mm, except D–E = 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3780158" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3780158/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 4E</figureCitation>
). Clypeus poorly developed, more-or-less linear, without conspicuous convex median disc. Pretarsal claws not cleft; claws edentate or toothed. Pygostyles absent.Global……… 
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA6B16BFCB6FDEFFA081D2A" bold="true" box="[774,1436,516,543]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA6B16BFCB6FDEFFC161D2A" ID-CoL="JGT" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[774,898,516,542]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Dorylinae">Dorylinae</taxonomicName>
(part, excluding 
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA6B16BFBFDFDEFFB6C1D2B" ID-CoL="5CRS" authorityName="Mann" authorityYear="1923" box="[1101,1272,516,543]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptanilloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA6B16BFBFDFDEFFB6C1D2B" bold="true" box="[1101,1272,516,543]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Leptanilloides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
genus group)
</emphasis>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30D32E3FFFA6B16BFF53FDADFA091DD8" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFA6B16BFF53FDADFA081D92" blockId="14.[227,1437,582,749]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<keyLead id="30D695AFFFA6B16BFF53FDADFA081D92" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
3 Wing venation reduced to extremely reduced, with at most only Sc+R+Rs, Rsf1, Mf1, M+Cu, and 1r-rs+Rsf4–6 tubular, at most only three closed cells present (costal, basal, subbasal) (
<figureCitation id="131C2A1FFFA6B16BFAB3FD82FACF1DB7" box="[1283,1371,617,643]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="17.[227,270,1790,1816]" captionTargetBox="[349,1305,302,1757]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[348,1305,302,1757]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Fig. 4. Male morphology. A–C. Abdominal sternum IX in ventral view. B. Oblique. D–E. Petiole in lateral view. F. Forewing in dorsal view. G–H. Propodeum in lateral view. — A. Aenictogiton indet. (Zambia, CASENT0106126, M. Branstetter). B. Cerapachys “parasyscia” lineage (Kenya, B. Boudinot). C. Emeryopone buttelreepeni (Thailand, CASENT0278779, B. Boudinot). D. Paraponera clavata (?Panama, B. Boudinot). E. Cerapachys lividus (Madagascar, CASENT0138502, D. Raharinjanahary). F. Phaulomyrma indet. (Thailand, UCRENT150358, A. Nobile). G. Leptanillinae indet. (Thailand, CASENT0156249, B. Boudinot); arrow indicates dorsal margin of petiolar foramen. H. Adelomyrmex dentivagans; arrow indicates propodeal lobe. All scale bars = 0.2 mm, except D–E = 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3780158" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3780158/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 4F</figureCitation>
) 
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA6B16BFADDFD82FA081DB7" bold="true" box="[1389,1436,617,643]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">and</emphasis>
propodeal lobes very inconspicuous or absent (
<figureCitation id="131C2A1FFFA6B16BFC9FFD67FC1B1D92" box="[815,911,652,678]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="17.[227,270,1790,1816]" captionTargetBox="[349,1305,302,1757]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[348,1305,302,1757]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Fig. 4. Male morphology. A–C. Abdominal sternum IX in ventral view. B. Oblique. D–E. Petiole in lateral view. F. Forewing in dorsal view. G–H. Propodeum in lateral view. — A. Aenictogiton indet. (Zambia, CASENT0106126, M. Branstetter). B. Cerapachys “parasyscia” lineage (Kenya, B. Boudinot). C. Emeryopone buttelreepeni (Thailand, CASENT0278779, B. Boudinot). D. Paraponera clavata (?Panama, B. Boudinot). E. Cerapachys lividus (Madagascar, CASENT0138502, D. Raharinjanahary). F. Phaulomyrma indet. (Thailand, UCRENT150358, A. Nobile). G. Leptanillinae indet. (Thailand, CASENT0156249, B. Boudinot); arrow indicates dorsal margin of petiolar foramen. H. Adelomyrmex dentivagans; arrow indicates propodeal lobe. All scale bars = 0.2 mm, except D–E = 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3780158" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3780158/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 4G</figureCitation>
). Old World………………… 
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA6B16BFB46FD67FA081D92" ID-CoL="JT8" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1910" box="[1270,1436,652,678]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Leptanillinae">
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA6B16BFB46FD67FA081D92" bold="true" box="[1270,1436,652,678]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Leptanillinae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFA6B16BFF53FD5BFA091DD8" blockId="14.[227,1437,582,749]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<keyLead id="30D695AFFFA6B16BFF53FD5BFA091DD8" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
- Wing venation more complete, often more than three closed cells present 
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA6B16BFB01FD5BFB581DFE" bold="true" box="[1201,1228,688,714]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">or</emphasis>
propodeal lobes conspicuous and present (
<figureCitation id="131C2A1FFFA6B16BFD8DFD39FD341DD9" box="[573,672,722,749]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="17.[227,270,1790,1816]" captionTargetBox="[349,1305,302,1757]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[348,1305,302,1757]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Fig. 4. Male morphology. A–C. Abdominal sternum IX in ventral view. B. Oblique. D–E. Petiole in lateral view. F. Forewing in dorsal view. G–H. Propodeum in lateral view. — A. Aenictogiton indet. (Zambia, CASENT0106126, M. Branstetter). B. Cerapachys “parasyscia” lineage (Kenya, B. Boudinot). C. Emeryopone buttelreepeni (Thailand, CASENT0278779, B. Boudinot). D. Paraponera clavata (?Panama, B. Boudinot). E. Cerapachys lividus (Madagascar, CASENT0138502, D. Raharinjanahary). F. Phaulomyrma indet. (Thailand, UCRENT150358, A. Nobile). G. Leptanillinae indet. (Thailand, CASENT0156249, B. Boudinot); arrow indicates dorsal margin of petiolar foramen. H. Adelomyrmex dentivagans; arrow indicates propodeal lobe. All scale bars = 0.2 mm, except D–E = 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3780158" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3780158/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 4H</figureCitation>
). Global………………………………………………………… 
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA6B16BFA3EFD39FA091DD8" bold="true" box="[1422,1437,722,748]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">4</emphasis>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30D32E3FFFA6B16BFF53FCFFFA091B35" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFA6B16BFF53FCFFFA091C41" blockId="14.[227,1437,788,1026]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<keyLead id="30D695AFFFA6B16BFF53FCFFFA091C41" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
4 Abdominal segment III strongly reduced and differentiated from abdominal segment IV (
<figureCitation id="131C2A1FFFA6B16BFADDFCFFFEDE1C66" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[227,270,1756,1782]" captionTargetBox="[314,1363,302,1734]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[314,1363,302,1734]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 5. Male morphology. A–C, F–I. Metasoma, lateral view. D–E. Head capsule, frontal view. — A. Myrmica latifrons (U.S.A., CASENT0104816, A. Nobile). B. Pseudomyrmex indet. (Mexico, CASENT0103327, A. Nobile). C. Nothomyrmecia macrops (Australia, CASENT0902784, Z. Lieberman); note that abdominal segment III is reduced relative to, but not differentiated from segment IV. D. Myrmecia pilosula (Australia, CASENT0902800, Z. Lieberman). E. Tetraponera indet. (Madagascar, CASENT0053316, A. Nobile). F. Tatzuidris tatusia (Panama, CASENT0178870, E. Prado). G. Acromyrmex volcanus (Costa Rica, INBIOCRI001283114, E. Ortega). H. Platythyrea arthuri (Mayotte, CASENT0132466, E. Prado). I. Formica pallidefulva (U.S.A., CASENT0172882, A." pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 5A, B</figureCitation>
) 
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA6B16BFEEDFCDCFE181C65" bold="true" box="[349,396,823,849]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">and</emphasis>
antennal toruli separated from anterior clypeal margin by at least one antennal socket diameter 
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA6B16BFEDFFCB0FE0A1C41" bold="true" box="[367,414,859,885]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">and</emphasis>
terminal abdominal tergum never produced as spine………………………………… 
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA6B16BFA3EFCB0FA091C41" bold="true" box="[1422,1437,859,885]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">5</emphasis>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFA6B16BFF53FC95FA091B35" blockId="14.[227,1437,788,1026]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<keyLead id="30D695AFFFA6B16BFF53FC95FA091B35" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
– Abdominal segment III not reduced relative to abdominal segment IV or somewhat reduced, but not differentiated from abdominal segment IV (
<figureCitation id="131C2A1FFFA6B16BFC38FC4AFC7C1C88" box="[904,1000,929,956]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[227,270,1756,1782]" captionTargetBox="[314,1363,302,1734]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[314,1363,302,1734]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 5. Male morphology. A–C, F–I. Metasoma, lateral view. D–E. Head capsule, frontal view. — A. Myrmica latifrons (U.S.A., CASENT0104816, A. Nobile). B. Pseudomyrmex indet. (Mexico, CASENT0103327, A. Nobile). C. Nothomyrmecia macrops (Australia, CASENT0902784, Z. Lieberman); note that abdominal segment III is reduced relative to, but not differentiated from segment IV. D. Myrmecia pilosula (Australia, CASENT0902800, Z. Lieberman). E. Tetraponera indet. (Madagascar, CASENT0053316, A. Nobile). F. Tatzuidris tatusia (Panama, CASENT0178870, E. Prado). G. Acromyrmex volcanus (Costa Rica, INBIOCRI001283114, E. Ortega). H. Platythyrea arthuri (Mayotte, CASENT0132466, E. Prado). I. Formica pallidefulva (U.S.A., CASENT0172882, A." pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 5C</figureCitation>
) 
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA6B16BFC4FFC4AFB8E1C8F" bold="true" box="[1023,1050,929,955]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">or</emphasis>
antennal toruli separated from anterior clypeal margin by less than one antennal socket diameter 
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA6B16BFB9FFC2FFBDE1CEA" bold="true" box="[1071,1098,964,990]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">or</emphasis>
terminal abdominal tergum posteriorly produced as spine……………………………………………………………………… 
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA6B16BFA3EFC0CFA091B35" bold="true" box="[1422,1437,999,1025]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">8</emphasis>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFA6B16BFF53FBC3FA091B52" blockId="14.[227,1437,1064,1126]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<keyLead id="30D695AFFFA6B16BFF53FBC3FA091B52" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<keyStep id="30D32E3FFFA6B16BFF53FBC3FA091B52" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
5 Metatibia with 2 ventroapical spurs (anterior spur may be reduced in size)……………………… 
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA6B16BFA3EFBC2FA091B77" bold="true" box="[1422,1437,1065,1091]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">6</emphasis>
– Metatibia with at most 1 ventroapical spur………………………………………………………… 
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA6B16BFA3EFBA7FA091B52" bold="true" box="[1422,1437,1100,1126]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">7</emphasis>
</keyStep>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<keyStep id="30D32E3FFFA6B16BFF53FB66FA081A25" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFA6B16BFF53FB66FA091BFE" blockId="14.[227,1437,1165,1297]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<keyLead id="30D695AFFFA6B16BFF53FB66FA091BFE" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
6 Jugal lobe present. Frontal carinae usually robust and conspicuous (
<figureCitation id="131C2A1FFFA6B16BFB92FB66FBE91B9C" box="[1058,1149,1165,1192]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[227,270,1756,1782]" captionTargetBox="[314,1363,302,1734]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[314,1363,302,1734]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 5. Male morphology. A–C, F–I. Metasoma, lateral view. D–E. Head capsule, frontal view. — A. Myrmica latifrons (U.S.A., CASENT0104816, A. Nobile). B. Pseudomyrmex indet. (Mexico, CASENT0103327, A. Nobile). C. Nothomyrmecia macrops (Australia, CASENT0902784, Z. Lieberman); note that abdominal segment III is reduced relative to, but not differentiated from segment IV. D. Myrmecia pilosula (Australia, CASENT0902800, Z. Lieberman). E. Tetraponera indet. (Madagascar, CASENT0053316, A. Nobile). F. Tatzuidris tatusia (Panama, CASENT0178870, E. Prado). G. Acromyrmex volcanus (Costa Rica, INBIOCRI001283114, E. Ortega). H. Platythyrea arthuri (Mayotte, CASENT0132466, E. Prado). I. Formica pallidefulva (U.S.A., CASENT0172882, A." pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 5D</figureCitation>
). Cuticle very thick and usually coarsely sculptured. 
