treatments-xml/data/03/CD/AD/03CDAD65577B3C2EFF05F966BA4CAB95.xml

<document id="06FBCB887F7B10F730F05D58AA9B1FC3" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3872.2.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e9b8d555-d661-4f1a-86e8-f2a0acc38798" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="253224" ID-ZooBank="F9F81CC8-E033-46B7-B73B-9FB777DF4116" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460926510372" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Ponder, Winston F., Fukuda, Hiroshi &amp; Hallan, Anders" docDate="2014" docId="03CDAD65577B3C2EFF05F966BA4CAB95" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03872p153.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3872 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Clenchiellidae D. W. Taylor 1966" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="111" masterDocId="FFF4D51D57783C24FF92FFB2BB3EA911" masterDocTitle="A review of the family Clenchiellidae (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda: Truncatelloidea)" masterLastPageNumber="153" masterPageNumber="101" pageNumber="104" updateTime="1698362634141" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="6A72083CBCC25851650D9CA0D3D14B8A">A review of the family Clenchiellidae (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda: Truncatelloidea)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="1202074909BFAA68DB2196D7014F733E">Ponder, Winston F.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03CDAD65577B3C2EFF05F966BA4CAB95" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5631005" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119589567" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5631005" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CDAD65577B3C2EFF05F966BA4CAB95" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CDAD65577B3C2EFF05F966BA4CAB95" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="111" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">
<subSubSection id="C37E4FF8577B3C27FF05F966BAE4AE20" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BDB1C73577B3C27FF05F966B9ABAFFF" blockId="3.[151,661,1748,1774]" box="[151,661,1748,1774]" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">
<heading id="D093AB1F577B3C27FF05F966B9ABAFFF" bold="true" box="[151,661,1748,1774]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B910C061577B3C27FF05F966B9ABAFFF" bold="true" box="[151,661,1748,1774]" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">
Family 
<taxonomicName id="4C6467F0577B3C27FF64F966B9ABAFFF" ID-CoL="7NHYT" authority="D. W. Taylor, 1966" authorityName="D. W. Taylor" authorityYear="1966" box="[246,661,1748,1774]" class="Gastropoda" family="Clenchiellidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">
Clenchiellidae 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF56182577B3C27FE3DF966B9ABAFFF" author="Taylor" box="[431,661,1748,1774]" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" refString="Taylor, D. W. (1966) A remarkable snail fauna from Coahuila, Mexico. The Veliger, 9, 152 - 228, pls. 8 - 19." type="journal article" year="1966">D. W. Taylor, 1966</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDB1C73577B3C27FF05F8A9BAE4AE20" blockId="3.[151,474,1819,1841]" box="[151,474,1819,1841]" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">
Clenchiellini 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF56182577B3C27FEB2F8A9BA9AAE20" author="Taylor" box="[288,420,1819,1841]" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" refString="Taylor, D. W. (1966) A remarkable snail fauna from Coahuila, Mexico. The Veliger, 9, 152 - 228, pls. 8 - 19." type="journal article" year="1966">Taylor, 1966</bibRefCitation>
: 181.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37E4FF8577B3C21FF05F8EFBFD4ABDC" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="106" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BDB1C73577B3C27FF05F8EFB92AAEF3" blockId="3.[151,1436,1885,2018]" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">
<emphasis id="B910C061577B3C27FF05F8EFBA17AE67" bold="true" box="[151,297,1885,1910]" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">Description.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B910C061577B3C27FEA3F8EFBA57AE67" box="[305,361,1885,1910]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">Shell</emphasis>
. Minute (
<quantity id="4C9CB196577B3C27FE49F8ECB95BAE64" box="[475,613,1886,1910]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" metricValueMax="2.3" metricValueMin="1.1" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" unit="mm" value="1.7" valueMax="2.3" valueMin="1.1">1.1–2.3 mm</quantity>
in diameter); discoidal, planorbid-shape or depressed skeneimorph with wide umbilicus. Usually thick, opaque. Colour deep reddish brown, sometimes white. Distinct spiral cords on whorls; one genus (
<taxonomicName id="4C6467F0577B3C27FEE6F817BACBAEAF" box="[372,501,1957,1982]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Clenchiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B910C061577B3C27FEE6F817BACBAEAF" box="[372,501,1957,1982]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">Clenchiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) with pair of strong spiral keels dorsally and ventrally. Aperture round, prosocline, with or without varix on outer lip.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDB1C73577C3C20FF55FF25B975A9E9" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2035]" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">
<emphasis id="B910C061577C3C20FF55FF25BA7AA9A1" box="[199,324,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">Operculum</emphasis>
. Near circular, multispiral, with central nucleus, horny, translucent, concave. Inner surface without (species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6467F0577C3C20FE8FFF09BAA0A9C5" box="[285,414,187,212]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Clenchiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="105" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B910C061577C3C20FE8FFF09BAA0A9C5" box="[285,414,187,212]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">Clenchiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) or with triangular, white, presumably calcareous, smear. Some species with low horny projection on central part of inner side.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDB1C73577C3C20FF55FEB1B9F1A8E3" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2035]" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">
<emphasis id="B910C061577C3C20FF55FEB1BA07A80D" box="[199,313,259,284]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">Head-foot</emphasis>
. Head with slender, long cephalic tentacles and cylindrical, bilobed snout. Cephalic tentacles, snout and foot with black pigment or colourless except for minute white spots. Cephalic tentacles long, parallel sided, with rounded tips, ciliated, with rather short stationary compound cilia at their tips and few ciliated ridges on outer proximal half of left tentacle (ciliation details not confirmed in some taxa). Anterior pedal mucous gland with long transverse slit on central part of anterior end of foot, gland cells extend to edge of foot, with large gland in median part. Sole slender, simple, with scattered mucous cells; metapodial pedal gland absent. Anterior end of foot indented; posterior end of foot pointed or rounded.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDB1C73577C3C20FF55FE4FBE3EABB4" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2035]" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">
<emphasis id="B910C061577C3C20FF55FE4FBA61AB04" box="[199,351,509,534]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">Mantle cavity</emphasis>
. Long, occupies about two thirds of last whorl. Kidney opening small, in posterior-most corner of cavity. Kidney entirely behind mantle cavity, compact, consisting of mass of colourless, transparent cells. 
<taxonomicName id="4C6467F0577C3C20FF05FDF6BA78AB4C" authority="Well" authorityName="Well" box="[151,326,580,605]" class="Bryopsida" family="Hypnaceae" genus="Ctenidium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Hypnales" pageId="4" pageNumber="109" phylum="Bryophyta" rank="genus">Ctenidium well</taxonomicName>
developed, large, with row of 16 to 30 slender triangular filaments. Hypobranchial gland small, elongately-oval, transparent, situated on middle part of cavity along posterior end of rectum. Osphradium large, broad, rather long, elongately-oval, simple, transparent, containing conspicuous osphradial ganglion.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDB1C73577C3C20FF55FD03BE75AC15" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2035]" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">
<emphasis id="B910C061577C3C20FF55FD03BABAABD9" box="[199,388,689,712]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">Digestive system</emphasis>
. Mouth opens between pair of muscular lips into buccal cavity. Buccal mass slender, rather long, occupying most of snout. Radular sac very short and not visible laterally. 
