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<mods:title id="C5AF2685452D5F4639339A128EB7047A">The unexpected diversity in Amphora sensu lato (Bacillariophyta) at Sozopol Bay, the western Black Sea</mods:title>
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<mods:affiliation id="06E7BC446A6BDD084F985391F00E9E74">Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria &amp; plamen _ new @ abv. bg, https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 2215 - 7984</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="CADF74046F64B7F93F33B287A6409DBE">Institute of Oceanology at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 9000 Varna, Bulgaria &amp; o. hristova @ io-bas. bg, https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 1487 - 1662</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="972F78904E898E4BE3DD6BE172D84294">Institute of Oceanology at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 9000 Varna, Bulgaria &amp; dzhurova @ abv. bg, https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 0849 - 8184</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="0828C0F91F6837E250AA4BE92C3BC0E0">Institute of Oceanology at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 9000 Varna, Bulgaria &amp; elitsa. hineva @ abv. bg, https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 9540 - 5267</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment id="DF17878CEA37FFCAFF03FCC7FB105757" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6505203" ID-GBIF-Taxon="194873767" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6505203" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF17878CEA37FFCAFF03FCC7FB105757" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DF17878CEA37FFCAFF03FCC7FB105757" lastPageNumber="106" pageId="3" pageNumber="106">
<subSubSection id="1FA46511EA37FFCAFF03FCC7FEC951C3" box="[136,335,884,910]" pageId="3" pageNumber="106" type="description">
<paragraph id="5701369AEA37FFCAFF03FCC7FEC951C3" blockId="3.[136,719,884,911]" box="[136,335,884,910]" pageId="3" pageNumber="106">
<heading id="0C4981F6EA37FFCAFF03FCC7FEC951C3" bold="true" box="[136,335,884,910]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="106" reason="1">
<emphasis id="65CAEA88EA37FFCAFF03FCC7FEC951C3" bold="true" box="[136,335,884,910]" pageId="3" pageNumber="106">figs 2AC &amp; 8D:</emphasis>
</heading>
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<subSubSection id="1FA46511EA37FFCAFEDEFCC7FD4951C3" box="[341,719,884,911]" pageId="3" pageNumber="106" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="5701369AEA37FFCAFEDEFCC7FD4951C3" blockId="3.[136,719,884,911]" box="[341,719,884,911]" pageId="3" pageNumber="106">
<heading id="0C4981F6EA37FFCAFEDEFCC7FD4951C3" bold="true" box="[341,719,884,911]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="106" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="90BE4D19EA37FFCAFEDEFCC7FD4951C3" authority="W. Gregory" box="[341,719,884,911]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Naviculaceae" genus="Amphora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Chromista" order="Naviculales" pageId="3" pageNumber="106" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="proteus">
<emphasis id="65CAEA88EA37FFCAFEDEFCC7FD4951C3" bold="true" box="[341,719,884,911]" pageId="3" pageNumber="106">
<emphasis id="65CAEA88EA37FFCAFEDEFCC7FE4451C2" bold="true" box="[341,450,884,911]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="106">Amphora</emphasis>
cf.
<emphasis id="65CAEA88EA37FFCAFE66FCC7FDC551C3" bold="true" box="[493,579,884,910]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="106">proteus</emphasis>
W.Gregory
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1FA46511EA37FFCAFF03FC0FFBE1519A" box="[136,1127,956,983]" pageId="3" pageNumber="106" type="description">
<paragraph id="5701369AEA37FFCAFF03FC0FFBE1519A" blockId="3.[136,1452,956,1307]" box="[136,1127,956,983]" pageId="3" pageNumber="106">
<emphasis id="65CAEA88EA37FFCAFF03FC0FFE1F519B" bold="true" box="[136,409,956,982]" pageId="3" pageNumber="106">Morphometric data:—</emphasis>
L: 40.752.5 µm; W: 8.59.8 µm; DS: 1113; VS: 1012 (n=5).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1FA46511EA37FFCAFF36FC53FB105757" pageId="3" pageNumber="106" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="5701369AEA37FFCAFF36FC53FB105757" blockId="3.[136,1452,956,1307]" pageId="3" pageNumber="106">
<emphasis id="65CAEA88EA37FFCAFF36FC53FEA051B7" bold="true" box="[189,294,992,1018]" pageId="3" pageNumber="106">Notes:—</emphasis>
These valves do not fit entirely
<taxonomicName id="90BE4D19EA37FFCAFD0BFC53FD7751B7" box="[640,753,992,1018]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Naviculaceae" genus="Amphora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Naviculales" pageId="3" pageNumber="106" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="proteus">
<emphasis id="65CAEA88EA37FFCAFD0BFC53FD7751B7" box="[640,753,992,1018]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="106">A. proteus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
since they usually have a single elongated areola on the ventral side, and not two rows of areolae as in
<taxonomicName id="90BE4D19EA37FFCAFDB6FBB7FD295653" box="[573,687,1028,1054]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Naviculaceae" genus="Amphora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Naviculales" pageId="3" pageNumber="106" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="proteus">