<collectingCountry id="F330760AFFA6B16BFDF3FB5BFD3B1BFE" box="[579,687,1200,1226]" name="Australia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Australia</collectingCountry>
………………… 
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA6B16BFC33FB5BFA091BFE" bold="true" box="[899,1437,1200,1227]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA6B16BFC33FB5BFBBF1BFE" ID-CoL="JXZ" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1877" box="[899,1067,1200,1226]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Myrmeciinae">Myrmeciinae</taxonomicName>
, part(
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA6B16BFBC6FB5BFA9B1BFE" ID-CoL="KZV" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1877" box="[1142,1295,1200,1226]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Myrmeciini">Myrmeciini</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA6B16BFAA8FB5BFA061BFE" ID-CoL="5WLD" box="[1304,1426,1200,1226]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA6B16BFAA8FB5BFA061BFE" bold="true" box="[1304,1426,1200,1226]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Myrmecia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</emphasis>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFA6B16BFF53FB3FFA081A25" blockId="14.[227,1437,1165,1297]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<keyLead id="30D695AFFFA6B16BFF53FB3FFA081A25" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
– Jugal lobe absent. Frontal carinae fine, inconspicuous, or absent (
<figureCitation id="131C2A1FFFA6B16BFBBDFB3FFBFD1BDA" box="[1037,1129,1235,1262]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[227,270,1756,1782]" captionTargetBox="[314,1363,302,1734]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[314,1363,302,1734]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 5. Male morphology. A–C, F–I. Metasoma, lateral view. D–E. Head capsule, frontal view. — A. Myrmica latifrons (U.S.A., CASENT0104816, A. Nobile). B. Pseudomyrmex indet. (Mexico, CASENT0103327, A. Nobile). C. Nothomyrmecia macrops (Australia, CASENT0902784, Z. Lieberman); note that abdominal segment III is reduced relative to, but not differentiated from segment IV. D. Myrmecia pilosula (Australia, CASENT0902800, Z. Lieberman). E. Tetraponera indet. (Madagascar, CASENT0053316, A. Nobile). F. Tatzuidris tatusia (Panama, CASENT0178870, E. Prado). G. Acromyrmex volcanus (Costa Rica, INBIOCRI001283114, E. Ortega). H. Platythyrea arthuri (Mayotte, CASENT0132466, E. Prado). I. Formica pallidefulva (U.S.A., CASENT0172882, A." pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 5E</figureCitation>
). Cuticle thin and usually finely to not sculptured. New World; African, Asian, Australian………………… 
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA6B16BFB18FB1CFA081A25" ID-CoL="K88" authorityName="M. R. Smith" authorityYear="1952" box="[1192,1436,1271,1297]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pseudomyrmecinae">
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA6B16BFB18FB1CFA081A25" bold="true" box="[1192,1436,1271,1297]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Pseudomyrmecinae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30D32E3FFFA6B16BFF53FAD2FA0819E1" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFA6B16BFF53FAD2FA091936" blockId="14.[227,1437,1336,1750]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<keyLead id="30D695AFFFA6B16BFF53FAD2FA091936" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
7 Abdominal tergum IV strongly and evenly convex in profile view and much longer than abdominal sternum IV (
<figureCitation id="131C2A1FFFA6B16BFE27FAB0FE7A1A42" box="[407,494,1371,1398]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[227,270,1756,1782]" captionTargetBox="[314,1363,302,1734]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[314,1363,302,1734]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 5. Male morphology. A–C, F–I. Metasoma, lateral view. D–E. Head capsule, frontal view. — A. Myrmica latifrons (U.S.A., CASENT0104816, A. Nobile). B. Pseudomyrmex indet. (Mexico, CASENT0103327, A. Nobile). C. Nothomyrmecia macrops (Australia, CASENT0902784, Z. Lieberman); note that abdominal segment III is reduced relative to, but not differentiated from segment IV. D. Myrmecia pilosula (Australia, CASENT0902800, Z. Lieberman). E. Tetraponera indet. (Madagascar, CASENT0053316, A. Nobile). F. Tatzuidris tatusia (Panama, CASENT0178870, E. Prado). G. Acromyrmex volcanus (Costa Rica, INBIOCRI001283114, E. Ortega). H. Platythyrea arthuri (Mayotte, CASENT0132466, E. Prado). I. Formica pallidefulva (U.S.A., CASENT0172882, A." pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 5F</figureCitation>
, black lines). Helcium supraaxial: Anteroposterior axis of helcium situated well above anteroposterior axis of abdominal segment III postsclerites, such that poststernite with very dorsoventrally tall anterior face relative to anterior face of posttergite (
<figureCitation id="131C2A1FFFA6B16BFBDCFA49FB531A89" box="[1132,1223,1442,1469]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[227,270,1756,1782]" captionTargetBox="[314,1363,302,1734]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[314,1363,302,1734]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 5. Male morphology. A–C, F–I. Metasoma, lateral view. D–E. Head capsule, frontal view. — A. Myrmica latifrons (U.S.A., CASENT0104816, A. Nobile). B. Pseudomyrmex indet. (Mexico, CASENT0103327, A. Nobile). C. Nothomyrmecia macrops (Australia, CASENT0902784, Z. Lieberman); note that abdominal segment III is reduced relative to, but not differentiated from segment IV. D. Myrmecia pilosula (Australia, CASENT0902800, Z. Lieberman). E. Tetraponera indet. (Madagascar, CASENT0053316, A. Nobile). F. Tatzuidris tatusia (Panama, CASENT0178870, E. Prado). G. Acromyrmex volcanus (Costa Rica, INBIOCRI001283114, E. Ortega). H. Platythyrea arthuri (Mayotte, CASENT0132466, E. Prado). I. Formica pallidefulva (U.S.A., CASENT0172882, A." pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 5F</figureCitation>
, dark green lines along anterior faces of abdominal segment III). Spiracle of abdominal tergum IV located in extreme anteroventral corner(within at least five spiracular diameters)……… 
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA6B16BFBA7FA03FA091936" authority="(Tatuidris)" authorityName="Carpenter" authorityYear="1930" baseAuthorityName="Tatuidris" box="[1047,1437,1512,1539]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Agroecomyrmecinae">
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA6B16BFBA7FA03FA091936" bold="true" box="[1047,1437,1512,1539]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
Agroecomyrmecinae (
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA6B16BFA96FA03FA061937" bold="true" box="[1318,1426,1512,1539]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Tatuidris</emphasis>
)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFA6B16BFF53F9E7FA0819E1" blockId="14.[227,1437,1336,1750]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<keyLead id="30D695AFFFA6B16BFF53F9E7FA0819E1" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
– Abdominal tergum IV weakly or unevenly convex in profile view and about as long as abdominal sternum IV (
<figureCitation id="131C2A1FFFA6B16BFD9FF9C4FD00197E" box="[559,660,1583,1610]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[227,270,1756,1782]" captionTargetBox="[314,1363,302,1734]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[314,1363,302,1734]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 5. Male morphology. A–C, F–I. Metasoma, lateral view. D–E. Head capsule, frontal view. — A. Myrmica latifrons (U.S.A., CASENT0104816, A. Nobile). B. Pseudomyrmex indet. (Mexico, CASENT0103327, A. Nobile). C. Nothomyrmecia macrops (Australia, CASENT0902784, Z. Lieberman); note that abdominal segment III is reduced relative to, but not differentiated from segment IV. D. Myrmecia pilosula (Australia, CASENT0902800, Z. Lieberman). E. Tetraponera indet. (Madagascar, CASENT0053316, A. Nobile). F. Tatzuidris tatusia (Panama, CASENT0178870, E. Prado). G. Acromyrmex volcanus (Costa Rica, INBIOCRI001283114, E. Ortega). H. Platythyrea arthuri (Mayotte, CASENT0132466, E. Prado). I. Formica pallidefulva (U.S.A., CASENT0172882, A." pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 5G</figureCitation>
, black lines). Helcium axial: Anteroposterior axis of helcium situated at about midheight of abdominal segment III postsclerites, such that anterior faces of postsclerites roughly equivalent, or anterior face of posttergite somewhat longer than that of poststernite (
<figureCitation id="131C2A1FFFA6B16BFE79F973FDBB1987" box="[457,559,1688,1715]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[227,270,1756,1782]" captionTargetBox="[314,1363,302,1734]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[314,1363,302,1734]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 5. Male morphology. A–C, F–I. Metasoma, lateral view. D–E. Head capsule, frontal view. — A. Myrmica latifrons (U.S.A., CASENT0104816, A. Nobile). B. Pseudomyrmex indet. (Mexico, CASENT0103327, A. Nobile). C. Nothomyrmecia macrops (Australia, CASENT0902784, Z. Lieberman); note that abdominal segment III is reduced relative to, but not differentiated from segment IV. D. Myrmecia pilosula (Australia, CASENT0902800, Z. Lieberman). E. Tetraponera indet. (Madagascar, CASENT0053316, A. Nobile). F. Tatzuidris tatusia (Panama, CASENT0178870, E. Prado). G. Acromyrmex volcanus (Costa Rica, INBIOCRI001283114, E. Ortega). H. Platythyrea arthuri (Mayotte, CASENT0132466, E. Prado). I. Formica pallidefulva (U.S.A., CASENT0172882, A." pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 5G</figureCitation>
, green lines). Spiracle of abdominal tergum IV located distant from anteroventral corner (distant by at least ten spiracular diameters)…………………… 
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA6B16BFAB3F950FA0819E1" ID-CoL="JY2" authorityName="Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau" authorityYear="1835" box="[1283,1436,1723,1749]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Myrmicinae">
