treatments-xml/data/03/AA/87/03AA87BDFFDAFFA7FF28FA1470423583.xml

<document id="064EB60B5C141CD50C539141B0A0ACF0" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3636.3.4" ID-GBIF-Dataset="83ff4216-4a10-4b49-93ab-8a0ee4b47931" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="220542" ID-ZooBank="65578136-2BF2-4764-B430-75E991476E7A" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460589813880" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Vanin, Sergio Antonio, Bená, Daniela De Cassia &amp; Albertoni, Fabiano Fabian" docDate="2013" docId="03AA87BDFFDAFFA7FF28FA1470423583" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03636p462.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3636 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Loncophorus pustulatus Champion 1903" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="461" masterDocId="FF93FFC5FFDBFFADFFBFFFF0727C3253" masterDocTitle="Description of immatures and natural history of the weevil Loncophorus pustulatus (Champion, 1903) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Curculioninae) associated with flowers of Ceiba speciosa (A. St. - Hil.) Ravenna (Bombacoidea: Malvaceae) in southeast Brazil" masterLastPageNumber="462" masterPageNumber="451" pageNumber="452" updateTime="1698325705382" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="E62DA4B8AE41ECF92439619D40FEB028">Description of immatures and natural history of the weevil Loncophorus pustulatus (Champion, 1903) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Curculioninae) associated with flowers of Ceiba speciosa (A. St. - Hil.) Ravenna (Bombacoidea: Malvaceae) in southeast Brazil</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="21E3C13DDF2E5FB6EF529F671CB40185">Vanin, Sergio Antonio</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="7425D16699F4AA0AED1A7D67DEA52276">Bená, Daniela De Cassia</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="DC40BB37F868074CBDDAE8CDF6C5916F">Albertoni, Fabiano Fabian</mods:namePart>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36ABFFDAFFACFF28FA1470D837AE" blockId="1.[151,676,1507,1534]" box="[151,676,1507,1534]" pageId="1" pageNumber="452">
<heading id="D0F481C7FFDAFFACFF28FA1470D837AE" bold="true" box="[151,676,1507,1534]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="452" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C034D28FFDAFFACFF28FA1470D837AE" authority="Champion, 1903" authorityName="Champion" authorityYear="1903" box="[151,676,1507,1534]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Loncophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="452" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pustulatus">
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDAFFACFF28FA1470D837AE" bold="true" box="[151,676,1507,1534]" pageId="1" pageNumber="452">
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDAFFACFF28FA1473C037AD" bold="true" box="[151,444,1508,1534]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="452">Loncophorus pustulatus</emphasis>
(Champion, 1903)
</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC36ABFFDAFFACFF28F9DB708D3481" blockId="1.[151,1436,1578,2035]" pageId="1" pageNumber="452">
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDAFFACFF28F9DB73BB3410" bold="true" box="[151,455,1578,1603]" pageId="1" pageNumber="452">Mature larva description</emphasis>
(third instar) (
<figureCitation id="13382A2EFFDAFFACFDCEF9DA70943411" box="[625,744,1578,1602]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 1 – 3" captionStart-1="FIGURES 4 – 14" captionStart-2="FIGURES 15 – 22" captionStartId-0="3.[151,264,1886,1909]" captionStartId-1="4.[151,264,1825,1848]" captionStartId-2="5.[151,264,1881,1904]" captionTargetBox-0="[169,1435,198,1848]" captionTargetBox-1="[165,1435,208,1803]" captionTargetBox-2="[161,1435,191,1855]" captionTargetId-0="figure@3.[151,1436,193,1865]" captionTargetId-1="figure@4.[151,1436,193,1804]" captionTargetId-2="figure@5.[151,1436,181,1873]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="4" captionTargetPageId-2="5" captionText-0="FIGURES 1 – 3. Loncophorus pustulatus, third instar larva. 1 — habitus of larva (lateral view), 2 — head capsule (frontal view), 3 — head capsule (posterior view). Legends [seta (ae) — s.]: ant — antenna; cls — clypeal s.; des — dorsal epicranial s.; fs — frontal s.; fsl - frontal sensillum; hyb — hypopharyngeal bracon; les — lateral epicranial s.; lrms — labral s.; pes — posterior epicranial s.; stem — stemma; ves — ventral epicranial s.; teb — tentorial bridge." captionText-1="FIGURES 4 – 14. Loncophorus pustulatus third instar larva: 4 — clypeus and labrum, 5 — antenna, 6 — epipharynx, 7 — maxillolabial complex (dorsal view), 8 — maxillo-labial complex (ventral view), 9 — mandible (ventral view), 10 — mandible (dorsal view), 11 — prothoracic spiracle, 12 — abdominal spiracle I, 13 — abdominal spiracle VIII, 14 — alimentary canal. Legends [seta (ae) — s.]: als—anterolateral s.; ams—anteromedian s.; cls — clypeal s.; fs — frontal s.; msp — median spines; lr — labral rods; lrms — labral s.; mds — mandibular setae; mes — median setae; anv — anterior ventriculus; gcc — gastric caeca; Mgt — Malpighian tubules; phx — pharynx; pov — posterior ventriculus." captionText-2="FIGURES 15 – 22. Loncophorus pustulatus, third instar larva. Thoracic segments: 15 — dorsal, 17 — lateral, 20 — ventral. Abdominal segment I: 16 — dorsal, 18 — lateral, 21 — ventral. Abdominal segments VIII-IX: 19 — lateral, 22 — ventral. Legends [seta (ae) — s.]: Ab—abdominal segment; dls, dorsolateral s.; dpls, dorsopleural s.; lsts, laterosternal s.; msts, mesosternal s.; pd — postdorsum; pdas, pedal s.; pds, postdorsal s.; prns, pronotal s.; ss, spiracular s.; Th—thoracic segment; vpls, ventropleural s." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/220543/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/220544/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/220545/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="452">Figs 1–22</figureCitation>
). Length: 
<quantity id="4CFB9B4EFFDAFFACFCE1F9DA71843411" box="[862,1016,1578,1602]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.8" metricValueMax="12.1" metricValueMin="7.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="452" unit="mm" value="9.8" valueMax="12.1" valueMin="7.5">7.5–12.1 mm</quantity>
; prothorax width: 1.6–2.0 mm; head capsule width: 1.0– 
<quantity id="4CFB9B4EFFDAFFACFECEF9BE73AB3435" box="[369,471,1614,1638]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" pageId="1" pageNumber="452" unit="mm" value="1.25">1.25 mm</quantity>
; body sub-cylindrical, strongly curved dorso-ventrally, thoracic segments 2 and 3 subequal, segment 1 narrower, last four abdominal segments strongly convergent backwards (
<figureCitation id="13382A2EFFDAFFACFB11F982769634D9" box="[1198,1258,1650,1674]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 3" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1886,1909]" captionTargetBox="[169,1435,198,1848]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,193,1865]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 3. Loncophorus pustulatus, third instar larva. 1 — habitus of larva (lateral view), 2 — head capsule (frontal view), 3 — head capsule (posterior view). Legends [seta (ae) — s.]: ant — antenna; cls — clypeal s.; des — dorsal epicranial s.; fs — frontal s.; fsl - frontal sensillum; hyb — hypopharyngeal bracon; les — lateral epicranial s.; lrms — labral s.; pes — posterior epicranial s.; stem — stemma; ves — ventral epicranial s.; teb — tentorial bridge." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220543/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="452">Fig.1</figureCitation>
). Head capsule light yellow to yellowish brown, mandibles darker; prothorax and abdomen creamy white, pronotal shields light yellow to yellowish brown; body setae short and fine.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC36ABFFDAFFAFFF78F92E765A3164" blockId="1.[151,1436,1578,2035]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1437,151,1976]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="453" pageId="1" pageNumber="452">
Head (
<figureCitation id="13382A2EFFDAFFACFEACF92E73D434A5" box="[275,424,1758,1782]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 3" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1886,1909]" captionTargetBox="[169,1435,198,1848]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,193,1865]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 3. Loncophorus pustulatus, third instar larva. 1 — habitus of larva (lateral view), 2 — head capsule (frontal view), 3 — head capsule (posterior view). Legends [seta (ae) — s.]: ant — antenna; cls — clypeal s.; des — dorsal epicranial s.; fs — frontal s.; fsl - frontal sensillum; hyb — hypopharyngeal bracon; les — lateral epicranial s.; lrms — labral s.; pes — posterior epicranial s.; stem — stemma; ves — ventral epicranial s.; teb — tentorial bridge." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220543/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="452">Figs 2 and 3</figureCitation>
). Hypognathous, sclerotized, free, head capsule slightly wider than long, sides rounded. Epicranial suture distinct, approximately 0.44 times as long as head capsule. Frontal suture distinct, complete, weakly sinuate, V-shaped. Median endocarina present, about 0.42 times as long as head capsule. One stemma present on each side. Antennae exposed (
<figureCitation id="13382A2EFFDAFFACFDCAF8BA71753531" box="[629,777,1866,1890]" captionStart="FIGURES 4 – 14" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1825,1848]" captionTargetBox="[165,1435,208,1803]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,193,1804]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 4 – 14. Loncophorus pustulatus third instar larva: 4 — clypeus and labrum, 5 — antenna, 6 — epipharynx, 7 — maxillolabial complex (dorsal view), 8 — maxillo-labial complex (ventral view), 9 — mandible (ventral view), 10 — mandible (dorsal view), 11 — prothoracic spiracle, 12 — abdominal spiracle I, 13 — abdominal spiracle VIII, 14 — alimentary canal. Legends [seta (ae) — s.]: als—anterolateral s.; ams—anteromedian s.; cls — clypeal s.; fs — frontal s.; msp — median spines; lr — labral rods; lrms — labral s.; mds — mandibular setae; mes — median setae; anv — anterior ventriculus; gcc — gastric caeca; Mgt — Malpighian tubules; phx — pharynx; pov — posterior ventriculus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220544/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="452">Figs 4 and 5</figureCitation>
), one-segmented, conical, accessory appendage elongate, about two times as long as basal width, and with five minute processes, one of them longer and stouter. Head capsule (
<figureCitation id="13382A2EFFDAFFACFF43F862733E35F9" box="[252,322,1938,1962]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 3" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1886,1909]" captionTargetBox="[169,1435,198,1848]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,193,1865]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 3. Loncophorus pustulatus, third instar larva. 1 — habitus of larva (lateral view), 2 — head capsule (frontal view), 3 — head capsule (posterior view). Legends [seta (ae) — s.]: ant — antenna; cls — clypeal s.; des — dorsal epicranial s.; fs — frontal s.; fsl - frontal sensillum; hyb — hypopharyngeal bracon; les — lateral epicranial s.; lrms — labral s.; pes — posterior epicranial s.; stem — stemma; ves — ventral epicranial s.; teb — tentorial bridge." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220543/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="452">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
) with four pairs of minute posterior epicranial setae (
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDAFFACFC10F864767F35F8" box="[943,1027,1939,1963]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="452">pes 1-4</emphasis>
), more or less aligned and forming irregular oblique row; five pairs of dorsal epicranial setae, 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDAFFACFC87F846718D359D" box="[824,1009,1974,1998]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="452">des1, des2, des4</emphasis>
, and 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDAFFACFB8DF8467619359D" box="[1074,1125,1974,1998]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="452">des5</emphasis>
long and similar in length, 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDAFFACFF28F82B72C135A0" box="[151,189,2011,2035]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="452">des</emphasis>
3 very short; four pairs of frontal setae, 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDAFFACFD2DF82B70CE35A0" box="[658,690,2011,2035]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="452">fs1</emphasis>
very small, 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDAFFACFCFDF82B711F35A0" box="[834,867,2011,2035]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="452">fs2</emphasis>
and 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDAFFACFC22F82B71C235A0" box="[925,958,2011,2035]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="452">fs4</emphasis>
with median length, and 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDAFFACFB5BF82B777835A0" box="[1252,1284,2011,2035]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="452">fs3</emphasis>
much longer than other three, tip surpassing frontoclypeal suture; two pairs of lateral epicranial setae (
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD9FFAFFB3CFF6876B332E3" box="[1155,1231,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">les 1-2</emphasis>
), 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD9FFAFFB58FF68776832E3" box="[1255,1300,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">les2</emphasis>
placed near anterior angle of head capsule; two pairs of ventral epicranial setae (