<taxonomicName id="4C6467F0577C3C20FB81FD61BF5CABFD" box="[1043,1122,723,748]" class="Jungermanniopsida" family="Radulaceae" genus="Radula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Porellales" pageId="4" pageNumber="147" phylum="Bryophyta" rank="genus">Radula</taxonomicName>
taenioglossate; cusps on all teeth narrow, sharp; cutting edge of central teeth about half width of tooth, lateral sides of central teeth with narrow extensions in their lower halves, ventral edge with U-shaped extension; dorsal edge distinctly concave; lateral teeth with well-developed basal tongue, long, narrow shaft on outer side, 3–4 times width of short cutting edge; inner marginal teeth with cusps on distal outer third of tooth, moderately expanded basally on inner side; outer marginal teeth narrow except for thin basal extension on outer side, with cusps on distal quarter of inner side, cusps slightly to markedly smaller than on inner marginals. Oesophagus in most species folded in retracted state, otherwise simple, opens widely into buccal cavity. Buccal pouches not visible. Salivary glands long, simple, club-like, located at dorso-lateral sides of buccal mass, not passing through nerve ring. Oesophagus simple, with few strong folds just behind nerve ring; enters stomach on right side at posterior end of posterior chamber. Stomach with single opening to digestive gland posterior to oesophageal opening. Digestive gland pale lemon-yellow, composed of two parts: anterior portion mass of small cells covering right lateral wall of anterior stomach and right ventral edge of posterior stomach; posterior part large mass of many small cells. Style sac large, elongately pyriform. Origin of intestine at right antero-ventral end of anterior chamber of stomach and tightly looped over middle part of style sac before continuing to rectum. Rectum forms 1–2 tight loops in middle of roof of mantle cavity. Oval faecal pellets queued in single file in intestine and rectum. Anus simple, slightly posterior to anterior mantle edge.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDB1C73577C3C20FF55FABDBA27AF7B" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2035]" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">
<emphasis id="B910C061577C3C20FF55FABDBAD2AC36" box="[199,492,1295,1320]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">Male reproductive system</emphasis>
. Testis extremely large, wide, pale yellow, consisting of more than 20 bundles of slender, long lobes. Coiled seminal vesicle arises from vas efferens in mid-ventral region of testis; tube of seminal vesicle narrow, highly convoluted. Posterior vas deferens runs from posterior end of seminal vesicle, forms straight duct that crosses over oesophagus and runs to posterior end of prostate gland behind posterior end of mantle cavity. Prostate gland very small, simple, rectangular. Anterior vas deferens arises from anterior part of prostate gland, passes straight across roof of mantle cavity and enters muscular wall of neck and from there enters base of penis. Penis situated on left dorsal side of head (except 
<taxonomicName id="4C6467F0577C3C20FD50FA54B87CACEE" box="[706,834,1510,1535]" class="Gastropoda" family="Clenchiellidae" genus="Coleglabra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="105" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B910C061577C3C20FD50FA54B87CACEE" box="[706,834,1510,1535]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">Coleglabra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2237D1A577C3C20FCDBFA54B8A7ACEE" box="[841,921,1510,1535]" pageId="4" pageNumber="105" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B910C061577C3C20FCDBFA54B8A7ACEE" bold="true" box="[841,921,1510,1535]" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">n. gen.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
with penis on right side), large for body size, simple in 
<taxonomicName id="4C6467F0577C3C20FE94F9BBBA4DAF33" box="[262,371,1545,1570]" class="Gastropoda" family="Clenchiellidae" genus="Colenuda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="105" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B910C061577C3C20FE94F9BBBA4DAF33" box="[262,371,1545,1570]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">Colenuda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2237D1A577C3C20FEE8F9BBBAF7AF33" box="[378,457,1545,1570]" pageId="4" pageNumber="105" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B910C061577C3C20FEE8F9BBBAF7AF33" bold="true" box="[378,457,1545,1570]" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">n. gen.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6467F0577C3C20FD92F9BBB9BEAF33" box="[512,640,1545,1570]" class="Gastropoda" family="Clenchiellidae" genus="Coleglabra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="105" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B910C061577C3C20FD92F9BBB9BEAF33" box="[512,640,1545,1570]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">Coleglabra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but with distinct swellings in 
<taxonomicName id="4C6467F0577C3C20FC40F9BBBF6DAF33" box="[978,1107,1545,1570]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Clenchiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="105" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B910C061577C3C20FC40F9BBBF6DAF33" box="[978,1107,1545,1570]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">Clenchiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or lobe-like clusters of small glands in 
<taxonomicName id="4C6467F0577C3C20FE9FF99FBA99AF57" box="[269,423,1581,1606]" class="Gastropoda" family="Clenchiellidae" genus="Coliracemata" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="105" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B910C061577C3C20FE9FF99FBA99AF57" box="[269,423,1581,1606]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">Coliracemata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2237D1A577C3C20FE26F99FB939AF57" box="[436,519,1581,1606]" pageId="4" pageNumber="105" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B910C061577C3C20FE26F99FB939AF57" bold="true" box="[436,519,1581,1606]" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">n. gen.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
on middle and distal parts. Penial duct almost straight to undulating, narrow throughout.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDB1C73577C3C20FF55F9C6BEBAAEE2" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2035]" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">
<emphasis id="B910C061577C3C20FF55F9C6B93EAF9C" box="[199,512,1652,1677]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">Female reproductive system</emphasis>
. Ovary large, covering ventro-lateral area of digestive gland, consisting of large, white, regularly arranged tubules. Posterior oviduct wide, runs along oesophagus on right lateral edge; then bends toward posterior end of albumen gland before reaching end of mantle cavity. Beyond this latter bend, oviduct strongly curved making at least one distinct loop or fold. Seminal receptacles usually two (one in 
<taxonomicName id="4C6467F0577C3C20FB18F96DBE38AFE9" box="[1162,1286,1759,1784]" class="Gastropoda" family="Clenchiellidae" genus="Coleglabra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="105" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B910C061577C3C20FB18F96DBE38AFE9" box="[1162,1286,1759,1784]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">Coleglabra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), very small, slender sacs, at posterior end of albumen gland. Pallial oviduct very short, thick, oval to rectangular, slightly longer than high, about half within roof of mantle cavity; clearly divided (in gross dissection) into two approximately equal parts, opaque albumen gland posteriorly and transparent capsule gland anteriorly. Histology of oviduct glands complex (
<emphasis id="B910C061577C3C20FF32F8C2BBE3AE96" box="[160,221,1904,1927]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">sensu</emphasis>
Ponder 1988). Muscular ventral channel continued from coiled oviduct, runs along ventral edge of albumen gland. Bursa copulatrix large, oval to elongately oval, at left side on middle part of oviduct; posterior 1/4 to 2/3 on albumen gland, rest on capsule gland. Bursal duct short but distinct, rather wide, runs from anterior portion of bursa to anterior end of ventral channel just behind genital opening. Genital opening subterminal to middle of capsule gland.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDB1C73577D3C21FF55FF2BBFD4ABDC" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2035]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">
<emphasis id="B910C061577D3C21FF55FF2BBABCA9A1" box="[199,386,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">Nervous system</emphasis>
. Circum-oesophageal nerve ring streptoneurous, epiathroid, with ganglia moderately concentrated. Cerebral ganglia large, between posterior end of buccal mass and folded part of oesophagus; cerebral commissure short. Pleural ganglia separated from each cerebral ganglion by a constriction. Tentacular nerves thick, with large swellings at their bases, each divided into two nerves distally. Optic nerves arise from cerebral ganglion just below points of origin of tentacular nerves. Cerebro-pedal and pleuro-pedal connectives rather short, about equal in length; no obvious asymmetry. Buccal ganglia very small, ovate, joined by long commissures passing along oesophagus near posterior end of buccal mass. Right pleural ganglion about half size of cerebral ganglion, round, partially fused with right cerebral ganglion, being separated by distinct constriction. Supraoesophageal ganglion small, round; right pleural and supraoesophageal ganglia completely separated by long, distinct pleuralsupraoesophageal connective. Left pleural ganglion about two thirds size of cerebral ganglion, oval, partially fused with right cerebral ganglion, separated by distinct constriction. Suboesophageal ganglion larger or smaller than left pleural ganglion, oval to round, abuts left pleural ganglion. Pedal ganglia connected posteriorly to cerebral ganglia. Pedal commissure rudimentary or very short. Metapodial and propodial ganglia distinct, globose, connected with pedal ganglia by very short, thick connectives; thick pedal nerves arise from these ganglia to innervate foot. Metapodial commissure not observed. Statocysts small, located dorsally on inner posterior edge of pedal ganglion. Osphradial ganglion large, elongated, in and beneath osphradium. Visceral ganglion not examined.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37E4FF8577D3C2DFF55FD65B8B8AC8D" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="110" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BDB1C73577D3C21FF55FD65BF3FAA49" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2035]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">