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA6B16BFAB3F950FA0819E1" bold="true" box="[1283,1436,1723,1749]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Myrmicinae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30D32E3FFFA6B16BFF53F916FA0818B4" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFA6B16BFF53F916FA09180E" blockId="14.[227,1437,1789,1921]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<keyLead id="30D695AFFFA6B16BFF53F916FA09180E" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
8 Abdominal segment IV with cinctus (constriction) between the pre- and postsclerite (
<figureCitation id="131C2A1FFFA6B16BFABEF916FAF9182C" box="[1294,1389,1789,1816]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[227,270,1756,1782]" captionTargetBox="[314,1363,302,1734]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[314,1363,302,1734]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 5. Male morphology. A–C, F–I. Metasoma, lateral view. D–E. Head capsule, frontal view. — A. Myrmica latifrons (U.S.A., CASENT0104816, A. Nobile). B. Pseudomyrmex indet. (Mexico, CASENT0103327, A. Nobile). C. Nothomyrmecia macrops (Australia, CASENT0902784, Z. Lieberman); note that abdominal segment III is reduced relative to, but not differentiated from segment IV. D. Myrmecia pilosula (Australia, CASENT0902800, Z. Lieberman). E. Tetraponera indet. (Madagascar, CASENT0053316, A. Nobile). F. Tatzuidris tatusia (Panama, CASENT0178870, E. Prado). G. Acromyrmex volcanus (Costa Rica, INBIOCRI001283114, E. Ortega). H. Platythyrea arthuri (Mayotte, CASENT0132466, E. Prado). I. Formica pallidefulva (U.S.A., CASENT0172882, A." pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 5H</figureCitation>
) 
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA6B16BFA31F916FA081823" bold="true" box="[1409,1436,1789,1815]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">or</emphasis>
jugal lobe present 
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA6B16BFE6AF8CBFE61180E" bold="true" box="[474,501,1824,1850]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">or</emphasis>
oblique mesopleural sulcus absent or indistinct……………………………… 
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA6B16BFA3EF8CBFA09180E" bold="true" box="[1422,1437,1824,1850]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">9</emphasis>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFA6B16BFF53F8AFFA0818B4" blockId="14.[227,1437,1789,1921]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<keyLead id="30D695AFFFA6B16BFF53F8AFFA0818B4" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
– Abdominal segment IV without a cinctus (
<figureCitation id="131C2A1FFFA6B16BFCF7F8A8FC31186A" box="[839,933,1859,1886]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[227,270,1756,1782]" captionTargetBox="[314,1363,302,1734]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[314,1363,302,1734]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 5. Male morphology. A–C, F–I. Metasoma, lateral view. D–E. Head capsule, frontal view. — A. Myrmica latifrons (U.S.A., CASENT0104816, A. Nobile). B. Pseudomyrmex indet. (Mexico, CASENT0103327, A. Nobile). C. Nothomyrmecia macrops (Australia, CASENT0902784, Z. Lieberman); note that abdominal segment III is reduced relative to, but not differentiated from segment IV. D. Myrmecia pilosula (Australia, CASENT0902800, Z. Lieberman). E. Tetraponera indet. (Madagascar, CASENT0053316, A. Nobile). F. Tatzuidris tatusia (Panama, CASENT0178870, E. Prado). G. Acromyrmex volcanus (Costa Rica, INBIOCRI001283114, E. Ortega). H. Platythyrea arthuri (Mayotte, CASENT0132466, E. Prado). I. Formica pallidefulva (U.S.A., CASENT0172882, A." pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 5I</figureCitation>
) 
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA6B16BFC73F8AFFC66186A" bold="true" box="[963,1010,1860,1886]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">and</emphasis>
jugal lobe absent 
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA6B16BFAB0F8AFFABB186A" bold="true" box="[1280,1327,1860,1886]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">and</emphasis>
oblique mesopleural sulcus always present……………………………………………………………… 
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA6B16BFACFF88DFA0818B4" bold="true" box="[1407,1436,1894,1920]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">19</emphasis>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30D32E3FFFA6B16AFF53F843FA081E5A" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFA6B16BFF53F843FA08173C" blockId="14.[227,1437,1960,2057]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<keyLead id="30D695AFFFA6B16BFF53F843FA08173C" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
9 Antennal toruli situated anteriorly, abutting, very nearly abutting, or overhanging anterior clypeal margin; toruli less than one antennal socket diameter from anterior clypeal margin in frontal view (
<figureCitation id="131C2A1FFFA6B16BFEBAF805FEF2173D" box="[266,358,2030,2057]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="19.[227,270,1755,1781]" captionTargetBox="[340,1306,302,1722]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[340,1306,302,1722]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig. 6. Male morphology. A–B, E–G. Head capsule in frontal view. C–D. Mesosoma, lateral view. H–I. Petiole, ventrolateral view. — A. Probolomyrmex indet. (Madagascar, CASENT0080551, A. Nobile). B. Anochetus boltoni (Madagascar, CASENT0063847, A. Nobile). C. Leptanilloides gracilis (Guatemala, CASENT0234561, M. Borowiec). D. Odontomachus simillimus (Seychelles, CASENT0172666, A. Nobile). E. Platythyrea arthuri (Mayotte, CASENT0132466, E. Prado). F. Protanilla indet. (Thailand, CASENT0119776, A. Nobile). G. Stigmatomma indet. (Madagascar, CASENT0007087, E. Prado). H. Nothomyrmecia macrops (Australia, B. Boudinot). I. Neoponera cf. apicalis (Honduras, B. Boudinot). Scale bars: A, F–G= 0.1 mm, B = 0.2 mm, C = 0.25 mm, E, H–I = 0.5 mm, D = 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3780160" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3780160/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
) …………………………………………………………………………………………… 
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA6B16BFACFF805FA08173C" bold="true" box="[1407,1436,2030,2056]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">10</emphasis>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFA7B16AFF53FED9FA081E5A" blockId="15.[227,1436,305,367]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<keyLead id="30D695AFFFA7B16AFF53FED9FA081E5A" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
– Antennal toruli situated posteriorly; toruli distant from anterior clypeal margin by at least one antennal socket diameter in full-face view (
<figureCitation id="131C2A1FFFA7B16AFC9FFEBFFC181E5B" box="[815,908,340,367]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="19.[227,270,1755,1781]" captionTargetBox="[340,1306,302,1722]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[340,1306,302,1722]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig. 6. Male morphology. A–B, E–G. Head capsule in frontal view. C–D. Mesosoma, lateral view. H–I. Petiole, ventrolateral view. — A. Probolomyrmex indet. (Madagascar, CASENT0080551, A. Nobile). B. Anochetus boltoni (Madagascar, CASENT0063847, A. Nobile). C. Leptanilloides gracilis (Guatemala, CASENT0234561, M. Borowiec). D. Odontomachus simillimus (Seychelles, CASENT0172666, A. Nobile). E. Platythyrea arthuri (Mayotte, CASENT0132466, E. Prado). F. Protanilla indet. (Thailand, CASENT0119776, A. Nobile). G. Stigmatomma indet. (Madagascar, CASENT0007087, E. Prado). H. Nothomyrmecia macrops (Australia, B. Boudinot). I. Neoponera cf. apicalis (Honduras, B. Boudinot). Scale bars: A, F–G= 0.1 mm, B = 0.2 mm, C = 0.25 mm, E, H–I = 0.5 mm, D = 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3780160" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3780160/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 6B</figureCitation>
)………………………………………… 
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA7B16AFACFFEBFFA081E5A" bold="true" box="[1407,1436,340,366]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">12</emphasis>
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<keyStep id="30D32E3FFFA7B16AFF53FE7DFA081D2D" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFA7B16AFF53FE7DFA0E1EE7" blockId="15.[227,1437,406,538]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<keyLead id="30D695AFFFA7B16AFF53FE7DFA0E1EE7" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
10 Abdominal segment IV with distinct cinctus between pre- and postsclerites. Oblique mesopleural sulcus present (
<figureCitation id="131C2A1FFFA7B16AFDDBFE52FD5C1EE7" box="[619,712,441,467]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="19.[227,270,1755,1781]" captionTargetBox="[340,1306,302,1722]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[340,1306,302,1722]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig. 6. Male morphology. A–B, E–G. Head capsule in frontal view. C–D. Mesosoma, lateral view. H–I. Petiole, ventrolateral view. — A. Probolomyrmex indet. (Madagascar, CASENT0080551, A. Nobile). B. Anochetus boltoni (Madagascar, CASENT0063847, A. Nobile). C. Leptanilloides gracilis (Guatemala, CASENT0234561, M. Borowiec). D. Odontomachus simillimus (Seychelles, CASENT0172666, A. Nobile). E. Platythyrea arthuri (Mayotte, CASENT0132466, E. Prado). F. Protanilla indet. (Thailand, CASENT0119776, A. Nobile). G. Stigmatomma indet. (Madagascar, CASENT0007087, E. Prado). H. Nothomyrmecia macrops (Australia, B. Boudinot). I. Neoponera cf. apicalis (Honduras, B. Boudinot). Scale bars: A, F–G= 0.1 mm, B = 0.2 mm, C = 0.25 mm, E, H–I = 0.5 mm, D = 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3780160" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3780160/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 6D</figureCitation>
) or absent………………………………………………… 
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA7B16AFA30FE52FA0E1EE7" bold="true" box="[1408,1434,441,467]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">11</emphasis>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFA7B16AFF53FE36FA081D2D" blockId="15.[227,1437,406,538]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<keyLead id="30D695AFFFA7B16AFF53FE36FA081D2D" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
– Abdominal segment IV without cinctus between pre- and postsclerites. Oblique mesopleural sulcus absent (
