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<document id="9319BCFF5A099C8869A27C50BB380CF1" ID-CLB-Dataset="6577" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.4502533" ID-GBIF-Dataset="0b64ea7f-8991-4da6-a68d-6475baba8fdd" ID-ISSN="2345-7600" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4502533" ID-ZooBank="819AC644-37BC-43DB-8E11-984D77804AFE" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1612459355446" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Sørensen, Martin V., Gąsiorowski, Ludwik, Randsø, Phillip V., Sánchez, Nuria &amp; Neves, Ricardo C." docDate="2016" docId="03D187A7DA3E4E073ADBFFD4FDBCF8C8" docLanguage="en" docName="RafflesBZool.64.3-27.pdf" docOrigin="Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 64" docStyle="DocumentStyle:F2D34FF25DBF9998BB8DF6F24A5B097A.5:RafflesBZool.2014-2018.journal_article" docStyleId="F2D34FF25DBF9998BB8DF6F24A5B097A" docStyleName="RafflesBZool.2014-2018.journal_article" docStyleVersion="5" docTitle="Condyloderes paradoxus Higgins 1969" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="12" masterDocId="FFE8FFDFDA374E0D3A0EFA09FF87FA1D" masterDocTitle="First report of kinorhynchs from Singapore, with the description of three new species" masterLastPageNumber="27" masterPageNumber="3" pageNumber="12" updateTime="1698926845134" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="D5B3540AB47AB76ECA203A456EA72242">First report of kinorhynchs from Singapore, with the description of three new species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="952AE7BB0DD40863A783D8E50D012E5E">Sørensen, Martin V.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0B7052B0DED9E23B3DCF745420B8810B">Sánchez, Nuria</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03D187A7DA3E4E073ADBFFD4FDBCF8C8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4502592" ID-GBIF-Taxon="182244070" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4502592" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D187A7DA3E4E073ADBFFD4FDBCF8C8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D187A7DA3E4E073ADBFFD4FDBCF8C8" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">
<subSubSection id="C362653ADA3E4E043ADBFFD4FD09FFE8" box="[213,654,1501,1525]" pageId="9" pageNumber="12" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BC736B1DA3E4E043ADBFFD4FD09FFE8" blockId="9.[213,654,1501,1557]" box="[213,654,1501,1525]" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">
<heading id="D08F81DDDA3E4E043ADBFFD4FD09FFE8" bold="true" box="[213,654,1501,1525]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="12" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C784D32DA3E4E043ADBFFD4FD09FFE8" authority="Higgins, 1969" authorityName="Higgins" authorityYear="1969" box="[213,654,1501,1525]" class="Kinorhyncha" family="Centroderidae" genus="Condyloderes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyclorhagida" pageId="9" pageNumber="12" phylum="Cephalorhyncha" rank="species" species="paradoxus">
<emphasis id="B90CEAA3DA3E4E043ADBFFD4FD09FFE8" bold="true" box="[213,654,1501,1525]" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B90CEAA3DA3E4E043ADBFFD4FE6FFFE8" bold="true" box="[213,488,1501,1525]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">Condyloderes paradoxus</emphasis>
Higgins, 1969
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C362653ADA3E4E043B86FFF4FE5DFC08" box="[392,474,1533,1557]" pageId="9" pageNumber="12" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BC736B1DA3E4E043B86FFF4FE5DFC08" blockId="9.[213,654,1501,1557]" box="[392,474,1533,1557]" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">
(