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD9FFAFFC24FF4D71C33287" box="[923,959,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">ves</emphasis>
), 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD9FFAFFC69FF4C76743287" box="[982,1032,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">ves2</emphasis>
slightly longer than 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD9FFAFFB4DFF4C77583287" box="[1266,1316,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">ves1</emphasis>
. Epistoma and frontoclypeal sutures slightly arcuate. Clypeus (
<figureCitation id="13382A2EFFD9FFAFFD4DFF2F713E32A4" box="[754,834,223,247]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 3" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1886,1909]" captionTargetBox="[169,1435,198,1848]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,193,1865]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 3. Loncophorus pustulatus, third instar larva. 1 — habitus of larva (lateral view), 2 — head capsule (frontal view), 3 — head capsule (posterior view). Legends [seta (ae) — s.]: ant — antenna; cls — clypeal s.; des — dorsal epicranial s.; fs — frontal s.; fsl - frontal sensillum; hyb — hypopharyngeal bracon; les — lateral epicranial s.; lrms — labral s.; pes — posterior epicranial s.; stem — stemma; ves — ventral epicranial s.; teb — tentorial bridge." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220543/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
and 
<figureCitation id="13382A2EFFD9FFAFFCC0FF2F71F232A4" box="[895,910,223,247]" captionStart="FIGURES 4 – 14" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1825,1848]" captionTargetBox="[165,1435,208,1803]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,193,1804]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 4 – 14. Loncophorus pustulatus third instar larva: 4 — clypeus and labrum, 5 — antenna, 6 — epipharynx, 7 — maxillolabial complex (dorsal view), 8 — maxillo-labial complex (ventral view), 9 — mandible (ventral view), 10 — mandible (dorsal view), 11 — prothoracic spiracle, 12 — abdominal spiracle I, 13 — abdominal spiracle VIII, 14 — alimentary canal. Legends [seta (ae) — s.]: als—anterolateral s.; ams—anteromedian s.; cls — clypeal s.; fs — frontal s.; msp — median spines; lr — labral rods; lrms — labral s.; mds — mandibular setae; mes — median setae; anv — anterior ventriculus; gcc — gastric caeca; Mgt — Malpighian tubules; phx — pharynx; pov — posterior ventriculus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220544/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">4</figureCitation>
) transverse, lateral margins rounded, anterior margin sinuate, with three pairs of very small clypeal setae (
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD9FFAFFCF7FEF471E8334F" box="[840,916,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">cls 1-3</emphasis>
). Labrum (
<figureCitation id="13382A2EFFD9FFAFFBA8FEF47620334F" box="[1047,1116,260,284]" captionStart="FIGURES 4 – 14" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1825,1848]" captionTargetBox="[165,1435,208,1803]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,193,1804]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 4 – 14. Loncophorus pustulatus third instar larva: 4 — clypeus and labrum, 5 — antenna, 6 — epipharynx, 7 — maxillolabial complex (dorsal view), 8 — maxillo-labial complex (ventral view), 9 — mandible (ventral view), 10 — mandible (dorsal view), 11 — prothoracic spiracle, 12 — abdominal spiracle I, 13 — abdominal spiracle VIII, 14 — alimentary canal. Legends [seta (ae) — s.]: als—anterolateral s.; ams—anteromedian s.; cls — clypeal s.; fs — frontal s.; msp — median spines; lr — labral rods; lrms — labral s.; mds — mandibular setae; mes — median setae; anv — anterior ventriculus; gcc — gastric caeca; Mgt — Malpighian tubules; phx — pharynx; pov — posterior ventriculus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220544/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
) transverse, anterior margin emarginated, with three pairs of labral setae (
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD9FFAFFD1DFED8717F3313" box="[674,771,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">lrms 1-3</emphasis>
), 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD9FFAFFCA3FED871213313" box="[796,861,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">lrms3</emphasis>
slightly longer than 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD9FFAFFBF1FED876F13313" box="[1102,1165,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">lrms1</emphasis>
and 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD9FFAFFB76FED877743313" box="[1225,1288,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">lrms2</emphasis>
. Epipharynx (
<figureCitation id="13382A2EFFD9FFAFFF20FEBC72993337" box="[159,229,332,356]" captionStart="FIGURES 4 – 14" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1825,1848]" captionTargetBox="[165,1435,208,1803]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,193,1804]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 4 – 14. Loncophorus pustulatus third instar larva: 4 — clypeus and labrum, 5 — antenna, 6 — epipharynx, 7 — maxillolabial complex (dorsal view), 8 — maxillo-labial complex (ventral view), 9 — mandible (ventral view), 10 — mandible (dorsal view), 11 — prothoracic spiracle, 12 — abdominal spiracle I, 13 — abdominal spiracle VIII, 14 — alimentary canal. Legends [seta (ae) — s.]: als—anterolateral s.; ams—anteromedian s.; cls — clypeal s.; fs — frontal s.; msp — median spines; lr — labral rods; lrms — labral s.; mds — mandibular setae; mes — median setae; anv — anterior ventriculus; gcc — gastric caeca; Mgt — Malpighian tubules; phx — pharynx; pov — posterior ventriculus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220544/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
) trapezoidal, with a transverse row of eight minute conical setae, parallel to anterior margin; one pair of anteromedian setae (
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD9FFAFFE3EFE8173D233DB" box="[385,430,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">ams</emphasis>
), three pairs of anterolateral setae (
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD9FFAFFCFCFE8071ED33DB" box="[835,913,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">als 1-3</emphasis>
) on each side, one pair of median setae (
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD9FFAFFAD8FE8177EF33DB" box="[1383,1427,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">mes</emphasis>
) and 4 median spines (
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD9FFAFFE2FFE6573C133FF" box="[400,445,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">msp</emphasis>
) placed between dark, thick, elongate, subparallel labral rods (
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD9FFAFFB36FE6476E733FF" box="[1161,1179,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">lr</emphasis>
), diverging anteriorly; six epipharyngeal sensory pores arranged in two clusters of three, located below 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD9FFAFFB9DFE4976293383" box="[1058,1109,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">mes.</emphasis>
Maxillae (
<figureCitation id="13382A2EFFD9FFAFFB71FE477726339C" box="[1230,1370,439,463]" captionStart="FIGURES 4 – 14" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1825,1848]" captionTargetBox="[165,1435,208,1803]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,193,1804]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 4 – 14. Loncophorus pustulatus third instar larva: 4 — clypeus and labrum, 5 — antenna, 6 — epipharynx, 7 — maxillolabial complex (dorsal view), 8 — maxillo-labial complex (ventral view), 9 — mandible (ventral view), 10 — mandible (dorsal view), 11 — prothoracic spiracle, 12 — abdominal spiracle I, 13 — abdominal spiracle VIII, 14 — alimentary canal. Legends [seta (ae) — s.]: als—anterolateral s.; ams—anteromedian s.; cls — clypeal s.; fs — frontal s.; msp — median spines; lr — labral rods; lrms — labral s.; mds — mandibular setae; mes — median setae; anv — anterior ventriculus; gcc — gastric caeca; Mgt — Malpighian tubules; phx — pharynx; pov — posterior ventriculus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220544/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Figs 7 and 8</figureCitation>
) with cardo transverse, sub-triangular; stipes elongate with one short seta on basal third and one longer seta near anterior margin on dorsal side and with three setae on ventral side, basal one longest; mala rounded, with six marginal dorsal spatulate setae more or less aligned along outer margin (
<figureCitation id="13382A2EFFD9FFAFFCC6FDD471C3306F" box="[889,959,548,572]" captionStart="FIGURES 4 – 14" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1825,1848]" captionTargetBox="[165,1435,208,1803]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,193,1804]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 4 – 14. Loncophorus pustulatus third instar larva: 4 — clypeus and labrum, 5 — antenna, 6 — epipharynx, 7 — maxillolabial complex (dorsal view), 8 — maxillo-labial complex (ventral view), 9 — mandible (ventral view), 10 — mandible (dorsal view), 11 — prothoracic spiracle, 12 — abdominal spiracle I, 13 — abdominal spiracle VIII, 14 — alimentary canal. Legends [seta (ae) — s.]: als—anterolateral s.; ams—anteromedian s.; cls — clypeal s.; fs — frontal s.; msp — median spines; lr — labral rods; lrms — labral s.; mds — mandibular setae; mes — median setae; anv — anterior ventriculus; gcc — gastric caeca; Mgt — Malpighian tubules; phx — pharynx; pov — posterior ventriculus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220544/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
) and three smaller ventral setae; palpifer membranous; maxillary palpi two-segmented, proximal palpomere larger than distal one, with one seta and three sensilla on ventral side, distal palpomere with one sensillum on ventral side. Labium (
<figureCitation id="13382A2EFFD9FFAFFBC1FD9C76BA30D7" box="[1150,1222,620,644]" captionStart="FIGURES 4 – 14" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1825,1848]" captionTargetBox="[165,1435,208,1803]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,193,1804]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 4 – 14. Loncophorus pustulatus third instar larva: 4 — clypeus and labrum, 5 — antenna, 6 — epipharynx, 7 — maxillolabial complex (dorsal view), 8 — maxillo-labial complex (ventral view), 9 — mandible (ventral view), 10 — mandible (dorsal view), 11 — prothoracic spiracle, 12 — abdominal spiracle I, 13 — abdominal spiracle VIII, 14 — alimentary canal. Legends [seta (ae) — s.]: als—anterolateral s.; ams—anteromedian s.; cls — clypeal s.; fs — frontal s.; msp — median spines; lr — labral rods; lrms — labral s.; mds — mandibular setae; mes — median setae; anv — anterior ventriculus; gcc — gastric caeca; Mgt — Malpighian tubules; phx — pharynx; pov — posterior ventriculus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220544/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
): labial palpi twosegmented, basal palpomere elongate, longer and wider than distal palpomere, distal palpomere conical, about as long as wide, each palpomere with one ventral sensillum; prementum with three pairs of setae, median pair longest; premental sclerite with anterior margin strongly sinuate, posterior median extension very narrow; submentum with thre pairs of setae, median pair longest; ligula with five pairs of sensilla. Mandibles symmetrical (
<figureCitation id="13382A2EFFD9FFAFFB50FD0C77F23147" box="[1263,1422,764,788]" captionStart="FIGURES 4 – 14" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1825,1848]" captionTargetBox="[165,1435,208,1803]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,193,1804]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 4 – 14. Loncophorus pustulatus third instar larva: 4 — clypeus and labrum, 5 — antenna, 6 — epipharynx, 7 — maxillolabial complex (dorsal view), 8 — maxillo-labial complex (ventral view), 9 — mandible (ventral view), 10 — mandible (dorsal view), 11 — prothoracic spiracle, 12 — abdominal spiracle I, 13 — abdominal spiracle VIII, 14 — alimentary canal. Legends [seta (ae) — s.]: als—anterolateral s.; ams—anteromedian s.; cls — clypeal s.; fs — frontal s.; msp — median spines; lr — labral rods; lrms — labral s.; mds — mandibular setae; mes — median setae; anv — anterior ventriculus; gcc — gastric caeca; Mgt — Malpighian tubules; phx — pharynx; pov — posterior ventriculus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220544/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Figs 9 and 10</figureCitation>
), stout, apically bidentate, dorsally with two setae (
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD9FFAFFD7CFCD0708C316B" box="[707,752,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">mds</emphasis>
) and one minute sensillum.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC36ABFFD9FFAFFF78FCB472B33697" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1976]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">
Thorax (
<figureCitation id="13382A2EFFD9FFAFFE93FCB47064310F" box="[300,536,836,860]" captionStart="FIGURES 15 – 22" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1881,1904]" captionTargetBox="[161,1435,191,1855]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,181,1873]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 15 – 22. Loncophorus pustulatus, third instar larva. Thoracic segments: 15 — dorsal, 17 — lateral, 20 — ventral. Abdominal segment I: 16 — dorsal, 18 — lateral, 21 — ventral. Abdominal segments VIII-IX: 19 — lateral, 22 — ventral. Legends [seta (ae) — s.]: Ab—abdominal segment; dls, dorsolateral s.; dpls, dorsopleural s.; lsts, laterosternal s.; msts, mesosternal s.; pd — postdorsum; pdas, pedal s.; pds, postdorsal s.; prns, pronotal s.; ss, spiracular s.; Th—thoracic segment; vpls, ventropleural s." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220545/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Figs 15, 17 and 20</figureCitation>
