227 lines
21 KiB
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227 lines
21 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.797.29510" ID-GBIF-Dataset="17a988bc-106e-4cd5-af88-8a606353b34f" ID-PMC="PMC6255853" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-797-19" ID-PubMed="30505161" ID-ZBK="A5403588F43D40FF81EE2009E49823B4" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2018" ModsDocID="1313-2970-797-19" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 797" ModsDocTitle="A revision of dragon millipedes IV: the new genus Spinaxytes, with the description of nine new species (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Paradoxosomatidae)" checkinTime="1542677994046" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Srisonchai, Ruttapon, Enghoff, Henrik, Likhitrakarn, Natdanai & Panha, Somsak" docDate="2018" docId="72414FE8601811D2439AF3809C336220" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 797: 19-69" docOrigin="ZooKeys 797" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.797.29510" docTitle="Spinaxytes Srisonchai, Enghoff & Panha, gen. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="EB550BAF-CFF4-4683-9E00-D00C17227870" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="19" masterDocId="7C43FFACB225AA2193482143FFF2FF98" masterDocTitle="A revision of dragon millipedes IV: the new genus Spinaxytes, with the description of nine new species (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Paradoxosomatidae)" masterLastPageNumber="69" masterPageNumber="19" originalUpdateDomain="Boston" originalUpdateTime="1542677994046" originalUpdateUser="pensoft" pageNumber="19" updateTime="1668166441925" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A revision of dragon millipedes IV: the new genus Spinaxytes, with the description of nine new species (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Paradoxosomatidae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Srisonchai, Ruttapon</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Enghoff, Henrik</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Likhitrakarn, Natdanai</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Panha, Somsak</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2018</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>797</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>19</mods:start>
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<mods:end>69</mods:end>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.797.29510</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.797.29510</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-797-19</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">A5403588F43D40FF81EE2009E49823B4</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">A5403588F43D40FF81EE2009E49823B4</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="149736176" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:EB550BAF-CFF4-4683-9E00-D00C17227870" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/72414FE8601811D2439AF3809C336220" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="0" pageNumber="19">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="19" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/EB550BAF-CFF4-4683-9E00-D00C17227870" authority="Srisonchai, Enghoff & Panha" class="Diplopoda" family="Paradoxosomatidae" genus="Spinaxytes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spinaxytes" order="Polydesmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Spinaxytes Srisonchai, Enghoff & Panha</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="19">gen. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="19" type="type species">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">Type species.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">
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<taxonomicName class="Diplopoda" family="Paradoxosomatidae" genus="Spinaxytes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spinaxytes krabiensis" order="Polydesmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="krabiensis">Spinaxytes krabiensis</taxonomicName>
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Srisonchai, Enghoff & Panha, gen. et sp. n.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="19" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">
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The genus
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<taxonomicName class="Diplopoda" family="Paradoxosomatidae" genus="Spinaxytes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spinaxytes" order="Polydesmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Spinaxytes</taxonomicName>
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gen. n. is characterized by:
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">1. Paraterga spiniform.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">2. Metaterga with two rows of tubercles/cones/spines.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">3. Postfemoral part of gonopod conspicuous, demarcated from femur by deep mesal and lateral sulci.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">4. Lamina lateralis distinctly demarcated from lamina medialis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">5. Lamina medialis very long, curved, larger and longer than lamina lateralis.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="19" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">
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The name is a noun in apposition; from the Latin
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<normalizedToken originalValue="‘spina’">'spina'</normalizedToken>
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, referring to the spine-like paraterga of all constituent species;
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<normalizedToken originalValue="‘–xytes’">'-xytes'</normalizedToken>
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ensures harmony with
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<taxonomicName class="Diplopoda" family="Paradoxosomatidae" genus="Desmoxytes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Desmoxytes" order="Polydesmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Desmoxytes</taxonomicName>
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(and its synonym '
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<taxonomicName class="Diplopoda" family="Paradoxosomatidae" genus="Pteroxytes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pteroxytes" order="Polydesmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pteroxytes</taxonomicName>
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').
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="19" type="included species">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">Included species.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">
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1.
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<taxonomicName class="Diplopoda" family="Paradoxosomatidae" genus="Spinaxytes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spinaxytes biloba" order="Polydesmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biloba">Spinaxytes biloba</taxonomicName>
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Srisonchai, Enghoff & Panha, sp. n.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">
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2.
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<taxonomicName class="Diplopoda" family="Paradoxosomatidae" genus="Spinaxytes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spinaxytes efefi" order="Polydesmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="efefi">Spinaxytes efefi</taxonomicName>
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Srisonchai, Enghoff & Panha, sp. n.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">
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3.
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<taxonomicName class="Diplopoda" family="Paradoxosomatidae" genus="Spinaxytes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spinaxytes hasta" order="Polydesmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hasta">Spinaxytes hasta</taxonomicName>
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Srisonchai, Enghoff & Panha, sp. n.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">
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4.
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<taxonomicName class="Diplopoda" family="Paradoxosomatidae" genus="Spinaxytes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spinaxytes krabiensis" order="Polydesmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="krabiensis">Spinaxytes krabiensis</taxonomicName>
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Srisonchai, Enghoff & Panha, sp. n.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">
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5.