<figureCitation id="131C2A1FFFA7B16AFE7CFE14FDB21D2E" box="[460,550,511,538]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="19.[227,270,1755,1781]" captionTargetBox="[340,1306,302,1722]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[340,1306,302,1722]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig. 6. Male morphology. A–B, E–G. Head capsule in frontal view. C–D. Mesosoma, lateral view. H–I. Petiole, ventrolateral view. — A. Probolomyrmex indet. (Madagascar, CASENT0080551, A. Nobile). B. Anochetus boltoni (Madagascar, CASENT0063847, A. Nobile). C. Leptanilloides gracilis (Guatemala, CASENT0234561, M. Borowiec). D. Odontomachus simillimus (Seychelles, CASENT0172666, A. Nobile). E. Platythyrea arthuri (Mayotte, CASENT0132466, E. Prado). F. Protanilla indet. (Thailand, CASENT0119776, A. Nobile). G. Stigmatomma indet. (Madagascar, CASENT0007087, E. Prado). H. Nothomyrmecia macrops (Australia, B. Boudinot). I. Neoponera cf. apicalis (Honduras, B. Boudinot). Scale bars: A, F–G= 0.1 mm, B = 0.2 mm, C = 0.25 mm, E, H–I = 0.5 mm, D = 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3780160" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3780160/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 6C</figureCitation>
)………………………… 
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA7B16AFCD4FE14FA081D2D" bold="true" box="[868,1436,511,538]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA7B16AFCD4FE14FC741D2D" ID-CoL="JGT" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[868,992,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Dorylinae">Dorylinae</taxonomicName>
(part, 
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA7B16AFB8EFE14FB7D1D2E" ID-CoL="5CRS" authorityName="Mann" authorityYear="1923" box="[1086,1257,511,538]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptanilloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA7B16AFB8EFE14FB7D1D2E" bold="true" box="[1086,1257,511,538]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Leptanilloides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
genus group)
</emphasis>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30D32E3FFFA7B16AFF53FDAAFA081D95" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFA7B16AFF53FDAAFA081D6E" blockId="15.[227,1436,576,674]" box="[227,1436,576,603]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<keyLead id="30D695AFFFA7B16AFF53FDAAFA081D6E" box="[227,1436,576,603]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
11 Oblique mesopleural sulcus present (
<figureCitation id="131C2A1FFFA7B16AFD74FDAAFC8A1D6F" box="[708,798,577,603]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="19.[227,270,1755,1781]" captionTargetBox="[340,1306,302,1722]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[340,1306,302,1722]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig. 6. Male morphology. A–B, E–G. Head capsule in frontal view. C–D. Mesosoma, lateral view. H–I. Petiole, ventrolateral view. — A. Probolomyrmex indet. (Madagascar, CASENT0080551, A. Nobile). B. Anochetus boltoni (Madagascar, CASENT0063847, A. Nobile). C. Leptanilloides gracilis (Guatemala, CASENT0234561, M. Borowiec). D. Odontomachus simillimus (Seychelles, CASENT0172666, A. Nobile). E. Platythyrea arthuri (Mayotte, CASENT0132466, E. Prado). F. Protanilla indet. (Thailand, CASENT0119776, A. Nobile). G. Stigmatomma indet. (Madagascar, CASENT0007087, E. Prado). H. Nothomyrmecia macrops (Australia, B. Boudinot). I. Neoponera cf. apicalis (Honduras, B. Boudinot). Scale bars: A, F–G= 0.1 mm, B = 0.2 mm, C = 0.25 mm, E, H–I = 0.5 mm, D = 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3780160" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3780160/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 6D</figureCitation>
). Mandibles triangular………… 
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA7B16AFB14FDAAFA081D6E" bold="true" box="[1188,1436,576,603]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA7B16AFB14FDAAFAD91D6F" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1895" box="[1188,1357,577,603]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Proceratiinae">Proceratiinae</taxonomicName>
(part)
</emphasis>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFA7B16AFF53FD8EFA081D95" blockId="15.[227,1436,576,674]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<keyLead id="30D695AFFFA7B16AFF53FD8EFA081D95" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
– Oblique mesopleural sulcus absent (
<figureCitation id="131C2A1FFFA7B16AFD07FD8FFC861D4B" box="[695,786,612,639]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="19.[227,270,1755,1781]" captionTargetBox="[340,1306,302,1722]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[340,1306,302,1722]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig. 6. Male morphology. A–B, E–G. Head capsule in frontal view. C–D. Mesosoma, lateral view. H–I. Petiole, ventrolateral view. — A. Probolomyrmex indet. (Madagascar, CASENT0080551, A. Nobile). B. Anochetus boltoni (Madagascar, CASENT0063847, A. Nobile). C. Leptanilloides gracilis (Guatemala, CASENT0234561, M. Borowiec). D. Odontomachus simillimus (Seychelles, CASENT0172666, A. Nobile). E. Platythyrea arthuri (Mayotte, CASENT0132466, E. Prado). F. Protanilla indet. (Thailand, CASENT0119776, A. Nobile). G. Stigmatomma indet. (Madagascar, CASENT0007087, E. Prado). H. Nothomyrmecia macrops (Australia, B. Boudinot). I. Neoponera cf. apicalis (Honduras, B. Boudinot). Scale bars: A, F–G= 0.1 mm, B = 0.2 mm, C = 0.25 mm, E, H–I = 0.5 mm, D = 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3780160" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3780160/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 6C</figureCitation>
). Mandibles nearly linear ……………………………… ………………………………………………………… 
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA7B16AFC18FD6CFA081D95" bold="true" box="[936,1436,647,674]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA7B16AFC18FD6CFBB31D95" ID-CoL="K6Z" authorityName="Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau" authorityYear="1835" box="[936,1063,647,673]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA7B16AFB8AFD6CFB3C1D95" ID-CoL="L68" box="[1082,1192,647,673]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
part, 
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA7B16AFB4BFD6CFA071D96" ID-CoL="47LS" authorityName="Brown" authorityYear="1974" box="[1275,1427,647,674]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dolioponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA7B16AFB4BFD6CFA071D96" bold="true" box="[1275,1427,647,674]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Dolioponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</emphasis>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30D32E3FFFA7B16AFF53FD22FA081C1D" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFA7B16AFF53FD22FA081DD7" blockId="15.[227,1436,713,810]" box="[227,1436,713,740]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<keyLead id="30D695AFFFA7B16AFF53FD22FA081DD7" box="[227,1436,713,740]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
12 Mandibles triangular, worker-like, with distinct and elongate masticatory margin (
<figureCitation id="131C2A1FFFA7B16AFB43FD22FAC41DD0" box="[1267,1360,713,740]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="19.[227,270,1755,1781]" captionTargetBox="[340,1306,302,1722]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[340,1306,302,1722]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig. 6. Male morphology. A–B, E–G. Head capsule in frontal view. C–D. Mesosoma, lateral view. H–I. Petiole, ventrolateral view. — A. Probolomyrmex indet. (Madagascar, CASENT0080551, A. Nobile). B. Anochetus boltoni (Madagascar, CASENT0063847, A. Nobile). C. Leptanilloides gracilis (Guatemala, CASENT0234561, M. Borowiec). D. Odontomachus simillimus (Seychelles, CASENT0172666, A. Nobile). E. Platythyrea arthuri (Mayotte, CASENT0132466, E. Prado). F. Protanilla indet. (Thailand, CASENT0119776, A. Nobile). G. Stigmatomma indet. (Madagascar, CASENT0007087, E. Prado). H. Nothomyrmecia macrops (Australia, B. Boudinot). I. Neoponera cf. apicalis (Honduras, B. Boudinot). Scale bars: A, F–G= 0.1 mm, B = 0.2 mm, C = 0.25 mm, E, H–I = 0.5 mm, D = 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3780160" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3780160/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 6E</figureCitation>
)… 
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA7B16AFACFFD22FA081DD7" bold="true" box="[1407,1436,713,739]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">13</emphasis>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFA7B16AFF53FD07FA081C1D" blockId="15.[227,1436,713,810]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<keyLead id="30D695AFFFA7B16AFF53FD07FA081C1D" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
– Mandibles reduced, linear, spatulate, or falcate, without distinct masticatory margin (
<figureCitation id="131C2A1FFFA7B16AFB47FD07FAC71C32" box="[1271,1363,748,774]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="19.[227,270,1755,1781]" captionTargetBox="[340,1306,302,1722]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[340,1306,302,1722]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig. 6. Male morphology. A–B, E–G. Head capsule in frontal view. C–D. Mesosoma, lateral view. H–I. Petiole, ventrolateral view. — A. Probolomyrmex indet. (Madagascar, CASENT0080551, A. Nobile). B. Anochetus boltoni (Madagascar, CASENT0063847, A. Nobile). C. Leptanilloides gracilis (Guatemala, CASENT0234561, M. Borowiec). D. Odontomachus simillimus (Seychelles, CASENT0172666, A. Nobile). E. Platythyrea arthuri (Mayotte, CASENT0132466, E. Prado). F. Protanilla indet. (Thailand, CASENT0119776, A. Nobile). G. Stigmatomma indet. (Madagascar, CASENT0007087, E. Prado). H. Nothomyrmecia macrops (Australia, B. Boudinot). I. Neoponera cf. apicalis (Honduras, B. Boudinot). Scale bars: A, F–G= 0.1 mm, B = 0.2 mm, C = 0.25 mm, E, H–I = 0.5 mm, D = 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3780160" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3780160/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 6B</figureCitation>