). Pro-, meso- and metathorax transverse, each one narrower than abdomen. Prothorax with 11 pronotal setae (
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD9FFAFFD9EFC9970F131D3" box="[545,653,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">prns 1-11</emphasis>
) on each side: pronotum with two small, triangular, sub-contiguous sclerites, each one with 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD9FFAFFE13FC7D706E31F7" box="[428,530,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">prns 1-3,</emphasis>
anterior angle with 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD9FFAFFD42FC7D712131F7" box="[765,861,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">prns 4-5</emphasis>
, and an irregular curved row of six setae directed backwards (
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD9FFAFFE9FFC4173F7319B" box="[288,395,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">prns 6-11</emphasis>
); pedal area with three pedal setae (
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD9FFAFFC96FC4071F7319B" box="[809,907,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">pdas 1-3</emphasis>
); ventropleural lobe with two setae (
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD9FFAFFA8FFC4077F7319B" box="[1328,1419,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">vpls 1-2</emphasis>
); mediosternal fold with two mediosternal setae (
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD9FFAFFD6BFC25714531BF" box="[724,825,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">msts 1-2</emphasis>
). Meso- and metathorax: prodorsum of meso- and metathorax with one pair of prodorsal seta (
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD9FFAFFD3AFC0970D53643" box="[645,681,1017,1040]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">prs</emphasis>
), postdorsum of meso- and metathorax with five dorsolateral setae (
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD9FFAFFF1FFBEC728F3667" box="[160,243,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">dls 1–5</emphasis>
); spiracular area of meso- and metathorax with three spiracular setae (
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD9FFAFFBA8FBED76263667" box="[1047,1114,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">ss 1-3</emphasis>
), 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD9FFAFFBCCFBEC76EA3667" box="[1139,1174,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">ss2</emphasis>
much smaller than 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD9FFAFFAC7FBEC77E03667" box="[1400,1436,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">ss1</emphasis>
and 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD9FFAFFF77FBB07290360B" box="[200,236,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">ss3</emphasis>
; dorsopleural lobe of meso- and metathorax with one dorsopleural lobe seta (
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD9FFAFFBDAFBB076E8360B" box="[1125,1172,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">dpls</emphasis>
); ventropleural lobe of meso- and metathorax with one ventropleural seta (
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD9FFAFFD4CFB94715C362F" box="[755,800,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">vpls</emphasis>
); mediosternal lobe with two minute setae (
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD9FFAFFA96FB9577F0362F" box="[1321,1420,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">msts 1-2</emphasis>
). Prothoracic spiracle (
<figureCitation id="13382A2EFFD9FFAFFE35FB7773A036CC" box="[394,476,1159,1183]" captionStart="FIGURES 4 – 14" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1825,1848]" captionTargetBox="[165,1435,208,1803]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,193,1804]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 4 – 14. Loncophorus pustulatus third instar larva: 4 — clypeus and labrum, 5 — antenna, 6 — epipharynx, 7 — maxillolabial complex (dorsal view), 8 — maxillo-labial complex (ventral view), 9 — mandible (ventral view), 10 — mandible (dorsal view), 11 — prothoracic spiracle, 12 — abdominal spiracle I, 13 — abdominal spiracle VIII, 14 — alimentary canal. Legends [seta (ae) — s.]: als—anterolateral s.; ams—anteromedian s.; cls — clypeal s.; fs — frontal s.; msp — median spines; lr — labral rods; lrms — labral s.; mds — mandibular setae; mes — median setae; anv — anterior ventriculus; gcc — gastric caeca; Mgt — Malpighian tubules; phx — pharynx; pov — posterior ventriculus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220544/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
) anular, biforous, air tubes with seven annuli directed upwards, peritreme irregular oval.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC36ABFFD9FFAFFF78FB3F76B23454" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1976]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">
Abdomen (
<figureCitation id="13382A2EFFD9FFAFFEFAFB3F701336B4" box="[325,623,1231,1255]" captionStart="FIGURES 15 – 22" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1881,1904]" captionTargetBox="[161,1435,191,1855]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,181,1873]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 15 – 22. Loncophorus pustulatus, third instar larva. Thoracic segments: 15 — dorsal, 17 — lateral, 20 — ventral. Abdominal segment I: 16 — dorsal, 18 — lateral, 21 — ventral. Abdominal segments VIII-IX: 19 — lateral, 22 — ventral. Legends [seta (ae) — s.]: Ab—abdominal segment; dls, dorsolateral s.; dpls, dorsopleural s.; lsts, laterosternal s.; msts, mesosternal s.; pd — postdorsum; pdas, pedal s.; pds, postdorsal s.; prns, pronotal s.; ss, spiracular s.; Th—thoracic segment; vpls, ventropleural s." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220545/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Figs 16, 18, 19, 21 and 22</figureCitation>
) with 8 pairs of lateral spiracles (
<figureCitation id="13382A2EFFD9FFAFFC54FB3F76E136B4" box="[1003,1181,1231,1255]" captionStart="FIGURES 4 – 14" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1825,1848]" captionTargetBox="[165,1435,208,1803]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,193,1804]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 4 – 14. Loncophorus pustulatus third instar larva: 4 — clypeus and labrum, 5 — antenna, 6 — epipharynx, 7 — maxillolabial complex (dorsal view), 8 — maxillo-labial complex (ventral view), 9 — mandible (ventral view), 10 — mandible (dorsal view), 11 — prothoracic spiracle, 12 — abdominal spiracle I, 13 — abdominal spiracle VIII, 14 — alimentary canal. Legends [seta (ae) — s.]: als—anterolateral s.; ams—anteromedian s.; cls — clypeal s.; fs — frontal s.; msp — median spines; lr — labral rods; lrms — labral s.; mds — mandibular setae; mes — median setae; anv — anterior ventriculus; gcc — gastric caeca; Mgt — Malpighian tubules; phx — pharynx; pov — posterior ventriculus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220544/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Figs. 12 and 13</figureCitation>
), bicameral, peritreme circular, air tubes with seven annuli; spiracles of abdominal segments I–VII similar, obliquely caudad, spiracles of segment VIII smaller, with air tubes directed downwards; segments I–VII each one with three folds; segment VIII two-folded; segment IX unfolded; segment X reduced, circular and ventral, anus subterminal, opening in middle of four prominent lobes; segments I–VII with similar chaetotaxy (
<figureCitation id="13382A2EFFD9FFAFFCC6FAAF76223724" box="[889,1118,1375,1399]" captionStart="FIGURES 15 – 22" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1881,1904]" captionTargetBox="[161,1435,191,1855]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,181,1873]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 15 – 22. Loncophorus pustulatus, third instar larva. Thoracic segments: 15 — dorsal, 17 — lateral, 20 — ventral. Abdominal segment I: 16 — dorsal, 18 — lateral, 21 — ventral. Abdominal segments VIII-IX: 19 — lateral, 22 — ventral. Legends [seta (ae) — s.]: Ab—abdominal segment; dls, dorsolateral s.; dpls, dorsopleural s.; lsts, laterosternal s.; msts, mesosternal s.; pd — postdorsum; pdas, pedal s.; pds, postdorsal s.; prns, pronotal s.; ss, spiracular s.; Th—thoracic segment; vpls, ventropleural s." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220545/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Figs 16, 18 and 21</figureCitation>
): prodorsum with a pair of prodorsal setae (
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD9FFAFFEF0FA75730F37CF" box="[335,371,1413,1436]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">prs</emphasis>
); spiracular area with two minute setae (
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD9FFAFFC83FA75710137CF" box="[828,893,1412,1436]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">ss 1-2</emphasis>
); postdorsum with tranverse row of five pairs of dorsolateral setae (
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD9FFAFFED1FA5873C13793" box="[366,445,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">dls 1-5</emphasis>
); ventropleural lobe and laterosternal lobe with one seta (
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD9FFAFFBE7FA5876F93793" box="[1112,1157,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">vpls</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD9FFAFFB2AFA5876C63793" box="[1173,1210,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">lsts</emphasis>
); mediosternal fold with two very thin and minute setae (
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD9FFAFFD86FA3D70EB37B7" box="[569,663,1484,1508]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">msts 1-2</emphasis>
); chaetotaxy of segment VIII (
<figureCitation id="13382A2EFFD9FFAFFC4EFA3C76E537B7" box="[1009,1177,1484,1508]" captionStart="FIGURES 15 – 22" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1881,1904]" captionTargetBox="[161,1435,191,1855]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,181,1873]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 15 – 22. Loncophorus pustulatus, third instar larva. Thoracic segments: 15 — dorsal, 17 — lateral, 20 — ventral. Abdominal segment I: 16 — dorsal, 18 — lateral, 21 — ventral. Abdominal segments VIII-IX: 19 — lateral, 22 — ventral. Legends [seta (ae) — s.]: Ab—abdominal segment; dls, dorsolateral s.; dpls, dorsopleural s.; lsts, laterosternal s.; msts, mesosternal s.; pd — postdorsum; pdas, pedal s.; pds, postdorsal s.; prns, pronotal s.; ss, spiracular s.; Th—thoracic segment; vpls, ventropleural s." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220545/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Figs 19 and 22</figureCitation>
) similar to segments I- VII, but pro-dorsal setae (
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD9FFAFFE06FA0173A1345B" box="[441,477,1521,1544]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">prs</emphasis>
) missing; segment X with two setae located on posterior anal lobe.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC36ABFFD9FFAFFF78F9E471613427" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1976]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">
Alimentary canal (
<figureCitation id="13382A2EFFD9FFAFFE22F9E4738D347F" box="[413,497,1556,1580]" captionStart="FIGURES 4 – 14" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1825,1848]" captionTargetBox="[165,1435,208,1803]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,193,1804]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 4 – 14. Loncophorus pustulatus third instar larva: 4 — clypeus and labrum, 5 — antenna, 6 — epipharynx, 7 — maxillolabial complex (dorsal view), 8 — maxillo-labial complex (ventral view), 9 — mandible (ventral view), 10 — mandible (dorsal view), 11 — prothoracic spiracle, 12 — abdominal spiracle I, 13 — abdominal spiracle VIII, 14 — alimentary canal. Legends [seta (ae) — s.]: als—anterolateral s.; ams—anteromedian s.; cls — clypeal s.; fs — frontal s.; msp — median spines; lr — labral rods; lrms — labral s.; mds — mandibular setae; mes — median setae; anv — anterior ventriculus; gcc — gastric caeca; Mgt — Malpighian tubules; phx — pharynx; pov — posterior ventriculus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220544/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
) lacking mycetomes; posterior ventriculus (
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD9FFAFFC53F9E57668347F" box="[1004,1044,1557,1580]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">pov</emphasis>
) two coiled with 28 small gastric caeca (
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD9FFAFFF55F9C9736C3403" box="[234,272,1593,1616]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">gcc</emphasis>
) similar to bowling pins, axially aligned forming two lines of 14 caeca on lower ventricular coil. Malpighian tubules (
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD9FFAFFE3FF9AD73D13427" box="[384,429,1629,1652]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Mgt</emphasis>
