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<mods:title id="C108CEB5E46626EAA425ED072635460B">Phylogenetic relationshipsof the shearwater taxaPuffinus (sensu lato) and Calonectris (Aves: Procellariiformes: Procellariidae) based on osteological characters</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="81760193E4D1A185D729D5B9F31C0DEB">Carlos, Caio J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="C7E84A8EC19DE634A4C5C1CB07B5C6CC">Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. &amp; macronectes 1 @ yahoo. co. uk; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 9071 - 1444</mods:affiliation>
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<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1BEBFF568BE4FF48" bold="true" box="[151,393,150,177]" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B1BEBFF568A91FF48" ID-CoL="75BM" authorityName="Brisson" authorityYear="1760" box="[151,252,150,176]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1BEBFF568A91FF48" bold="true" box="[151,252,150,176]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">Puffinus</emphasis>
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(
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1A70FF578BEDFF49" bold="true" box="[268,384,150,177]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">sensu lato</emphasis>
)
</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="8B9F3680674E2C0B1BEBFF1E8E7DFDC4" blockId="29.[151,1437,222,2013]" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">
The final hypothesis found all other members of shearwaters to form a single, monophyletic grouping:
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B1E43FF1E8FF1FF00" authorityName="Brisson" authorityYear="1760" box="[1343,1436,222,248]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1E43FF1E8FF1FF00" box="[1343,1436,222,248]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">Puffinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1BDDFEC38B7CFEE4" box="[161,273,258,284]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">sensu lato</emphasis>
). We did not recover the split of this clade into two subgroups (
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B18ACFEC3899EFEE4" box="[976,1011,259,284]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">i.e.</emphasis>
genera
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B1F37FEC28EC7FEE4" authorityName="Reichenbach" authorityYear="1853" box="[1099,1194,258,284]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Ardenna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1F37FEC28EC7FEE4" box="[1099,1194,258,284]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">Ardenna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B1F9CFEC28F50FEE4" authorityName="Brisson" authorityYear="1760" box="[1248,1341,258,284]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1F9CFEC28F50FEE4" box="[1248,1341,258,284]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">Puffinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) as suggested by molecular-based hypotheses (
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1925FEE788ECFEB8" box="[601,641,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">e.g.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B71674E2C0B19F6FEE6897AFEB8" author="Austin, J. J." box="[650,791,294,320]" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" pagination="77 - 88" refId="ref18104" refString="Austin, J. J. (1996) Molecular phylogenetics of Puffinus shearwaters: preliminary evidence from mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 6 (1), 77 - 88. https: // doi. org / 10.1006 / mpev. 1996.0060" type="journal article" year="1996">Austin 1996</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B71674E2C0B1858FEE68E67FEB8" author="Heidrich, P. &amp; Amengual, J. &amp; Wink, M." box="[804,1034,294,321]" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" pagination="145 - 170" refId="ref19561" refString="Heidrich, P., Amengual, J. &amp; Wink, M. (1998) Phylogenetic relationships in Mediterranean and North Atlantic Puffinus shearwaters (Aves: Procellariidae) based on nucleotide sequences of mtDNA. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 26 (2), 145 - 170. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0305 - 1978 (97) 00085 - 9" type="journal article" year="1998">
Heidrich
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B18F2FEE789ADFEB8" box="[910,960,294,320]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">et al</emphasis>
. 1998
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B71674E2C0B1F69FEE68E88FEB8" author="Austin, J. J. &amp; Bretagnolle, V. &amp; Pasquet, E." box="[1045,1253,294,320]" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" pagination="847 - 864" refId="ref18154" refString="Austin, J. J., Bretagnolle, V. &amp; Pasquet, E. (2004) A global molecular phylogeny of the small Puffinus shearwaters and implications for systematics of the Little-Audubon's shearwater complex. The Auk, 121 (3), 847 - 864. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / auk / 121.3.847" type="journal article" year="2004">
Austin
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1F14FEE78ECCFEB8" box="[1128,1185,294,320]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">et al.</emphasis>
2004
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B71674E2C0B1F8DFEE68B7AFE9C" author="Penhallurick, J. &amp; Wink, W." pageId="29" pageNumber="272" pagination="125 - 147" refId="ref20653" refString="Penhallurick, J. &amp; Wink, W. (2004) Analysis of the taxonomy and nomenclature of the Procellariiformes based on complete nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Emu, 104 (2), 125 - 147. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / MU 01060" type="journal article" year="2004">Penhallurick &amp; Wink 2004</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B71674E2C0B1A5DFE8A8BA3FE9C" author="Pyle, P. &amp; Welch, A. J. &amp; Fleischer, R. C." box="[289,462,330,356]" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" pagination="518 - 527" refId="ref20791" refString="Pyle, P., Welch, A. J. &amp; Fleischer, R. C. (2011) A new species of shearwater (Puffinus) recorded from Midway Atoll, northwestern Hawaiian Islands. The Condor, 113 (3), 518 - 527. https: // doi. org / 10.1525 / cond. 2011.100117" type="journal article" year="2011">
Pyle
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1A25FE8B8BFCFE9C" box="[345,401,330,356]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">et al.</emphasis>
2011
</bibRefCitation>
). The
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B196DFE8A8803FE9C" authorityName="Brisson" authorityYear="1760" box="[529,622,330,356]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B196DFE8A8803FE9C" box="[529,622,330,356]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">Puffinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1901FE8B8880FE9C" box="[637,749,330,356]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">sensu lato</emphasis>
) clade, as recovered herein, is relatively well-supported (RBS = 76) and established by eight unambiguous synapomorphies, plus six optimized by either ACCTRAN or DELTRAN. Some of these characters include the distinctly curved
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B18F6FE538E50FE54" box="[906,1085,402,428]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">pars intermedia</emphasis>
of the mandible, the dorsoventrally enlarged
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1A41FE778BBFFE28" box="[317,466,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">spina externa</emphasis>
of the
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1966FE778819FE28" box="[538,628,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">sternum</emphasis>
and the absence of
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1836FE7689BBFE28" box="[842,982,438,464]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">fossa renalis</emphasis>
(characters 50, 56, and 90, respectively). Despite minor conflicts, the present hypothesis recalls early morphological studies (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B71674E2C0B1F24FE1A8E9FFE0D" author="Kuroda, N. H." box="[1112,1266,474,501]" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" refId="ref19713" refString="Kuroda, N. H. (1954) On the Classification and Phylogeny of the Order Tubinares, Particularly the Shearwaters (Puffinus), with Special Considerations on their Osteology and Habit Differentiation. N. H. Kuroda, Tokyo, 179 pp." type="book" year="1954">Kuroda 1954</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B71674E2C0B1E7CFE1B8FE2FE0D" author="Wragg, G. M." box="[1280,1423,474,501]" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" refId="ref21978" refString="Wragg, G. M. (1985) The comparative biology of Fluttering Shearwater and Hutton's Shearwater and their relationship to other shearwater species. Unpublished M. Appl. Sc. Thesis, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 163 pp." type="book" year="1985">Wragg 1985</bibRefCitation>
), although the results cannot be directly compared as they did not use the same phylogenetic approach as we have; however, we can nevertheless discuss the congruence of these different studies.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9F3680674E2C0B1BBBFD868F20FC30" blockId="29.[151,1437,222,2013]" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">
The need for recognition of two genera among
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B19A7FD868955FD98" authorityName="Brisson" authorityYear="1760" box="[731,824,582,608]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B19A7FD868955FD98" box="[731,824,582,608]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">Puffinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1835FD8789D7FD98" box="[841,954,582,608]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">sensu lato</emphasis>
) has been suggested in many phylogenetic hypotheses based on molecular data, all using the same marker (
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B181EFDAB89E6FD7C" box="[866,907,619,644]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">e.g.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B71674E2C0B18EDFDAA8E70FD7C" author="Austin, J. J." box="[913,1053,618,644]" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" pagination="77 - 88" refId="ref18104" refString="Austin, J. J. (1996) Molecular phylogenetics of Puffinus shearwaters: preliminary evidence from mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 6 (1), 77 - 88. https: // doi. org / 10.1006 / mpev. 1996.0060" type="journal article" year="1996">Austin 1996</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B71674E2C0B1F55FDAA8F67FD7C" author="Heidrich, P. &amp; Amengual, J. &amp; Wink, M." box="[1065,1290,618,644]" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" pagination="145 - 170" refId="ref19561" refString="Heidrich, P., Amengual, J. &amp; Wink, M. (1998) Phylogenetic relationships in Mediterranean and North Atlantic Puffinus shearwaters (Aves: Procellariidae) based on nucleotide sequences of mtDNA. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 26 (2), 145 - 170. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0305 - 1978 (97) 00085 - 9" type="journal article" year="1998">
Heidrich
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1FEDFDAB8EA4FD7C" box="[1169,1225,618,644]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">et al.</emphasis>
1998
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B71674E2C0B1E68FDAA8ABEFD50" author="Austin, J. J. &amp; Bretagnolle, V. &amp; Pasquet, E." pageId="29" pageNumber="272" pagination="847 - 864" refId="ref18154" refString="Austin, J. J., Bretagnolle, V. &amp; Pasquet, E. (2004) A global molecular phylogeny of the small Puffinus shearwaters and implications for systematics of the Little-Audubon's shearwater complex. The Auk, 121 (3), 847 - 864. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / auk / 121.3.847" type="journal article" year="2004">
Austin
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1E19FDAB8FF0FD7C" box="[1381,1437,618,644]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">et al.</emphasis>
2004
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B71674E2C0B1BA2FD4E887CFD50" author="Penhallurick, J. &amp; Wink, W." box="[222,529,654,680]" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" pagination="125 - 147" refId="ref20653" refString="Penhallurick, J. &amp; Wink, W. (2004) Analysis of the taxonomy and nomenclature of the Procellariiformes based on complete nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Emu, 104 (2), 125 - 147. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / MU 01060" type="journal article" year="2004">Penhallurick &amp; Wink 2004</bibRefCitation>
). However, monophyly of the currently accepted