<emphasis id="B910C061577D3C21FF55FD65BA05ABE1" bold="true" box="[199,315,727,752]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">Remarks.</emphasis>
The family is characterised by a minute discoidal to skeneiform shell, which is typically spirally sculptured, a circular, multispiral operculum with a central nucleus, long cephalic tentacles with short stationary compound cilia distally, no pallial or metapodial tentacles, an extremely short pallial oviduct, large anterior bursa copulatrix and, typically, two seminal receptacles (one in 
<taxonomicName id="4C6467F0577D3C21FC8EFC8DB8A2AA49" box="[796,924,831,856]" class="Gastropoda" family="Clenchiellidae" genus="Coleglabra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B910C061577D3C21FC8EFC8DB8A2AA49" box="[796,924,831,856]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">Coleglabra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2237D1A577D3C21FC30FC8DB8CFAA49" box="[930,1009,831,856]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B910C061577D3C21FC30FC8DB8CFAA49" bold="true" box="[930,1009,831,856]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">n. gen.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDB1C73577D3C21FF55FCD0BB8BAD7F" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2035]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">
The taenioglossate 
<taxonomicName id="4C6467F0577D3C21FE32FCD0BAD8AA6A" box="[416,486,866,891]" class="Jungermanniopsida" family="Radulaceae" genus="Radula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Porellales" pageId="5" pageNumber="147" phylum="Bryophyta" rank="genus">radula</taxonomicName>
is very similar to that of many other truncatelloidean families such as 
<taxonomicName id="4C6467F0577D3C21FA92FCD0BEA6AA6A" box="[1280,1432,866,891]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cochliopidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Cochliopidae</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C6467F0577D3C21FF05FC37BA0FAA8F" box="[151,305,901,926]" class="Gastropoda" family="Elachisinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Elachisinidae</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C6467F0577D3C21FEADFC37BA9BAA8F" box="[319,421,901,926]" class="Gastropoda" family="Tornidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Tornidae</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C6467F0577D3C21FE21FC37B922AA8F" box="[435,540,901,926]" class="Gastropoda" family="Caecidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Caecidae</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C6467F0577D3C21FDB9FC37B999AA8F" box="[555,679,901,926]" class="Gastropoda" family="Calopiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Calopiidae</taxonomicName>
, some 
<taxonomicName id="4C6467F0577D3C21FD69FC37B8B9AA8F" box="[763,903,901,926]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Hydrobiidae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B910C061577D3C21FC03FC37B894AA8F" box="[913,938,901,926]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">s.l</emphasis>
. and some 
<taxonomicName id="4C6467F0577D3C21FBA6FC37BF8BAA8F" box="[1076,1205,901,926]" class="Gastropoda" family="Iravadiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Iravadiidae</taxonomicName>
, in the central teeth having a single pair of basal denticles and long, divergent, narrow lateral processes, lateral teeth having a narrow cutting edge and long outer process, and narrow outer marginal teeth. The penis is simple to glandular, but the presence of apocrine glands in one genus (
<taxonomicName id="4C6467F0577D3C21FD00FC5FB812AD17" box="[658,812,1005,1030]" class="Gastropoda" family="Clenchiellidae" genus="Coliracemata" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B910C061577D3C21FD00FC5FB812AD17" box="[658,812,1005,1030]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">Coliracemata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2237D1A577D3C21FCA5FC5FB8B4AD17" box="[823,906,1005,1030]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B910C061577D3C21FCA5FC5FB8B4AD17" bold="true" box="[823,906,1005,1030]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">n. gen.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
) is a character shared only with a few other truncatelloidean families (
<taxonomicName id="4C6467F0577D3C21FE43FBBDB907AD39" box="[465,569,1039,1064]" class="Gastropoda" family="Tornidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Tornidae</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C6467F0577D3C21FDDDFBBDB9D9AD39" box="[591,743,1039,1064]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cochliopidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Cochliopidae</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C6467F0577D3C21FD6FFBBDB858AD39" box="[765,870,1039,1064]" class="Gastropoda" family="Caecidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Caecidae</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C6467F0577D3C21FCEFFBBDB8C7AD39" box="[893,1017,1039,1064]" class="Gastropoda" family="Calopiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Calopiidae</taxonomicName>
, some 
<taxonomicName id="4C6467F0577D3C21FBCEFBBDBFE4AD39" box="[1116,1242,1039,1064]" class="Gastropoda" family="Iravadiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Iravadiidae</taxonomicName>
and the genus 
<emphasis id="B910C061577D3C21FF05FB80BA0FAD5A" box="[151,305,1074,1099]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">Botriophallus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF56182577D3C21FEA8FB80BAEEAD5A" author="Ponder" box="[314,464,1074,1099]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" refString="Ponder, W. F. (1990) A gravel beach shelled micro-gastropod assemblage from Ceuta, Strait of Gibraltar, with the description of a new truncatelloidean genus. Bulletin du Museum national d'histoire naturelle, Paris, 12, 291 - 311." type="journal article" year="1990">Ponder, 1990</bibRefCitation>
of uncertain affinities; Ponder 1988, 1990, 1999; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF56182577D3C21FB9FFB80BE6CAD5A" author="Hershler" box="[1037,1362,1074,1099]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" refString="Hershler, R. &amp; Thompson, F. G. (1992) A review of the aquatic gastropod subfamily Cochliopinae (Prosobranchia: Hydrobiidae). Malacological Review, Supplement 5, 1 - 140." type="book chapter" year="1992">Hershler &amp; Thompson 1992</bibRefCitation>
; Table 2).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDB1C73577D3C21FF55FBC5BA0AAC2F" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2035]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">
Circular multispiral opercula are found in a few other truncatelloideans (Table 2), although some families with taxa that have near circular apertures have a paucispiral circular operculum. As in most other truncatelloideans, the salivary glands do not pass through the nerve ring, there is no oesophageal gland and there is a short crystalline style in the style sac. The intestine runs across the middle part of the style sac in all the species dissected herein, a character seen in some other taxa (
<emphasis id="B910C061577D3C21FD8EFAB6B903AC0A" box="[540,573,1284,1307]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">e.g</emphasis>
., 
<taxonomicName id="4C6467F0577D3C21FDC1FAB0B8BCAC0A" authority="Ponder 1985" authorityName="Ponder" authorityYear="1985" box="[595,898,1282,1307]" class="Gastropoda" family="Elachisinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">
Elachisinidae 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF56182577D3C21FD62FAB0B8BCAC0A" author="Ponder" box="[752,898,1282,1307]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" refString="Ponder, W. F. (1985) The anatomy and relationships of Elachisna Dall (Gastropoda, Rissoacea). Journal of Molluscan Studies, 51, 23 - 34." type="journal article" year="1985">Ponder 1985</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, fig. 2A) and the rectum is folded on the roof of mantle cavity.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDB1C73577D3C21FF55FAF5BF15AF1F" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2035]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">
The female genital system is unusually short, with the glandular oviduct being not much longer than it is wide. There are two slender seminal receptacles located posteriorly in three genera, whereas one genus only possesses one. The bursa copulatrix opens anteriorly to the vicinity of the genital opening by way of the bursal duct. The general configuration of the female genital system is generally similar to that in iravadiids (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF56182577D3C21FB5BFA1DBE5FACD9" author="Ponder" box="[1225,1377,1455,1480]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" refString="Ponder, W. F. (1984) A review of the genera of the Iravadiidae (Gastropoda, Rissoacea) with an assessment of the relationships of the family. Malacologia, 25, 21 - 71." type="journal article" year="1984">Ponder 1984</bibRefCitation>