) not thickened, arranged 2+2+2.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC36ABFFD9FFABFF76F970762835A6" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1976]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1436,1797,2038]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="457" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD9FFAFFF76F97073E134CB" bold="true" box="[201,413,1663,1688]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Pupa description</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13382A2EFFD9FFAFFE0AF98F703D34C4" box="[437,577,1663,1687]" captionStart="FIGURES 23 – 27" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1605,1628]" captionTargetBox="[172,1435,190,1579]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,181,1596]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 23 – 27. Loncophorus pustulatus, pupa. Habitus: 23 — dorsal view, 24 — ventral view, 25 — lateral view. Abdominal extremity: ventral view, 26 — female, 27 — male. Legends [s—seta (ae)]: ds — discal s.; ls — lateral s.; os — orbital s.; pas — postantennal s.; pls — posterolateral s.; pc — pseudocerci; rs — rostral s.; sas — super apical s.; sos — superorbital s.; SV—sternite V; SVIII—sternite VIII; ThI—thoracic tergite I; ThII—thoracic tergite II; ThIII—thoracic tergite III; TVIII—abdominal tergite VIII; TIX ─ abdominal tergite IX; vs — vertical setae;." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220546/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Figs 23–27</figureCitation>
). Length: male 6.1–7.8; female 
<quantity id="4CFB9B4EFFD9FFAFFC6AF98F761434C4" box="[981,1128,1663,1687]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.199999999999999" metricValueMax="9.1" metricValueMin="5.3" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" unit="mm" value="7.199999999999999" valueMax="9.1" valueMin="5.3">5.3–9.1 mm</quantity>
. Adecticous and exarate. Coloration whitish-cream, with long stiff setae on pronotum, smaller setae on rostrum and very small setae placed on spiniform processes on dorsal side of abdomen. Head completely covered by pronotum in dorsal view; each side with one vertical setae (
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD9FFAFFE1BF91D73C73557" box="[420,443,1773,1796]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">vs</emphasis>
), one supraorbital setae (
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD9FFAFFD66F91D70813557" box="[729,765,1773,1796]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">sos</emphasis>
) and two minute orbital setae (
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD9FFAFFBE2F91D760A3557" box="[1117,1142,1773,1796]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">os</emphasis>
) located near eye margin; apex of rostrum in females reaching base of abdominal segment V, in males surpassing base of abdominal segment III; rostrum with a pair of short postantennal setae (
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD9FFAFFD4AF8C57160351F" box="[757,796,1845,1868]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">pas</emphasis>
) and two pairs of short rostral setae (
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD9FFAFFB67F8C57692351F" box="[1240,1262,1845,1868]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">rs</emphasis>
1-2). Pronotum transverse, conical, with one pair of suprapical setae (
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD9FFAFFCB4F8A971533523" box="[779,815,1881,1904]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">sas</emphasis>
) and a pair of discal setae (
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD9FFAFFBC4F8A876EF3523" box="[1147,1171,1880,1904]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">ds</emphasis>
) located on prominent spiniform processes, and with three lateral setae (
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD9FFAFFD53F88C715935C7" box="[748,805,1916,1940]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">ls1-3</emphasis>
) and four posterolateral setae (
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD9FFAFFB1EF88C769B35C7" box="[1185,1255,1916,1940]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">pls1-4</emphasis>
) on each side. Mesothorax (ThII) with three erect fine tergal setae on each side, located at base of a spiniform process; scutellum rounded. Metathorax longitudinally sulcated and divided into two distinct halfs, each one with three pairs of posterior tergal setae located on small spiniform processes and two minute spines inserted between the setae. Abdomen: segments I-VIII with four pairs of tergal setae located on small spiniform processes and three minute spines inserted between setae, forming one transverse row near posterior margin; III and IV slightly wider than others; VIII transverse with anterior margin rounded; IX with pseudocerci (
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDDFFABFC53F867767B35FD" box="[1004,1031,1943,1966]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">pc</emphasis>
) very acute, each one with one pair of small setae. Gonothaeca splitted in two in females (
<figureCitation id="13382A2EFFDDFFABFCA7F84971133582" box="[792,879,1977,2001]" captionStart="FIGURES 23 – 27" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1605,1628]" captionTargetBox="[172,1435,190,1579]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,181,1596]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 23 – 27. Loncophorus pustulatus, pupa. Habitus: 23 — dorsal view, 24 — ventral view, 25 — lateral view. Abdominal extremity: ventral view, 26 — female, 27 — male. Legends [s—seta (ae)]: ds — discal s.; ls — lateral s.; os — orbital s.; pas — postantennal s.; pls — posterolateral s.; pc — pseudocerci; rs — rostral s.; sas — super apical s.; sos — superorbital s.; SV—sternite V; SVIII—sternite VIII; ThI—thoracic tergite I; ThII—thoracic tergite II; ThIII—thoracic tergite III; TVIII—abdominal tergite VIII; TIX ─ abdominal tergite IX; vs — vertical setae;." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220546/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Fig. 26</figureCitation>
), not divided in males (
<figureCitation id="13382A2EFFDDFFABFB35F849769E3582" box="[1162,1250,1977,2001]" captionStart="FIGURES 23 – 27" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1605,1628]" captionTargetBox="[172,1435,190,1579]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,181,1596]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 23 – 27. Loncophorus pustulatus, pupa. Habitus: 23 — dorsal view, 24 — ventral view, 25 — lateral view. Abdominal extremity: ventral view, 26 — female, 27 — male. Legends [s—seta (ae)]: ds — discal s.; ls — lateral s.; os — orbital s.; pas — postantennal s.; pls — posterolateral s.; pc — pseudocerci; rs — rostral s.; sas — super apical s.; sos — superorbital s.; SV—sternite V; SVIII—sternite VIII; ThI—thoracic tergite I; ThII—thoracic tergite II; ThIII—thoracic tergite III; TVIII—abdominal tergite VIII; TIX ─ abdominal tergite IX; vs — vertical setae;." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220546/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Fig. 27</figureCitation>
). Seven annular spiracles placed at lateral sides of segments I to VII, well visible only on lateral view.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF7C6623FFD8FFAEFF28F8AE71583583" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220543/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="454" targetBox="[169,1435,198,1848]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="8BBC36ABFFD8FFAEFF28F8AE71583583" blockId="3.[151,1436,1886,2000]" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD8FFAEFF28F8AE73473520" bold="true" box="[151,315,1886,1909]" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">FIGURES 1–3.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C034D28FFD8FFAEFEFEF8AE704A3527" box="[321,566,1886,1908]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Loncophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="454" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pustulatus">
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD8FFAEFEFEF8AE704A3527" box="[321,566,1886,1908]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">Loncophorus pustulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, third instar larva. 1—habitus of larva (lateral view), 2—head capsule (frontal view), 3—head capsule (posterior view). Legends [seta (ae)—s.]: 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD8FFAEFD51F88E717235C0" box="[750,782,1918,1939]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">ant</emphasis>
—antenna; 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD8FFAEFC3BF88D71DC35C0" box="[900,928,1917,1939]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">cls</emphasis>
—clypeal s.; 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD8FFAEFB98F88D763535C0" box="[1063,1097,1917,1939]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">des</emphasis>
—dorsal epicranial s.; 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD8FFAEFA91F88D774335C0" box="[1326,1343,1917,1939]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">fs</emphasis>
—frontal s.; 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD8FFAEFF09F86B72B235E2" box="[182,206,1947,1969]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">fsl</emphasis>
-frontal sensillum; 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD8FFAEFE26F86B73C135E2" box="[409,445,1947,1969]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">hyb</emphasis>
—hypopharyngeal bracon; 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD8FFAEFD69F86B708E35E2" box="[726,754,1947,1969]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">les</emphasis>
—lateral epicranial s.; 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD8FFAEFC62F86B767635E2" box="[989,1034,1947,1969]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">lrms</emphasis>
—labral s.; 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD8FFAEFBC3F86C76E235E2" box="[1148,1182,1948,1969]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">pes</emphasis>
—posterior epicranial s.; 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD8FFAEFF28F84B72B93583" box="[151,197,1979,2000]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">stem</emphasis>
—stemma; 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD8FFAEFE84F84B73273583" box="[315,347,1979,2000]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">ves</emphasis>
—ventral epicranial s.; 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD8FFAEFDF7F84A701B3583" box="[584,615,1978,2000]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">teb</emphasis>
—tentorial bridge.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF7C6623FFDFFFA9FF28F8D170DD3583" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220544/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" targetBox="[165,1435,208,1803]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="8BBC36ABFFDFFFA9FF28F8D170DD3583" blockId="4.[151,1436,1825,2001]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDFFFA9FF28F8D1733B3564" bold="true" box="[151,327,1825,1848]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">FIGURES 4–14.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C034D28FFDFFFA9FEF1F8D1703E3564" box="[334,578,1825,1847]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Loncophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pustulatus">
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDFFFA9FEF1F8D1703E3564" box="[334,578,1825,1847]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">Loncophorus pustulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
third instar larva: 4—clypeus and labrum, 5—antenna, 6—epipharynx, 7—maxillolabial complex (dorsal view), 8—maxillo-labial complex (ventral view), 9—mandible (ventral view), 10—mandible (dorsal view), 11—prothoracic spiracle, 12—abdominal spiracle I, 13— abdominal spiracle VIII, 14—alimentary canal. Legends [seta (ae)—s.]: als—anterolateral s.; ams—anteromedian s.; 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDFFFA9FD6AF88D708D35C0" box="[725,753,1917,1939]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">cls</emphasis>
—clypeal s.; 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDFFFA9FCC1F88D71F335C0" box="[894,911,1917,1939]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">fs</emphasis>
—frontal s.; 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDFFFA9FBA9F88E764335C0" box="[1046,1087,1918,1939]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">msp</emphasis>
—median spines; 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDFFFA9FB43F88D777135C0" box="[1276,1293,1917,1939]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">lr</emphasis>
—labral rods; 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDFFFA9FF28F86C72B835E1" box="[151,196,1948,1970]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">lrms</emphasis>
—labral s.; 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDFFFA9FE84F86C731835E1" box="[315,356,1948,1970]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">mds</emphasis>
—mandibular setae; 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDFFFA9FD89F86D702135E1" box="[566,605,1949,1970]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">mes</emphasis>
—median setae; 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDFFFA9FCB7F86D715035E1" box="[776,812,1949,1970]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">anv</emphasis>
—anterior ventriculus; 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDFFFA9FBA6F86D764035E1" box="[1049,1084,1949,1970]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">gcc</emphasis>
—gastric caeca; 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDFFFA9FB5AF86D777235E1" box="[1253,1294,1949,1970]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">Mgt</emphasis>
—Malpighian tubules; 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDFFFA9FF52F84B736E3582" box="[237,274,1979,2001]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">phx</emphasis>
—pharynx; 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDFFFA9FE33F84C73CC3582" box="[396,432,1980,2001]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">pov</emphasis>