<figureCitation id="13432A34DA3E4E043B9EFFF4FE55FC08" box="[400,466,1533,1557]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[813,848,1379,1401]" captionTargetBox="[813,1452,189,1363]" captionTargetId="figure-12@9.[813,1455,187,1366]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 6. Light micrographs showing overviews and details of trunk morphology in Condyloderes paradoxus, KIN-848. A, lateral overview. B, lateroventral spines on segments 1–6. C, terminal spines, and lateroventral spines on segments 8–11. Abbreviations: cu, cuspidate spine; lts, lateral terminal spine; lv, lateroventral acicular spine; md, middorsal acicular spine. All spines labels are followed by respective segment number." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4502555" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4502555/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C362653ADA3E4E073A7FFC34FDBCF8C8" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="12" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BC736B1DA3E4E043A7FFC34FDDCFD08" blockId="9.[113,753,1597,1814]" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B90CEAA3DA3E4E043A7FFC34FECBFC48" bold="true" box="[113,332,1597,1621]" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">Material examined.</emphasis>
Three adult specimens, two from station SI-03 and one from SI-04 (
<figureCitation id="13432A34DA3E4E043B95FC54FE5BFC68" box="[411,476,1629,1653]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[113,148,1214,1236]" captionTargetBox="[201,1364,189,1199]" captionTargetId="figure-177@1.[201,1364,189,1199]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig. 1. Map showing the sampling localities south of Singapore Island. Inset to the lower right shows the Malaya Peninsula and Indonesian Archipelago, with Singapore indicated in the square." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4502535" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4502535/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
,
<tableCitation id="C6FA030ADA3E4E043BE2FC54FDB9FC68" box="[492,574,1629,1653]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="1.[113,168,1320,1342]" captionText="Table 1. Summary of data on stations and taxa identified." pageId="9" pageNumber="12">Table 1</tableCitation>
). One specimen from SI-03 was mounted for LM, and subsequently deposited at the Natural History Museum of
<collectingCountry id="F36F7621DA3E4E043BD7FC94FDB8FCA8" box="[473,575,1693,1717]" name="Denmark" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">Denmark</collectingCountry>
, under catalogue number
<collectionCode id="ED69AE74DA3E4E043AC1FCB4FE9AFCC8" box="[207,285,1725,1749]" country="Denmark" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mci8-ehqk" name="Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">ZMUC</collectionCode>
<collectionCode id="ED69AE74DA3E4E043B26FCB4FEE2FCC8" box="[296,357,1725,1749]" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">KIN-</collectionCode>
848. The remaining two specimens were mounted for
<collectionCode id="ED69AE74DA3E4E043B30FCD4FEF0FCE8" box="[318,375,1757,1781]" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">SEM</collectionCode>
, but due to the dirt covering, they only contributed with very little information.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC736B1DA3E4E043A7FFD34FBBDFCE9" blockId="9.[113,753,1853,2101]" lastBlockId="9.[813,1452,1629,1781]" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B90CEAA3DA3E4E043A7FFD34FDC3FD48" bold="true" box="[113,580,1853,1877]" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">Notes on taxonomy and distribution.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C784D32DA3E4E04385EFD34FF69FD68" authorityName="Higgins" authorityYear="1969" class="Kinorhyncha" family="Centroderidae" genus="Condyloderes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyclorhagida" pageId="9" pageNumber="12" phylum="Cephalorhyncha" rank="species" species="paradoxus">
<emphasis id="B90CEAA3DA3E4E04385EFD34FF69FD68" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">Condyloderes paradoxus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13432A34DA3E4E043B0BFD54FEE1FD68" box="[261,358,1885,1909]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[813,848,1379,1401]" captionTargetBox="[813,1452,189,1363]" captionTargetId="figure-12@9.[813,1455,187,1366]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 6. Light micrographs showing overviews and details of trunk morphology in Condyloderes paradoxus, KIN-848. A, lateral overview. B, lateroventral spines on segments 1–6. C, terminal spines, and lateroventral spines on segments 8–11. Abbreviations: cu, cuspidate spine; lts, lateral terminal spine; lv, lateroventral acicular spine; md, middorsal acicular spine. All spines labels are followed by respective segment number." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4502555" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4502555/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