), but differs in having a shorter capsule gland, in the seminal receptacles being located behind the albumen gland, not opening at the anterior edge, and in having a coiled oviduct (absent in iravadiids).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDB1C73577D3C21FF55F9A5BAD1AFCF" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2035]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">While the family does not exhibit any clear-cut autapomorphies, it possesses a unique combination of characters (see Table 2 for comparisons with similar family-group taxa) and does not fit comfortably with any other family-group taxon. In particular, clenchiellids differ from other related taxa in having a combination of a minute depressed shell with a spirally striate protoconch, a circular operculum with a central nucleus, a thickened coiled renal oviduct, an anterior bursa copulatrix and a short, triangular capsule gland. The foot is simple and there are no metapodial or pallial tentacles.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDB1C73577D3C23FF55F955BA78AB6B" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2035]" lastBlockId="7.[125,1822,615,1289]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="108" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF56182577D3C21FF55F955BA5AAE11" author="Taylor" box="[199,356,1767,1792]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" refString="Taylor, D. W. (1966) A remarkable snail fauna from Coahuila, Mexico. The Veliger, 9, 152 - 228, pls. 8 - 19." type="journal article" year="1966">Taylor (1966)</bibRefCitation>
erected Clenchiellini within Cochliopinae to include 
<taxonomicName id="4C6467F0577D3C21FC5DF955BF6FAE11" box="[975,1105,1767,1792]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Clenchiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B910C061577D3C21FC5DF955BF6FAE11" box="[975,1105,1767,1792]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">Clenchiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6467F0577D3C21FB1EF955BEA2AE11" authority="Yen, 1949" authorityName="Yen" authorityYear="1949" box="[1164,1436,1767,1792]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cochliopidae" genus="Carinulorbis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B910C061577D3C21FB1EF955BE23AE11" box="[1164,1309,1767,1792]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">Carinulorbis</emphasis>
Yen, 1949
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B910C061577D3C21FF32F8BEBAFAAE32" box="[160,452,1802,1827]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">nom. nov. pro Carinorbis</emphasis>
Yen, 1946, 
<emphasis id="B910C061577D3C21FDC7F8BEB941AE32" box="[597,639,1804,1827]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">non</emphasis>
Conrad, 1862), which he treated as a synonym. The 
<typeStatus id="54DFA2D1577D3C21FB7DF8B9BE21AE32" box="[1263,1311,1803,1827]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">type</typeStatus>
species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6467F0577D3C21FF05F89FBA16AE57" box="[151,296,1837,1862]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cochliopidae" genus="Carinulorbis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B910C061577D3C21FF05F89FBA16AE57" box="[151,296,1837,1862]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">Carinulorbis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is 
<taxonomicName id="4C6467F0577D3C21FEC2F89FB83EAE57" authority="Yen, 1946" authorityName="Yen" authorityYear="1946" box="[336,768,1837,1862]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cochliopidae" genus="Carinulorbis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="planospiralis">
<emphasis id="B910C061577D3C21FEC2F89FB9BEAE57" box="[336,640,1837,1862]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">Carinulorbis planospiralis</emphasis>
Yen, 1946
</taxonomicName>
from the lower Eocene of Wyoming, 
<collectingCountry id="F3735CE3577D3C21FB51F89CBFC0AE57" box="[1219,1278,1838,1862]" name="United States of America" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">USA</collectingCountry>
. Later 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF56182577D3C21FAC1F89FBBDFAE79" author="Taylor" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" refString="Taylor, D. W. (1975) Early Tertiary mollusks from the Powder River Basin, Wyoming-Montana, and adjacent regions. United States Department of the Interior, Geological Survey. Open-file report, 75 - 331, Part 1, 1 - 216." type="book chapter" year="1975">Taylor (1975)</bibRefCitation>
recorded and discussed this species and another undescribed taxon, which he also placed in 
<taxonomicName id="4C6467F0577D3C21FA86F8FDBEABAE79" box="[1300,1429,1871,1896]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Clenchiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B910C061577D3C21FA86F8FDBEABAE79" box="[1300,1429,1871,1896]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">Clenchiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Both species were from the early Tertiary of the Powder River Basin, Wyoming and Montana, 
<collectingCountry id="F3735CE3577D3C21FB7CF8C1BE18AE9A" box="[1262,1318,1907,1931]" name="United States of America" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">USA</collectingCountry>
and these records have occasionally been referred to in other literature. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF56182577D3C21FCD1F827B8E2AEBF" author="Taylor" box="[835,988,1941,1966]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" refString="Taylor, D. W. (1975) Early Tertiary mollusks from the Powder River Basin, Wyoming-Montana, and adjacent regions. United States Department of the Interior, Geological Survey. Open-file report, 75 - 331, Part 1, 1 - 216." type="book chapter" year="1975">Taylor (1975)</bibRefCitation>
correctly placed these American taxa in 
<taxonomicName id="4C6467F0577D3C21FF05F80ABA11AEC0" box="[151,303,1976,2001]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cochliopidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Cochliopidae</taxonomicName>
, and some other members of that family are rather similar in shell morphology to clenchiellids, including 
<taxonomicName id="4C6467F0577D3C21FE9CF868B91FAEE2" authority="Taylor, 1966" authorityName="Taylor" authorityYear="1966" box="[270,545,2010,2035]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Coahuilix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B910C061577D3C21FE9CF868BA43AEE2" box="[270,381,2010,2035]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">Coahuilix</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF56182577D3C21FE19F868B91FAEE2" author="Taylor" box="[395,545,2010,2035]" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" refString="Taylor, D. W. (1966) A remarkable snail fauna from Coahuila, Mexico. The Veliger, 9, 152 - 228, pls. 8 - 19." type="journal article" year="1966">Taylor, 1966</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, the flat-spired 
<taxonomicName id="4C6467F0577D3C21FD74F868BF97AEE2" authority="Hershler &amp; Longley, 1986" authorityName="Hershler &amp; Longley" authorityYear="1986" box="[742,1193,2010,2035]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Balconorbis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="5" pageNumber="106" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B910C061577D3C21FD74F868B851AEE2" box="[742,879,2010,2035]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="106">Balconorbis</emphasis>
Hershler &amp; Longley, 1986
</taxonomicName>
and the low-spired 
<emphasis id="B910C061577F3C23FFEFFDD5BBEBAB6B" bold="true" box="[125,213,615,634]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">TABLE 2</emphasis>
. (Continued)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDB1C73577F3C23FFEFFD38BDF1AB8C" blockId="7.[125,1822,615,1289]" box="[125,1743,650,669]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">
Character 
<taxonomicName id="4C6467F0577F3C23FEF0FD38BAE2AB8C" box="[354,476,650,669]" class="Gastropoda" family="Clenchiellidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Clenchiellidae</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C6467F0577F3C23FDFDFD38B9F0AB8C" box="[623,718,650,669]" class="Gastropoda" family="Iravadiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Iravadiidae</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C6467F0577F3C23FCF7FD38B8FFAB8C" box="[869,961,650,669]" class="Gastropoda" family="Calopiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Calopiidae</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C6467F0577F3C23FBCFFD38BFF9AB8C" box="[1117,1223,650,669]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Hydrobiidae</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C6467F0577F3C23FAC7FD38BEF8AB8C" box="[1365,1478,650,669]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cochliopidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Cochliopidae</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C6467F0577F3C23F9C0FD38BDF1AB8C" box="[1618,1743,650,669]" class="Gastropoda" family="Pomatiopsidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Pomatiopsidae</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDB1C73577F3C23FBCFFD10BFF4ABA4" blockId="7.[125,1822,615,1289]" box="[1117,1226,674,693]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6467F0577F3C23FB13FD10BFF4ABA4" box="[1153,1226,674,693]" class="Gastropoda" family="Tateidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Tateidae</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDB1C73577F3C23FFEFFD0EBB83ABF6" blockId="7.[125,1822,615,1289]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">Thick-walled coiled Present Absent Absent Present Present Absent oviduct</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDB1C73577F3C23FFEFFD5FBC26AA30" blockId="7.[125,1822,615,1289]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">Bursa copulatrix Anterior Anterior Posterior Posterior Posterior Posterior Bursal opening Subterminal to mid capsule Genital opening or Posterior ventral channel Posterior ventral channel Posterior to sperm tube Posterior to sperm tube</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDB1C73577F3C23FEF0FC95B830AA2B" blockId="7.[125,1822,615,1289]" box="[354,782,807,826]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">gland at genital opening ventral channel (in</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDB1C73577F3C23FDFDFC8DB9FDAA43" blockId="7.[125,1822,615,1289]" box="[623,707,831,850]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">