—posterior ventriculus.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF7C6623FFDEFFA8FF28F8A972DB35B9" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220545/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" targetBox="[161,1435,191,1855]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="8BBC36ABFFDEFFA8FF28F8A972DB35B9" blockId="5.[151,1437,1881,2026]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDEFFA8FF28F8A97326353C" bold="true" box="[151,346,1881,1904]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">FIGURES 15–22.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C034D28FFDEFFA8FED9F8AA701D3523" box="[358,609,1882,1904]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Loncophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pustulatus">
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDEFFA8FED9F8AA701D3523" box="[358,609,1882,1904]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Loncophorus pustulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, third instar larva. Thoracic segments: 15—dorsal, 17—lateral, 20—ventral. Abdominal segment I: 16—dorsal, 18—lateral, 21—ventral. Abdominal segments VIII-IX: 19—lateral, 22—ventral. Legends [seta (ae)—s.]: Ab—abdominal segment; 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDEFFA8FDF8F867701835FE" box="[583,612,1943,1965]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">dls</emphasis>
, dorsolateral s.; 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDEFFA8FCACF867714135FE" box="[787,829,1943,1965]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">dpls</emphasis>
, dorsopleural s.; 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDEFFA8FC4DF867766835FE" box="[1010,1044,1943,1965]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">lsts</emphasis>
, laterosternal s.; 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDEFFA8FB77F868768935FE" box="[1224,1269,1944,1965]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">msts</emphasis>
, mesosternal s.; 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDEFFA8FF28F84672CC359F" box="[151,176,1974,1996]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">pd</emphasis>
—postdorsum; 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDEFFA8FEF3F8467307359F" box="[332,379,1974,1996]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">pdas</emphasis>
, pedal s.; 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDEFFA8FE5DF8467079359F" box="[482,517,1974,1996]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">pds</emphasis>
, postdorsal s.; 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDEFFA8FD23F84770B5359F" box="[668,713,1975,1996]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">prns</emphasis>
, pronotal s.; 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDEFFA8FCF3F847711C359F" box="[844,864,1975,1996]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">ss</emphasis>
, spiracular s.; Th—thoracic segment; 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDEFFA8FB5FF8467775359F" box="[1248,1289,1974,1996]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">vpls</emphasis>
, ventropleural s.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF7C6623FFDDFFABFF28F9B571BA3485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220546/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" targetBox="[172,1435,190,1579]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="8BBC36ABFFDDFFABFF28F9B571BA3485" blockId="6.[151,1436,1605,1750]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDDFFABFF28F9B573293408" bold="true" box="[151,341,1605,1628]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">FIGURES 23–27.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C034D28FFDDFFABFEE2F9B6702E340F" box="[349,594,1606,1628]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Loncophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pustulatus">
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDDFFABFEE2F9B6702E340F" box="[349,594,1606,1628]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Loncophorus pustulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, pupa. Habitus: 23—dorsal view, 24—ventral view, 25—lateral view. Abdominal extremity: ventral view, 26—female, 27—male. Legends [s—seta (ae)]: 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDDFFABFC7EF99471AB3429" box="[961,983,1636,1658]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">ds</emphasis>
—discal s.; 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDDFFABFBDCF99476083429" box="[1123,1140,1636,1658]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">ls</emphasis>
—lateral s.; 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDDFFABFABCF99577653429" box="[1283,1305,1637,1658]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">os</emphasis>
—orbital s.; 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDDFFABFF28F97472C634CA" box="[151,186,1668,1689]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">pas</emphasis>
—postantennal s.; 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDDFFABFE3CF97373DC34CA" box="[387,416,1667,1689]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">pls</emphasis>
—posterolateral s.; 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDDFFABFDCBF97470F034CA" box="[628,652,1668,1689]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">pc</emphasis>
—pseudocerci; 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDDFFABFC8DF974713A34CA" box="[818,838,1668,1689]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">rs</emphasis>
—rostral s.; 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDDFFABFC6FF974718C34CA" box="[976,1008,1668,1689]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">sas</emphasis>
—super apical s.; 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDDFFABFB06F97476A534CA" box="[1209,1241,1668,1689]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">sos</emphasis>
—superorbital s.; SV—sternite V; SVIII—sternite VIII; ThI—thoracic tergite I; ThII—thoracic tergite II; ThIII—thoracic tergite III; TVIII—abdominal tergite VIII; TIX ─ abdominal tergite IX; 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDDFFABFCBBF93171653485" box="[772,793,1729,1750]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">vs</emphasis>
—vertical setae;.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C3196520FFDCFFAAFF78FF68774E3667" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BBC36ABFFDCFFAAFF78FF68716C306F" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDCFFAAFF78FF68734732E3" bold="true" box="[199,315,152,176]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Remarks.</emphasis>
The larva of 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D28FFDCFFAAFE6BFF68709E32E3" box="[468,738,152,176]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Loncophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pustulatus">
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDCFFAAFE6BFF68709E32E3" box="[468,738,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Loncophorus pustulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is very similar to the other two larvae described in the genus, 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D28FFDCFFAAFF28FF4D73583287" box="[151,292,188,212]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Loncophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fusiformis">
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDCFFAAFF28FF4D72DA3287" box="[151,166,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">L</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDCFFAAFF0BFF4C73583287" box="[180,292,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">fusiformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D28FFDCFFAAFEE5FF4D738D3287" box="[346,497,189,212]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Anthonomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="santarosae">
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDCFFAAFEE5FF4D738D3287" box="[346,497,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">L. santarosae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The main differences are in chaetotaxy. In 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D28FFDCFFAAFC66FF4D76153287" box="[985,1129,188,212]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Loncophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pustulatus">
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDCFFAAFC66FF4D76153287" box="[985,1129,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">L. pustulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDCFFAAFBC8FF4C76EB3287" box="[1143,1175,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">fs3</emphasis>
is long and reaches the clypeus, while in 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D28FFDCFFAAFEE2FF11739732AB" box="[349,491,224,248]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Loncophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fusiformis">
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDCFFAAFEE2FF11739732AB" box="[349,491,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">L. fusiformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDCFFAAFD9EFF11709D32AB" box="[545,737,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">
<taxonomicName id="4C034D28FFDCFFAAFD9EFF1170C532AB" box="[545,697,225,248]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Anthonomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="santarosae">L. santarosae</taxonomicName>
fs3
</emphasis>
is smaller and does not surpass the border of epistoma; on the other hand, 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D28FFDCFFAAFE9EFEF573CD334F" box="[289,433,260,284]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Loncophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fusiformis">
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDCFFAAFE9EFEF573CD334F" box="[289,433,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">L. fusiformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D28FFDCFFAAFE53FEF570FA334F" box="[492,646,261,284]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Anthonomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="santarosae">
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDCFFAAFE53FEF570FA334F" box="[492,646,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">L. santarosae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have much longer 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDCFFAAFCD9FEF471FB334F" box="[870,903,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">fs1</emphasis>
and 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDCFFAAFC7DFEF47196334F" box="[962,1002,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">ds3</emphasis>
than 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDCFFAAFB93FEF576BB334F" box="[1068,1223,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">
<taxonomicName id="4C034D28FFDCFFAAFB93FEF576BF334F" box="[1068,1219,260,284]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Loncophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pustulatus">L. pustulatus</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Other outstanding differences are the following (characters of 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D28FFDCFFAAFD23FED971533313" box="[668,815,296,320]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Loncophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fusiformis">
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDCFFAAFD23FED971533313" box="[668,815,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">L. fusiformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D28FFDCFFAAFCD0FED976773313" box="[879,1035,297,320]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Anthonomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="santarosae">
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDCFFAAFCD0FED976773313" box="[879,1035,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">L. santarosae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
parenthetic): in 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D28FFDCFFAAFB6EFED9771B3313" box="[1233,1383,296,320]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Loncophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pustulatus">
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDCFFAAFB6EFED9771B3313" box="[1233,1383,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">L. pustulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the anterior margin of labrum is almost straight (rounded); the anterolateral setae (
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDCFFAAFBA5FEBC76473337" box="[1050,1083,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">als</emphasis>
) of epipharynx are stouter and broader (slender) and the labral rods are almost parallel-sided posteriorly (convergent); prothorax with pronotal setae 7 (
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDCFFAAFF4AFE65735633FF" box="[245,298,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">prn7</emphasis>
) much shorter (longer); 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDCFFAAFDFEFE64701933FF" box="[577,613,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">ss2</emphasis>
of meso- and metathorax much smaller (larger); 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDCFFAAFB2FFE6476C833FF" box="[1168,1204,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">ss1</emphasis>
of abdomen smaller than 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDCFFAAFF72FE4872853383" box="[205,249,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">ss2.</emphasis>
The last instar larva of 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D28FFDCFFAAFE41FE4970F23383" box="[510,654,440,464]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Loncophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pustulatus">
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDCFFAAFE41FE4970713383" box="[510,525,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">L</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDCFFAAFDA4FE4870F23383" box="[539,654,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">pustulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a transverse row of eight minute conical setae, located just behind the anteromedian setae (