, F–G) …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA7B16AFACFFCE4FA081C1D" bold="true" box="[1407,1436,783,809]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">16</emphasis>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30D32E3FFFA7B16AFF53FCBAFA081B2E" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFA7B16AFF53FCBAFA081C85" blockId="15.[227,1437,848,1051]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<keyLead id="30D695AFFFA7B16AFF53FCBAFA081C85" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
13 Abdominal segment IV without cinctus between pre- and postsclerites (
<figureCitation id="131C2A1FFFA7B16AFB0BFCBBFAB61C5F" box="[1211,1314,848,875]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[227,270,1756,1782]" captionTargetBox="[314,1363,302,1734]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[314,1363,302,1734]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 5. Male morphology. A–C, F–I. Metasoma, lateral view. D–E. Head capsule, frontal view. — A. Myrmica latifrons (U.S.A., CASENT0104816, A. Nobile). B. Pseudomyrmex indet. (Mexico, CASENT0103327, A. Nobile). C. Nothomyrmecia macrops (Australia, CASENT0902784, Z. Lieberman); note that abdominal segment III is reduced relative to, but not differentiated from segment IV. D. Myrmecia pilosula (Australia, CASENT0902800, Z. Lieberman). E. Tetraponera indet. (Madagascar, CASENT0053316, A. Nobile). F. Tatzuidris tatusia (Panama, CASENT0178870, E. Prado). G. Acromyrmex volcanus (Costa Rica, INBIOCRI001283114, E. Ortega). H. Platythyrea arthuri (Mayotte, CASENT0132466, E. Prado). I. Formica pallidefulva (U.S.A., CASENT0172882, A." pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 5C</figureCitation>
). Petiolar tergum and sternum completely fused in anterior third, without visible suture (
<figureCitation id="131C2A1FFFA7B16AFA96FC9FFA1B1CBB" box="[1318,1423,884,911]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="19.[227,270,1755,1781]" captionTargetBox="[340,1306,302,1722]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[340,1306,302,1722]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig. 6. Male morphology. A–B, E–G. Head capsule in frontal view. C–D. Mesosoma, lateral view. H–I. Petiole, ventrolateral view. — A. Probolomyrmex indet. (Madagascar, CASENT0080551, A. Nobile). B. Anochetus boltoni (Madagascar, CASENT0063847, A. Nobile). C. Leptanilloides gracilis (Guatemala, CASENT0234561, M. Borowiec). D. Odontomachus simillimus (Seychelles, CASENT0172666, A. Nobile). E. Platythyrea arthuri (Mayotte, CASENT0132466, E. Prado). F. Protanilla indet. (Thailand, CASENT0119776, A. Nobile). G. Stigmatomma indet. (Madagascar, CASENT0007087, E. Prado). H. Nothomyrmecia macrops (Australia, B. Boudinot). I. Neoponera cf. apicalis (Honduras, B. Boudinot). Scale bars: A, F–G= 0.1 mm, B = 0.2 mm, C = 0.25 mm, E, H–I = 0.5 mm, D = 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3780160" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3780160/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 6H</figureCitation>
). Mandibular teeth robust………… 
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA7B16AFD7BFC7CFA081C85" bold="true" box="[715,1436,918,945]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA7B16AFD7BFC7CFCE71C85" ID-CoL="JXZ" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1877" box="[715,883,919,945]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Myrmeciinae">Myrmeciinae</taxonomicName>
, part (
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA7B16AFC68FC7CFB2E1C85" ID-CoL="L6D" authorityName="Wheeler" authorityYear="1915" box="[984,1210,919,945]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Prionomyrmecini">Prionomyrmecini</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA7B16AFB61FC7DFA071C85" ID-CoL="655Q" authorityName="Clark" authorityYear="1934" box="[1233,1427,918,945]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nothomyrmecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA7B16AFB61FC7DFA071C85" bold="true" box="[1233,1427,918,945]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Nothomyrmecia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</emphasis>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFA7B16AFF53FC50FA081B2E" blockId="15.[227,1437,848,1051]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<keyLead id="30D695AFFFA7B16AFF53FC50FA081B2E" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
– Abdominal segment III with cinctus between pre- and postsclerites (
<figureCitation id="131C2A1FFFA7B16AFBD5FC51FB5D1CE1" box="[1125,1225,954,981]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[227,270,1756,1782]" captionTargetBox="[314,1363,302,1734]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[314,1363,302,1734]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 5. Male morphology. A–C, F–I. Metasoma, lateral view. D–E. Head capsule, frontal view. — A. Myrmica latifrons (U.S.A., CASENT0104816, A. Nobile). B. Pseudomyrmex indet. (Mexico, CASENT0103327, A. Nobile). C. Nothomyrmecia macrops (Australia, CASENT0902784, Z. Lieberman); note that abdominal segment III is reduced relative to, but not differentiated from segment IV. D. Myrmecia pilosula (Australia, CASENT0902800, Z. Lieberman). E. Tetraponera indet. (Madagascar, CASENT0053316, A. Nobile). F. Tatzuidris tatusia (Panama, CASENT0178870, E. Prado). G. Acromyrmex volcanus (Costa Rica, INBIOCRI001283114, E. Ortega). H. Platythyrea arthuri (Mayotte, CASENT0132466, E. Prado). I. Formica pallidefulva (U.S.A., CASENT0172882, A." pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 5H</figureCitation>
). Petiolar tergum and sternum not insensibly fused in anterior third; if fused, suture visible along entire petiolar length (
<figureCitation id="131C2A1FFFA7B16AFEC7FBEBFE5B1B2F" box="[375,463,1024,1051]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="19.[227,270,1755,1781]" captionTargetBox="[340,1306,302,1722]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[340,1306,302,1722]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig. 6. Male morphology. A–B, E–G. Head capsule in frontal view. C–D. Mesosoma, lateral view. H–I. Petiole, ventrolateral view. — A. Probolomyrmex indet. (Madagascar, CASENT0080551, A. Nobile). B. Anochetus boltoni (Madagascar, CASENT0063847, A. Nobile). C. Leptanilloides gracilis (Guatemala, CASENT0234561, M. Borowiec). D. Odontomachus simillimus (Seychelles, CASENT0172666, A. Nobile). E. Platythyrea arthuri (Mayotte, CASENT0132466, E. Prado). F. Protanilla indet. (Thailand, CASENT0119776, A. Nobile). G. Stigmatomma indet. (Madagascar, CASENT0007087, E. Prado). H. Nothomyrmecia macrops (Australia, B. Boudinot). I. Neoponera cf. apicalis (Honduras, B. Boudinot). Scale bars: A, F–G= 0.1 mm, B = 0.2 mm, C = 0.25 mm, E, H–I = 0.5 mm, D = 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3780160" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3780160/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 6I</figureCitation>
). Mandibular teeth absent, fine, or robust…………………………………… 
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA7B16AFACFFBEBFA081B2E" bold="true" box="[1407,1436,1024,1050]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">14</emphasis>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30D32E3FFFA7B16AFF53FBA9FA081BF1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFA7B16AFF53FBA9FA081B4B" blockId="15.[227,1437,1090,1222]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<keyLead id="30D695AFFFA7B16AFF53FBA9FA081B4B" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
14 Metatibia with one ventroapical spur 
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA7B16AFD71FBA9FD491B68" bold="true" box="[705,733,1090,1116]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">or</emphasis>
prora thin and anteriorly directed, extending beneath helcium …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA7B16AFACFFB8EFA081B4B" bold="true" box="[1407,1436,1125,1151]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">15</emphasis>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFA7B16AFF53FB62FA081BF1" blockId="15.[227,1437,1090,1222]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<keyLead id="30D695AFFFA7B16AFF53FB62FA081BF1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
– Metatibia with two ventroapical spurs 
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA7B16AFCB0FB62FCBB1B97" bold="true" box="[768,815,1161,1187]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">and</emphasis>
prora absent or thick and directed ventrally, not extending beneath helcium……………………………… 
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA7B16AFC70FB40FA081BF1" bold="true" box="[960,1436,1195,1222]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA7B16AFC70FB40FBAB1BF1" ID-CoL="K6Z" authorityName="Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau" authorityYear="1835" box="[960,1087,1195,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA7B16AFBFFFB40FB6D1BF1" ID-CoL="L5W" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" box="[1103,1273,1195,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Platythyreini">Platythyreini</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA7B16AFAB8FB40FA061BF2" ID-CoL="6S6Q" authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1863" box="[1288,1426,1195,1222]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA7B16AFAB8FB40FA061BF2" bold="true" box="[1288,1426,1195,1222]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Platythyrea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</emphasis>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30D32E3FFFA7B16AFF53FB06FA091A44" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFA7B16AFF53FB06FA081A1E" blockId="15.[227,1437,1261,1393]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<keyLead id="30D695AFFFA7B16AFF53FB06FA081A1E" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
15 Crossvein 1m-cu present, thus discal cell 1 closed (
<figureCitation id="131C2A1FFFA7B16AFC2CFB06FB941A33" box="[924,1024,1261,1287]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="20.[227,270,1860,1886]" captionTargetBox="[319,1356,302,1826]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[317,1356,302,1830]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig. 7. A–B. Forewing. A. Ventral view, gyne. B. Dorsal view, male. C–D. Mesosoma, lateral view, male. E–F. Paramere, lateral view, male. — A. Aneuretus simoni (Sri Lanka, CASENT0172259, A. Nobile). B. Nylanderia vividula (U.S.A., CASENT0058918, A. Nobile). C. Apomyrma stygia (Central African Republic, CASENT0086073, E. Prado). D. Anochetus boltoni (Madagascar, CASENT0063847, A. Nobile). E. Dolichoderus validus (Costa Rica, INB0003662427, B. Boudinot). F. Formica pacifica (U.S.A., JTLC000006350, B. Boudinot). Scale bars: A–C, E–F = 0.5 mm, D = 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3780162" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3780162/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 7A</figureCitation>