<emphasis id="B910C061577F3C23FDFDFC8DB982AA43" box="[623,700,831,850]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">Lantauia</emphasis>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDB1C73577F3C23FFEFFCE5BDDFAA7B" blockId="7.[125,1822,615,1289]" box="[125,1761,855,874]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">Seminal receptacles 1–2 at posterior end of 1–2 with duct at anterior Absent 1 usually present, 1 usually present 1 usually present</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDB1C73577F3C23FEF0FCC2BE35AA92" blockId="7.[125,1822,615,1289]" box="[354,1291,880,899]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">albumen gland end of albumen gland sometimes absent or</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDB1C73577F3C23FDFDFC3ABF9DAA8A" blockId="7.[125,1822,615,1289]" box="[623,1187,904,923]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">and extending posteriorly multiple</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDB1C73577F3C23FDFDFC13B80DAAA5" blockId="7.[125,1822,615,1289]" box="[623,819,929,948]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">on left side of albumen</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDB1C73577F3C23FDFDFC0BB9A0AADD" blockId="7.[125,1822,615,1289]" box="[623,670,953,972]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">gland</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDB1C73577F3C23FFEFFC63BC3BAAF5" blockId="7.[125,1822,615,1289]" box="[125,1797,977,996]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">Albumen gland Very short, rectangular Short to moderate; Short, wide Medium to long Moderately long to long, Medium (about same</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDB1C73577F3C23FDFDFC58BFFFAD3C" blockId="7.[125,1822,615,1289]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">rectangular to pyriform posteriorly twisted length as capsule gland) Female opening shape Small, subterminal to Short to long slit, Small, anterior Small, anterior to Terminal to subterminal Terminal, small position middle of capsule gland subterminal to mid subterminal</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDB1C73577F3C23FDFDFB81B994AD57" blockId="7.[125,1822,615,1289]" box="[623,682,1075,1094]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">ventral</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDB1C73577F3C23FFEFFBF9B83EAD66" blockId="7.[125,1822,615,1289]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">Shape of capsule gland Very short, triangular Moderate, to elongate, Moderate, tapering Ovoid to tapering Ovoid to tapering Elongate, tapering albumen gland ovoid to tapering</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDB1C73577F3C23FFEFFBCEBDC2AD9E" blockId="7.[125,1822,615,1289]" box="[125,1788,1148,1167]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">Sperm duct in female Ventral channel Sperm groove or ventral Ventral channel Ventral channel Sperm tube present, Sperm tube present.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDB1C73577F3C23FDFDFB26BC30ADB6" blockId="7.[125,1822,615,1289]" box="[623,1806,1172,1191]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">channel Opens separately Opens separately or at</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDB1C73577F3C23FAC7FB1FBDDBADD1" blockId="7.[125,1822,615,1289]" box="[1365,1765,1197,1216]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">(posterior to anterior in common opening</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDB1C73577F3C23FAC7FB77BEC7ADC9" blockId="7.[125,1822,615,1289]" box="[1365,1529,1221,1240]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">mantle cavity, or to</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDB1C73577F3C23FAC7FB6CBED0ADE0" blockId="7.[125,1822,615,1289]" box="[1365,1518,1246,1265]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">pericardium) or at</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDB1C73577F3C23FAC7FB44BED7AC18" blockId="7.[125,1822,615,1289]" box="[1365,1513,1270,1289]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">common opening</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDB1C73577F3C23FFEFFA95BEBEAC92" blockId="7.[125,1839,1319,1460]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">
References Herein 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF56182577F3C23FDFDFA95B9E0AC2B" author="Ponder" box="[623,734,1319,1338]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" refString="Ponder, W. F. (1984) A review of the genera of the Iravadiidae (Gastropoda, Rissoacea) with an assessment of the relationships of the family. Malacologia, 25, 21 - 71." type="journal article" year="1984">Ponder 1984</bibRefCitation>
; Fukuda 
<emphasis id="B910C061577F3C23FCB9FA95B804AC2B" box="[811,826,1319,1338]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">et</emphasis>
Ponder 1999 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF56182577F3C23FBCFFA95BE1BAC2B" author="Hershler" box="[1117,1317,1319,1338]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" refString="Hershler, R. &amp; Davis, G. M. (1980) The morphology of Hydrobia truncata (Gastropoda, Hydrobiidae). Relevance to systematics of Hydrobia. Biological Bulletin, 158, 195 - 219. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1540931" type="journal article" year="1980">Hershler &amp; Davis 1980</bibRefCitation>
; Davis &amp; McKee 1989; 
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, 1979; 
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Davis 
<emphasis id="B910C061577F3C23FDFDFA8DB9BEAC43" box="[623,640,1343,1362]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">al</emphasis>
. 1990
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; Fukuda &amp; Davis 
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1989; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF56182577F3C23FAC7FA8DBED7AC43" author="Davis" box="[1365,1513,1343,1362]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" refString="Davis, G. M., Mazurkiewicz, M. &amp; Mandracchia, M. (1982) Spurwinkia: morphology, systematics, and ecology and a new genus of North American Marshland Hydrobiidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 134, 143 - 177." type="journal article" year="1982">
Davis 
<emphasis id="B910C061577F3C23FA1EFA8DBE86AC43" box="[1420,1464,1343,1362]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">et al.</emphasis>
1982
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1986a, 1986c, 1994; 
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF56182577F3C23FBCFFAE5BE0EAC7B" author="Hershler" box="[1117,1328,1367,1386]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" refString="Hershler, R. &amp; Ponder, W. F. (1998) A review of morphological characters of hydrobioid snails. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 600, 1 - 55. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.600" type="journal article" year="1998">Hershler &amp; Ponder 1998</bibRefCitation>
; Hershler &amp; Thompson 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF56182577F3C23F9C0FAE5BDC2AC7B" author="Davis" box="[1618,1788,1367,1386]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" refString="Davis, G. M., &amp; Kang, Z. B. (1990) The genus Wuconchona of China (Gastropoda: Pomatiopsidae: Triculinae): anatomy, systematics, cladistics, and transmission of Schistosoma. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 142, 119 - 142." type="journal article" year="1990">Davis &amp; Kang 1990</bibRefCitation>
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Davis 
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1988b
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDB1C73577F3C23FBCFFA3ABFC1AC8A" blockId="7.[125,1839,1319,1460]" box="[1117,1279,1416,1435]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF56182577F3C23FBCFFA3ABFC4AC8A" author="Ponder" box="[1117,1274,1416,1435]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" refString="Ponder, W. F., Hershler, R. &amp; Jenkins, B. (1989) An endemic radiation of hydrobiid snails from artesian springs in northern South Australia: their taxonomy, physiology, distribution and anatomy. Malacologia, 31, 1 - 140." type="journal article" year="1989">
Ponder 
<emphasis id="B910C061577F3C23FB0DFA3ABFF4AC8A" box="[1183,1226,1416,1435]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">et al.</emphasis>
1989
</bibRefCitation>
,
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDB1C73577F3C23FBF1FA13BFFCACA5" blockId="7.[125,1839,1319,1460]" box="[1123,1218,1441,1460]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">
<bibRef id="52C48885577F3C23FBF1FA13BFFCACA5" box="[1123,1218,1441,1460]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" type="book chapter">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF56182577F3C23FBF1FA13BFB1ACA5" author="Ponder" box="[1123,1167,1441,1460]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" refString="Ponder, W. F., Colgan, D. J. &amp; Clark, G. A. (1991) The morphology, taxonomy and genetic structure of Tatea (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae), estuarine snails from temperate Australia. Australian Journal of Zoology, 39, 447 - 497. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1071 / zo 9910447" type="journal article" year="1991">