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<taxonomicName class="Diplopoda" family="Paradoxosomatidae" genus="Spinaxytes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spinaxytes macaca" order="Polydesmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="macaca">Spinaxytes macaca</taxonomicName>
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Srisonchai, Enghoff & Panha, sp. n.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">
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6.
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<taxonomicName class="Diplopoda" family="Paradoxosomatidae" genus="Spinaxytes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spinaxytes palmata" order="Polydesmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palmata">Spinaxytes palmata</taxonomicName>
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Srisonchai, Enghoff & Panha, sp. n.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">
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7.
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<taxonomicName class="Diplopoda" family="Paradoxosomatidae" genus="Spinaxytes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spinaxytes sutchariti" order="Polydesmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sutchariti">Spinaxytes sutchariti</taxonomicName>
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Srisonchai, Enghoff & Panha, sp. n.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">
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8.
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<taxonomicName class="Diplopoda" family="Paradoxosomatidae" genus="Spinaxytes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spinaxytes tortioverpa" order="Polydesmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tortioverpa">Spinaxytes tortioverpa</taxonomicName>
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Srisonchai, Enghoff & Panha, sp. n.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">
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9.
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<taxonomicName class="Diplopoda" family="Paradoxosomatidae" genus="Spinaxytes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spinaxytes uncus" order="Polydesmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="uncus">Spinaxytes uncus</taxonomicName>
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Srisonchai, Enghoff & Panha, sp. n.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="19" type="remarks">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">Remarks.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">
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The new genus is easily distinguished from other genera of dragon millipedes by having spiniform paraterga, lamina lateralis smaller and shorter than lamina medialis, lamina medialis long and curved. Some species of the genus
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<taxonomicName class="Diplopoda" family="Paradoxosomatidae" genus="Hylomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hylomus" order="Polydesmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hylomus</taxonomicName>
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Cook & Loomis, 1924, share spine-like paraterga; however, the gonopod details are totally different.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">
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General description of the genus
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<taxonomicName class="Diplopoda" family="Paradoxosomatidae" genus="Spinaxytes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spinaxytes" order="Polydesmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Spinaxytes</taxonomicName>
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. The description applies to adult males and females, except for the gonopods and when
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“male”">"male"</normalizedToken>
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is specified (Figs 1, 2, 4). The general description of the gonopods is based mainly on
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<taxonomicName class="Diplopoda" family="Paradoxosomatidae" genus="Spinaxytes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spinaxytes krabiensis" order="Polydesmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="krabiensis">Spinaxytes krabiensis</taxonomicName>
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gen. et sp. n. (Figs 3, 5).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">Size. Body length ca. 18-33 mm (male) ca. 16-33 mm (female), width 1.0-2.2 mm (male) 1.3-2.9 mm (female), size varies between species, usually female a bit longer than male.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">
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Colour. Most species in life with dark brown colour. Colour in alcohol: all specimens partly faded to pale brown after 5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="years’">years'</normalizedToken>
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preservation in alcohol; specimens kept in darkness faded more slowly.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">
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Antennae (Figure 1
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
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). Extremely long and slender, covered by delicate setation, usually reaching backwards to body rings 7-10 (male) and 6-8 (female) when stretched dorsally. Antennomere 3 = 4> 5 ≥ 2> 6> 1> 7> 8.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="0" pageNumber="19">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">
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Figure 1. General body characters of
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<taxonomicName class="Diplopoda" family="Paradoxosomatidae" genus="Spinaxytes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spinaxytes" order="Polydesmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Spinaxytes</taxonomicName>
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gen. n. (
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S. tortioverpa" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" rank="species" species="tortioverpa">S. tortioverpa</taxonomicName>
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sp. n., ♂ paratype, CUMZ-pxDGT00220) A whole body B anterior body part C head and antennae D midbody ring E body rings 5-8, showing gonopods and sternal lobe between coxae 4 F leg 13.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">Head. Delicately setose; vertex, labrum and genae sparsely setose; epicranial suture conspicuous as a deep, brown or black stripe.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">Collum (Figure 2A, C). With three regular transverse rows of setiferous tubercles/cones; number of tubercles/cones in each row varies between species. Paraterga wing-like/spiniform, usually elevated at ca. 10°-30°, directed laterad/caudolaterad/caudad, with one or two conspicuous/inconspicuous notches at lateral margin.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">Tegument. Quite dull, sometimes shining; collum, metaterga and surface below paraterga smooth/microgranulate; prozona finely shagreened; paraterga, epiproct and sterna smooth. Stricture between prozona and metazona shallow, wide.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">Metaterga (Figure 2A, D, G). With two regular transverse rows of setiferous cones/tubercles (in anterior row) and cones/spines (in posterior row); number of tubercles/cones/spines in each row varies between species. Transverse sulcus on metaterga shallow and wide in body rings 5-18. Mid-dorsal (axial) line missing.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">Pleurosternal carinae (Figure 2B). Forming a complete, tooth-like crest on ring 2, a short ridge on ring 3, missing on remaining body rings.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">