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B1F40FD4E8EF6FD50" authorityName="Reichenbach" authorityYear="1853" box="[1084,1179,654,680]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Ardenna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1F40FD4E8EF6FD50" box="[1084,1179,654,680]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">Ardenna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is not supported in the present analysis. Instead, its members form successive sister taxa to
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B18D8FD728E6CFD34" authorityName="Brisson" authorityYear="1760" box="[932,1025,690,716]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B18D8FD728E6CFD34" box="[932,1025,690,716]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">Puffinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1F6FFD738ECFFD34" box="[1043,1186,691,716]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">sensu stricto</emphasis>
). The topology of the final hypothesis differs significantly from the molecular hypotheses, wherein
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B1F7DFD168E0DFD08" authorityName="Reichenbach" authorityYear="1853" box="[1025,1120,726,752]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Ardenna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1F7DFD168E0DFD08" box="[1025,1120,726,752]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">Ardenna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B1FEBFD168E99FD08" authorityName="Brisson" authorityYear="1760" box="[1175,1268,726,752]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1FEBFD168E99FD08" box="[1175,1268,726,752]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">Puffinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1E7AFD178FFEFD08" box="[1286,1427,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">sensu stricto</emphasis>
) are shown to be two different clades, sometimes not even sister genera (
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B18B8FD3B8981FCEC" box="[964,1004,763,788]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">e.g.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B71674E2C0B1888FD3A8EB4FCEC" author="Heidrich, P. &amp; Amengual, J. &amp; Wink, M." box="[1012,1241,762,788]" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" pagination="145 - 170" refId="ref19561" refString="Heidrich, P., Amengual, J. &amp; Wink, M. (1998) Phylogenetic relationships in Mediterranean and North Atlantic Puffinus shearwaters (Aves: Procellariidae) based on nucleotide sequences of mtDNA. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 26 (2), 145 - 170. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0305 - 1978 (97) 00085 - 9" type="journal article" year="1998">
Heidrich
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1F22FD3B8EFBFCEC" box="[1118,1174,762,788]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">et al.</emphasis>
1998
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B71674E2C0B1F99FD3B8ABFFCC0" author="Nunn, G. B. &amp; Stanley, S. E." pageId="29" pageNumber="272" pagination="1360 - 1371" refId="ref20468" refString="Nunn, G. B. &amp; Stanley, S. E. (1998) Body size effects and rates of cytochrome b evolution in tube-nosed seabirds. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 15 (10), 1360 - 1371. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / oxfordjournals. molbev. a 025864" type="journal article" year="1998">Nunn &amp; Stanley 1998</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B71674E2C0B1BA3FCDE8BAFFCC0" author="Ramirez, O. &amp; Illera, J. C. &amp; Rando, J. C. &amp; Gonzalez-Solis, J. &amp; Alcover, J. A. &amp; Lalueza-Fox, C." box="[223,450,798,824]" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" pagination="16072" refId="ref20853" refString="Ramirez, O., Illera, J. C., Rando, J. C., Gonzalez-Solis, J., Alcover, J. A. &amp; Lalueza-Fox, C. (2010) Ancient DNA of the extinct Lava Shearwater (Puffinus olsoni) from the Canary Islands reveals incipient differentiation within the P. puffinus complex. Plos One, 5 (12), e 16072. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0016072" type="journal article" year="2010">
Ramirez
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1A39FCDF8B12FCC0" box="[325,383,798,824]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">et al.</emphasis>
2010
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B71674E2C0B1AB2FCDE88E9FCC0" author="Pyle, P. &amp; Welch, A. J. &amp; Fleischer, R. C." box="[462,644,798,824]" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" pagination="518 - 527" refId="ref20791" refString="Pyle, P., Welch, A. J. &amp; Fleischer, R. C. (2011) A new species of shearwater (Puffinus) recorded from Midway Atoll, northwestern Hawaiian Islands. The Condor, 113 (3), 518 - 527. https: // doi. org / 10.1525 / cond. 2011.100117" type="journal article" year="2011">
Pyle
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B197BFCDF882CFCC0" box="[519,577,798,824]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">et al.</emphasis>
2011
</bibRefCitation>
). Alternatively, the morphological, pre-cladistic hypotheses of
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B71674E2C0B1E34FCDE8A8FFCA5" author="Kuroda, N. H." pageId="29" pageNumber="272" refId="ref19713" refString="Kuroda, N. H. (1954) On the Classification and Phylogeny of the Order Tubinares, Particularly the Shearwaters (Puffinus), with Special Considerations on their Osteology and Habit Differentiation. N. H. Kuroda, Tokyo, 179 pp." type="book" year="1954">Kuroda (1954)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B71674E2C0B1A6BFC838BD9FCA5" author="Wragg, G. M." box="[279,436,834,861]" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" refId="ref21978" refString="Wragg, G. M. (1985) The comparative biology of Fluttering Shearwater and Hutton's Shearwater and their relationship to other shearwater species. Unpublished M. Appl. Sc. Thesis, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 163 pp." type="book" year="1985">Wragg (1985)</bibRefCitation>
suggested that a single “ancestral” taxon has sequentially given rise to each phylogenetic subgroup within the
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B1A05FCA68BBBFC78" authorityName="Brisson" authorityYear="1760" box="[377,470,870,896]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1A05FCA68BBBFC78" box="[377,470,870,896]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">Puffinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1A99FCA78839FC78" box="[485,596,870,896]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">sensu lato</emphasis>
) clade. The final hypothesis, (
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B18DCFCA68E0DFC78" box="[928,1120,870,896]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Ardenna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pacifica">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B18DCFCA68E0DFC78" box="[928,1120,870,896]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">Ardenna pacifica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B1F13FCA78EB4FC78" box="[1135,1241,870,897]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bulleri">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1F13FCA78EB4FC78" box="[1135,1241,870,897]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">A. bulleri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B1F94FCA78F19FC78" baseAuthorityName="Coues" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[1256,1396,871,897]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Ardenna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="creatopus">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1F94FCA78F19FC78" box="[1256,1396,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">A. creatopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B1EF8FCA78B69FC5C" baseAuthorityName="Gould" baseAuthorityYear="1844" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Ardenna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carneipes">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1EF8FCA78B69FC5C" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">A. carneipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B1A6FFC4B8B1AFC5C" baseAuthorityName="O'Reilly" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[275,375,907,933]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gravis">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1A6FFC4B8B1AFC5C" box="[275,375,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">A. gravis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
((
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1AF3FC4B88C2FC5C" box="[399,687,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B1AF3FC4B8B9EFC5C" box="[399,499,907,933]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Ardenna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grisea">A. grisea</taxonomicName>
+
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B196DFC4B88C2FC5C" box="[529,687,907,933]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Ardenna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tenuirostris">A. tenuirostris</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
) (
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B19B4FC4A89F6FC5C" authorityName="Streets" authorityYear="1877" box="[712,923,906,932]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nativitatis">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B19B4FC4A89F6FC5C" box="[712,923,906,932]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">Puffinus nativitatis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B18D6FC4B8E73FC5C" box="[938,1054,906,932]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="puffinus">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B18D6FC4B8E73FC5C" box="[938,1054,906,932]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">P. puffinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B1F51FC4B8EB2FC5C" box="[1069,1247,907,932]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mauretanicus">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1F51FC4B8EB2FC5C" box="[1069,1247,907,932]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">P. mauretanicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B1F92FC4B8FF1FC5C" authorityName="Coues" authorityYear="1864" box="[1262,1436,906,932]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="opisthomelas">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1F92FC4B8FF1FC5C" box="[1262,1436,906,932]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">P. opisthomelas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B1BDDFC6F8A97FC30" box="[161,250,943,968]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gavia">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1BDDFC6F8A97FC30" box="[161,250,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">P. gavia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B1A77FC6F8B18FC30" box="[267,373,942,968]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="huttoni">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1A77FC6F8B18FC30" box="[267,373,942,968]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">P. huttoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B1AFAFC6F886BFC30" box="[390,518,942,968]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yelkouan">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1AFAFC6F886BFC30" box="[390,518,942,968]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">P. yelkouan</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B196BFC6F88DDFC30" box="[535,688,942,968]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lherminieri">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B196BFC6F88DDFC30" box="[535,688,942,968]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">P. lherminieri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B19B2FC6F8926FC30" box="[718,843,942,968]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="assimilis">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B19B2FC6F8926FC30" box="[718,843,942,968]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">P. assimilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)))))))))))))), appears to match this perception.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9F3680674E2C0B1BBBFC128B72FAC8" blockId="29.[151,1437,222,2013]" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B71674E2C0B1BBBFC128B1DFC15" author="Kuroda, N. H." box="[199,368,978,1005]" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" refId="ref19713" refString="Kuroda, N. H. (1954) On the Classification and Phylogeny of the Order Tubinares, Particularly the Shearwaters (Puffinus), with Special Considerations on their Osteology and Habit Differentiation. N. H. Kuroda, Tokyo, 179 pp." type="book" year="1954">Kuroda (1954)</bibRefCitation>
, who studied shearwaters based on different
<typeStatus id="549B8822674E2C0B1813FC1389C7FC15" box="[879,938,979,1005]" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">types</typeStatus>
of data, including external morphology, osteology, and behaviour, proposed a classification with five monophyletic subgroups within