<year id="FFCC5D20577F3C23FBF1FA13BFB1ACA5" box="[1123,1167,1441,1460]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">1991</year>
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, 
<pagination id="B2ADE287577F3C23FB0AFA13BFFCACA5" box="[1176,1218,1441,1460]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" type="pagination">1999</pagination>
</bibRef>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDB1C73577F3C2CF9B7FA60BA79AB3D" blockId="7.[1573,1841,1490,1509]" lastBlockId="8.[119,327,537,556]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="109" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">
… 
<emphasis id="B910C061577F3C23F9A8FA60BC0FACF4" box="[1594,1841,1490,1509]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">…continued on the next page</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B910C06157703C2CFFE5FDABBBF1AB3D" bold="true" box="[119,207,537,556]" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">TABLE 2</emphasis>
. (Continued).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDB1C7357703C2CFFE5FDF9BD90AC97" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">
<table id="F964EED35770C3DBFFE5FDF9BDCBAC97" box="[119,1781,587,1414]" gridcols="3" gridrows="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">
<tr id="35541E315770C3DBFFE5FDF9BDCBAB4F" box="[119,1781,587,606]" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">
<th id="7685774D5770C3DBFFE5FDF9B9FFAB4F" box="[119,705,587,606]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">
Character 
<taxonomicName id="4C6467F057703C2CFECEFDF9BAECAB4F" box="[348,466,587,606]" class="Gastropoda" family="Stenothyridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Stenothyridae</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C6467F057703C2CFDAEFDF9B990AB4F" box="[572,686,587,606]" class="Gastropoda" family="Elachisinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Elachisinidae</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="7685774D5770C3DBFCA6FDF9BE92AB4F" box="[820,1452,587,606]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">
<taxonomicName id="4C6467F057703C2CFCA6FDF9B899AB4F" box="[820,935,587,606]" class="Gastropoda" family="Assimineidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Assimineidae</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C6467F057703C2CFBBBFDF9BF48AB4F" box="[1065,1142,587,606]" class="Gastropoda" family="Tornidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Tornidae</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C6467F057703C2CFAB3FDF9BE9FAB4F" box="[1313,1441,587,606]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrococcidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Hydrococcidae</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="7685774D5770C3DBF98BFDF9BDCBAB4F" box="[1561,1781,587,606]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">
<taxonomicName id="4C6467F057703C2CF98BFDF9BDA4AB4F" box="[1561,1690,587,606]" class="Gastropoda" family="Falsicingulidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Falsicingulidae</taxonomicName>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="35541E315770C3DBFFE5FDC2BDCBABA5" box="[119,1781,624,692]" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">
<th id="7685774D5770C3DBFFE5FDC2B9FFABA5" box="[119,705,624,692]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">Shell shape Moderate to elongate Conical Protoconch shape Domed Domed</th>
<td id="7685774D5770C3DBFCA6FDC2BE92ABA5" box="[820,1452,624,692]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">Flat to elongate Flat to slightly raised Ovate to conical spire Domed Flat to slightly raised Domed</td>
<td id="7685774D5770C3DBF98BFDC2BDCBABA5" box="[1561,1781,624,692]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">Ovate-conic to conical Domed</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35541E315770C3DBFFE5FD74BDCBAA1B" box="[119,1781,710,778]" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">
<th id="7685774D5770C3DBFFE5FD74B9FFAA1B" box="[119,705,710,778]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">Protoconch surface Smooth or very fine Smooth spirals Protoconch II Present Present</th>
<td id="7685774D5770C3DBFCA6FD74BE92AA1B" box="[820,1452,710,778]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">Smooth or fine spiral Multispiral, flattened, Smooth threads smooth Present or absent Present?Absent</td>
<td id="7685774D5770C3DBF98BFD74BDCBAA1B" box="[1561,1781,710,778]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">Weak spirals and pustules Absent</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35541E315770C3DBFFE5FCAEBDCBAA3E" box="[119,1781,796,815]" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">
<th id="7685774D5770C3DBFFE5FCAEB9FFAA3E" box="[119,705,796,815]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">Operculum shape Pyriform to oval Pyriform</th>
<td id="7685774D5770C3DBFCA6FCAEBE92AA3E" box="[820,1452,796,815]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">Pyriform to circular Circular Circular</td>
<td id="7685774D5770C3DBF98BFCAEBDCBAA3E" box="[1561,1781,796,815]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">Pyriform</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35541E315770C3DBFFE5FCF2BDCBAA42" box="[119,1781,832,851]" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">
<th id="7685774D5770C3DBFFE5FCF2B9FFAA42" box="[119,705,832,851]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">Operculum coiling Paucispiral Paucispiral</th>
<td id="7685774D5770C3DBFCA6FCF2BE92AA42" box="[820,1452,832,851]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">Paucispiral to multispiral Multispiral Multispiral</td>
<td id="7685774D5770C3DBF98BFCF2BDCBAA42" box="[1561,1781,832,851]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">Paucispiral</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35541E315770C3DBFFE5FCD7BDCBAA69" box="[119,1781,869,888]" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">
<th id="7685774D5770C3DBFFE5FCD7B9FFAA69" box="[119,705,869,888]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">Position of nucleus Eccentric Eccentric</th>
<td id="7685774D5770C3DBFCA6FCD7BE92AA69" box="[820,1452,869,888]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">Eccentric Central Central</td>
<td id="7685774D5770C3DBF98BFCD7BDCBAA69" box="[1561,1781,869,888]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">Eccentric</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35541E315770C3DBFFE5FC38BDCBAADF" box="[119,1781,906,974]" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">
<th id="7685774D5770C3DBFFE5FC38B9FFAADF" box="[119,705,906,974]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">Projections on inner Two ridge-like Smooth surface projections Cephalic tentacles Long Long</th>
<td id="7685774D5770C3DBFCA6FC38BE92AADF" box="[820,1452,906,974]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">Smooth Smooth Smooth Long to absent Long Long</td>
<td id="7685774D5770C3DBF98BFC38BDCBAADF" box="[1561,1781,906,974]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">Smooth long</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35541E315770C3DBFFE5FC52BDCBAC06" box="[119,1781,992,1303]" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">
<th id="7685774D5770C3DBFFE5FC52B9FFAC06" box="[119,705,992,1303]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">Cephalic tentacle distal Absent Present compound cilia Cilial tufts on left?Present Absent? tentacle Pairs of basal denticles&gt;3 1 on central teeth Lateral flanges of Wide Intermediate central tooth Marginal outer flange Long Long of lateral teeth Cutting edge of outer Pointed Pointed marginal teeth Metapodial tentacle Present Present</th>
<td id="7685774D5770C3DBFCA6FC52BE92AC06" box="[820,1452,992,1303]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">Absent Present?Absent Absent Absent?Absent 0–4 1 2 Near vertical to Intermediate Intermediate intermediate Short Long Long Broad Pointed Pointed Absent Present Absent</td>
<td id="7685774D5770C3DBF98BFC52BDCBAC06" box="[1561,1781,992,1303]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">?Absent?Absent 2–3 Near vertical long Pointed Absent</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35541E315770C3DBFFE5FA9BBDCBAC2D" box="[119,1781,1321,1340]" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">
<th id="7685774D5770C3DBFFE5FA9BB9FFAC2D" box="[119,705,1321,1340]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">Pallial tentacle(s) Absent Present (2)</th>
<td id="7685774D5770C3DBFCA6FA9BBE92AC2D" box="[820,1452,1321,1340]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">Absent Present (2, one paired) Present (2)</td>
<td id="7685774D5770C3DBF98BFA9BBDCBAC2D" box="[1561,1781,1321,1340]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">Absent</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35541E315770C3DBFFE5FAFCBDCBAC70" box="[119,1781,1358,1377]" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">
<th id="7685774D5770C3DBFFE5FAFCB9FFAC70" box="[119,705,1358,1377]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">
<taxonomicName id="4C6467F057703C2CFFE5FAFCBABBAC70" authority="Well" authorityName="Well" box="[119,389,1358,1377]" class="Bryopsida" family="Hypnaceae" genus="Ctenidium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Hypnales" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" phylum="Bryophyta" rank="genus">Ctenidium Well</taxonomicName>
developed Well developed
</th>
<td id="7685774D5770C3DBFCA6FAFCBE92AC70" box="[820,1452,1358,1377]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">Absent or very reduced Well developed Absent</td>
