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<mods:title id="405C259944470E047006D2A906F168D8">Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 7. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: grass and bamboo feeders</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="4E78CFDA001C2C03261B96E60278973A">Cock, Matthew J. W.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03AA87B3FFCF350BFF79FA6624EDD896" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5680974" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119589769" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5680974" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AA87B3FFCF350BFF79FA6624EDD896" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AA87B3FFCF350BFF79FA6624EDD896" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="311" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">
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<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFCF3508FF79FA6625E0DABF" blockId="9.[151,995,1470,1496]" box="[151,995,1470,1496]" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">
<heading id="D0F481C9FFCF3508FF79FA6625E0DABF" bold="true" box="[151,995,1470,1496]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFCF3508FF79FA6625E0DABF" bold="true" box="[151,995,1470,1496]" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">
Probably
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFCF3508FEFFFA6624ABDABF" ID-CoL="3R4BB" authority="Hewitson, 1868" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1868" box="[273,680,1470,1496]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Kedestes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="callicles">
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFCF3508FEFFFA6627E0DABF" bold="true" box="[273,483,1470,1496]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Kedestes callicles</emphasis>
Hewitson, 1868
</taxonomicName>
(in
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFCF3508FD37FA662592DABF" author="Hewitson" box="[729,913,1470,1496]" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" refString="Hewitson, W. C. (1867 - 1868) Descriptions of one hundred new species of Hesperidae. Vol. 1. &amp; 2. John Van Voorst, London, Vol. 1. (1867): ii + 1 - 25, Vol. 2. (1868), 25 - 56." type="journal article" year="1867">
Hewitson
<date id="FFBD1065FFCF3508FCB8FA662592DABF" box="[854,913,1470,1496]" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" value="1867" valueMax="1868">1867</date>
</bibRefCitation>
1868)
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFCF3508FF79F9DE25C3D895" blockId="9.[151,1436,1541,2034]" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">
MJWC found a single rather distinctive caterpillar at Kibwezi Forest,
<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFCF3508FBFBF9DE2262D979" box="[1045,1121,1542,1566]" name="Kenya" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Kenya</collectingCountry>
, feeding on
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFCF3508FAE5F9DE273DD925" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Enteropogon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="macrostachyus">
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFCF3508FAE5F9DE273DD925" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Enteropogon macrostachyus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a tussock-forming grass on
<date id="FFBD1065FFCF3508FD6FF9F1250ED926" box="[641,781,1577,1601]" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" value="1990-01-21">21 Jan 1990</date>
. The caterpillar was not reared, so its identity could not be established. The food plant and shelter are at this stage unique, and the caterpillar is sufficiently distinctive that it should be possible to recognise from fresh collections. Of the adult
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFCF3508FC5DF9A9223AD9ED" box="[947,1081,1649,1674]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hesperiinae">Hesperiinae</taxonomicName>
that MJWC found at Kibwezi Forest over four years, the only species for which the early stages were completely unknown to him is
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFCF3508FAD6F94D277ED9B5" authority="Hewitson" authorityName="Hewitson" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Kedestes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="callicles">
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFCF3508FAD6F94D26F7D9B5" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Kedestes callicles</emphasis>
(Hewitson)
</taxonomicName>
, which was seen there in small numbers on one occasion. Furthermore, the caterpillar shown in
<figureCitation id="13382A20FFCF3508FF5BF9052716D992" box="[181,277,1757,1782]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1804,1826]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,647,1778]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,645,1779]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 7. Probably Kedestes callicles caterpillar collected on Enteropogon macrostachyus, Kibwezi, Kenya, 21 Jan 1990; photographed 22 Jan; died; 90 / 13." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251867/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Figure 7</figureCitation>
is similar to those of
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFCF3508FDFCF9062492D991" box="[530,657,1757,1782]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Kedestes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="callicles">
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFCF3508FDFCF9062492D991" box="[530,657,1757,1782]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">K. callicles</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
reared by Ian Sharp (pers. comm. 2014) and reported by
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFCF3508FAC9F90626E2D87E" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" refString="Otto, H. H. H., Gardiner, A. J. &amp; Sharp, I. C. (2013) New larval host plant records for butterflies of the Kruger National Park and its surrounds, Limpopo &amp; Mpumalanga, South Africa. Metamorphosis, 24, 69 - 74." type="journal article">
Otto
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFCF3508FA8CF9062396D991" box="[1378,1429,1757,1782]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">et al</emphasis>