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B1FD6FC368F6AFBE8" authorityName="Brisson" authorityYear="1760" box="[1194,1287,1014,1040]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1FD6FC368F6AFBE8" box="[1194,1287,1014,1040]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">Puffinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1E65FC378FE1FBE8" box="[1305,1420,1014,1040]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">sensu lato</emphasis>
). According to him,
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B1A14FBDB8B8CFBCC" box="[360,481,1050,1077]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Ardenna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pacifica">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1A14FBDB8B8CFBCC" box="[360,481,1050,1077]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">A. pacifica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B196AFBDB8812FBCC" box="[534,639,1050,1077]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bulleri">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B196AFBDB8812FBCC" box="[534,639,1050,1077]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">A. bulleri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are closely related, classified as the
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B1F60FBDA8ED5FBCC" authorityName="Stejneger" authorityYear="1888" box="[1052,1208,1050,1076]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Thyellodroma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1F60FBDA8ED5FBCC" box="[1052,1208,1050,1076]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">Thyellodroma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
subgroup, the most “ancestral” group among all
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B1AA2FBFE8856FBA0" authorityName="Brisson" authorityYear="1760" box="[478,571,1086,1112]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1AA2FBFE8856FBA0" box="[478,571,1086,1112]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">Puffinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1931FBFF88ADFBA0" box="[589,704,1086,1112]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">sensu lato</emphasis>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B71674E2C0B19A4FBFF8915FBA1" author="Wragg, G. M." box="[728,888,1086,1113]" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" refId="ref21978" refString="Wragg, G. M. (1985) The comparative biology of Fluttering Shearwater and Hutton's Shearwater and their relationship to other shearwater species. Unpublished M. Appl. Sc. Thesis, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 163 pp." type="book" year="1985">Wragg (1985)</bibRefCitation>
, using only morphological characters, found the same result. Although
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B1AEFFBA38860FB84" box="[403,525,1122,1149]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Ardenna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pacifica">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1AEFFBA38860FB84" box="[403,525,1122,1149]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">A. pacifica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B193FFBA388C3FB84" box="[579,686,1122,1149]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bulleri">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B193FFBA388C3FB84" box="[579,686,1122,1149]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">A. bulleri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
formed a clade in the equally weighted tree, they did not group together in the implied weighting tree, as
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B192DFB4788A7FB58" box="[593,714,1158,1185]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Ardenna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pacifica">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B192DFB4788A7FB58" box="[593,714,1158,1185]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">A. pacifica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appears to be the sister taxon to all other species, followed by
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B1EF8FB478A8FFB3C" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bulleri">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1EF8FB478A8FFB3C" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">A. bulleri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A similartopology, regarding both species, was presented in the molecular-based hypothesis by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B71674E2C0B1E63FB6A8B64FB10" author="Heidrich, P. &amp; Amengual, J. &amp; Wink, M." pageId="29" pageNumber="272" pagination="145 - 170" refId="ref19561" refString="Heidrich, P., Amengual, J. &amp; Wink, M. (1998) Phylogenetic relationships in Mediterranean and North Atlantic Puffinus shearwaters (Aves: Procellariidae) based on nucleotide sequences of mtDNA. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 26 (2), 145 - 170. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0305 - 1978 (97) 00085 - 9" type="journal article" year="1998">
Heidrich
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1EF4FB6B8AD9FB10" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">et al.</emphasis>
(1998)
</bibRefCitation>
. All other molecular studies support the grouping of (
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B1826FB0F89BFFB10" box="[858,978,1230,1257]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Ardenna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pacifica">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1826FB0F89BFFB10" box="[858,978,1230,1257]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">A. pacifica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B1893FB0F8E35FB10" box="[1007,1112,1230,1257]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bulleri">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1893FB0F8E35FB10" box="[1007,1112,1230,1257]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">A. bulleri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), which is typically regarded as sister to a clade comprising all other species of
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B19BFFB32894FFAF4" authorityName="Reichenbach" authorityYear="1853" box="[707,802,1266,1292]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Ardenna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B19BFFB32894FFAF4" box="[707,802,1266,1292]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">Ardenna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B184EFB338937FAF4" box="[818,858,1267,1292]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">e.g.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B71674E2C0B181DFB328EFDFAF4" author="Penhallurick, J. &amp; Wink, W." box="[865,1168,1266,1292]" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" pagination="125 - 147" refId="ref20653" refString="Penhallurick, J. &amp; Wink, W. (2004) Analysis of the taxonomy and nomenclature of the Procellariiformes based on complete nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Emu, 104 (2), 125 - 147. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / MU 01060" type="journal article" year="2004">Penhallurick &amp; Wink 2004</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B71674E2C0B1FE7FB328F26FAF4" author="Pyle, P. &amp; Welch, A. J. &amp; Fleischer, R. C." box="[1179,1355,1266,1292]" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" pagination="518 - 527" refId="ref20791" refString="Pyle, P., Welch, A. J. &amp; Fleischer, R. C. (2011) A new species of shearwater (Puffinus) recorded from Midway Atoll, northwestern Hawaiian Islands. The Condor, 113 (3), 518 - 527. https: // doi. org / 10.1525 / cond. 2011.100117" type="journal article" year="2011">
Pyle
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1FAFFB338F66FAF4" box="[1235,1291,1266,1292]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">et al.</emphasis>
2011
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B71674E2C0B1E29FB328B7EFAC8" author="Welch, A. J. &amp; Olson, S. L. &amp; Fleischer, R. C." pageId="29" pageNumber="272" pagination="494 - 505" refId="ref21818" refString="Welch, A. J., Olson, S. L. &amp; Fleischer, R. C. (2014) Phylogenetic relationships of the extinct St Helena petrel, Pterodroma rupinarum Olson, 1975 (Procellariiformes: Procellariidae), based on ancient DNA. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 170 (3), 494 - 505. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / zoj. 12078" type="journal article" year="2014">
Welch
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1BEBFAD78AA2FAC8" box="[151,207,1302,1328]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">et al.</emphasis>
2014
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9F3680674E2C0B1BBBFAFA88A4F918" blockId="29.[151,1437,222,2013]" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">
The next species, sister taxon to the remaining species of
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B181CFAFA89D0FAAC" authorityName="Brisson" authorityYear="1760" box="[864,957,1338,1364]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B181CFAFA89D0FAAC" box="[864,957,1338,1364]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">Puffinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B18ACFAFB8E2EFAAC" box="[976,1091,1338,1364]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">sensu lato</emphasis>
), is
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B1F04FAFB8F6BFAAC" baseAuthorityName="Coues" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[1144,1286,1339,1365]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Ardenna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="creatopus">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1F04FAFB8F6BFAAC" box="[1144,1286,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">A. creatopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, followed by
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B1BEBFA9F8B4EFA80" baseAuthorityName="Gould" baseAuthorityYear="1844" box="[151,291,1375,1401]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Ardenna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carneipes">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1BEBFA9F8B4EFA80" box="[151,291,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">A. carneipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B71674E2C0B1A4CFA9E8BB8FA81" author="Kuroda, N. H." box="[304,469,1374,1401]" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" refId="ref19713" refString="Kuroda, N. H. (1954) On the Classification and Phylogeny of the Order Tubinares, Particularly the Shearwaters (Puffinus), with Special Considerations on their Osteology and Habit Differentiation. N. H. Kuroda, Tokyo, 179 pp." type="book" year="1954">Kuroda (1954)</bibRefCitation>
proposed that these species be combined in the
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B188BFA9E8EE3FA80" authorityName="Iredale" authorityYear="1913" box="[1015,1166,1374,1400]" class="Aves" genus="Hemipuffinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B188BFA9E8EE3FA80" box="[1015,1166,1374,1400]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">Hemipuffinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
subgroup, although, in the present hypothesis, they are sequentially arranged.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B71674E2C0B1982FA4389F7FA65" author="Wragg, G. M." box="[766,922,1410,1437]" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" refId="ref21978" refString="Wragg, G. M. (1985) The comparative biology of Fluttering Shearwater and Hutton's Shearwater and their relationship to other shearwater species. Unpublished M. Appl. Sc. Thesis, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 163 pp." type="book" year="1985">Wragg (1985)</bibRefCitation>
did not discuss this subgroup, as his proposal showed a polytomy regarding the position of
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B19F1FA678975FA38" baseAuthorityName="Coues" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[653,792,1447,1473]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Ardenna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="creatopus">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B19F1FA678975FA38" box="[653,792,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">A. creatopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B185AFA6789DCFA38" baseAuthorityName="Gould" baseAuthorityYear="1844" box="[806,945,1447,1473]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Ardenna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carneipes">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B185AFA6789DCFA38" box="[806,945,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">A. carneipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and the clade formed by the remaining species of
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B1B9BFA0A8B29FA1C" authorityName="Brisson" authorityYear="1760" box="[231,324,1482,1508]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1B9BFA0A8B29FA1C" box="[231,324,1482,1508]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">Puffinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1A28FA0B8BA8FA1C" box="[340,453,1482,1508]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">sensu lato</emphasis>