<td id="7685774D5770C3DBF98BFAFCBDCBAC70" box="[1561,1781,1358,1377]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">Well developed</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35541E315770C3DBFFE5FAC1BDCBAC97" box="[119,1781,1395,1414]" gridrow="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">
<th id="7685774D5770C3DBFFE5FAC1B9FFAC97" box="[119,705,1395,1414]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">Intestine crossing style At anterior end In middle</th>
<td id="7685774D5770C3DBFCA6FAC1BE92AC97" box="[820,1452,1395,1414]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">At or near anterior end At or near anterior end Not recorded</td>
<td id="7685774D5770C3DBF98BFAC1BDCBAC97" box="[1561,1781,1395,1414]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">Near anterior end</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDB1C7357703C2CFFE5FA11BD6BACA7" blockId="8.[119,1621,1443,1462]" box="[119,1621,1443,1462]" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">Apocrine glands on Absent Absent Absent Present or absent Absent Absent</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDB1C7357703C2CFF3EFA66BD6BACF6" blockId="8.[119,1827,1492,1585]" box="[172,1621,1492,1511]" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">penial glands Absent Present Absent Absent Present Absent</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDB1C7357703C2CFFE5FA4BBD6BAF1D" blockId="8.[119,1827,1492,1585]" box="[119,1621,1529,1548]" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">Penial stylet Present or absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDB1C7357703C2DF98BF9ACBA71AA13" blockId="8.[119,1827,1492,1585]" lastBlockId="9.[125,1886,750,1436]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="110" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">
<emphasis id="B910C06157703C2CF98BF9ACBC1DAF20" box="[1561,1827,1566,1585]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">……continued on the next page</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B910C06157713C2DFFEFFD5CBBE6AA13" bold="true" box="[125,216,750,770]" pageId="9" pageNumber="110">TABLE 2</emphasis>
. (Continued)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDB1C7357713C2DFFEFFCA4BDD9AA3B" blockId="9.[125,1886,750,1436]" box="[125,1767,790,810]" pageId="9" pageNumber="110">
Character 
<taxonomicName id="4C6467F057713C2DFEFEFCA4BAD9AA3B" box="[364,487,790,810]" class="Gastropoda" family="Stenothyridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="9" pageNumber="110" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Stenothyridae</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C6467F057713C2DFDC4FCA4B9F3AA3B" box="[598,717,790,810]" class="Gastropoda" family="Elachisinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="9" pageNumber="110" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Elachisinidae</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C6467F057713C2DFCCBFCA4B8ECAA3B" box="[857,978,790,810]" class="Gastropoda" family="Assimineidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="9" pageNumber="110" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Assimineidae</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C6467F057713C2DFBC8FCA4BF94AA3B" box="[1114,1194,790,810]" class="Gastropoda" family="Tornidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="9" pageNumber="110" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Tornidae</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C6467F057713C2DFACFFCA4BEDDAA3B" box="[1373,1507,790,810]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrococcidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="9" pageNumber="110" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Hydrococcidae</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C6467F057713C2DF9F2FCA4BDD9AA3B" box="[1632,1767,790,810]" class="Gastropoda" family="Falsicingulidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="9" pageNumber="110" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Falsicingulidae</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDB1C7357713C2DFFEFFC8FBDA1AA40" blockId="9.[125,1886,750,1436]" box="[125,1695,829,849]" pageId="9" pageNumber="110">Thick-walled coiled Present Present Present Present Weakly developed Absent</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDB1C7357713C2DFFEFFCE5BBFEAA7A" blockId="9.[125,1886,750,1436]" box="[125,192,855,875]" pageId="9" pageNumber="110">oviduct</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDB1C7357713C2DFFEFFCC3B917AA8F" blockId="9.[125,1886,750,1436]" pageId="9" pageNumber="110">Bursa copulatrix Posterior + accessory Middle Posterior Anterior or middle Middle Posterior anterior sperm pouch</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDB1C7357713C2DFFEFFC11BC6AAAA6" blockId="9.[125,1886,750,1436]" box="[125,1876,931,951]" pageId="9" pageNumber="110">Bursal opening Posterior to sperm tube Posterior ventral channel Posterior to oviduct Genital opening Separate opening to Copulation via pericardium</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDB1C7357713C2DFACFFC0FBD17AAC0" blockId="9.[125,1886,750,1436]" box="[1373,1577,957,977]" pageId="9" pageNumber="110">posterior mantle cavity</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDB1C7357713C2DFFEFFC64BF10AD15" blockId="9.[125,1886,750,1436]" pageId="9" pageNumber="110">Seminal receptacles 1 posterior 2 posterior behind 1 usually present, absent 1–2 posterior 1 near posterior 1 posterior albumen gland or several in few genera</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDB1C7357713C2DFFEFFBB8BA9BAD41" blockId="9.[125,1886,750,1436]" pageId="9" pageNumber="110">Albumen gland Medium (about same Short, rounded Very short to very long Short to very short, Elongate Medium length as capsule triangular to rounded gland)</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDB1C7357713C2DFFEFFBE4BDD7AD7B" blockId="9.[125,1886,750,1436]" box="[125,1769,1110,1130]" pageId="9" pageNumber="110">Female opening shape Terminal, small Small, subterminal Usually terminal Small, subterminal Small, terminal Small, terminal</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDB1C7357713C2DFF30FBDDBBD7AD92" blockId="9.[125,1886,750,1436]" box="[162,233,1135,1155]" pageId="9" pageNumber="110">position</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDB1C7357713C2DFFEFFB3BBC3DAD8C" blockId="9.[125,1886,750,1436]" box="[125,1795,1161,1181]" pageId="9" pageNumber="110">Shape of capsule gland Elongate, tapering Oval Elongate, often tapering Very short, triangular or Elongate, slightly Elongate, tapering</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDB1C7357713C2DFF1DFB10BE98ADA7" blockId="9.[125,1886,750,1436]" box="[143,1446,1186,1206]" pageId="9" pageNumber="110">albumen gland bean-shaped tapering</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDB1C7357713C2DFFEFFB0EBC6EADDE" blockId="9.[125,1886,750,1436]" box="[125,1872,1212,1232]" pageId="9" pageNumber="110">Sperm duct in female Sperm tube present. Ventral channel Central to near ventral in Ventral channel Absent – direct opening Via pericardium and gono-</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDB1C7357713C2DFEFEFB67B904AC12" blockId="9.[125,1886,750,1436]" pageId="9" pageNumber="110">Opens separately to capsule gland to bursa pericardial duct posterior end of mantle</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDB1C7357713C2DFEFEFABAB9F9AC0D" blockId="9.[125,1886,750,1436]" box="[364,711,1288,1308]" pageId="9" pageNumber="110">
cavity 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF5618257713C2DFDC4FABAB9F9AC0D" author="Ponder" box="[598,711,1288,1308]" pageId="9" pageNumber="110" refString="Ponder, W. F. (1985) The anatomy and relationships of Elachisna Dall (Gastropoda, Rissoacea). Journal of Molluscan Studies, 51, 23 - 34." type="journal article" year="1985">Ponder 1985</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDB1C7357713C2DFFEFFA90BC60AC27" blockId="9.[125,1886,750,1436]" box="[125,1886,1314,1334]" pageId="9" pageNumber="110">
References 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF5618257713C2DFEFEFA90BADAAC27" author="Kosuge" box="[364,484,1314,1334]" pageId="9" pageNumber="110" refString="Kosuge, S. (1969) Anatomical study of Japanese Rissoacea (Gastr., Prosobranchia). II: On the family Stenothyridae. Bulletin of the National Science Museum, 12, 217 - 239." type="journal article" year="1969">Kosuge 1969</bibRefCitation>
; Davis 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF5618257713C2DFCCBFA90BF11AC27" author="Marcus" box="[857,1071,1314,1334]" pageId="9" pageNumber="110" refString="Marcus, E. du B. - R. &amp; Marcus, E. (1963) Mesogastropoden von der Kuste Sao Paulos. Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften und Literatur in Mainz, 1, 1 - 105." type="journal article" year="1963">Marcus &amp; Marcus 1963</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF5618257713C2DFBC8FA90BE00AC27" author="Bieler" box="[1114,1342,1314,1334]" pageId="9" pageNumber="110" refString="Bieler, R. &amp; Mikkelsen, P. M. (1988) Anatomy and reproductive biology of two western Atlantic species of Vitrinellidae, with a case of protandrous hermaphroditism in the Rissoacea. The Nautilus, 102, 1 - 29." type="journal article" year="1988">Bieler &amp; Mikkelsen 1988</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF5618257713C2DFACFFA90BEF0AC27" author="Ponder" box="[1373,1486,1314,1334]" pageId="9" pageNumber="110" refString="Ponder, W. F. (1982) The anatomy and relationships of Hydrococcus brazieri (T. Woods). Journal of Molluscan Studies, 48, 64 - 79." type="journal article" year="1982">Ponder 1982</bibRefCitation>
Slavoshevskaya 1975, 1982;
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDB1C7357713C2DFEFEFA8EBFB9AC78" blockId="9.[125,1886,750,1436]" pageId="9" pageNumber="110">