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDCFFAAFE10FE2D73A033A7" box="[431,476,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">ams</emphasis>
) of epypharynx. These structures are very small and could be present but were not represented in the illustrations of the last instar larvae of 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D28FFDCFFAAFCA7FDF171DA304B" box="[792,934,512,536]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Loncophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fusiformis">
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDCFFAAFCA7FDF171DA304B" box="[792,934,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">L. fusiformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D28FFDCFFAAFC62FDF17609304B" box="[989,1141,513,536]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Anthonomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="santarosae">
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDCFFAAFC62FDF17609304B" box="[989,1141,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">L. santarosae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, described by Ahmad and Burke (1972), and Clark and Burke (1986), respectively.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC36ABFFDCFFAAFF78FDB7737C3164" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">
The habitus of the pupa of 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D28FFDCFFAAFE49FDB970FB3033" box="[502,647,584,608]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Loncophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pustulatus">
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDCFFAAFE49FDB970FB3033" box="[502,647,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">L. pustulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is very similar to that of 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D28FFDCFFAAFC1CFDB9764D3033" box="[931,1073,584,608]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Loncophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fusiformis">
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDCFFAAFC1CFDB9764D3033" box="[931,1073,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">L. fusiformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, described by Burke (1968), the only other species of the genus for which a pupal description is available. The observed differences are concerned with chaetotaxy. The pupae of the two species can be distinguished by the presence, in 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDCFFAAFB15FD61773830FB" box="[1194,1348,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">
<taxonomicName id="4C034D28FFDCFFAAFB15FD61774330FB" box="[1194,1343,656,680]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Loncophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fusiformis">L. fusiformis</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
of two anteromedian setae located anteriad to the transversal rows of the tergal setae in the meso-, methatorax and abdomen, whilst the two anteromedian setae are absent in 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D28FFDCFFAAFC9FFD2971CD30A3" box="[800,945,728,752]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Loncophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pustulatus">
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDCFFAAFC9FFD2971CD30A3" box="[800,945,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">L. pustulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13382A2EFFDCFFAAFC7FFD27766830BC" box="[960,1044,727,751]" captionStart="FIGURES 23 – 27" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1605,1628]" captionTargetBox="[172,1435,190,1579]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,181,1596]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 23 – 27. Loncophorus pustulatus, pupa. Habitus: 23 — dorsal view, 24 — ventral view, 25 — lateral view. Abdominal extremity: ventral view, 26 — female, 27 — male. Legends [s—seta (ae)]: ds — discal s.; ls — lateral s.; os — orbital s.; pas — postantennal s.; pls — posterolateral s.; pc — pseudocerci; rs — rostral s.; sas — super apical s.; sos — superorbital s.; SV—sternite V; SVIII—sternite VIII; ThI—thoracic tergite I; ThII—thoracic tergite II; ThIII—thoracic tergite III; TVIII—abdominal tergite VIII; TIX ─ abdominal tergite IX; vs — vertical setae;." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220546/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Fig. 23</figureCitation>
). The sexual dimorphism is similar in pupae of both species, the gonothecae IX is splitted in two in the female (
<figureCitation id="13382A2EFFDCFFAAFBBCFD0C762B3147" box="[1027,1111,764,788]" captionStart="FIGURES 23 – 27" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1605,1628]" captionTargetBox="[172,1435,190,1579]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,181,1596]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 23 – 27. Loncophorus pustulatus, pupa. Habitus: 23 — dorsal view, 24 — ventral view, 25 — lateral view. Abdominal extremity: ventral view, 26 — female, 27 — male. Legends [s—seta (ae)]: ds — discal s.; ls — lateral s.; os — orbital s.; pas — postantennal s.; pls — posterolateral s.; pc — pseudocerci; rs — rostral s.; sas — super apical s.; sos — superorbital s.; SV—sternite V; SVIII—sternite VIII; ThI—thoracic tergite I; ThII—thoracic tergite II; ThIII—thoracic tergite III; TVIII—abdominal tergite VIII; TIX ─ abdominal tergite IX; vs — vertical setae;." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220546/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Fig. 26</figureCitation>
) but not divided in the male (
<figureCitation id="13382A2EFFDCFFAAFF20FCEF728F3164" box="[159,243,799,823]" captionStart="FIGURES 23 – 27" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1605,1628]" captionTargetBox="[172,1435,190,1579]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,181,1596]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 23 – 27. Loncophorus pustulatus, pupa. Habitus: 23 — dorsal view, 24 — ventral view, 25 — lateral view. Abdominal extremity: ventral view, 26 — female, 27 — male. Legends [s—seta (ae)]: ds — discal s.; ls — lateral s.; os — orbital s.; pas — postantennal s.; pls — posterolateral s.; pc — pseudocerci; rs — rostral s.; sas — super apical s.; sos — superorbital s.; SV—sternite V; SVIII—sternite VIII; ThI—thoracic tergite I; ThII—thoracic tergite II; ThIII—thoracic tergite III; TVIII—abdominal tergite VIII; TIX ─ abdominal tergite IX; vs — vertical setae;." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220546/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Fig. 27</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC36ABFFDCFFAAFF78FCB4774E3667" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDCFFAAFF78FCB47332310F" bold="true" box="[199,334,836,860]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Host plant.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C034D28FFDCFFAAFEE7FCB47079310F" box="[344,517,836,860]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Ceiba" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="speciosa">
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDCFFAAFEE7FCB47079310F" box="[344,517,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Ceiba speciosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(A. St.-Hil.) Ravenna (
<taxonomicName id="4C034D28FFDCFFAAFCA7FCB471E9310F" box="[792,917,836,860]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Malvaceae</taxonomicName>
) (
<figureCitation id="13382A2EFFDCFFAAFC10FCB47679310F" box="[943,1029,836,860]" captionStart="FIGURES 38 – 41. 38 — 40" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1308,1331]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,301,1287]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,301,1287]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 38 – 41. 38 — 40 parasitoid of Loncophorus pustulatus: 38 — third larval instar of weevil parasityzed by larva of Catolaccus sp., 39 — pupa of Catolaccus sp., 40 — adult of Catolaccus sp. 41 — blooming &quot; paineira &quot; tree, Ceiba speciosa (A. St. - Hil.) Ravenna (city of São Paulo)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220549/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Fig. 41</figureCitation>
). According to Lorenzi (2000), the &quot;paineira&quot; reaches 
<quantity id="4CFB9B4EFFDCFFAAFED5FC9773DF312C" box="[362,419,871,895]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" unit="m" value="30.0">30 m</quantity>
in height; the trunk is bottle-shaped and can attain 
<quantity id="4CFB9B4EFFDCFFAAFC5FFC97764F312C" box="[992,1075,871,895]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" unit="cm" value="120.0">120 cm</quantity>
in girth. The leaves are palmate and deciduous. The flowers are large and colorful (
<figureCitation id="13382A2EFFDCFFAAFD6AFC7C715631F7" box="[725,810,908,932]" captionStart="FIGURES 28 – 33. 28" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1941,1964]" captionTargetBox="[203,1386,193,1914]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[197,1387,193,1916]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 28 – 33. 28 — flower of Ceiba speciosa (A. St. - Hil.) Ravenna. 29 – 33 life cycle of Loncophorus pustulatus: 29 — oviposition, 30 — egg in staminodium, 31 — first instar larva, 32 — third instar larva, 33 — pupa." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220547/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Fig. 28</figureCitation>
). Its blooming time is from mid-December to May. The large fruits are dehiscent, mature from August to September, and in this period the tree is completely devoid of leaves. The natural range is central (Goiás and Mato Grosso do Sul) and southeast 
<collectingCountry id="F314763BFFDCFFAAFBEEFC2476E931BF" box="[1105,1173,980,1004]" name="Brazil" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and north of Paraná). 
<collectingCountry id="F314763BFFDCFFAAFDDEFC0870FC3643" box="[609,640,1016,1040]" name="American Samoa" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">As</collectingCountry>
it is a startling tree, resistant to drought and moderate cold, it has been introduced in other Brazilian states and even other countries as an ornamental plant used for landscaping.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3196520FFDCFFA4FF78FBCF77713497" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="460" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BBC36ABFFDCFFAAFF78FBCF71A637CF" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDCFFAAFF78FBCF7007360B" bold="true" box="[199,635,1087,1112]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Biological notes on natural history.</emphasis>
We observed the complete development of 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D28FFDCFFAAFB36FBB17763360B" box="[1161,1311,1088,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Loncophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pustulatus">
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDCFFAAFB36FBB17763360B" box="[1161,1311,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">L. pustulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
inside the flowers of 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D28FFDCFFAAFEA3FB9573DE362F" box="[284,418,1125,1148]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Ceiba" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="speciosa">
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFDCFFAAFEA3FB9573DE362F" box="[284,418,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">C. speciosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(A. St.-Hil.) Ravenna collected in the city of São Paulo. Oviposition occured in the &quot;paineira&quot; during the flowering period, between mid-December to May. In the same tree branch flowers were found in different stages of development, an event already reported by Donato (1991). Female weevils did not select a specific flower stage in which to oviposit, since weevil larvae of first instar were found in buds and open flowers as well. With the help of the rostrum, females drilled a hole into the apical region of the staminodium of buds of nonaborted flowers (
<figureCitation id="13382A2EFFDCFFAAFEE7FAE773D1377C" box="[344,429,1303,1327]" captionStart="FIGURES 28 – 33. 28" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1941,1964]" captionTargetBox="[203,1386,193,1914]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[197,1387,193,1916]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 28 – 33. 28 — flower of Ceiba speciosa (A. St. - Hil.) Ravenna. 29 – 33 life cycle of Loncophorus pustulatus: 29 — oviposition, 30 — egg in staminodium, 31 — first instar larva, 32 — third instar larva, 33 — pupa." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220547/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Fig. 29</figureCitation>
). Only one channel was drilled and a single egg was oviposited in each flower (
<figureCitation id="13382A2EFFDCFFAAFA85FAE777F3377C" box="[1338,1423,1303,1327]" captionStart="FIGURES 28 – 33. 28" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1941,1964]" captionTargetBox="[203,1386,193,1914]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[197,1387,193,1916]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 28 – 33. 28 — flower of Ceiba speciosa (A. St. - Hil.) Ravenna. 29 – 33 life cycle of Loncophorus pustulatus: 29 — oviposition, 30 — egg in staminodium, 31 — first instar larva, 32 — third instar larva, 33 — pupa." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220547/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Fig. 30</figureCitation>
). 