). Molecular-based hypotheses typically consider
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B1892FA0B8E17FA1C" baseAuthorityName="Coues" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[1006,1146,1483,1509]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Ardenna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="creatopus">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1892FA0B8E17FA1C" box="[1006,1146,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">A. creatopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B1FCDFA0B8F50FA1C" baseAuthorityName="Gould" baseAuthorityYear="1844" box="[1201,1341,1483,1509]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Ardenna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carneipes">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1FCDFA0B8F50FA1C" box="[1201,1341,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">A. carneipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as sister taxa; however, the subgroup relationship among the other
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B1854FA2E898DF9F0" box="[808,992,1518,1544]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Ardenna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1854FA2E89EAF9F0" box="[808,903,1518,1544]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">Ardenna</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
is sometimes conflicting. Most studies indicate
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B1B8AF9D38B37F9D4" baseAuthorityName="O'Reilly" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[246,346,1555,1581]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gravis">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1B8AF9D38B37F9D4" box="[246,346,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">A. gravis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as sister taxon to the
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B1933F9D2888BF9D4" authorityName="Iredale" authorityYear="1913" box="[591,742,1554,1580]" class="Aves" genus="Hemipuffinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1933F9D2888BF9D4" box="[591,742,1554,1580]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">Hemipuffinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
subgroup (
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1816F9D389FFF9D4" box="[874,914,1555,1580]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">e.g.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B71674E2C0B18E4F9D28E0CF9D4" author="Austin, J. J. &amp; Bretagnolle, V. &amp; Pasquet, E." box="[920,1121,1554,1580]" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" pagination="847 - 864" refId="ref18154" refString="Austin, J. J., Bretagnolle, V. &amp; Pasquet, E. (2004) A global molecular phylogeny of the small Puffinus shearwaters and implications for systematics of the Little-Audubon's shearwater complex. The Auk, 121 (3), 847 - 864. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / auk / 121.3.847" type="journal article" year="2004">
Austin
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1895F9D38E4DF9D4" box="[1001,1056,1554,1580]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">et al.</emphasis>
2004
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B71674E2C0B1F17F9D28FF5F9D4" author="Penhallurick, J. &amp; Wink, W." box="[1131,1432,1554,1580]" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" pagination="125 - 147" refId="ref20653" refString="Penhallurick, J. &amp; Wink, W. (2004) Analysis of the taxonomy and nomenclature of the Procellariiformes based on complete nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Emu, 104 (2), 125 - 147. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / MU 01060" type="journal article" year="2004">Penhallurick &amp; Wink 2004</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B71674E2C0B1BEBF9F68BFBF9A8" author="Kawakami, K. &amp; Eda, M. &amp; Izumi, H. &amp; Horikoshi, K. &amp; Suzuki, H." box="[151,406,1590,1616]" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" pagination="11 - 18" refId="ref19654" refString="Kawakami, K., Eda, M., Izumi, H., Horikoshi, K. &amp; Suzuki, H. (2018) Phylogenetic position of endangered Puffinus lherminieri bannermani. Ornithological Science, 17 (1), 11 - 18. https: // doi. org / 10.2326 / osj. 17.11" type="journal article" year="2018">
Kawakami
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1A65F9F78B3FF9A8" box="[281,338,1590,1616]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">et al.</emphasis>
2018
</bibRefCitation>
), but the grouping (
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B190BF9F788B3F9A8" box="[631,734,1591,1617]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Ardenna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grisea">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B190BF9F788B3F9A8" box="[631,734,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">A. grisea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B1993F9F78911F9A8" baseAuthorityName="Coues" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[751,892,1591,1617]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Ardenna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="creatopus">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1993F9F78911F9A8" box="[751,892,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">A. creatopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B18E1F9F78E47F9A8" baseAuthorityName="Gould" baseAuthorityYear="1844" box="[925,1066,1591,1617]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Ardenna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carneipes">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B18E1F9F78E47F9A8" box="[925,1066,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">A. carneipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)) was suggested by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B71674E2C0B1E6FF9F78B3BF98C" author="Tennyson, A. J. D. &amp; Shepherd, L. D." pageId="29" pageNumber="272" pagination="379 - 384" refId="ref21622" refString="Tennyson, A. J. D. &amp; Shepherd, L. D. (2017) DNA reveals the relationships of the extinct Scarlett's Shearwater Puffinus spelaeus (Procellariiformes: Procellariidae). Journal of Ornithology, 158, 379 - 384. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10336 - 016 - 1416 - 5" type="journal article" year="2017">Tennyson &amp; Shepherd (2017)</bibRefCitation>
, and
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B71674E2C0B1AE8F99A88EAF98C" author="Ramirez, O. &amp; Illera, J. C. &amp; Rando, J. C. &amp; Gonzalez-Solis, J. &amp; Alcover, J. A. &amp; Lalueza-Fox, C." box="[404,647,1626,1652]" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" pagination="16072" refId="ref20853" refString="Ramirez, O., Illera, J. C., Rando, J. C., Gonzalez-Solis, J., Alcover, J. A. &amp; Lalueza-Fox, C. (2010) Ancient DNA of the extinct Lava Shearwater (Puffinus olsoni) from the Canary Islands reveals incipient differentiation within the P. puffinus complex. Plos One, 5 (12), e 16072. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0016072" type="journal article" year="2010">
Ramirez
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1A87F99B8859F98C" box="[507,564,1626,1652]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">et al.</emphasis>
(2010)
</bibRefCitation>
was unable to define the position of
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B1F44F99A8EA2F98C" authorityName="Iredale" authorityYear="1913" box="[1080,1231,1626,1652]" class="Aves" genus="Hemipuffinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1F44F99A8EA2F98C" box="[1080,1231,1626,1652]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">Hemipuffinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
within the genus due to a polytomy. Although
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B71674E2C0B1AA3F9BE88BFF960" author="Heidrich, P. &amp; Amengual, J. &amp; Wink, M." box="[479,722,1662,1688]" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" pagination="145 - 170" refId="ref19561" refString="Heidrich, P., Amengual, J. &amp; Wink, M. (1998) Phylogenetic relationships in Mediterranean and North Atlantic Puffinus shearwaters (Aves: Procellariidae) based on nucleotide sequences of mtDNA. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 26 (2), 145 - 170. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0305 - 1978 (97) 00085 - 9" type="journal article" year="1998">
Heidrich
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1934F9BF88EDF960" box="[584,640,1662,1688]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">et al.</emphasis>
(1998)
</bibRefCitation>
did not include
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B18F5F9BF8E78F960" baseAuthorityName="Gould" baseAuthorityYear="1844" box="[905,1045,1663,1689]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Ardenna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carneipes">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B18F5F9BF8E78F960" box="[905,1045,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">A. carneipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in their molecular analyses, which could have changed their resulting trees, the topology they presented for the relationship (
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B1FF3F9638F64F944" box="[1167,1289,1698,1725]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Ardenna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pacifica">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1FF3F9638F64F944" box="[1167,1289,1698,1725]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">A. pacifica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B1E66F9638FE8F944" box="[1306,1413,1698,1725]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bulleri">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1E66F9638FE8F944" box="[1306,1413,1698,1725]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">A. bulleri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B1BEBF9078B4EF918" baseAuthorityName="Coues" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[151,291,1735,1761]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Ardenna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="creatopus">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1BEBF9078B4EF918" box="[151,291,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">A. creatopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)) is similar to the present hypothesis.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9F3680674E2C0B1BBBF92A8B53F889" blockId="29.[151,1437,222,2013]" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">
The last three
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B1A10F92A8844F8FC" box="[364,553,1770,1796]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Ardenna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1A10F92A8BA6F8FC" box="[364,459,1770,1796]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">Ardenna</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
, following
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B71674E2C0B19D7F92A8938F8FD" author="Kuroda, N. H." box="[683,853,1770,1797]" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" refId="ref19713" refString="Kuroda, N. H. (1954) On the Classification and Phylogeny of the Order Tubinares, Particularly the Shearwaters (Puffinus), with Special Considerations on their Osteology and Habit Differentiation. N. H. Kuroda, Tokyo, 179 pp." type="book" year="1954">Kuroda (1954)</bibRefCitation>
, were divided into two other subgroups:
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B1E4AF92A8FF8F8FC" authorityName="Reichenbach" authorityYear="1853" box="[1334,1429,1770,1796]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Ardenna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1E4AF92A8FF8F8FC" box="[1334,1429,1770,1796]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">Ardenna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B1BBCF8CF8B4BF8D0" baseAuthorityName="O'Reilly" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[192,294,1807,1833]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gravis">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1BBCF8CF8B4BF8D0" box="[192,294,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">A. gravis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; and