). Mandibles dentate; at least two teeth present on masticatory margin…………………………………… 
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA7B16AFBC2FAFBFA081A1E" bold="true" box="[1138,1436,1296,1322]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Ectaheteromorph clade</emphasis>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFA7B16AFF53FADFFA091A44" blockId="15.[227,1437,1261,1393]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<keyLead id="30D695AFFFA7B16AFF53FADFFA091A44" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
– Crossvein 1m-cu absent, thus discal cell 1 open (
<figureCitation id="131C2A1FFFA7B16AFCCDFAD8FC4B1A7A" box="[893,991,1331,1358]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="20.[227,270,1860,1886]" captionTargetBox="[319,1356,302,1826]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[317,1356,302,1830]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig. 7. A–B. Forewing. A. Ventral view, gyne. B. Dorsal view, male. C–D. Mesosoma, lateral view, male. E–F. Paramere, lateral view, male. — A. Aneuretus simoni (Sri Lanka, CASENT0172259, A. Nobile). B. Nylanderia vividula (U.S.A., CASENT0058918, A. Nobile). C. Apomyrma stygia (Central African Republic, CASENT0086073, E. Prado). D. Anochetus boltoni (Madagascar, CASENT0063847, A. Nobile). E. Dolichoderus validus (Costa Rica, INB0003662427, B. Boudinot). F. Formica pacifica (U.S.A., JTLC000006350, B. Boudinot). Scale bars: A–C, E–F = 0.5 mm, D = 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3780162" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3780162/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 7B</figureCitation>
). Mandibles edentate or masticatory margin produced apically as single tooth…………………… 
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA7B16AFC4CFABDFA091A44" bold="true" box="[1020,1437,1366,1393]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA7B16AFC4CFABDFB311A44" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1895" box="[1020,1189,1366,1392]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Proceratiinae">Proceratiinae</taxonomicName>
(part, 
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA7B16AFAB1FABDFA061A45" ID-CoL="46TW" baseAuthorityName="Keller" baseAuthorityYear="2011" box="[1281,1426,1366,1393]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Discothyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA7B16AFAB1FABDFA061A45" bold="true" box="[1281,1426,1366,1393]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Discothyrea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</emphasis>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFA7B16AFF53FA73FA081AE1" blockId="15.[227,1436,1432,1494]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<keyLead id="30D695AFFFA7B16AFF53FA73FA081AE1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<keyStep id="30D32E3FFFA7B16AFF53FA73FA081AE1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
16 Mandibles falcate (
<figureCitation id="131C2A1FFFA7B16AFDB6FA73FDFD1A87" box="[518,617,1432,1459]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="19.[227,270,1755,1781]" captionTargetBox="[340,1306,302,1722]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[340,1306,302,1722]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig. 6. Male morphology. A–B, E–G. Head capsule in frontal view. C–D. Mesosoma, lateral view. H–I. Petiole, ventrolateral view. — A. Probolomyrmex indet. (Madagascar, CASENT0080551, A. Nobile). B. Anochetus boltoni (Madagascar, CASENT0063847, A. Nobile). C. Leptanilloides gracilis (Guatemala, CASENT0234561, M. Borowiec). D. Odontomachus simillimus (Seychelles, CASENT0172666, A. Nobile). E. Platythyrea arthuri (Mayotte, CASENT0132466, E. Prado). F. Protanilla indet. (Thailand, CASENT0119776, A. Nobile). G. Stigmatomma indet. (Madagascar, CASENT0007087, E. Prado). H. Nothomyrmecia macrops (Australia, B. Boudinot). I. Neoponera cf. apicalis (Honduras, B. Boudinot). Scale bars: A, F–G= 0.1 mm, B = 0.2 mm, C = 0.25 mm, E, H–I = 0.5 mm, D = 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3780160" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3780160/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 6G</figureCitation>
) to narrowly linear (
<figureCitation id="131C2A1FFFA7B16AFCC6FA73FC5F1A86" box="[886,971,1432,1458]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="40.[227,270,1966,1992]" captionTargetBox="[270,1395,304,1931]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[270,1395,302,1931]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="Fig. 11. Martialis heureka Rabeling &amp; Verhaagh, 2008, male, photomicrographs. A. Head, frontal view. B. Head, anteroventral oblique view. C. Body, lateral view. D. Body, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–B = 0.2 mm, C–D = 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3780170" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3780170/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
A–B)……………………………… 
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA7B16AFACFFA73FA081A86" bold="true" box="[1407,1436,1432,1458]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">17</emphasis>
– Mandibles nub-like (
<figureCitation id="131C2A1FFFA7B16AFDBCFA50FDF11AE2" box="[524,613,1467,1494]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="19.[227,270,1755,1781]" captionTargetBox="[340,1306,302,1722]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[340,1306,302,1722]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig. 6. Male morphology. A–B, E–G. Head capsule in frontal view. C–D. Mesosoma, lateral view. H–I. Petiole, ventrolateral view. — A. Probolomyrmex indet. (Madagascar, CASENT0080551, A. Nobile). B. Anochetus boltoni (Madagascar, CASENT0063847, A. Nobile). C. Leptanilloides gracilis (Guatemala, CASENT0234561, M. Borowiec). D. Odontomachus simillimus (Seychelles, CASENT0172666, A. Nobile). E. Platythyrea arthuri (Mayotte, CASENT0132466, E. Prado). F. Protanilla indet. (Thailand, CASENT0119776, A. Nobile). G. Stigmatomma indet. (Madagascar, CASENT0007087, E. Prado). H. Nothomyrmecia macrops (Australia, B. Boudinot). I. Neoponera cf. apicalis (Honduras, B. Boudinot). Scale bars: A, F–G= 0.1 mm, B = 0.2 mm, C = 0.25 mm, E, H–I = 0.5 mm, D = 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3780160" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3780160/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 6F</figureCitation>
), spiniform (
<figureCitation id="131C2A1FFFA7B16AFD4BFA50FCC31AE2" box="[763,855,1467,1494]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="19.[227,270,1755,1781]" captionTargetBox="[340,1306,302,1722]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[340,1306,302,1722]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig. 6. Male morphology. A–B, E–G. Head capsule in frontal view. C–D. Mesosoma, lateral view. H–I. Petiole, ventrolateral view. — A. Probolomyrmex indet. (Madagascar, CASENT0080551, A. Nobile). B. Anochetus boltoni (Madagascar, CASENT0063847, A. Nobile). C. Leptanilloides gracilis (Guatemala, CASENT0234561, M. Borowiec). D. Odontomachus simillimus (Seychelles, CASENT0172666, A. Nobile). E. Platythyrea arthuri (Mayotte, CASENT0132466, E. Prado). F. Protanilla indet. (Thailand, CASENT0119776, A. Nobile). G. Stigmatomma indet. (Madagascar, CASENT0007087, E. Prado). H. Nothomyrmecia macrops (Australia, B. Boudinot). I. Neoponera cf. apicalis (Honduras, B. Boudinot). Scale bars: A, F–G= 0.1 mm, B = 0.2 mm, C = 0.25 mm, E, H–I = 0.5 mm, D = 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3780160" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3780160/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 6B</figureCitation>
), or spatulate (broad in profile view)………… 
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA7B16AFACFFA50FA081AE1" bold="true" box="[1407,1436,1467,1493]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">18</emphasis>
</keyStep>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<keyStep id="30D32E3FFFA7B16AFF53FA16FA091839" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFA7B16AFF53FA16FA081969" blockId="15.[227,1437,1533,1806]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<keyLead id="30D695AFFFA7B16AFF53FA16FA081969" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
17 Petiolar tergum and sternum clearly delineated. Anterior clypeal margin with (
<figureCitation id="131C2A1FFFA7B16AFAB6FA16FAFF192C" box="[1286,1387,1533,1560]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="19.[227,270,1755,1781]" captionTargetBox="[340,1306,302,1722]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[340,1306,302,1722]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig. 6. Male morphology. A–B, E–G. Head capsule in frontal view. C–D. Mesosoma, lateral view. H–I. Petiole, ventrolateral view. — A. Probolomyrmex indet. (Madagascar, CASENT0080551, A. Nobile). B. Anochetus boltoni (Madagascar, CASENT0063847, A. Nobile). C. Leptanilloides gracilis (Guatemala, CASENT0234561, M. Borowiec). D. Odontomachus simillimus (Seychelles, CASENT0172666, A. Nobile). E. Platythyrea arthuri (Mayotte, CASENT0132466, E. Prado). F. Protanilla indet. (Thailand, CASENT0119776, A. Nobile). G. Stigmatomma indet. (Madagascar, CASENT0007087, E. Prado). H. Nothomyrmecia macrops (Australia, B. Boudinot). I. Neoponera cf. apicalis (Honduras, B. Boudinot). Scale bars: A, F–G= 0.1 mm, B = 0.2 mm, C = 0.25 mm, E, H–I = 0.5 mm, D = 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3780160" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3780160/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 6G</figureCitation>
) or without pegs. Abdominal segment III about same size as segment IV, metasoma after petiole well-sclerotized. Global……………………………… 
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA7B16AFC17F9A8FA081969" bold="true" box="[935,1436,1603,1629]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA7B16AFC17F9A8FBFA1969" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1893" box="[935,1134,1603,1629]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Amblyoponinae">Amblyoponinae</taxonomicName>