<collectingCountry id="F314763BFFDCFFAAFF28FACC72CA3707" box="[151,182,1340,1364]" name="American Samoa" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">As</collectingCountry>
soon as the egg hatched, the first instar larva began feeding and burrowed a gallery through the staminodeum tissues in the direction of the central cavity (
<figureCitation id="13382A2EFFDCFFAAFD3DFAAF70A93724" box="[642,725,1375,1399]" captionStart="FIGURES 28 – 33. 28" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1941,1964]" captionTargetBox="[203,1386,193,1914]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[197,1387,193,1916]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 28 – 33. 28 — flower of Ceiba speciosa (A. St. - Hil.) Ravenna. 29 – 33 life cycle of Loncophorus pustulatus: 29 — oviposition, 30 — egg in staminodium, 31 — first instar larva, 32 — third instar larva, 33 — pupa." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220547/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Fig. 31</figureCitation>
). This movement was accomplished in two days. When the first instar larva reached the central cavity it moulted to the second instar larva.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC36ABFFDCFFAAFF78FA5770AF3427" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">The second instar larva moved in circular paths and enlarged the feeding area on the upper inner walls of the central cavity, for about three days. The bodies of the first and second instar larvae were covered by a sticky, mucilaginous substance. According to Donato (1991), the inner layer of epidermis that delimits the central cavity walls has groups of mucilaginous ducts. We observed that, as the larva burrows, the ducts are cut off and the mucilage is released. Part of the mucilage is eventually ingested during larval feeding, part remains free in the cavity and part gets stuck on the larval integument.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC36ABFFDCFFAAFF78F97076CA351E" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">
In the third instar, the larva also began to feed on the style tissues, rendering the flowers sterile. Next, the third instar larva, always feeding and moving in circular paths, went downward in the direction of the ovary (
<figureCitation id="13382A2EFFDCFFAAFA85F95477EC34EF" box="[1338,1424,1700,1724]" captionStart="FIGURES 28 – 33. 28" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1941,1964]" captionTargetBox="[203,1386,193,1914]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[197,1387,193,1916]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 28 – 33. 28 — flower of Ceiba speciosa (A. St. - Hil.) Ravenna. 29 – 33 life cycle of Loncophorus pustulatus: 29 — oviposition, 30 — egg in staminodium, 31 — first instar larva, 32 — third instar larva, 33 — pupa." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220547/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Fig. 32</figureCitation>
). By the middle of the third instar, the ovary tissues, as well as the surrounding tissues near the base of petals, were completely eaten. The third instar lasted about seven days. After the larva stopped eating (
<figureCitation id="13382A2EFFDCFFAAFB3FF91C76AF3557" box="[1152,1235,1772,1796]" captionStart="FIGURES 34 – 37" captionStartId="9.[151,264,1140,1163]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1118]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,193,1119]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 34 – 37. Loncophorus pustulatus: 34 — third instar larva, 35 — pupa, 36 — teneral adult, 37 — adult." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220548/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Fig. 34</figureCitation>
), it took three and half days to construct the pupal chamber, which was covered with remains of the attacked tissues (
<figureCitation id="13382A2EFFDCFFAAFABAF8FF77273574" box="[1285,1371,1807,1831]" captionStart="FIGURES 28 – 33. 28" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1941,1964]" captionTargetBox="[203,1386,193,1914]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[197,1387,193,1916]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 28 – 33. 28 — flower of Ceiba speciosa (A. St. - Hil.) Ravenna. 29 – 33 life cycle of Loncophorus pustulatus: 29 — oviposition, 30 — egg in staminodium, 31 — first instar larva, 32 — third instar larva, 33 — pupa." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220547/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Fig. 33</figureCitation>
). The pre-pupa remained one and a half day in the pupal chamber before moulting to the pupa stage.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC36ABFFDCFFAAFF78F8A7775F35EB" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">
The pupal phase (
<figureCitation id="13382A2EFFDCFFAAFE23F8A7738A353C" box="[412,502,1879,1903]" captionStart="FIGURES 28 – 33. 28" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1941,1964]" captionTargetBox="[203,1386,193,1914]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[197,1387,193,1916]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 28 – 33. 28 — flower of Ceiba speciosa (A. St. - Hil.) Ravenna. 29 – 33 life cycle of Loncophorus pustulatus: 29 — oviposition, 30 — egg in staminodium, 31 — first instar larva, 32 — third instar larva, 33 — pupa." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220547/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Figs 33</figureCitation>
and 
<figureCitation id="13382A2EFFDCFFAAFD88F8A77028353C" box="[567,596,1879,1903]" captionStart="FIGURES 34 – 37" captionStartId="9.[151,264,1140,1163]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1118]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,193,1119]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 34 – 37. Loncophorus pustulatus: 34 — third instar larva, 35 — pupa, 36 — teneral adult, 37 — adult." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220548/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">35</figureCitation>
) lasted about six days. When disturbed, pupae rotated their abdominal segments in a circular motion. 
<collectingCountry id="F314763BFFDCFFAAFE40F88C706235C7" box="[511,542,1916,1940]" name="American Samoa" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">As</collectingCountry>
soon as the teneral adults emerged (
<figureCitation id="13382A2EFFDCFFAAFC75F88C765C35C7" box="[970,1056,1916,1940]" captionStart="FIGURES 34 – 37" captionStartId="9.[151,264,1140,1163]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1118]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,193,1119]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 34 – 37. Loncophorus pustulatus: 34 — third instar larva, 35 — pupa, 36 — teneral adult, 37 — adult." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220548/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Fig. 36</figureCitation>
), they remained inside the pupal chamber for about two to four days. The length of this period may reach six days at lower temperatures.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF7C6623FFD3FFA5FF28F86576F43599" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220547/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" targetBox="[203,1386,193,1914]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="8BBC36ABFFD3FFA5FF28F86576F43599" blockId="8.[151,1436,1941,1994]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD3FFA5FF28F865732735F9" bold="true" box="[151,347,1941,1964]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">FIGURES 28–33.</emphasis>
28—flower of 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D28FFD3FFA5FDB2F86570D235F8" box="[525,686,1941,1963]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Ceiba" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="speciosa">
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD3FFA5FDB2F86570D235F8" box="[525,686,1941,1963]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">Ceiba speciosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(A. St.-Hil.) Ravenna. 29 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD3FFA5FC6EF86671A235F8" bold="true" box="[977,990,1942,1963]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">–</emphasis>
33 life cycle of 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D28FFD3FFA5FB25F86577E935F8" box="[1178,1429,1941,1963]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Loncophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pustulatus">
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD3FFA5FB25F86577E935F8" box="[1178,1429,1941,1963]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">Loncophorus pustulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 29—oviposition, 30—egg in staminodium, 31—first instar larva, 32—third instar larva, 33— pupa.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF7C6623FFD2FFA4FF28FB8476A736D9" box="[151,1243,1140,1163]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220548/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" targetBox="[151,1435,193,1118]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="8BBC36ABFFD2FFA4FF28FB8476A736D9" blockId="9.[151,1243,1140,1163]" box="[151,1243,1140,1163]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD2FFA4FF28FB84732F36D9" bold="true" box="[151,339,1140,1163]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">FIGURES 34–37.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C034D28FFD2FFA4FEE5FB85703136D8" box="[346,589,1141,1163]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Loncophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pustulatus">
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD2FFA4FEE5FB85703136D8" box="[346,589,1141,1163]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">Loncophorus pustulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 34—third instar larva, 35—pupa, 36—teneral adult, 37—adult.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BBC36ABFFD2FFA4FF78FB4476B73747" blockId="9.[151,1436,1204,2020]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">
On two occasions, we analyzed the frequency of aborted flowers infested by larvae of 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D28FFD2FFA4FB22FB467753369E" box="[1181,1327,1205,1229]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Loncophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pustulatus">
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD2FFA4FB22FB467753369E" box="[1181,1327,1205,1229]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">L. pustulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
found on the ground under 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D28FFD2FFA4FEE4FB2973A036A2" box="[347,476,1241,1265]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Ceiba" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="speciosa">
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD2FFA4FEE4FB2973A036A2" box="[347,476,1241,1265]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">C. speciosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(A. St.-Hil.) Ravenna. On 
<date id="FFBD106BFFD2FFA4FCB9FB28710236A3" box="[774,894,1240,1264]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" value="2010-04-18">18.iv.2010</date>
, from 80 flowers collected, 26 (32.5%) harbored one larva of 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D28FFD2FFA4FE9BFB0E73C83746" box="[292,436,1277,1301]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Loncophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pustulatus">
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD2FFA4FE9BFB0E73C83746" box="[292,436,1277,1301]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">L. pustulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; on 
<date id="FFBD106BFFD2FFA4FE59FB0C703B3747" box="[486,583,1276,1300]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" value="2011-05-03">3.v.2011</date>
, from 53 flowers collected, 18 (34%) harbored one larva.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC36ABFFD2FFA4FF78FAD077263467" blockId="9.[151,1436,1204,2020]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">
Reared adults, mantained in laboratory, had been fed with petals of the &quot;paineira&quot; flowers and a complement of honey and water. In November, young leaves of sprouts of the host plant were offered to the adult weevils. After a day, the leaves had tiny circular holes. Very similar holes were observed in the field, in the leaves of the host plant where the adult weevils were collected. Whenever young and older leaves were offered at the same time, the adults of 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D28FFD2FFA4FF08FA427336379A" box="[183,330,1457,1481]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Loncophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pustulatus">
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD2FFA4FF08FA427336379A" box="[183,330,1457,1481]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">L. pustulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
showed a distinct fondness for the young leaves. Adults (
<figureCitation id="13382A2EFFD2FFA4FC57FA407647379B" box="[1000,1083,1456,1480]" captionStart="FIGURES 34 – 37" captionStartId="9.[151,264,1140,1163]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1118]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,193,1119]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 34 – 37. Loncophorus pustulatus: 34 — third instar larva, 35 — pupa, 36 — teneral adult, 37 — adult." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220548/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">Fig. 37</figureCitation>
) remained alive for up to nine months, from mid-May to mid-February, under uncontrolled laboratory conditions. The period of weevil death coincides with the beginning of the new blooming season. The entire cycle, from egg to adult, lasted 18 to 20 days. The larvae and adults were more active at night. 
<collectingCountry id="F314763BFFD2FFA4FD06F9ED70A43466" box="[697,728,1565,1589]" name="American Samoa" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">As</collectingCountry>
soon as it began to darken, adult weevils started moving.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC36ABFFD2FFA4FF78F9B077713497" blockId="9.[151,1436,1204,2020]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">
One larva of 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D28FFD2FFA4FEDCF9B2738B340A" box="[355,503,1601,1625]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Loncophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pustulatus">
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD2FFA4FEDCF9B2738B340A" box="[355,503,1601,1625]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">L. pustulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was parasitised by the wasp 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D28FFD2FFA4FCF0F9B171B1340A" box="[847,973,1601,1625]" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Catolaccus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD2FFA4FCF0F9B171B1340A" box="[847,973,1601,1625]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">Catolaccus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. (
<taxonomicName id="4C034D28FFD2FFA4FBB6F9B076DA340B" box="[1033,1190,1600,1624]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D28FFD2FFA4FB0BF9B07736340B" box="[1204,1354,1600,1624]" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pteromalidae</taxonomicName>
) (
<figureCitation id="13382A2EFFD2FFA4FADCF9B0729D342F" captionStart="FIGURES 38 – 41. 38 — 40" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1308,1331]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,301,1287]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,301,1287]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 38 – 41. 38 — 40 parasitoid of Loncophorus pustulatus: 38 — third larval instar of weevil parasityzed by larva of Catolaccus sp., 39 — pupa of Catolaccus sp., 40 — adult of Catolaccus sp. 41 — blooming &quot; paineira &quot; tree, Ceiba speciosa (A. St. - Hil.) Ravenna (city of São Paulo)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220549/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">Figs. 38–40</figureCitation>
). Duration of the wasp pupal phase was eight days. Wasps of the same genus were reported as ectoparasitoids of other 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D28FFD2FFA4FE1BF978704034F3" box="[420,572,1672,1696]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Anthonomini">Anthonomini</taxonomicName>
, as for instance 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D28FFD2FFA4FD4FF979762134F3" authority="Burks, 1954" authorityName="Burks" authorityYear="1954" box="[752,1117,1672,1697]" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Catolaccus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grandis">
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD2FFA4FD4FF97971B634F2" box="[752,970,1673,1697]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">Catolaccus grandis</emphasis>
Burks, 1954
</taxonomicName>
, as a parasitoid of the cotton weevil, 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D28FFD2FFA4FF50F95D73A43496" box="[239,472,1709,1733]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Anthonomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grandis">
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD2FFA4FF50F95D73A43496" box="[239,472,1709,1733]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">Anthonomus grandis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in Campina Grande, State of Paraíba, 
<collectingCountry id="F314763BFFD2FFA4FC31F95C71AD3497" box="[910,977,1708,1732]" name="Brazil" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">Brasil</collectingCountry>
(Araújo &amp; Azevedo, 1997).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3196520FFD2FFA7FF78F92070423583" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="461" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BBC36ABFFD2FFA4FF78F92077023507" blockId="9.[151,1436,1204,2020]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD2FFA4FF78F920733934BA" bold="true" box="[199,325,1744,1769]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">Discussion</emphasis>
. Clark (1988) reported the following Bombacoidea (formerly 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D28FFD2FFA4FB82F92076A634BB" box="[1085,1242,1744,1768]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bombacaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="family">Bombacaceae</taxonomicName>
) as hosts of 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D28FFD2FFA4FA3AF9227376355E" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Loncophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pustulatus">
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD2FFA4FA3AF9227376355E" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">L. pustulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D28FFD2FFA4FEA2F90573A2355E" box="[285,478,1781,1805]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Ceiba" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pentandra">
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD2FFA4FEA2F90573A2355E" box="[285,478,1781,1805]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">Ceiba pentandra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(L.) Gaertn, in 
<collectingCountry id="F314763BFFD2FFA4FD21F9047168355F" box="[670,788,1780,1804]" name="Nicaragua" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">Nicaragua</collectingCountry>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D28FFD2FFA4FC9BF9057645355F" authority="Aubl." authorityName="Aubl." box="[804,1081,1780,1805]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Pachira" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aquatica">
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD2FFA4FC9BF9057190355E" box="[804,1004,1781,1805]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">Pachira aquatica</emphasis>
Aubl.