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B1A0CF8CF8B84F8D0" authorityName="Mathews" authorityYear="1913" box="[368,489,1807,1832]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Neonectris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1A0CF8CF8B84F8D0" box="[368,489,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">Neonectris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B195EF8CF88E5F8D0" box="[546,648,1807,1833]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Ardenna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grisea">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B195EF8CF88E5F8D0" box="[546,648,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">A. grisea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B19BDF8CF890CF8D0" box="[705,865,1807,1833]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Ardenna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tenuirostris">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B19BDF8CF890CF8D0" box="[705,865,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">A. tenuirostris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B180EF8CE8E25F8D0" authorityName="Streets" authorityYear="1877" box="[882,1096,1806,1832]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nativitatis">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B180EF8CE8E25F8D0" box="[882,1096,1806,1832]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">Puffinus nativitatis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was also placed in the latter). According to
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B71674E2C0B1A4CF8F28BBAF8B5" author="Kuroda, N. H." box="[304,471,1842,1869]" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" refId="ref19713" refString="Kuroda, N. H. (1954) On the Classification and Phylogeny of the Order Tubinares, Particularly the Shearwaters (Puffinus), with Special Considerations on their Osteology and Habit Differentiation. N. H. Kuroda, Tokyo, 179 pp." type="book" year="1954">Kuroda (1954)</bibRefCitation>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B1A97F8F28827F8B4" authorityName="Reichenbach" authorityYear="1853" box="[491,586,1842,1868]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Ardenna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1A97F8F28827F8B4" box="[491,586,1842,1868]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">Ardenna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is closely related to the group formed by
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B1F5BF8F38ECDF8B4" authorityName="Mathews" authorityYear="1913" box="[1063,1184,1843,1868]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Neonectris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1F5BF8F38ECDF8B4" box="[1063,1184,1843,1868]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">Neonectris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and all other
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B1E43F8F28FF1F8B4" authorityName="Brisson" authorityYear="1760" box="[1343,1436,1842,1868]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1E43F8F28FF1F8B4" box="[1343,1436,1842,1868]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">Puffinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1BDDF8978B43F888" box="[161,302,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">sensu stricto</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9F3680674E2C081BBBF8BA8BF2FDE1" blockId="29.[151,1437,222,2013]" lastBlockId="30.[151,1437,150,1653]" lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="273" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">
As recovered herein,
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B1AC1F8BB8849F86C" baseAuthorityName="O'Reilly" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[445,548,1915,1941]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gravis">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1AC1F8BB8849F86C" box="[445,548,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">A. gravis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is sister to ((
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B19C3F8BB894BF86C" box="[703,806,1915,1941]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Ardenna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grisea">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B19C3F8BB894BF86C" box="[703,806,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">A. grisea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B1834F8BB8987F86C" box="[840,1002,1915,1941]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Ardenna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tenuirostris">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1834F8BB8987F86C" box="[840,1002,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">A. tenuirostris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) + (
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B1F62F8BA8E16F86C" authorityName="Brisson" authorityYear="1760" box="[1054,1147,1914,1940]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1F62F8BA8E16F86C" box="[1054,1147,1914,1940]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">Puffinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1FF2F8BB8F73F86C" box="[1166,1310,1915,1940]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">sensu stricto</emphasis>
))).
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B71674E2C0B1E34F8BA8A8FF841" author="Kuroda, N. H." pageId="29" pageNumber="272" refId="ref19713" refString="Kuroda, N. H. (1954) On the Classification and Phylogeny of the Order Tubinares, Particularly the Shearwaters (Puffinus), with Special Considerations on their Osteology and Habit Differentiation. N. H. Kuroda, Tokyo, 179 pp." type="book" year="1954">Kuroda (1954)</bibRefCitation>
placed
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B1A46F85F8BA8F840" authorityName="Streets" authorityYear="1877" box="[314,453,1951,1976]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nativitatis">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1A46F85F8BA8F840" box="[314,453,1951,1976]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">P. nativitatis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in his
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B1967F85F88F9F840" authorityName="Mathews" authorityYear="1913" box="[539,660,1951,1976]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Neonectris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1967F85F88F9F840" box="[539,660,1951,1976]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">Neonectris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
subgroup based on external morphology and behaviour. Afterwards, osteological analysis by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B71674E2C0B1ADAF803882FF825" author="Wragg, G. M." box="[422,578,1986,2013]" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" refId="ref21978" refString="Wragg, G. M. (1985) The comparative biology of Fluttering Shearwater and Hutton's Shearwater and their relationship to other shearwater species. Unpublished M. Appl. Sc. Thesis, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 163 pp." type="book" year="1985">Wragg (1985)</bibRefCitation>
led to the hypothesis that
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B1815F8038999F824" authorityName="Streets" authorityYear="1877" box="[873,1012,1987,2012]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nativitatis">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1815F8038999F824" box="[873,1012,1987,2012]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">P. nativitatis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was sister to all other
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674E2C0B1F8CF8028F20F824" authorityName="Brisson" authorityYear="1760" box="[1264,1357,1986,2012]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C0B1F8CF8028F20F824" box="[1264,1357,1986,2012]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">Puffinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B954EA92674E2C081E22F8038AB2FF48" italics="true" lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="273" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">sensu stricto</emphasis>
) species, making
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674D2C081AD2FF57884AFF48" authorityName="Mathews" authorityYear="1913" box="[430,551,151,176]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Neonectris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C081AD2FF57884AFF48" box="[430,551,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">Neonectris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
a polyphyletic group.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B71674D2C08185BFF5789BBFF49" author="Wragg, G. M." box="[807,982,150,177]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" refId="ref21978" refString="Wragg, G. M. (1985) The comparative biology of Fluttering Shearwater and Hutton's Shearwater and their relationship to other shearwater species. Unpublished M. Appl. Sc. Thesis, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 163 pp." type="book" year="1985">Wraggs (1985)</bibRefCitation>
hypothesis is now supported by molecular-based studies (
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C081A1AFF7B8BE3FF2C" box="[358,398,187,212]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">e.g.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B71674D2C081AE4FF7B884BFF2D" author="Austin, J. J." box="[408,550,187,213]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" pagination="77 - 88" refId="ref18104" refString="Austin, J. J. (1996) Molecular phylogenetics of Puffinus shearwaters: preliminary evidence from mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 6 (1), 77 - 88. https: // doi. org / 10.1006 / mpev. 1996.0060" type="journal article" year="1996">Austin 1996</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B71674D2C081948FF7B8970FF2D" author="Heidrich, P. &amp; Amengual, J. &amp; Wink, M." box="[564,797,187,213]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" pagination="145 - 170" refId="ref19561" refString="Heidrich, P., Amengual, J. &amp; Wink, M. (1998) Phylogenetic relationships in Mediterranean and North Atlantic Puffinus shearwaters (Aves: Procellariidae) based on nucleotide sequences of mtDNA. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 26 (2), 145 - 170. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0305 - 1978 (97) 00085 - 9" type="journal article" year="1998">
Heidrich
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C0819E3FF7B88B4FF2D" box="[671,729,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">et al.</emphasis>
1998
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B71674D2C081856FF7B8E00FF2D" author="Tennyson, A. J. D. &amp; Shepherd, L. D." box="[810,1133,187,213]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" pagination="379 - 384" refId="ref21622" refString="Tennyson, A. J. D. &amp; Shepherd, L. D. (2017) DNA reveals the relationships of the extinct Scarlett's Shearwater Puffinus spelaeus (Procellariiformes: Procellariidae). Journal of Ornithology, 158, 379 - 384. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10336 - 016 - 1416 - 5" type="journal article" year="2017">Tennyson &amp; Shepherd 2017</bibRefCitation>
), in which
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674D2C081F92FF7B8F26FF2D" authorityName="Brisson" authorityYear="1760" box="[1262,1355,187,213]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C081F92FF7B8F26FF2D" box="[1262,1355,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">Puffinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C081E22FF7B8AAEFF01" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">sensu lato</emphasis>
) is split into two genera, and
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674D2C08196FFF1F88F2FF00" authorityName="Streets" authorityYear="1877" box="[531,671,223,248]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nativitatis">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C08196FFF1F88F2FF00" box="[531,671,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">P. nativitatis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is part of
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674D2C08186FFF1F891DFF01" authorityName="Brisson" authorityYear="1760" box="[787,880,223,249]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C08186FFF1F891DFF01" box="[787,880,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">Puffinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C0818FCFF1F8E60FF00" box="[896,1037,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">sensu stricto</emphasis>
). Nevertheless, the present analysis found (
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674D2C081B95FEC38B23FEE4" box="[233,334,259,285]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Ardenna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grisea">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C081B95FEC38B23FEE4" box="[233,334,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">A. grisea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674D2C081A10FEC38866FEE4" box="[364,523,259,285]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Ardenna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tenuirostris">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C081A10FEC38866FEE4" box="[364,523,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">A. tenuirostris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) to be monophyletic, supported by two unambiguous synapomorphies, plus four according to either ACCTRAN or DELTRAN. Furthermore, this group appears to be the sister clade to
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674D2C081E43FEE78FF1FEB9" authorityName="Brisson" authorityYear="1760" box="[1343,1436,295,321]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C081E43FEE78FF1FEB9" box="[1343,1436,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">Puffinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C081BDDFE8B8B5CFE9C" box="[161,305,331,356]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">sensu stricto</emphasis>
). This relationship was previously suggested by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B71674D2C08181BFE8B8E67FE9D" author="Wragg, G. M." box="[871,1034,330,357]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" refId="ref21978" refString="Wragg, G. M. (1985) The comparative biology of Fluttering Shearwater and Hutton's Shearwater and their relationship to other shearwater species. Unpublished M. Appl. Sc. Thesis, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 163 pp." type="book" year="1985">Wragg (1985)</bibRefCitation>
; however, it is not present in most molecular hypotheses.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B71674D2C081AE5FEAF885BFE72" author="Austin, J. J." box="[409,566,367,394]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" pagination="77 - 88" refId="ref18104" refString="Austin, J. J. (1996) Molecular phylogenetics of Puffinus shearwaters: preliminary evidence from mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 6 (1), 77 - 88. https: // doi. org / 10.1006 / mpev. 1996.0060" type="journal article" year="1996">Austin (1996)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B71674D2C081913FEAF8908FE71" author="Heidrich, P. &amp; Amengual, J. &amp; Wink, M." box="[623,869,367,393]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" pagination="145 - 170" refId="ref19561" refString="Heidrich, P., Amengual, J. &amp; Wink, M. (1998) Phylogenetic relationships in Mediterranean and North Atlantic Puffinus shearwaters (Aves: Procellariidae) based on nucleotide sequences of mtDNA. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 26 (2), 145 - 170. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0305 - 1978 (97) 00085 - 9" type="journal article" year="1998">
Heidrich
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C0819A5FEAF897FFE71" box="[729,786,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">et al.</emphasis>
(1998)
</bibRefCitation>
placed
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674D2C0818C2FEAF8E33FE70" box="[958,1118,367,393]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Ardenna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tenuirostris">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C0818C2FEAF8E33FE70" box="[958,1118,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">A. tenuirostris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as sister taxon to (
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674D2C081E4AFEAF8FF1FE70" baseAuthorityName="O'Reilly" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[1334,1436,367,393]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gravis">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C081E4AFEAF8FF1FE70" box="[1334,1436,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">A. gravis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674D2C081BD3FE538B78FE54" box="[175,277,403,429]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Ardenna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grisea">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C081BD3FE538B78FE54" box="[175,277,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">A. grisea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), whereas other hypotheses propose (
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674D2C0819BCFE53890DFE54" box="[704,864,403,429]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Ardenna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tenuirostris">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C0819BCFE53890DFE54" box="[704,864,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">A. tenuirostris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674D2C08180EFE5389B5FE54" box="[882,984,403,429]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Ardenna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grisea">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C08180EFE5389B5FE54" box="[882,984,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">A. grisea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674D2C081895FE538E22FE54" baseAuthorityName="O'Reilly" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[1001,1103,403,429]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gravis">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C081895FE538E22FE54" box="[1001,1103,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">A. gravis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
))) (
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C081F00FE538EC9FE54" box="[1148,1188,403,428]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">e.g.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B71674D2C081FD1FE538ABEFE29" author="Penhallurick, J. &amp; Wink, W." pageId="30" pageNumber="273" pagination="125 - 147" refId="ref20653" refString="Penhallurick, J. &amp; Wink, W. (2004) Analysis of the taxonomy and nomenclature of the Procellariiformes based on complete nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Emu, 104 (2), 125 - 147. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / MU 01060" type="journal article" year="2004">Penhallurick &amp; Wink 2004</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B71674D2C081BA3FE778BF6FE29" author="Pyle, P. &amp; Welch, A. J. &amp; Fleischer, R. C." box="[223,411,439,465]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" pagination="518 - 527" refId="ref20791" refString="Pyle, P., Welch, A. J. &amp; Fleischer, R. C. (2011) A new species of shearwater (Puffinus) recorded from Midway Atoll, northwestern Hawaiian Islands. The Condor, 113 (3), 518 - 527. https: // doi. org / 10.1525 / cond. 2011.100117" type="journal article" year="2011">
Pyle
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C081A67FE778B3AFE29" box="[283,343,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">et al.</emphasis>
2011
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B71674D2C081AD6FE778812FE29" author="Welch, A. J. &amp; Olson, S. L. &amp; Fleischer, R. C." box="[426,639,439,465]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" pagination="494 - 505" refId="ref21818" refString="Welch, A. J., Olson, S. L. &amp; Fleischer, R. C. (2014) Phylogenetic relationships of the extinct St Helena petrel, Pterodroma rupinarum Olson, 1975 (Procellariiformes: Procellariidae), based on ancient DNA. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 170 (3), 494 - 505. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / zoj. 12078" type="journal article" year="2014">
Welch
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C081A80FE77885AFE29" box="[508,567,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">et al.</emphasis>
2014
</bibRefCitation>
). The conflicting placement of these species has also produced some unresolved relationships within the genus (
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C081909FE1B88FAFE0C" box="[629,663,475,500]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">i.e.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B71674D2C0819E1FE1B8905FE0D" author="Austin, J. J. &amp; Bretagnolle, V. &amp; Pasquet, E." box="[669,872,475,501]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" pagination="847 - 864" refId="ref18154" refString="Austin, J. J., Bretagnolle, V. &amp; Pasquet, E. (2004) A global molecular phylogeny of the small Puffinus shearwaters and implications for systematics of the Little-Audubon's shearwater complex. The Auk, 121 (3), 847 - 864. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / auk / 121.3.847" type="journal article" year="2004">
Austin
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C081992FE1B894BFE0D" box="[750,806,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">et al.</emphasis>
2004
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B71674D2C08180EFE1B8E3FFE0D" author="Ramirez, O. &amp; Illera, J. C. &amp; Rando, J. C. &amp; Gonzalez-Solis, J. &amp; Alcover, J. A. &amp; Lalueza-Fox, C." box="[882,1106,475,501]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" pagination="16072" refId="ref20853" refString="Ramirez, O., Illera, J. C., Rando, J. C., Gonzalez-Solis, J., Alcover, J. A. &amp; Lalueza-Fox, C. (2010) Ancient DNA of the extinct Lava Shearwater (Puffinus olsoni) from the Canary Islands reveals incipient differentiation within the P. puffinus complex. Plos One, 5 (12), e 16072. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0016072" type="journal article" year="2010">
Ramirez
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C0818ABFE1B8E62FE0D" box="[983,1039,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">et al.</emphasis>
2010
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B71674D2C081F20FE1B8FFAFE0D" author="Tennyson, A. J. D. &amp; Shepherd, L. D." box="[1116,1431,475,501]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" pagination="379 - 384" refId="ref21622" refString="Tennyson, A. J. D. &amp; Shepherd, L. D. (2017) DNA reveals the relationships of the extinct Scarlett's Shearwater Puffinus spelaeus (Procellariiformes: Procellariidae). Journal of Ornithology, 158, 379 - 384. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10336 - 016 - 1416 - 5" type="journal article" year="2017">Tennyson &amp; Shepherd 2017</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B71674D2C081BEBFE3F8BF9FDE1" author="Kawakami, K. &amp; Eda, M. &amp; Izumi, H. &amp; Horikoshi, K. &amp; Suzuki, H." box="[151,404,511,537]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" pagination="11 - 18" refId="ref19654" refString="Kawakami, K., Eda, M., Izumi, H., Horikoshi, K. &amp; Suzuki, H. (2018) Phylogenetic position of endangered Puffinus lherminieri bannermani. Ornithological Science, 17 (1), 11 - 18. https: // doi. org / 10.2326 / osj. 17.11" type="journal article" year="2018">
Kawakami
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C081A6BFE3F8B3DFDE1" box="[279,336,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">et al.</emphasis>
2018
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9F3680674D2C081BBBFDE38FFDFC15" blockId="30.[151,1437,150,1653]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">
Molecular-based studies have consistently presented a monophyletic
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674D2C0818A4FDE38E58FDC5" authorityName="Brisson" authorityYear="1760" box="[984,1077,547,573]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C0818A4FDE38E58FDC5" box="[984,1077,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">Puffinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C081F3BFDE38EB8FDC4" box="[1095,1237,547,572]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">sensu stricto</emphasis>
), regardless of its position in relation to
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674D2C081AFBFD878B8BFD99" authorityName="Reichenbach" authorityYear="1853" box="[391,486,583,609]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Ardenna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C081AFBFD878B8BFD99" box="[391,486,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">Ardenna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674D2C081965FD8788F1FD99" authorityName="Mathews &amp; Iredale" authorityYear="1915" box="[537,668,583,609]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Calonectris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C081965FD8788F1FD99" box="[537,668,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">Calonectris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C0819D6FD8788BEFD98" box="[682,723,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">e.g.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B71674D2C0819A4FD8789A1FD99" author="Nunn, G. B. &amp; Stanley, S. E." box="[728,972,583,609]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" pagination="1360 - 1371" refId="ref20468" refString="Nunn, G. B. &amp; Stanley, S. E. (1998) Body size effects and rates of cytochrome b evolution in tube-nosed seabirds. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 15 (10), 1360 - 1371. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / oxfordjournals. molbev. a 025864" type="journal article" year="1998">Nunn &amp; Stanley 1998</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B71674D2C0818AAFD878ECFFD99" author="Austin, J. J. &amp; Bretagnolle, V. &amp; Pasquet, E." box="[982,1186,583,609]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" pagination="847 - 864" refId="ref18154" refString="Austin, J. J., Bretagnolle, V. &amp; Pasquet, E. (2004) A global molecular phylogeny of the small Puffinus shearwaters and implications for systematics of the Little-Audubon's shearwater complex. The Auk, 121 (3), 847 - 864. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / auk / 121.3.847" type="journal article" year="2004">