<emphasis id="65CAEA88EA37FFCAFDB6FBB7FD295653" box="[573,687,1028,1054]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="106">A. proteus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="332F4B6BEA37FFCAFD36FBB7FB8E5653" author="Schoeman, F. R. &amp; Archibald, R. E. M." box="[701,1032,1028,1054]" pageId="3" pageNumber="106" pagination="425 - 437" refId="ref19126" refString="Schoeman, F. R. &amp; Archibald, R. E. M. (1986) Observations on Amphora species (Bacillariophyceae) in the British Museum (Natural History). V. Some species from the subgenus Amphora. Journal of South African Botany 52: 425 - 437. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0254 - 6299 (16) 31507 - 1" type="journal article" year="1986">Schoeman &amp; Archibald 1986</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="332F4B6BEA37FFCAFB98FBB7FB2D5653" author="Levkov, Z." box="[1043,1195,1028,1054]" pageId="3" pageNumber="106" pagination="1 - 916" refId="ref17095" refString="Levkov, Z. (2009) Amphora sensu lato. Diatoms of Europe 5: 1 - 916." type="journal article" year="2009">Levkov 2009</bibRefCitation>
), although a very short second row could be present (figs 2BC), as in some of the valves of
<taxonomicName id="90BE4D19EA37FFCAFCF4FB9BFC76560F" box="[895,1008,1064,1090]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Naviculaceae" genus="Amphora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Naviculales" pageId="3" pageNumber="106" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="proteus">
<emphasis id="65CAEA88EA37FFCAFCF4FB9BFC76560F" box="[895,1008,1064,1090]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="106">A. proteus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<bibRefCitation id="332F4B6BEA37FFCAFB9AFB9BFB36560F" author="Levkov, Z." box="[1041,1200,1064,1090]" pageId="3" pageNumber="106" pagination="1 - 916" refId="ref17095" refString="Levkov, Z. (2009) Amphora sensu lato. Diatoms of Europe 5: 1 - 916." type="journal article" year="2009">Levkov (2009</bibRefCitation>
, Pl. 248: 6). Valves are also slightly smaller than those of the original
<taxonomicName id="90BE4D19EA37FFCAFD03FBFFFD7F562B" box="[648,761,1100,1126]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Naviculaceae" genus="Amphora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Naviculales" pageId="3" pageNumber="106" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="proteus">
<emphasis id="65CAEA88EA37FFCAFD03FBFFFD7F562B" box="[648,761,1100,1126]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="106">A. proteus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(length&gt; 50 µm, width&gt; 9 µm,
<bibRefCitation id="332F4B6BEA37FFCAFBEAFBFFFA21562B" author="Schoeman, F. R. &amp; Archibald, R. E. M." box="[1121,1447,1100,1126]" pageId="3" pageNumber="106" pagination="425 - 437" refId="ref19126" refString="Schoeman, F. R. &amp; Archibald, R. E. M. (1986) Observations on Amphora species (Bacillariophyceae) in the British Museum (Natural History). V. Some species from the subgenus Amphora. Journal of South African Botany 52: 425 - 437. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0254 - 6299 (16) 31507 - 1" type="journal article" year="1986">Schoeman &amp; Archibald 1986</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="332F4B6BEA37FFCAFF03FBC3FEA756C7" author="Levkov, Z." box="[136,289,1136,1162]" pageId="3" pageNumber="106" pagination="1 - 916" refId="ref17095" refString="Levkov, Z. (2009) Amphora sensu lato. Diatoms of Europe 5: 1 - 916." type="journal article" year="2009">Levkov 2009</bibRefCitation>
). However, the only valve we were able to find under SEM (fig. 8D) showed the presence of dimple-like depressions internally near the elongated central nodule, as in
<taxonomicName id="90BE4D19EA37FFCAFCC0FB27FC3856E3" box="[843,958,1172,1198]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Naviculaceae" genus="Amphora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Naviculales" pageId="3" pageNumber="106" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="proteus">
<emphasis id="65CAEA88EA37FFCAFCC0FB27FC3856E3" box="[843,958,1172,1198]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="106">A. proteus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="332F4B6BEA37FFCAFC45FB27FBEE56E3" author="Levkov, Z." box="[974,1128,1172,1198]" pageId="3" pageNumber="106" pagination="1 - 916" refId="ref17095" refString="Levkov, Z. (2009) Amphora sensu lato. Diatoms of Europe 5: 1 - 916." type="journal article" year="2009">Levkov 2009</bibRefCitation>
, Pl. 248: 6). Another similar taxon in both dimensions and striation pattern,
<taxonomicName id="90BE4D19EA37FFCAFD15FB0BFB1E569F" authority="Proshkina-Lavrenko" authorityName="Proshkina-Lavrenko" box="[670,1176,1208,1234]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Naviculaceae" form="varians" genus="Amphora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Naviculales" pageId="3" pageNumber="106" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="form" species="proteoides">
<emphasis id="65CAEA88EA37FFCAFD15FB0BFCB2569F" box="[670,820,1208,1234]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="106">A. proteoides</emphasis>
f.
<emphasis id="65CAEA88EA37FFCAFCDFFB0AFC2E569F" box="[852,936,1209,1234]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="106">varians</emphasis>
Proshkina-Lavrenko
</taxonomicName>
, was described from the Black Sea (
<bibRefCitation id="332F4B6BEA37FFCAFE8DFB6FFDA956BA" author="Proshkina-Lavrenko, A. I." box="[262,559,1244,1271]" pageId="3" pageNumber="106" refId="ref18620" refString="Proshkina-Lavrenko, A. I. (1963) Diatoms from the Black Sea benthos. Akademii Nauk USSR, Moscow-Leningrad, 243 pp. [in Russian]" type="book" year="1963">Proshkina-Lavrenko 1963</bibRefCitation>
). Unfortunately, it is only known from her description and drawings (Proshkina-Lavrenko 1963, Pl. IX: 14), presenting insufficient details for species separation nowadays.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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