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Paraterga (Figs 1A, B, D; 2A, B, D, E, G, H). Spiniform, long (except
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S. biloba" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" rank="species" species="biloba">S. biloba</taxonomicName>
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sp. n.: quite short), extremely elevated at ca. 45°-80° (male) 40°-70° (female). Callus and shoulder poorly developed, inconspicuous. Anterior margin with two distinct denticles; on body rings 9, 10, 12, 13, 15-19 without a third denticle at lateral margin near tip. Degree of elevation of paraterga in male usually higher than in female. Posterior angle straight. Tip pointed and sharp. Ozopore visible from dorsal/dorsolateral/lateral view, round, small.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">Telson (Figure 2F, G, L, N). Epiproct usually long, apically with two pairs of conspicuous setae (spinnerets) arranged at the corners of a square, not in a depression, anterior pair close to apical tubercles. Paraprocts convex. Hypoproct usually subtrapeziform, sometimes subsemicircular/subtriangular; caudal margin often round, sometimes subtruncate/angular, with two conspicuous/ inconspicuous setiferous tubercles.</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="0" pageNumber="19">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">
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Figure 2. General body characters of
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<taxonomicName class="Diplopoda" family="Paradoxosomatidae" genus="Spinaxytes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spinaxytes" order="Polydesmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Spinaxytes</taxonomicName>
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gen. n. (
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S. palmata" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" rank="species" species="palmata">S. palmata</taxonomicName>
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sp. n., ♂ paratype, CUMZ-pxDGT00216) - SEM images A, B anterior body part (arrowheads point to pleurosternal carinae) C collum D, E body rings 9-11 F telson G posteriormost rings and telson H body ring 10 I mouth parts, ventral view J gonopods K sternal lobe between coxae 4 L, N tip of epiproct M tip of tarsus and claw of leg 13.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">Sterna (Figs 1E, 2K). Sparsely setose, cross-impressions shallow in all species. Sternal lobe between male coxae 4 varies in shape; subtrapeziform/long subrectangular/bifurcate/spear-like; one or two pores seen in posterior view.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">Legs (Figs 1F, 2M). Extremely long and slender. Relative length of podomeres: femur ≥ tibia> tarsus ≥ postfemur> prefemur> coxa> claw. Male femora mostly without modification, sometimes male femora 6, 7 or 7 or 8, 9 with hump/apophysis ventrally in distal part.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">Gonopods (Figure 3). Coxa shorter than femur, sometimes subequal in length to femur. Cannula long and slender. Telopodite erect. Prefemoral part usually almost half as long, sometimes ca. 2/3 as long as femur. Acropodite erect. Femur long and straight. Seminal groove running entirely on mesal surface of femur. Mesal sulcus and lateral sulcus conspicuous, deep. Postfemoral part conspicuous, usually small and narrow, sometimes broad and wide, rarely very large. Solenophore variously modified in shape between species: lamina lateralis obviously demarcated from lamina medialis, smaller and shorter than lamina medialis; lamina medialis long, base stout, slightly attenuated near the curved tip. Solenomere long, slender, curved, supported by solenophore.</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="0" pageNumber="19">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">
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Figure 3. SEM images of right gonopod of
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<taxonomicName class="Diplopoda" family="Paradoxosomatidae" genus="Spinaxytes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spinaxytes" order="Polydesmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Spinaxytes</taxonomicName>
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gen. n. (
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<taxonomicName class="Diplopoda" family="Paradoxosomatidae" genus="Spinaxytes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spinaxytes krabiensis" order="Polydesmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="krabiensis">Spinaxytes krabiensis</taxonomicName>
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sp. n., ♂ paratype, CUMZ-pxDGT00212) A lateral view B mesal view C dorsal view D ventral view. Key: red = lamina medialis (lm), yellow = solenomere (sl), green = lamina lateralis (ll), purple = seminal groove (sg).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="19" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">Distribution and habitat.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">
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All species of the new genus are allopatric. However, some of the new species can be found in syntopy with some species of
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<taxonomicName class="Diplopoda" family="Paradoxosomatidae" genus="Desmoxytes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Desmoxytes" order="Polydesmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Desmoxytes</taxonomicName>
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. The nine species described here are confined to limestone habitats and have narrow distributions; we therefore regard them as endemic. All species blend perfectly with habitat environment, mostly living on humid rock walls and/or inside small caves.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">
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According to the current knowledge,
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<taxonomicName class="Diplopoda" family="Paradoxosomatidae" genus="Spinaxytes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spinaxytes" order="Polydesmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Spinaxytes</taxonomicName>
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gen. n. is distributed only in the Malay Peninsula (south Myanmar, south Thailand, and north Malaysia): Myanmar: Thanintharyi Region; Thailand: Chumphon Province (Thung Tako, Mueng Chumphon, Lang Suan and Sawi Districts), Surat Thani Province (Phanom District), Phang Nga Province (Mueng Phang Nga and Takua Thung Districts), Krabi Province (Ao Luek and Muaeng Krabi Districts); Malaysia: Perak State (Figure 30).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |