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111 lines
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<mods:title id="8D02A62B513718045AB7A19C89B8BB47">The first Asian species of Polycaon Castelnau, and a new montane species of Melalgus Dejean from China (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae: Polycaoninae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="A0794F9E0B187F45298050108D533583">Liu, Lan-Yu</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="6ECB5884AB045D60795F5940DB4A51A6">Department of Science Communication, National Pingtung University- Pingshi Campus, No. 1, Linsen Rd, Pingtung City, Pingtung County 90049, Taiwan</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="BC81A6512F403C56DFE54DFD53311554">Beaver, Roger A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="CB7A0555823687FC19F26D1FD6C64472">161 / 2 Mu 5, Soi Wat Pranon, T. Donkaew, A. Maerim, Chiangmai 50180, Thailand</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date id="A4BEBD11F67FA6E2E50C7B69EDA6784B">2023</mods:date>
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<subSubSection id="C36B10886E36FF9754DB770D3A24FC33" box="[151,608,871,897]" pageId="1" pageNumber="272" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BCE43036E36FF9754DB770D3A24FC33" blockId="1.[151,608,871,897]" box="[151,608,871,897]" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">
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<heading id="D086F46F6E36FF9754DB770D3A24FC33" bold="true" box="[151,608,871,897]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="272" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B9059F116E36FF9754DB770D3A24FC33" bold="true" box="[151,608,871,897]" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">
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Subfamily
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<taxonomicName id="4C7138806E36FF975553770D3A24FC33" ID-CoL="K6T" ID-ENA="297227" authority="Lesne, 1896" authorityName="Lesne" authorityYear="1896" box="[287,608,871,897]" class="Insecta" family="Bostrichidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="272" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Polycaoninae">
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Polycaoninae
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE03EF26E36FF975581770D3A24FC33" author="Lesne, P." box="[461,608,871,897]" pageId="1" pageNumber="272" pagination="95 - 127" refId="ref6867" refString="Lesne, P. (1896) Revision des Coleopteres de la famille des Bostrychides. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 65, 95 - 127. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 9565" type="journal article" year="1896">Lesne, 1896</bibRefCitation>
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<subSubSection id="C36B10886E36FF9754DB77C53A15FA2F" pageId="1" pageNumber="272" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BCE43036E36FF9754DB77C539C0FBCF" blockId="1.[151,1437,943,1437]" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">
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<emphasis id="B9059F116E36FF9754DB77C5394EFC7B" bold="true" box="[151,266,943,969]" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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: The extant species in this subfamily are characterised within the
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<taxonomicName id="4C7138806E36FF9757A277C53C38FC7B" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[1006,1148,943,969]" class="Insecta" family="Bostrichidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="272" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Bostrichidae</taxonomicName>
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by the prognathous head, the antennae with 9–11 antennomeres, including a club with three antennomeres, the unmargined pronotum, the globular procoxae separated by a prosternal process constricted in the middle and extending to the mesoventrite (usually known as the mesoscutum), and the protibiae with a large outwardly curved tooth at the apex (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE03EF26E36FF97514370713DDCFB84" author="Fisher, W. S." box="[1295,1432,1051,1078]" pageId="1" pageNumber="272" pagination="1 - 157" refId="ref6471" refString="Fisher, W. S. (1950) A revision of the North American species of beetles belonging to the family Bostrichidae. United States Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publications, 698, 1 - 157. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 65663" type="journal article" year="1950">Fisher 1950</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE03EF26E36FF9754DB7055394CFBEB" author="Ivie, M. A." box="[151,264,1087,1113]" pageId="1" pageNumber="272" pagination="1802" refId="ref6565" refString="Ivie, M. A. (2002) Bostrichidae Latreille 1802. In: Arnett, R. H. Jr., Thomas, M. C., Skelley, P. E. & Frank, J. E. (Eds.), American Beetles. Vol. 2. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 233 - 244." type="book chapter" year="2002">Ivie 2002</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE03EF26E36FF97555A70553AD9FBEB" author="Borowski, J. & Wegrzynowicz, P." box="[278,669,1087,1113]" pageId="1" pageNumber="272" refId="ref6171" refString="Borowski, J. & Wegrzynowicz, P. (2012) The Powderpost Beetles of the World (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae). Vol. 1. Wydawnictwo Mantis, Olsztyn, 461 pp., 16 pls." type="book" year="2012">Borowski & Węgrzynowicz 2012</bibRefCitation>
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). Sexual differences are evident in the sculpture, puncturation and vestiture of the body.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BCE43036E36FF97548B70E239EFFB5B" blockId="1.[151,1437,943,1437]" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">
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In the fossil genus,
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<emphasis id="B9059F116E36FF9755ED70ED3A52FB13" box="[417,534,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">Cretalgus,</emphasis>
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there are important differences from the extant genera. The elytra are striate, the procoxae contiguous, the prosternal process short, not extending to the mesoventrite, and the tarsi four-segmented (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE03EF26E36FF9754D370A539DBFB5B" author="Legalov, A. A. & Hava, J." box="[159,415,1231,1257]" pageId="1" pageNumber="272" pagination="104620" refId="ref6765" refString="Legalov, A. A. & Hava, J. (2020) The first record of subfamily Polycaoninae (Coleoptera; Bostrichidae) from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber. Cretaceous Research, 116, 104620. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. cretres. 2020.104620" type="journal article" year="2020">Legalov & Háva 2020</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BCE43036E36FF97548B70993A15FA2F" blockId="1.[151,1437,943,1437]" pageId="1" pageNumber="272">
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The subfamily has been included in the Psoinae
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE03EF26E36FF9756B170993BFFFABC" author="Blanchard, E." box="[765,955,1267,1294]" pageId="1" pageNumber="272" pagination="430 - 438" refId="ref6075" refString="Blanchard, E. (1851) XLIII. Bostriacos. In: Gay, C. (Ed.), Historia fisica y politica de Chile segun documetos adquiridos en esta republica durante doce anos de residencia en Ella y publicada bajo los auspicios del supremo gobierno. Zoologia, Tomo quinto. En casa del autor, Paris, pp. 430 - 438." type="book chapter" year="1851">Blanchard, 1851</bibRefCitation>
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, by most anglophone authors (e.g.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE03EF26E36FF97511A70993897FA80" author="Fisher, W. S." pageId="1" pageNumber="272" pagination="1 - 157" refId="ref6471" refString="Fisher, W. S. (1950) A revision of the North American species of beetles belonging to the family Bostrichidae. United States Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publications, 698, 1 - 157. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 65663" type="journal article" year="1950">Fisher 1950</bibRefCitation>
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), but
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE03EF26E36FF97555F717239ECFA83" author="Lesne, P." box="[275,424,1303,1330]" pageId="1" pageNumber="272" refId="ref7037" refString="Lesne, P. (1938) Bostrychidae. In: Junk, W. (Ed.), Coleopterorum Catalogus. Pars 161. Verlag fur Naturwissenschaften, Berlin, 84 pp." type="book" year="1938">Lesne (1938)</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE03EF26E36FF9755AC717D3ADDFA83" author="Vrydagh, J. M." box="[480,665,1303,1329]" pageId="1" pageNumber="272" pagination="1 - 20" refId="ref7397" refString="Vrydagh, J. M. (1960 a) Contribution a l'etude des Bostrichidae. 21. Deuxieme collection de l'Academie Californienne des Sciences. Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, 36 (14), 1 - 20." type="journal article" year="1960">Vrydagh (1960a</bibRefCitation>
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, b) treated polycaonines at the same taxonomic level as the psoines.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE03EF26E36FF9754DB71513951FAE7" author="Ivie, M. A." box="[151,277,1339,1365]" pageId="1" pageNumber="272" pagination="1802" refId="ref6565" refString="Ivie, M. A. (2002) Bostrichidae Latreille 1802. In: Arnett, R. H. Jr., Thomas, M. C., Skelley, P. E. & Frank, J. E. (Eds.), American Beetles. Vol. 2. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 233 - 244." type="book chapter" year="2002">Ivie (2002)</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE03EF26E36FF97550071513A96FAE7" author="Borowski, J. & Wegrzynowicz, P." box="[332,722,1339,1365]" pageId="1" pageNumber="272" refId="ref6143" refString="Borowski, J. & Wegrzynowicz, P. (2007) World Catalogue of Bostrichidae (Coleoptera). Mantis Publishing, Olsztyn, 247 pp." type="book" year="2007">Borowski & Węgrzynowicz (2007</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE03EF26E36FF97569271513B5CFAE7" author="Borowski, J. & Wegrzynowicz, P." box="[734,792,1339,1365]" pageId="1" pageNumber="272" refId="ref6171" refString="Borowski, J. & Wegrzynowicz, P. (2012) The Powderpost Beetles of the World (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae). Vol. 1. Wydawnictwo Mantis, Olsztyn, 461 pp., 16 pls." type="book" year="2012">2012</bibRefCitation>
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) also treat the polycaonines as a separate subfamily from the psoines. Liu & Scĥnitzer (2011) in their phylogenetic analysis, showed the subfamily is the sister-group of the large tribe
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<taxonomicName id="4C7138806E36FF97555C71E93A08FA2F" authority="Latreille, 1802" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[272,588,1411,1437]" pageId="1" pageNumber="272" rank="tribe" tribe="Bostrichinae">
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Bostrichinae
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE03EF26E36FF9755E971E93A08FA2F" author="Latreille, P. A." box="[421,588,1411,1437]" pageId="1" pageNumber="272" refId="ref6682" refString="Latreille, P. A. (1802) Histoire Naturelle, generale et particuliere des Crustaces et des Insectes. Ouvrage faisant suite aux Oeuvres de Leclercq de Buffon, et partie du Cours complet d'Histoire naturelle redigee par C. S. Sonnini, membre de plusieurs Societes savants. Familles Naturelles des Genres. Tome Troisieme. F. Dufart, Paris, 467 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 15764" type="book" year="1802">Latreille, 1802</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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