) and its four congeners can be discriminated by the segmental distributions of minute cuspidate spines in the lateroventral positions. In
<taxonomicName id="4C784D32DA3E4E0438D6FD97FF62FDC8" authorityName="Higgins" authorityYear="1969" class="Kinorhyncha" family="Centroderidae" genus="Condyloderes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyclorhagida" pageId="9" pageNumber="12" phylum="Cephalorhyncha" rank="species" species="paradoxus">
<emphasis id="B90CEAA3DA3E4E0438D6FD97FF62FDC8" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">C. paradoxus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, lateroventral cuspidate spines are present on segments 2, 4, 5, 8 and 9 (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B40DA3E4E043B88FDD4FDA9FDE8" author="Higgins RP" box="[390,558,2013,2037]" pageId="9" pageNumber="12" pagination="1 - 13" refId="ref14557" refString="Higgins RP (1969 a) Indian Ocean Kinorhyncha, 1: Condyloderes and Sphenoderes, new cyclorhagid genera. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 14: 1 - 13." type="journal article" year="1969">Higgins, 1969a</bibRefCitation>
). This distribution corresponds to the cuspidate spine distribution in the recorded specimens from
<collectingCountry id="F36F7621DA3E4E043B24F214FE10F228" box="[298,407,2077,2101]" name="Singapore" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">Singapore</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="13432A34DA3E4E043BA7F214FDA2F228" box="[425,549,2077,2101]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[813,848,1379,1401]" captionTargetBox="[813,1452,189,1363]" captionTargetId="figure-12@9.[813,1455,187,1366]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 6. Light micrographs showing overviews and details of trunk morphology in Condyloderes paradoxus, KIN-848. A, lateral overview. B, lateroventral spines on segments 1–6. C, terminal spines, and lateroventral spines on segments 8–11. Abbreviations: cu, cuspidate spine; lts, lateral terminal spine; lv, lateroventral acicular spine; md, middorsal acicular spine. All spines labels are followed by respective segment number." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4502555" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4502555/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">Fig. 6B, C</figureCitation>
). Other characters in the examined specimens from
<collectingCountry id="F36F7621DA3E4E043E91FC54FA89FC68" box="[1183,1294,1629,1653]" name="Singapore" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">Singapore</collectingCountry>
, including the general spine distribution and dimensions, correspond with the data in the original description provided by
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B40DA3E4E043F5AFC94FC05FCC8" author="Higgins RP" pageId="9" pageNumber="12" pagination="1 - 13" refId="ref14557" refString="Higgins RP (1969 a) Indian Ocean Kinorhyncha, 1: Condyloderes and Sphenoderes, new cyclorhagid genera. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 14: 1 - 13." type="journal article" year="1969">Higgins (1969a)</bibRefCitation>
, hence, we feel confident to identify the recorded species as
<taxonomicName id="4C784D32DA3E4E0439ADFCD4FBB4FCE8" authorityName="Higgins" authorityYear="1969" box="[931,1075,1757,1781]" class="Kinorhyncha" family="Centroderidae" genus="Condyloderes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyclorhagida" pageId="9" pageNumber="12" phylum="Cephalorhyncha" rank="species" species="paradoxus">
<emphasis id="B90CEAA3DA3E4E0439ADFCD4FBB4FCE8" box="[931,1075,1757,1781]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">C. paradoxus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC736B1DA3E4E073923FD14FDBCF8C8" blockId="9.[813,1453,1821,2101]" lastBlockId="10.[135,774,189,726]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="4C784D32DA3E4E043923FD14FBBFFD28" authorityName="Higgins" authorityYear="1969" box="[813,1080,1821,1845]" class="Kinorhyncha" family="Centroderidae" genus="Condyloderes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyclorhagida" pageId="9" pageNumber="12" phylum="Cephalorhyncha" rank="species" species="paradoxus">