(excluding 
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA7B16AFABDF9A8FA071969" ID-CoL="YZG" authorityName="Brown, Gotwald Jr. &amp; Levieux" authorityYear="1971" box="[1293,1427,1603,1629]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Apomyrma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA7B16AFABDF9A8FA071969" bold="true" box="[1293,1427,1603,1629]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Apomyrma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</emphasis>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFA7B16AFF53F98CFA091839" blockId="15.[227,1437,1533,1806]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<keyLead id="30D695AFFFA7B16AFF53F98CFA091839" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
– Petiolar tergum and sternum smoothly fused (similar to 
<figureCitation id="131C2A1FFFA7B16AFC5FF98DFBC719B4" box="[1007,1107,1638,1664]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="19.[227,270,1755,1781]" captionTargetBox="[340,1306,302,1722]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[340,1306,302,1722]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig. 6. Male morphology. A–B, E–G. Head capsule in frontal view. C–D. Mesosoma, lateral view. H–I. Petiole, ventrolateral view. — A. Probolomyrmex indet. (Madagascar, CASENT0080551, A. Nobile). B. Anochetus boltoni (Madagascar, CASENT0063847, A. Nobile). C. Leptanilloides gracilis (Guatemala, CASENT0234561, M. Borowiec). D. Odontomachus simillimus (Seychelles, CASENT0172666, A. Nobile). E. Platythyrea arthuri (Mayotte, CASENT0132466, E. Prado). F. Protanilla indet. (Thailand, CASENT0119776, A. Nobile). G. Stigmatomma indet. (Madagascar, CASENT0007087, E. Prado). H. Nothomyrmecia macrops (Australia, B. Boudinot). I. Neoponera cf. apicalis (Honduras, B. Boudinot). Scale bars: A, F–G= 0.1 mm, B = 0.2 mm, C = 0.25 mm, E, H–I = 0.5 mm, D = 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3780160" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3780160/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 6H</figureCitation>
, but along entire petiolar length; note that longitudinal line on petiole in 
<figureCitation id="131C2A1FFFA7B16AFCECF962FC521990" box="[860,966,1673,1700]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="40.[227,270,1966,1992]" captionTargetBox="[270,1395,304,1931]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[270,1395,302,1931]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="Fig. 11. Martialis heureka Rabeling &amp; Verhaagh, 2008, male, photomicrographs. A. Head, frontal view. B. Head, anteroventral oblique view. C. Body, lateral view. D. Body, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–B = 0.2 mm, C–D = 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3780170" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3780170/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 11C</figureCitation>
is a carina unassociated with sclerotic margins). Anterior clypeal margin without pegs (
<figureCitation id="131C2A1FFFA7B16AFCC1F946FC5C19F3" box="[881,968,1709,1735]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="40.[227,270,1966,1992]" captionTargetBox="[270,1395,304,1931]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[270,1395,302,1931]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="Fig. 11. Martialis heureka Rabeling &amp; Verhaagh, 2008, male, photomicrographs. A. Head, frontal view. B. Head, anteroventral oblique view. C. Body, lateral view. D. Body, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–B = 0.2 mm, C–D = 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3780170" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3780170/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
A–B). Abdominal segment III slightly reduced relative to segment IV, although metasoma after petiole weakly sclerotized (
<figureCitation id="131C2A1FFFA7B16AFA91F93BFA1A19DE" box="[1313,1422,1744,1770]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="40.[227,270,1966,1992]" captionTargetBox="[270,1395,304,1931]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[270,1395,302,1931]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="Fig. 11. Martialis heureka Rabeling &amp; Verhaagh, 2008, male, photomicrographs. A. Head, frontal view. B. Head, anteroventral oblique view. C. Body, lateral view. D. Body, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–B = 0.2 mm, C–D = 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3780170" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3780170/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 11C</figureCitation>
). Endemic to Amazon basin……………………………………………… 
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA7B16AFBC9F918FA091839" authority="(Martialis)" authorityName="Rabeling &amp; Verhaagh" authorityYear="2008" baseAuthorityName="Martialis" box="[1145,1437,1779,1806]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Martialinae">
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA7B16AFBC9F918FA091839" bold="true" box="[1145,1437,1779,1806]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
Martialinae (
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA7B16AFA94F918FA07183A" bold="true" box="[1316,1427,1779,1806]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Martialis</emphasis>
)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30D32E3FFFA7B16AFF53F8DEFA0818CB" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFA7B16AFF53F8DEFA09188C" blockId="15.[227,1437,1844,2047]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<keyLead id="30D695AFFFA7B16AFF53F8DEFA09188C" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
18 Mesosoma anteriorly elongated: Mesonotum almost twice as long as broad in dorsal view, and lateral pronotal face longer in profile view than head in full-face view (
<figureCitation id="131C2A1FFFA7B16AFA96F8B3FA1B1846" box="[1318,1423,1880,1906]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="20.[227,270,1860,1886]" captionTargetBox="[319,1356,302,1826]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[317,1356,302,1830]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig. 7. A–B. Forewing. A. Ventral view, gyne. B. Dorsal view, male. C–D. Mesosoma, lateral view, male. E–F. Paramere, lateral view, male. — A. Aneuretus simoni (Sri Lanka, CASENT0172259, A. Nobile). B. Nylanderia vividula (U.S.A., CASENT0058918, A. Nobile). C. Apomyrma stygia (Central African Republic, CASENT0086073, E. Prado). D. Anochetus boltoni (Madagascar, CASENT0063847, A. Nobile). E. Dolichoderus validus (Costa Rica, INB0003662427, B. Boudinot). F. Formica pacifica (U.S.A., JTLC000006350, B. Boudinot). Scale bars: A–C, E–F = 0.5 mm, D = 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3780162" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3780162/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 7C</figureCitation>
). Pterostigma absent. Petiole broadly attached to abdominal segment III, node weak. Afrotropical ……………………………………………………………… 
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA7B16AFC55F875FA09188C" bold="true" box="[997,1437,1950,1976]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFA7B16AFC55F875FB38188C" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1893" box="[997,1196,1950,1976]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Amblyoponinae">Amblyoponinae</taxonomicName>
(part, 
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<emphasis id="B953EA88FFA7B16AFABDF875FA07188C" bold="true" box="[1293,1427,1950,1976]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Apomyrma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</emphasis>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFA7B16AFF53F829FA0818CB" blockId="15.[227,1437,1844,2047]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<keyLead id="30D695AFFFA7B16AFF53F829FA0818CB" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">– Mesosoma not anteriorly elongated: Mesonotum much less than twice as long as broad in dorsal view, and lateral pronotal face in profile view shorter than to as</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
</key>
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFB8B175FEA8FEDAFA081EA5" blockId="16.[280,1436,305,402]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
long as head length in profile view (
<figureCitation id="131C2A1FFFB8B175FCADFEDAFC1D1E78" box="[797,905,305,332]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="20.[227,270,1860,1886]" captionTargetBox="[319,1356,302,1826]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[317,1356,302,1830]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig. 7. A–B. Forewing. A. Ventral view, gyne. B. Dorsal view, male. C–D. Mesosoma, lateral view, male. E–F. Paramere, lateral view, male. — A. Aneuretus simoni (Sri Lanka, CASENT0172259, A. Nobile). B. Nylanderia vividula (U.S.A., CASENT0058918, A. Nobile). C. Apomyrma stygia (Central African Republic, CASENT0086073, E. Prado). D. Anochetus boltoni (Madagascar, CASENT0063847, A. Nobile). E. Dolichoderus validus (Costa Rica, INB0003662427, B. Boudinot). F. Formica pacifica (U.S.A., JTLC000006350, B. Boudinot). Scale bars: A–C, E–F = 0.5 mm, D = 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3780162" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3780162/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 7D</figureCitation>
). Pterostigma present or absent. Petiole very narrowly attached to abdominal segment III, node strong, except 
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFB8B175FA97FEBFFE201EA6" ID-CoL="644QC" authority="(Neotropical)" baseAuthorityName="Neotropical" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFB8B175FA97FEBFFA081E5A" box="[1319,1436,340,366]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Simopelta</emphasis>
(Neotropical)
</taxonomicName>
………………………………………………………… 
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFB8B175FBFAFE9CFA081EA5" bold="true" box="[1098,1436,375,401]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFB8B175FBFAFE9CFB5D1EA5" ID-CoL="K6Z" authorityName="Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau" authorityYear="1835" box="[1098,1225,375,401]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFB8B175FB50FE9CFADA1EA5" ID-CoL="L68" box="[1248,1358,375,401]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