</taxonomicName>
, in Minas Gerais, 
<collectingCountry id="F314763BFFD2FFA4FAAAF9047721355F" box="[1301,1373,1780,1804]" name="Brazil" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">Brazil</collectingCountry>
; and, 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D28FFD2FFA4FF28F8E971723563" authority="(Mart. &amp; Zucc.) A. Robyns" authorityName="(Mart. &amp; Zucc.) A. Robyns" box="[151,782,1816,1841]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Pseudobombax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="longiflorum">
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD2FFA4FF28F8E973B23562" box="[151,462,1817,1841]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">Pseudobombax longiflorum</emphasis>
(Mart. &amp; Zucc.) A. Robyns
</taxonomicName>
, in Minas Gerais, 
<collectingCountry id="F314763BFFD2FFA4FC60F8E8765B3563" box="[991,1063,1816,1840]" name="Brazil" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">Brazil</collectingCountry>
. The author (
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD2FFA4FB01F8E976A53562" box="[1214,1241,1817,1841]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">l.c</emphasis>
.: 491) noted that weevil adults were reared from flower buds of 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D28FFD2FFA4FD1BF8CE71143507" authority="Aubl." authorityName="Aubl." box="[676,872,1852,1877]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Pachira" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aquatica">
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD2FFA4FD1BF8CE715D3506" box="[676,801,1854,1877]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">P. aquatica</emphasis>
Aubl.
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D28FFD2FFA4FC21F8CE77023507" authority="(Mart. &amp; Zucc.) A. Robyns." authorityName="(Mart. &amp; Zucc.) A. Robyns." box="[926,1406,1852,1877]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Pseudobombax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="longiflorum">
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD2FFA4FC21F8CE76433506" box="[926,1087,1853,1877]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">P. longiflorum</emphasis>
(Mart. &amp; Zucc.) A. Robyns.
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC36ABFFD2FFA7FF78F89071EA32A4" blockId="9.[151,1436,1204,2020]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1436,151,248]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="461" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">
Fernández 
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD2FFA4FEFDF8927306352A" box="[322,378,1889,1913]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">et al.</emphasis>
(2008) determined the frequency of larvae of two species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D28FFD2FFA4FB9DF89176CA352A" box="[1058,1206,1889,1913]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Loncophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD2FFA4FB9DF89176CA352A" box="[1058,1206,1889,1913]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">Loncophorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on aborted and nonaborted flower buds (
<taxonomicName id="4C034D28FFD2FFA4FE20F876704835CE" box="[415,564,1925,1949]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Loncophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fusiformis">
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD2FFA4FE20F876704835CE" box="[415,564,1925,1949]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">L. fusiformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and developing fruits (
<taxonomicName id="4C034D28FFD2FFA4FCDDF876767E35CE" box="[866,1026,1926,1949]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Anthonomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="santarosae">
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD2FFA4FCDDF876767E35CE" box="[866,1026,1926,1949]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">L. santarosae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) of 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D28FFD2FFA4FBFFF87576A735CE" box="[1088,1243,1925,1949]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Ceiba" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pentandra">
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD2FFA4FBFFF87576A735CE" box="[1088,1243,1925,1949]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">C. pentandra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(L.) Gaertn, in southeastern 
<collectingCountry id="F314763BFFD2FFA4FE95F85873D43593" box="[298,424,1960,1984]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
. The authors demonstrated that the incidence of flower buds with weevil larvae was lower in those attached to trees than in the aborted flowers that had fallen to the ground. They reported one similar and one higher frequency of flower buds infested by larvae than we did: 30.1% in 2003 and 40.4%. in 2005, while we obtained incidences of 32.5% in 
<date id="FFBD106BFFD1FFA7FDBAFF4C70EC3287" box="[517,656,188,212]" pageId="10" pageNumber="461" value="2010" valueMax="2034">2010 and 34</date>
% in 2011. We have not observed the larvae of 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D28FFD1FFA7FB21FF4D77523287" box="[1182,1326,188,212]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Loncophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="461" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pustulatus">
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD1FFA7FB21FF4D77523287" box="[1182,1326,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="461">L. pustulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
attacking developing fruits of 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D28FFD1FFA7FEC4FF10738032AB" box="[379,508,224,248]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Ceiba" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="10" pageNumber="461" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="speciosa">
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD1FFA7FEC4FF10738032AB" box="[379,508,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="461">C. speciosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(A. St.-Hil.) Ravenna, in São Paulo.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF7C6623FFD1FFA7FF28FAEC70683723" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/220549/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="461" targetBox="[151,1435,301,1287]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="8BBC36ABFFD1FFA7FF28FAEC70683723" blockId="10.[151,1436,1308,1392]" pageId="10" pageNumber="461">
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD1FFA7FF28FAEC732B3761" bold="true" box="[151,343,1308,1331]" pageId="10" pageNumber="461">FIGURES 38–41.</emphasis>
38—40 parasitoid of 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D28FFD1FFA7FDFCFAED71473760" box="[579,827,1309,1331]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Loncophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="461" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pustulatus">
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD1FFA7FDFCFAED71473760" box="[579,827,1309,1331]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="461">Loncophorus pustulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 38—third larval instar of weevil parasityzed by larva of 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D28FFD1FFA7FF28FACB73753702" box="[151,265,1339,1361]" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Catolaccus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="461" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD1FFA7FF28FACB73753702" box="[151,265,1339,1361]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="461">Catolaccus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp., 39—pupa of 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D28FFD1FFA7FE79FACB70443702" box="[454,568,1339,1361]" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Catolaccus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="461" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD1FFA7FE79FACB70443702" box="[454,568,1339,1361]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="461">Catolaccus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp., 40—adult of 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D28FFD1FFA7FD48FACB71153702" box="[759,873,1339,1361]" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Catolaccus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="461" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD1FFA7FD48FACB71153702" box="[759,873,1339,1361]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="461">Catolaccus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. 41—blooming &quot;paineira&quot; tree, 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D28FFD1FFA7FB69FACB770E3702" box="[1238,1394,1339,1361]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Ceiba" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="10" pageNumber="461" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="speciosa">
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD1FFA7FB69FACB770E3702" box="[1238,1394,1339,1361]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="461">Ceiba speciosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(A. St.-Hil.) Ravenna (city of São Paulo).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BBC36ABFFD1FFA7FF78FA6D73B03416" blockId="10.[151,1436,1437,1605]" pageId="10" pageNumber="461">
The flowers of 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D28FFD1FFA7FEC6FA6E738037E6" box="[377,508,1438,1461]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Ceiba" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="10" pageNumber="461" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="speciosa">
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD1FFA7FEC6FA6E738037E6" box="[377,508,1438,1461]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="461">C. speciosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(A. St.-Hil.) Ravenna provides a shelter to all life phases of 
<taxonomicName id="4C034D28FFD1FFA7FB02FA6E772C37E6" box="[1213,1360,1437,1461]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Loncophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="461" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pustulatus">
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD1FFA7FB02FA6E772C37E6" box="[1213,1360,1437,1461]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="461">L. pustulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: eggs, larvae, pupae and adults. 
<collectingCountry id="F314763BFFD1FFA7FE0AFA3173A8378A" box="[437,468,1473,1497]" name="American Samoa" pageId="10" pageNumber="461">As</collectingCountry>
the larvae feeds on the reproductive structures, the flowers have their growth reduced and the ovaries do not produce fruits. Aborted flowers with weevil larvae inside show evident damage in shortened styles and darkened anthers. In all observations, larvae pupate inside the flower, although an earthy substrate was available as a pupation site.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC36ABFFD1FFA7FF28F968730E34E2" blockId="10.[151,370,1688,1713]" box="[151,370,1688,1713]" pageId="10" pageNumber="461">
<emphasis id="B977EAB9FFD1FFA7FF28F968730E34E2" bold="true" box="[151,370,1688,1713]" pageId="10" pageNumber="461">Acknowledgments</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC36ABFFD1FFA7FF28F91170423583" blockId="10.[151,1436,1760,2000]" pageId="10" pageNumber="461">
We would like to thank Dr. Horace R. Burke (Department of Entomology, Texas A&amp;M University, Texas, 
<collectingCountry id="F314763BFFD1FFA7FA8CF910771134AB" box="[1331,1389,1760,1784]" name="United States of America" pageId="10" pageNumber="461">USA</collectingCountry>
) for providing important bibliographic information not accessible to us; Dr. Sergio Ide (&quot;Laboratório de Entomologia Geral&quot;, Instituto Biológico, São Paulo, SP), for permission to collect &quot;paineira&quot; flowers in the green areas of the institution; Dr. Valmir Antonio Costa (Instituto Biológico de Campinas, Campinas, SP) for his identification of the parasitoid wasp; M. Sc. Juares Fuhrmann (Museu de Zoologia, USP) for valuable suggestions; Ricardo Kawada (Museu de Zoologia, USP), for the stereomicroscope photo of adult wasp; and Mariana B. Vanin (Miami, Florida, 
<collectingCountry id="F314763BFFD1FFA7FF28F84872AD3583" box="[151,209,1976,2000]" name="United States of America" pageId="10" pageNumber="461">USA</collectingCountry>
) for the revision of English text.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>