Austin
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C081F54FD878E0DFD99" box="[1064,1120,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">et al.</emphasis>
2004
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B71674D2C081FD1FD878F33FD99" author="Pyle, P. &amp; Welch, A. J. &amp; Fleischer, R. C." box="[1197,1374,583,609]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" pagination="518 - 527" refId="ref20791" refString="Pyle, P., Welch, A. J. &amp; Fleischer, R. C. (2011) A new species of shearwater (Puffinus) recorded from Midway Atoll, northwestern Hawaiian Islands. The Condor, 113 (3), 518 - 527. https: // doi. org / 10.1525 / cond. 2011.100117" type="journal article" year="2011">
Pyle
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C081F9AFD878F73FD99" box="[1254,1310,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">et al.</emphasis>
2011
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B71674D2C081E15FD878BC6FD7D" author="Tennyson, A. J. D. &amp; Shepherd, L. D." pageId="30" pageNumber="273" pagination="379 - 384" refId="ref21622" refString="Tennyson, A. J. D. &amp; Shepherd, L. D. (2017) DNA reveals the relationships of the extinct Scarlett's Shearwater Puffinus spelaeus (Procellariiformes: Procellariidae). Journal of Ornithology, 158, 379 - 384. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10336 - 016 - 1416 - 5" type="journal article" year="2017">Tennyson &amp; Shepherd 2017</bibRefCitation>
). The monophyly of
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674D2C0819EFFDAB889DFD7D" authorityName="Brisson" authorityYear="1760" box="[659,752,619,645]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C0819EFFDAB889DFD7D" box="[659,752,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">Puffinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C08187CFDAB89E0FD7C" box="[768,909,619,644]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">sensu stricto</emphasis>
) in the present analysis is congruent with these hypotheses (RBS = 82), although its members are placed in the same larger
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674D2C081891FD4F8E27FD51" authorityName="Brisson" authorityYear="1760" box="[1005,1098,655,681]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C081891FD4F8E27FD51" box="[1005,1098,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">Puffinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C081F26FD4F8EA1FD51" box="[1114,1228,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">sensu lato</emphasis>
) clade as
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674D2C081E41FD4F8A85FD35" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Ardenna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C081E41FD4F8FF1FD51" box="[1341,1436,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">Ardenna</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
in both equal and implied weight analyses. In the present hypothesis, the monophyly of
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674D2C081F92FD738F26FD35" authorityName="Brisson" authorityYear="1760" box="[1262,1355,691,717]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C081F92FD738F26FD35" box="[1262,1355,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">Puffinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C081E22FD738AB2FD08" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">sensu stricto</emphasis>
) was supported by 12 synapomorphies from discrete characters (
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C0818CAFD1789B4FD08" box="[950,985,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">i.e.</emphasis>
, nine unambiguous, plus three according to eitherACCTRAN or DELTRAN), as well as 20 from continuous characters. Among other characters discussed by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B71674D2C081BEBFCDF8B52FCC1" author="Kuroda, N. H." box="[151,319,798,825]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" refId="ref19713" refString="Kuroda, N. H. (1954) On the Classification and Phylogeny of the Order Tubinares, Particularly the Shearwaters (Puffinus), with Special Considerations on their Osteology and Habit Differentiation. N. H. Kuroda, Tokyo, 179 pp." type="book" year="1954">Kuroda (1954)</bibRefCitation>
, these synapomorphies include the cranially positioned
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C0818D2FCDF8E2DFCC0" box="[942,1088,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">apex carinae</emphasis>
of the
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C081FF1FCDF8E8AFCC0" box="[1165,1255,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">sternum</emphasis>
and the slender, pointed
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C081B88FC838879FCA5" box="[244,532,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">crista cnemialis cranialis</emphasis>
of
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C081941FC8388D8FCA5" box="[573,693,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">tibiotarsus</emphasis>
(characters 62 and 98, respectively).
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674D2C081F1FFC838F54FCA4" authorityName="Streets" authorityYear="1877" box="[1123,1337,835,861]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nativitatis">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C081F1FFC838F54FCA4" box="[1123,1337,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">Puffinus nativitatis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, according to the present analysis, is sister to all other
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674D2C0819DAFCA7896EFC79" authorityName="Brisson" authorityYear="1760" box="[678,771,871,897]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C0819DAFCA7896EFC79" box="[678,771,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">Puffinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C08186FFCA789CCFC78" box="[787,929,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">sensu stricto</emphasis>
) species, congruent with both morphological (
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C081BDDFC4B8AA4FC5C" box="[161,201,907,932]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">e.g.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B71674D2C081BACFC4B8B36FC5D" author="Wragg, G. M." box="[208,347,906,933]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" refId="ref21978" refString="Wragg, G. M. (1985) The comparative biology of Fluttering Shearwater and Hutton's Shearwater and their relationship to other shearwater species. Unpublished M. Appl. Sc. Thesis, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 163 pp." type="book" year="1985">Wragg 1985</bibRefCitation>
) and molecular-based hypotheses (
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C081999FC4B8963FC5C" box="[741,782,907,932]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">e.g.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B71674D2C081869FC4B89CCFC5D" author="Austin, J. J." box="[789,929,907,933]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" pagination="77 - 88" refId="ref18104" refString="Austin, J. J. (1996) Molecular phylogenetics of Puffinus shearwaters: preliminary evidence from mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 6 (1), 77 - 88. https: // doi. org / 10.1006 / mpev. 1996.0060" type="journal article" year="1996">Austin 1996</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B71674D2C0818D1FC4B8EC8FC5D" author="Nunn, G. B. &amp; Stanley, S. E." box="[941,1189,907,933]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" pagination="1360 - 1371" refId="ref20468" refString="Nunn, G. B. &amp; Stanley, S. E. (1998) Body size effects and rates of cytochrome b evolution in tube-nosed seabirds. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 15 (10), 1360 - 1371. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / oxfordjournals. molbev. a 025864" type="journal article" year="1998">Nunn &amp; Stanley 1998</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B71674D2C081FCCFC4B8AB9FC31" author="Penhallurick, J. &amp; Wink, W." pageId="30" pageNumber="273" pagination="125 - 147" refId="ref20653" refString="Penhallurick, J. &amp; Wink, W. (2004) Analysis of the taxonomy and nomenclature of the Procellariiformes based on complete nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Emu, 104 (2), 125 - 147. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / MU 01060" type="journal article" year="2004">Penhallurick &amp; Wink 2004</bibRefCitation>
). It should be noted, however, that
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674D2C08192DFC6F88BEFC31" authorityName="Ridgway" authorityYear="1897" box="[593,723,943,969]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subalaris">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C08192DFC6F88BEFC31" box="[593,723,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">P. subalaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which has been found to group with
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674D2C081F13FC6F8E97FC30" authorityName="Streets" authorityYear="1877" box="[1135,1274,943,968]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nativitatis">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C081F13FC6F8E97FC30" box="[1135,1274,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">P. nativitatis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as sister taxon to the remaining
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674D2C081A2AFC138BDEFC15" authorityName="Brisson" authorityYear="1760" box="[342,435,979,1005]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C081A2AFC138BDEFC15" box="[342,435,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">Puffinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C081ABFFC13883CFC14" box="[451,593,979,1004]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">sensu stricto</emphasis>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B71674D2C081914FC13895BFC15" author="Austin, J. J. &amp; Bretagnolle, V. &amp; Pasquet, E." box="[616,822,979,1005]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" pagination="847 - 864" refId="ref18154" refString="Austin, J. J., Bretagnolle, V. &amp; Pasquet, E. (2004) A global molecular phylogeny of the small Puffinus shearwaters and implications for systematics of the Little-Audubon's shearwater complex. The Auk, 121 (3), 847 - 864. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / auk / 121.3.847" type="journal article" year="2004">
Austin
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C0819C7FC138899FC15" box="[699,756,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">et al.</emphasis>
2004
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B71674D2C08183DFC138999FC15" author="Pyle, P. &amp; Welch, A. J. &amp; Fleischer, R. C." box="[833,1012,979,1005]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" pagination="518 - 527" refId="ref20791" refString="Pyle, P., Welch, A. J. &amp; Fleischer, R. C. (2011) A new species of shearwater (Puffinus) recorded from Midway Atoll, northwestern Hawaiian Islands. The Condor, 113 (3), 518 - 527. https: // doi. org / 10.1525 / cond. 2011.100117" type="journal article" year="2011">
Pyle
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C081806FC1389DFFC15" box="[890,946,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">et al.</emphasis>
2011
</bibRefCitation>
), was not included in these analyses.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9F3680674D2C081BBBFC3788B6FB59" blockId="30.[151,1437,150,1653]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">
In the present analyses, six of nine included species of
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674D2C08183DFC3789F3FBE9" authorityName="Brisson" authorityYear="1760" box="[833,926,1015,1041]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C08183DFC3789F3FBE9" box="[833,926,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">Puffinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C0818CCFC378E2DFBE8" box="[944,1088,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">sensu stricto</emphasis>
) are from the group identified as “Manx-type shearwaters”, and two others are part of the “Little/Audubons complex” (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B71674D2C081FF8FBDB8FFCFBCD" author="Onley, D. &amp; Scofield, P." box="[1156,1425,1051,1077]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" refId="ref20624" refString="Onley, D. &amp; Scofield, P. (2007) Albatrosses, Petrels and Shearwaters of the World. Princeton University, Princeton, 240 pp." type="book" year="2007">Onley &amp; Scofield 2007</bibRefCitation>
). The hypothesis for the relationship of these eight species presented herein, (