<emphasis id="B910C06157713C2DFEFEFA8EBAA4AC5E" box="[364,410,1339,1359]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="110">et al.</emphasis>
1986b, 1988a 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF5618257713C2DFCCBFA89B8E5AC5E" author="Hershler" box="[857,987,1339,1359]" pageId="9" pageNumber="110" refString="Hershler, R. (1987) Redescription of Assiminea infima Berry, 1947 from Death Valley, California (USA). The Veliger, 29, 274 - 288." type="journal article" year="1987">Hershler 1987</bibRefCitation>
; Fukuda 
<emphasis id="B910C06157713C2DFBB9FA8EBF05AC5F" box="[1067,1083,1340,1358]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="110">et</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF5618257713C2DFBC8FA8EBFF4AC5E" author="Fretter" box="[1114,1226,1339,1359]" pageId="9" pageNumber="110" refString="Fretter, V. (1956) The anatomy of the prosobranch Circulus striatus (Philippi) and a review of its systematic position. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 126, 369 - 381. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1956. tb 00443. x" type="journal article" year="1956">Fretter 1956</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF5618257713C2DFB41FA89BDEFAC5E" author="Ponder" box="[1235,1745,1339,1359]" pageId="9" pageNumber="110" refString="Ponder, W. F. (1985) The anatomy and relationships of Elachisna Dall (Gastropoda, Rissoacea). Journal of Molluscan Studies, 51, 23 - 34." type="journal article" year="1985">Ponder Ponder 1985</bibRefCitation>
<emphasis id="B910C06157713C2DFCCBFAE7B84CAC78" box="[857,882,1365,1385]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="110">al.</emphasis>
2006; Fukuda &amp; 1994
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDB1C7357713C2DFCCBFADCBF01AC93" blockId="9.[125,1886,750,1436]" box="[857,1087,1390,1410]" pageId="9" pageNumber="110">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF5618257713C2DFCCBFADCB8F2AC93" author="Ponder" box="[857,972,1390,1410]" pageId="9" pageNumber="110" refString="Fukuda, H. &amp; Ponder, W. F. (2003) Australian freshwater assimineids, with a synopsis of the Recent genus-group taxa of the Assimineidae (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda: Rissooidea). Journal of Natural History, 37, 1977 - 2032. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930210125380" type="journal article" year="2003">Ponder 2003</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF5618257713C2DFC47FADCBF3AAC93" author="Ponder" box="[981,1028,1390,1410]" pageId="9" pageNumber="110" refString="Fukuda, H. &amp; Ponder, W. F. (2004) A protandric assimineid gastropod: Rugapedia androgyna n. gen. and n. sp. (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda: Rissooidea) from Queensland, Australia. Molluscan Research, 24, 75 - 88." type="journal article" year="2004">2004</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF5618257713C2DFB9EFADCBF04AC93" author="Ponder" box="[1036,1082,1390,1410]" pageId="9" pageNumber="110" refString="Fukuda, H. &amp; Ponder, W. F. (2005) A revision of the Australian taxa previously attributed to Assiminea buccinoides (Quoy &amp; Gaimard) and Assiminea tasmanica Tenison-Woods (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Caenogastropoda: Assimineidae). Invertebrate Systematics, 19, 325 - 360. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1071 / is 04009" type="journal article" year="2005">2005</bibRefCitation>
,
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDB1C7357713C2DFCCBFA3AB8B8AC8D" blockId="9.[125,1886,750,1436]" box="[857,902,1416,1436]" pageId="9" pageNumber="110">2006</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37E4FF857723C2EFF05FF25BA4CAB95" pageId="10" pageNumber="111" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BDB1C7357723C2EFF05FF25BA60A80D" blockId="10.[151,1436,151,645]" pageId="10" pageNumber="111">
<taxonomicName id="4C6467F057723C2EFF05FF25BAEBA9A1" authority="Morrison, 1946" authorityName="Morrison" authorityYear="1946" box="[151,469,151,176]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Cochliopina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="10" pageNumber="111" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B910C06157723C2EFF05FF25BA1CA9A1" box="[151,290,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="111">Cochliopina</emphasis>
Morrison, 1946
</taxonomicName>
(see 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF5618257723C2EFD82FF25B872A9A1" author="Hershler" box="[528,844,151,176]" pageId="10" pageNumber="111" refString="Hershler, R. &amp; Thompson, F. G. (1992) A review of the aquatic gastropod subfamily Cochliopinae (Prosobranchia: Hydrobiidae). Malacological Review, Supplement 5, 1 - 140." type="book chapter" year="1992">Hershler &amp; Thompson 1992</bibRefCitation>
, figs 19, 16, and 22 respectively). While the shells of these taxa are convergent in shape with clenchiellids, their female genital morphology is very different as they possess the typical cochliopid twisted albumen gland, have a sperm tube and lack an anterior bursa (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF5618257723C2EFA89FF6DBA6FA80D" author="Hershler" pageId="10" pageNumber="111" refString="Hershler, R. &amp; Thompson, F. G. (1992) A review of the aquatic gastropod subfamily Cochliopinae (Prosobranchia: Hydrobiidae). Malacological Review, Supplement 5, 1 - 140." type="book chapter" year="1992">Hershler &amp; Thompson 1992</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDB1C7357723C2EFF55FE95BA4CAB95" blockId="10.[151,1436,151,645]" pageId="10" pageNumber="111">
Like 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF5618257723C2EFE96FE9AB9BFA851" author="Ioganzen" box="[260,641,295,320]" pageId="10" pageNumber="111" refString="Ioganzen, B. G. &amp; Starobogatov, Y. I. (1982) O nakhodke v Sibiri presnovodnogo molliuska semeistva Triculidae (Gastropoda, Prosobranchia). Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 61, 1141 - 1147." type="journal article" year="1982">Ioganzen &amp; Starobogatov (1982)</bibRefCitation>
, we treat this group as a family pending more detailed analysis. We justify this decision based on the combination of morphological characters that do not conform to any currently recognised family group taxon. In recent classifications, the clenchiellids have been included in 
<taxonomicName id="4C6467F057723C2EFB59FEDDBE69A899" ID-CoL="7NHW7" box="[1227,1367,367,392]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="10" pageNumber="111" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Hydrobiidae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B910C06157723C2EFACCFEC3BBFDA8BC" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="111">sensu lato</emphasis>
as a subfamily. However, the 
<taxonomicName id="4C6467F057723C2EFD85FE26B987A8BC" ID-CoL="7NHYT" box="[535,697,404,429]" class="Gastropoda" family="Clenchiellidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="10" pageNumber="111" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Clenchiellidae</taxonomicName>
differ from the 
<taxonomicName id="4C6467F057723C2EFCFFFE26B8C7A8BC" ID-CoL="7NHW7" box="[877,1017,404,429]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="10" pageNumber="111" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Hydrobiidae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B910C06157723C2EFB92FE26BF27A8BC" box="[1024,1049,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="111">s.l</emphasis>
. with regards to several important anatomical characters (see Table 2), notably the presence of stationary compound cilia on the distal ends of the tentacles, the female genital anatomy, apocrine glands (in one genus) and a multispiral operculum as opposed to paucispiral in the 
<taxonomicName id="4C6467F057723C2EFEFCFE4DBAC0AB09" ID-CoL="7NHW7" box="[366,510,511,536]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="10" pageNumber="111" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Hydrobiidae</taxonomicName>
. These morphological distinctions from the 
<taxonomicName id="4C6467F057723C2EFB99FE4DBFA9AB09" ID-CoL="7NHW7" box="[1035,1175,511,536]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="10" pageNumber="111" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Hydrobiidae</taxonomicName>
are corroborated in a molecular study by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF5618257723C2EFE1EFD96B9EBAB2D" author="Criscione" box="[396,725,548,573]" pageId="10" pageNumber="111" refString="Criscione, F. &amp; Ponder, W. F. (2013) A phylogenetic analysis of rissooidean and cingulopsoidean families (Gastropoda: Caenogastropoda). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 66, 1075 - 1082. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2012.11.026" type="journal article" year="2013">Criscione &amp; Ponder (2013)</bibRefCitation>
, showing the clenchiellids as genetically distinct from the 
<taxonomicName id="4C6467F057723C2EFF05FDF5BA1DAB71" ID-CoL="7NHW7" box="[151,291,583,608]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="10" pageNumber="111" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Hydrobiidae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B910C06157723C2EFEBCFDF5BA6EAB71" box="[302,336,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="111">s.l.</emphasis>
and sister to the 
<taxonomicName id="4C6467F057723C2EFDB6FDF5B99CAB71" ID-CoL="7NHZ7" box="[548,674,583,608]" class="Gastropoda" family="Iravadiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="10" pageNumber="111" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Iravadiidae</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6467F057723C2EFD73FDF5B864AB71" ID-CoL="7NHPV" box="[737,858,583,608]" class="Gastropoda" family="Calopiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="10" pageNumber="111" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Calopiidae</taxonomicName>
(see Table 2 for comparisons of these and other family-group taxa).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>