part)
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<key id="FFB661ABFFB8B175FF53FE52FA081CEA" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<keyStep id="30D32E3FFFB8B175FF53FE52FA081DFD" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFB8B175FF53FE52FA091D08" blockId="16.[227,1437,441,714]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<keyLead id="30D695AFFFB8B175FF53FE52FA091D08" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
19 Basimere strongly developed; distinct from and usually much larger than telomere. Telomere restricted to posterior apex of basimere, not or only slightly extending anteroventrally beneath basimere (
<figureCitation id="131C2A1FFFB8B175FE25FE14FE671D2E" box="[405,499,511,538]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="20.[227,270,1860,1886]" captionTargetBox="[319,1356,302,1826]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[317,1356,302,1830]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig. 7. A–B. Forewing. A. Ventral view, gyne. B. Dorsal view, male. C–D. Mesosoma, lateral view, male. E–F. Paramere, lateral view, male. — A. Aneuretus simoni (Sri Lanka, CASENT0172259, A. Nobile). B. Nylanderia vividula (U.S.A., CASENT0058918, A. Nobile). C. Apomyrma stygia (Central African Republic, CASENT0086073, E. Prado). D. Anochetus boltoni (Madagascar, CASENT0063847, A. Nobile). E. Dolichoderus validus (Costa Rica, INB0003662427, B. Boudinot). F. Formica pacifica (U.S.A., JTLC000006350, B. Boudinot). Scale bars: A–C, E–F = 0.5 mm, D = 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3780162" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3780162/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 7E</figureCitation>
). Petiole narrowly or broadly attached to abdominal segment III. Masticatory margin of mandible often finely serrate. Antenna with 11–13 antennomeres…… 
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFB8B175FB6EFDC9FA091D08" ID-CoL="JGK" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1878" box="[1246,1437,546,572]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Dolichoderinae">
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFB8B175FB6EFDC9FA091D08" bold="true" box="[1246,1437,546,572]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Dolichoderinae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFB8B175FF53FDADFA081DFD" blockId="16.[227,1437,441,714]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<keyLead id="30D695AFFFB8B175FF53FDADFA081DFD" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
– Basimere weakly developed; usually indistinct from and usually about the same size as telomere. Telomere extending anteroventrally beneath basimere almost to base of paramere (
<figureCitation id="131C2A1FFFB8B175FA9EFD82FA1B1DB7" box="[1326,1423,617,643]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="20.[227,270,1860,1886]" captionTargetBox="[319,1356,302,1826]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[317,1356,302,1830]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig. 7. A–B. Forewing. A. Ventral view, gyne. B. Dorsal view, male. C–D. Mesosoma, lateral view, male. E–F. Paramere, lateral view, male. — A. Aneuretus simoni (Sri Lanka, CASENT0172259, A. Nobile). B. Nylanderia vividula (U.S.A., CASENT0058918, A. Nobile). C. Apomyrma stygia (Central African Republic, CASENT0086073, E. Prado). D. Anochetus boltoni (Madagascar, CASENT0063847, A. Nobile). E. Dolichoderus validus (Costa Rica, INB0003662427, B. Boudinot). F. Formica pacifica (U.S.A., JTLC000006350, B. Boudinot). Scale bars: A–C, E–F = 0.5 mm, D = 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3780162" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3780162/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 7F</figureCitation>
). Petiole narrowly attached to abdominal segment III. Masticatory margin of mandible never serrate. Antenna with 8–13 antennomeres……………………………………………………… 
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFB8B175FACFFD44FA081DFD" bold="true" box="[1407,1436,687,713]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">20</emphasis>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30D32E3FFFB8B175FF53FD1AFA081CEA" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFB8B175FF53FD1AFA091C40" blockId="16.[227,1437,753,991]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<keyLead id="30D695AFFFB8B175FF53FD1AFA091C40" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
20 Forewing venation nearly complete: Mf3-4 and 2rs-m present, thus submarginal cell 2 closed (
<figureCitation id="131C2A1FFFB8B175FE90FCFFFE121C1A" box="[288,390,788,814]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="20.[227,270,1860,1886]" captionTargetBox="[319,1356,302,1826]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[317,1356,302,1830]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig. 7. A–B. Forewing. A. Ventral view, gyne. B. Dorsal view, male. C–D. Mesosoma, lateral view, male. E–F. Paramere, lateral view, male. — A. Aneuretus simoni (Sri Lanka, CASENT0172259, A. Nobile). B. Nylanderia vividula (U.S.A., CASENT0058918, A. Nobile). C. Apomyrma stygia (Central African Republic, CASENT0086073, E. Prado). D. Anochetus boltoni (Madagascar, CASENT0063847, A. Nobile). E. Dolichoderus validus (Costa Rica, INB0003662427, B. Boudinot). F. Formica pacifica (U.S.A., JTLC000006350, B. Boudinot). Scale bars: A–C, E–F = 0.5 mm, D = 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3780162" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3780162/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 7A</figureCitation>
, SMC2). Marginal cell 1 extremely long, at least one-third chord length of wing. Petiolar peduncle long and slender; node short, dorsoventral height somewhat less than maximum diameter of posterior petiolar foramen (
<figureCitation id="131C2A1FFFB8B175FCB0FCB1FCFB1C41" box="[768,879,858,885]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="53.[227,270,1898,1924]" captionTargetBox="[227,1436,510,1849]" captionTargetId="figure@53.[227,1436,510,1849]" captionTargetPageId="53" captionText="Fig. 15. Male representatives of three subfamilies. A, D. Frontal view. B–C, E. Lateral view. — A–B. Pseudomyrmex holmgreni, Pseudomyrmecinae (Paraguay, CASENT0173758, A. Nobile). C. Aneuretus simoni, Aneuretinae, used with permission from Wilson et al. (1956). D–E. Technomyrmex difficilis, Dolichoderinae (Madagascar, CASENT0049968, A. Nobile). Scale bars: A, D = 0.2 mm, B = 1.0 mm, E = 0.5 mm, no scale available for C." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3780178" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3780178/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 15C</figureCitation>
). 
<collectingCountry id="F330760AFFB8B175FC39FCB1FB971C40" box="[905,1027,858,884]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
……… 
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFB8B175FBD5FCB1FA091C40" ID-CoL="J5B" authority="(Aneuretus)" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1913" baseAuthorityName="Aneuretus" box="[1125,1437,858,884]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Aneuretinae">
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFB8B175FBD5FCB1FA091C40" bold="true" box="[1125,1437,858,884]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
Aneuretinae (
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFB8B175FAA5FCB1FA071C40" bold="true" box="[1301,1427,858,884]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Aneuretus</emphasis>
)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98369AFFB8B175FF53FC95FA081CEA" blockId="16.[227,1437,753,991]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<keyLead id="30D695AFFFB8B175FF53FC95FA081CEA" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
– Forewing venation reduced: Mf2-4 and 2rs-m absent, thus submarginal cell 2 open (
<figureCitation id="131C2A1FFFB8B175FA9DFC95FA1B1CAC" box="[1325,1423,894,920]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="20.[227,270,1860,1886]" captionTargetBox="[319,1356,302,1826]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[317,1356,302,1830]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig. 7. A–B. Forewing. A. Ventral view, gyne. B. Dorsal view, male. C–D. Mesosoma, lateral view, male. E–F. Paramere, lateral view, male. — A. Aneuretus simoni (Sri Lanka, CASENT0172259, A. Nobile). B. Nylanderia vividula (U.S.A., CASENT0058918, A. Nobile). C. Apomyrma stygia (Central African Republic, CASENT0086073, E. Prado). D. Anochetus boltoni (Madagascar, CASENT0063847, A. Nobile). E. Dolichoderus validus (Costa Rica, INB0003662427, B. Boudinot). F. Formica pacifica (U.S.A., JTLC000006350, B. Boudinot). Scale bars: A–C, E–F = 0.5 mm, D = 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3780162" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3780162/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 7B</figureCitation>
). Marginal cell 1 length less than one-third chord length of wing. Petiolar peduncle short to absent (
<figureCitation id="131C2A1FFFB8B175FE90FC2FFE181CEB" box="[288,396,964,991]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="54.[227,270,1932,1958]" captionTargetBox="[227,1436,334,1894]" captionTargetId="figure@54.[227,1436,333,1895]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="Fig. 16. Male representatives of three subfamilies. A–B. Formica wheeleri, Formicinae (U.S.A., CASENT0173024, A. Nobile). C–D. Rhytidoponera, Ectatomminae, ectaheteromorph clade (Australia, CASENT0004610, A. Nobile). E–F. Pogonomyrmex rastratus (Argentina, CASENT0172673, A." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3780180" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3780180/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 16B</figureCitation>
), not particularly slender when developed; node variable. Global………… 
<taxonomicName id="4C274D19FFB8B175FABDFC2FFA081CEA" ID-CoL="JKW" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1809" box="[1293,1436,964,990]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Formicinae">
<emphasis id="B953EA88FFB8B175FABDFC2FFA081CEA" bold="true" box="[1293,1436,964,990]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Formicinae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
</key>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>