<emphasis id="B90CEAA3DA3E4E043923FD14FBBFFD28" box="[813,1080,1821,1845]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">Condyloderes paradoxus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was originally described from two localities in the Bay of Bengal, off the Indian coast near Visakhapatnam (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B40DA3E4E0439E4FD54FB1BFD68" author="Higgins RP" box="[1002,1180,1885,1909]" pageId="9" pageNumber="12" pagination="1 - 13" refId="ref14557" refString="Higgins RP (1969 a) Indian Ocean Kinorhyncha, 1: Condyloderes and Sphenoderes, new cyclorhagid genera. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 14: 1 - 13." type="journal article" year="1969">Higgins, 1969a</bibRefCitation>
). Collecting the species in
<collectingCountry id="F36F7621DA3E4E043940FD74FC38FD88" box="[846,959,1917,1941]" name="Singapore" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">Singapore</collectingCountry>
also suggests that
<taxonomicName id="4C784D32DA3E4E043EAFFD74FABDFD88" authorityName="Higgins" authorityYear="1969" box="[1185,1338,1917,1941]" class="Kinorhyncha" family="Centroderidae" genus="Condyloderes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyclorhagida" pageId="9" pageNumber="12" phylum="Cephalorhyncha" rank="species" species="paradoxus">
<emphasis id="B90CEAA3DA3E4E043EAFFD74FABDFD88" box="[1185,1338,1917,1941]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">C. paradoxus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
might be distributed throughout the coastal waters of the Bay of Bengal, Andaman Sea and
<collectingCountry id="F36F7621DA3E4E043E63FDB4FB4BFDC8" box="[1133,1228,1981,2005]" name="Malaysia" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">Malacca</collectingCountry>
Strait. Besides the occurrence of this species at its
<typeStatus id="54C38813DA3E4E043E9EFDD4FB39FDE8" box="[1168,1214,2013,2037]" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">type</typeStatus>
locality in
<collectingCountry id="F36F7621DA3E4E043F31FDD4FAFFFDE8" box="[1343,1400,2013,2037]" name="India" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">India</collectingCountry>
, and its presence in
<collectingCountry id="F36F7621DA3E4E0439C0FDF4FBBAF208" box="[974,1085,2045,2069]" name="Singapore" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">Singapore</collectingCountry>
, no other records of
<taxonomicName id="4C784D32DA3E4E043F15FDF4FA2BF208" authorityName="Higgins" authorityYear="1969" box="[1307,1452,2045,2069]" class="Kinorhyncha" family="Centroderidae" genus="Condyloderes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyclorhagida" pageId="9" pageNumber="12" phylum="Cephalorhyncha" rank="species" species="paradoxus">
<emphasis id="B90CEAA3DA3E4E043F15FDF4FA2BF208" box="[1307,1452,2045,2069]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="12">C. paradoxus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appear in the literature. However, during the extensive work on the kinorhynch fauna of the Korean Peninsula and the East
<collectingCountry id="F36F7621DA3D4E073AE7FAD4FEAEFAE8" box="[233,297,221,245]" name="China" pageId="10" pageNumber="13">China</collectingCountry>
Sea, carried out by the first author and Dr H. S. Rho (see Sørensen et al., 2010a–c, 2012a, b, 2013;
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B40DA3D4E073A89FB14FEFFFB28" author="Lundbye H &amp; Rho HS &amp; Sorensen MV" box="[135,376,285,309]" pageId="10" pageNumber="13" pagination="41 - 51" refId="ref14973" refString="Lundbye H, Rho HS &amp; Sorensen MV (2011) Echinoderes rex n. sp. (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) - the largest Echinoderes species found so far. Scientia Marina, 75: 41 - 51." type="journal article" year="2011">Lundbye et al., 2011</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B40DA3D4E073B89FB14FDFAFB28" author="Thomsen VG &amp; Rho HS &amp; Kim D &amp; Sorensen