. (2013)
</bibRefCitation>
from Kruger National Park,
<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFCF3508FDCBF8D924BBD87D" box="[549,696,1793,1818]" name="South Africa" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">South Africa</collectingCountry>
. However, images of the full life cycle of
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFCF3508FB60F8DA230FD87D" box="[1166,1292,1793,1818]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Kedestes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="callicles">
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFCF3508FB60F8DA230FD87D" box="[1166,1292,1793,1818]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">K. callicles</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
documented by Vaughan Jessnitz (pers. comm. 2014) indicate that although the caterpillar that MJWC found is probably in the third instar of five, the markings on the face are less extensive and much less pale than those in the example that Vaughan photographed. However, T.B. Larsen (pers. comm. 2014) considers that the disjunct population of
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFCF3508FA6CF8B626F7D8CD" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Kedestes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="callicles">
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFCF3508FA6CF8B626F7D8CD" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">K. callicles</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in southern and south-eastern Africa is specifically distinct from that of northern
<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFCF3508FB45F8492310D8CD" box="[1195,1299,1937,1962]" name="Tanzania" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFCF3508FACFF84A2369D8CD" box="[1313,1386,1938,1962]" name="Kenya" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Kenya</collectingCountry>
and west to
<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFCF3508FF03F86E2766D8A9" box="[237,357,1974,1998]" name="Cameroon" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
. Thus, the caterpillar treated here is certainly a
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFCF3508FC9CF86D25D5D8A9" box="[882,982,1973,1998]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Kedestes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFCF3508FC9CF86D25D5D8A9" box="[882,982,1973,1998]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">Kedestes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. and probably is
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFCF3508FB5AF86E2332D8A9" box="[1204,1329,1973,1998]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Kedestes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="callicles">
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFCF3508FB5AF86E2332D8A9" box="[1204,1329,1973,1998]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">K. callicles</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(or rather the northern segregate of
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFCF3508FE49F802241CD896" box="[423,543,2010,2033]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Kedestes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="310" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="callicles">
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFCF3508FE49F802241CD896" box="[423,543,2010,2033]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="310">K. callicles</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), but this does need to be confirmed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFCC350BFF29FF4F24BEDECA" blockId="10.[151,1436,151,608]" pageId="10" pageNumber="311">
The shelter was formed on a grass blade of
<quantity id="4CFB9B40FFCC350BFD50FF402514DFD7" box="[702,791,152,176]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="10" pageNumber="311" unit="mm" value="220.0">220mm</quantity>
: the shelter was a roll made from the basal
<quantity id="4CFB9B40FFCC350BFAE3FF402354DFD7" box="[1293,1367,152,176]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="311" unit="mm" value="90.0">90mm</quantity>
, there was feeding from both margins for the next
<quantity id="4CFB9B40FFCC350BFD6DFF6424CEDFB2" box="[643,717,188,213]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="10" pageNumber="311" unit="mm" value="45.0">45mm</quantity>
, and the remainder of the leaf was untouched. This arrangement of the shelter at the base of the leaf has not been noted for any other Afrotropical species, but in the context of a tussock forming grass, such a shelter would be easily overlooked. The caterpillar (
<figureCitation id="13382A20FFCC350BFBAAFEDC22A4DE7B" box="[1092,1191,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1804,1826]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,647,1778]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,645,1779]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 7. Probably Kedestes callicles caterpillar collected on Enteropogon macrostachyus, Kibwezi, Kenya, 21 Jan 1990; photographed 22 Jan; died; 90 / 13." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251867/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="311">Figure 7</figureCitation>
) measured
<quantity id="4CFB9B40FFCC350BFAC2FEDC2374DE7B" box="[1324,1399,260,284]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="10" pageNumber="311" unit="mm" value="14.0">14mm</quantity>
, so was probably in the penultimate or n-2 instar; head ground colour very dark, blackish, matt, rugose; a row of three brown spots from just below apex to in front of the stemmata, the most dorsal least differentiated, and the most ventral most differentiated and with a paler centre. Prothorax narrow, dark; body yellowish white, with a darker dorsal line; anal plate distinctively black, rugose.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFCC350BFF29FE6F25CADD07" blockId="10.[151,1436,151,608]" pageId="10" pageNumber="311">
The caterpillar hardly fed at all until
<date id="FFBD1065FFCC350BFD9AFE6024C1DEB7" box="[628,706,439,464]" pageId="10" pageNumber="311" value="2011-02">11 Feb</date>
when it moulted. The new instar was similar except the brown markings of the head were no longer present. Several substitute grasses used by other