MV" box="[391,637,285,309]" pageId="10" pageNumber="13" pagination="133 - 142" refId="ref16049" refString="Thomsen VG, Rho HS, Kim D &amp; Sorensen MV (2013) A new species of Dracoderes (Kinorhyncha: Dracoderidae) from Korea provides further support for a dracoderid-homalorhagid relationship. Zootaxa, 3682: 133 - 142." type="journal article" year="2013">Thomsen et al., 2013</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B40DA3D4E073882FB14FF6CFB48" author="Sanchez N &amp; Rho HS &amp; Min W G &amp; Kim D &amp; Sorensen MV" pageId="10" pageNumber="13" pagination="353 - 380" refId="ref15425" refString="Sanchez N, Rho HS, Min W G, Kim D &amp; Sorensen MV (2013) Four new species of Pycnophyes (Kinorhyncha: Homalorhagida) from Korea and the East China Sea. Scientia Marina, 77: 353 - 380." type="journal article" year="2013">Sánchez et al., 2013</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFE94B40DA3D4E073AF4FB34FD83FB48" author="Altenburger A &amp; Rho HS &amp; Chang CY &amp; Sorensen MV" box="[250,516,317,341]" pageId="10" pageNumber="13" pagination="24" refId="ref14323" refString="Altenburger A, Rho HS, Chang CY &amp; Sorensen MV (2015) Zelinkaderes yong sp. nov. from Korea - the first recording of Zelinkaderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) in Asia. Zoological Studies, 54: 24." type="journal article" year="2015">Altenburger et al., 2015</bibRefCitation>
) some specimens were actually identified as
<taxonomicName id="4C784D32DA3D4E073B68FB54FD08FB68" authorityName="Higgins" authorityYear="1969" box="[358,655,349,373]" class="Kinorhyncha" family="Centroderidae" genus="Condyloderes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyclorhagida" pageId="10" pageNumber="13" phylum="Cephalorhyncha" rank="species" species="paradoxus">
<emphasis id="B90CEAA3DA3D4E073B68FB54FE7DFB68" box="[358,506,349,373]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="13">Condyloderes</emphasis>
cf.
<emphasis id="B90CEAA3DA3D4E073811FB54FD08FB68" box="[543,655,349,373]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="13">paradoxus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Sørensen, unpubl.). The specimens occurred in samples taken at
<quantity id="4C809B54DA3D4E0738D0FB74FF1BFBA8" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3199999999999998" pageId="10" pageNumber="13" unit="m" value="132.0">132 m</quantity>
depth in the
<collectingCountry id="F36F7621DA3D4E073B3DFB97FEF3FBA8" box="[307,372,414,437]" name="South Korea" pageId="10" pageNumber="13">Korea</collectingCountry>
Strait and between
<quantity id="4C809B54DA3D4E07385DFB94FD46FBA8" box="[595,705,413,437]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.1" metricValueMax="10.3" metricValueMin="7.9" pageId="10" pageNumber="13" unit="m" value="91.0" valueMax="103.0" valueMin="79.0">79–103 m</quantity>
depth in the central part of the East
<collectingCountry id="F36F7621DA3D4E073BD4FBB4FD9DFBC8" box="[474,538,445,469]" name="China" pageId="10" pageNumber="13">China</collectingCountry>
Sea, but by the time of the examinations, the identity of the specimens were considered doubtful, due to the distance between these sampling localities and the Bay of Bengal. However, with the current record of
<taxonomicName id="4C784D32DA3D4E073B7FF837FD83F848" authorityName="Higgins" authorityYear="1969" box="[369,516,573,597]" class="Kinorhyncha" family="Centroderidae" genus="Condyloderes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyclorhagida" pageId="10" pageNumber="13" phylum="Cephalorhyncha" rank="species" species="paradoxus">
<emphasis id="B90CEAA3DA3D4E073B7FF837FD83F848" box="[369,516,573,597]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="13">C. paradoxus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="F36F7621DA3D4E073847F834FD3FF848" box="[585,696,573,597]" name="Singapore" pageId="10" pageNumber="13">Singapore</collectingCountry>
, which represents a biogeographic transitional point between the Indian Ocean and the West Pacific, it becomes more likely that the species has a wide distribution that ranges from the Bay of Bengal to the Korean Peninsula.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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