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFCC350BFBBAFE0422D9DE92" box="[1108,1242,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="311" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hesperiinae">Hesperiinae</taxonomicName>
were offered and on
<date id="FFBD1065FFCC350BFF51FDD82711DD7F" box="[191,274,511,536]" pageId="10" pageNumber="311" value="1920-02">20 Feb</date>
there was some slight feeding on
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFCC350BFD58FE2725B4DD7F" box="[694,951,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="311">Megathrysus maximus</emphasis>
(=
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFCC350BFC07FDD922C5DD7F" box="[1001,1222,513,536]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Panicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="10" pageNumber="311" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maximum">
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFCC350BFC07FDD922C5DD7F" box="[1001,1222,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="311">Panicum maximum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), but this did not continue. By
<date id="FFBD1065FFCC350BFEC3FDFC277DDD5B" box="[301,382,548,573]" pageId="10" pageNumber="311" value="1926-03">26 Mar</date>
it was moribund, and on
<date id="FFBD1065FFCC350BFD73FDFC24DDDD5B" box="[669,734,548,572]" pageId="10" pageNumber="311">1 Apr</date>
was considered dead. MJWC interpreted this as an aestivating caterpillar, which did not receive the right cues to continue development.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF7C662DFFCC350BFF79F8D427F2D827" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251867/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="311" targetBox="[151,1436,647,1778]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFCC350BFF79F8D427F2D827" blockId="10.[151,1436,1804,1856]" pageId="10" pageNumber="311">
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFCC350BFF79F8D42717D846" bold="true" box="[151,276,1804,1826]" pageId="10" pageNumber="311">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
Probably
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFCC350BFE6EF8D42435D845" box="[384,566,1804,1826]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Kedestes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="311" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="callicles">
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFCC350BFE6EF8D42435D845" box="[384,566,1804,1826]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="311">Kedestes callicles</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
caterpillar collected on
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFCC350BFCDCF8D522B9D845" authority="Kibwezi" authorityName="Kibwezi" box="[818,1210,1804,1826]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Enteropogon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="10" pageNumber="311" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="macrostachyus">
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFCC350BFCDCF8D52257D845" box="[818,1108,1804,1826]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="311">Enteropogon macrostachyus</emphasis>
, Kibwezi
</taxonomicName>
, Kenya, 21 Jan 1990; photographed 22 Jan; died; 90/13.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFCC350BFF29F8B624EDD896" blockId="10.[151,1436,1900,2034]" pageId="10" pageNumber="311">
I. Sharp (pers. comm. 2014) confirmed that the caterpillar of
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFCC350BFC6FF8B62203D8E2" box="[897,1024,1900,1925]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Kedestes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="311" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="callicles">
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFCC350BFC6FF8B62203D8E2" box="[897,1024,1900,1925]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="311">K. callicles</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a black anal plate. We note that
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFCC350BFF79F84927C2D8CE" author="Pringle" box="[151,449,1937,1962]" pageId="10" pageNumber="311" refString="Pringle, E. L. &amp; Schlosz, M. J. (1997) Description of a new subspecies of Kedestes niveostriga (Trimen) (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) from the Greyton District of the south-western Cape. Metamorphosis, 8 (4), 167 - 171." type="journal article" year="1997">Pringle &amp; Scholsz (1997)</bibRefCitation>
also report a black anal plate in the third instar only of
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFCC350BFB86F84A236CD8CD" box="[1128,1391,1937,1962]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Kedestes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="311" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="niveostriga" subSpecies="schloszi">
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFCC350BFB86F84A236CD8CD" box="[1128,1391,1937,1962]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="311">K. niveostriga schloszi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, an uncommon feature in
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFCC350BFE73F86D2420D8A9" box="[413,547,1973,1998]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="311" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hesperiinae">Hesperiinae</taxonomicName>
(see discussion under
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFCC350BFCDAF86E2283D8A9" authority="Oberthur" authorityName="Oberthur" box="[820,1152,1973,1998]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Perrotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="311" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albiplaga">
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFCC350BFCDAF86E2209D8A9" box="[820,1034,1973,1998]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="311">Perrotia albiplaga</emphasis>
Oberthür
</taxonomicName>
), lending support to the suggestion that this is the caterpillar of a
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFCC350BFD8DF80124C4D895" box="[611,711,2009,2034]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Kedestes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="311" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFCC350BFD8DF80124C4D895" box="[611,711,2009,2034]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="311">Kedestes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>