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674D2C08188FFBFF8EDFFBA1" authority="puffinus" box="[1011,1202,1087,1113]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="puffinus">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C08188FFBFF8EDFFBA1" box="[1011,1202,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">Puffinus puffinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674D2C081FBFFBFF8F1BFBA0" box="[1219,1398,1087,1112]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mauretanicus">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C081FBFFBFF8F1BFBA0" box="[1219,1398,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">P. mauretanicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674D2C081EF4FBFF8B46FB85" authorityName="Coues" authorityYear="1864" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="opisthomelas">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C081EF4FBFF8B46FB85" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">P. opisthomelas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674D2C081A40FBA38BFBFB84" box="[316,406,1123,1148]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gavia">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C081A40FBA38BFBFB84" box="[316,406,1123,1148]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">P. gavia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674D2C081ADBFBA3887FFB85" box="[423,530,1123,1149]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="huttoni">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C081ADBFBA3887FFB85" box="[423,530,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">P. huttoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674D2C08195FFBA388C9FB85" box="[547,676,1123,1149]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yelkouan">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C08195FFBA388C9FB85" box="[547,676,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">P. yelkouan</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674D2C0819C9FBA38922FB85" box="[693,847,1123,1149]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lherminieri">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C0819C9FBA38922FB85" box="[693,847,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">P. lherminieri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674D2C081811FBA38986FB85" box="[877,1003,1123,1149]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="assimilis">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C081811FBA38986FB85" box="[877,1003,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">P. assimilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
))))))), is highly congruent with earlier morphological studies (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B71674D2C081AE2FB47885BFB59" author="Kuroda, N. H." box="[414,566,1158,1185]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" refId="ref19713" refString="Kuroda, N. H. (1954) On the Classification and Phylogeny of the Order Tubinares, Particularly the Shearwaters (Puffinus), with Special Considerations on their Osteology and Habit Differentiation. N. H. Kuroda, Tokyo, 179 pp." type="book" year="1954">Kuroda 1954</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B71674D2C08193DFB4788A2FB59" author="Wragg, G. M." box="[577,719,1158,1185]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" refId="ref21978" refString="Wragg, G. M. (1985) The comparative biology of Fluttering Shearwater and Hutton's Shearwater and their relationship to other shearwater species. Unpublished M. Appl. Sc. Thesis, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 163 pp." type="book" year="1985">Wragg 1985</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9F3680674D2C081BBBFB6B8B7AF98D" blockId="30.[151,1437,150,1653]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">
Hypotheses based on molecular data have consistently shown some phylogenetic associations among these species; however, their placement within the genus is unclear. In most studies, (
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674D2C081F5EFB0F8E10FB10" box="[1058,1149,1231,1256]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gavia">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C081F5EFB0F8E10FB10" box="[1058,1149,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">P. gavia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674D2C081FE2FB0F8F67FB11" box="[1182,1290,1231,1257]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="huttoni">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C081FE2FB0F8F67FB11" box="[1182,1290,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">P. huttoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) is the sister group to the remaining species (
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C081975FB33885CFAF4" box="[521,561,1267,1292]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">e.g.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B71674D2C081946FB338960FAF5" author="Austin, J. J. &amp; Bretagnolle, V. &amp; Pasquet, E." box="[570,781,1267,1293]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" pagination="847 - 864" refId="ref18154" refString="Austin, J. J., Bretagnolle, V. &amp; Pasquet, E. (2004) A global molecular phylogeny of the small Puffinus shearwaters and implications for systematics of the Little-Audubon's shearwater complex. The Auk, 121 (3), 847 - 864. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / auk / 121.3.847" type="journal article" year="2004">
Austin
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C0819F2FB3388A5FAF5" box="[654,712,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">et al.</emphasis>
2004
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B71674D2C081865FB3389BCFAF5" author="Pyle, P. &amp; Welch, A. J. &amp; Fleischer, R. C." box="[793,977,1267,1293]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" pagination="518 - 527" refId="ref20791" refString="Pyle, P., Welch, A. J. &amp; Fleischer, R. C. (2011) A new species of shearwater (Puffinus) recorded from Midway Atoll, northwestern Hawaiian Islands. The Condor, 113 (3), 518 - 527. https: // doi. org / 10.1525 / cond. 2011.100117" type="journal article" year="2011">
Pyle
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C081828FB3389E3FAF5" box="[852,910,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">et al.</emphasis>
2011
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B71674D2C0818A2FB338F4CFAF5" author="Tennyson, A. J. D. &amp; Shepherd, L. D." box="[990,1313,1267,1293]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" pagination="379 - 384" refId="ref21622" refString="Tennyson, A. J. D. &amp; Shepherd, L. D. (2017) DNA reveals the relationships of the extinct Scarlett's Shearwater Puffinus spelaeus (Procellariiformes: Procellariidae). Journal of Ornithology, 158, 379 - 384. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10336 - 016 - 1416 - 5" type="journal article" year="2017">Tennyson &amp; Shepherd 2017</bibRefCitation>
), yet some conflicts can be found (
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C081ADDFAD78BA4FAC8" box="[417,457,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">e.g.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B71674D2C081AACFAD788DFFAC9" author="Heidrich, P. &amp; Amengual, J. &amp; Wink, M." box="[464,690,1303,1329]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" pagination="145 - 170" refId="ref19561" refString="Heidrich, P., Amengual, J. &amp; Wink, M. (1998) Phylogenetic relationships in Mediterranean and North Atlantic Puffinus shearwaters (Aves: Procellariidae) based on nucleotide sequences of mtDNA. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 26 (2), 145 - 170. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0305 - 1978 (97) 00085 - 9" type="journal article" year="1998">
Heidrich
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C081944FAD7881DFAC9" box="[568,624,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">et al.</emphasis>
1998
</bibRefCitation>
). In the implied-weight hypothesis herein,
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674D2C081FF3FAD78F69FAC9" box="[1167,1284,1303,1329]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="puffinus">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C081FF3FAD78F69FAC9" box="[1167,1284,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">P. puffinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occupies this position, sequentially followed by
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674D2C081961FAFB88BDFAAC" box="[541,720,1339,1364]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mauretanicus">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C081961FAFB88BDFAAC" box="[541,720,1339,1364]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">P. mauretanicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In the molecular-based analyses,
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674D2C081F28FAFB8F6BFAAC" box="[1108,1286,1339,1364]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mauretanicus">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C081F28FAFB8F6BFAAC" box="[1108,1286,1339,1364]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">P. mauretanicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is sister to
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674D2C081EF4FAFB8A91FA81" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yelkouan">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C081EF4FAFB8A91FA81" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">P. yelkouan</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C081A72FA9F8B5BFA80" box="[270,310,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">e.g.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B71674D2C081A42FA9F8BA1FA81" author="Austin, J. J." box="[318,460,1375,1401]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" pagination="77 - 88" refId="ref18104" refString="Austin, J. J. (1996) Molecular phylogenetics of Puffinus shearwaters: preliminary evidence from mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 6 (1), 77 - 88. https: // doi. org / 10.1006 / mpev. 1996.0060" type="journal article" year="1996">Austin 1996</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B71674D2C081AA4FA9F88E0FA81" author="Pyle, P. &amp; Welch, A. J. &amp; Fleischer, R. C." box="[472,653,1375,1401]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" pagination="518 - 527" refId="ref20791" refString="Pyle, P., Welch, A. J. &amp; Fleischer, R. C. (2011) A new species of shearwater (Puffinus) recorded from Midway Atoll, northwestern Hawaiian Islands. The Condor, 113 (3), 518 - 527. https: // doi. org / 10.1525 / cond. 2011.100117" type="journal article" year="2011">
Pyle
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C08196EFA9F8821FA81" box="[530,588,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">et al.</emphasis>
2011
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B71674D2C0819E6FA9F89F5FA81" author="Kawakami, K. &amp; Eda, M. &amp; Izumi, H. &amp; Horikoshi, K. &amp; Suzuki, H." box="[666,920,1375,1401]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" pagination="11 - 18" refId="ref19654" refString="Kawakami, K., Eda, M., Izumi, H., Horikoshi, K. &amp; Suzuki, H. (2018) Phylogenetic position of endangered Puffinus lherminieri bannermani. Ornithological Science, 17 (1), 11 - 18. https: // doi. org / 10.2326 / osj. 17.11" type="journal article" year="2018">
Kawakami
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C081867FA9F8938FA81" box="[795,853,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">et al.</emphasis>
2018
</bibRefCitation>
), but in the present hypothesis,
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674D2C081E7CFA9F8FECFA81" box="[1280,1409,1375,1401]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yelkouan">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C081E7CFA9F8FECFA81" box="[1280,1409,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">P. yelkouan</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is sister to (
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674D2C081A7FFA438BF3FA65" box="[259,414,1411,1437]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lherminieri">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C081A7FFA438BF3FA65" box="[259,414,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">P. lherminieri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674D2C081AC3FA438852FA65" box="[447,575,1411,1437]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="assimilis">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C081AC3FA438852FA65" box="[447,575,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">P. assimilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), whereas
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674D2C0819C7FA438900FA64" box="[699,877,1411,1436]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mauretanicus">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C0819C7FA438900FA64" box="[699,877,1411,1436]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">P. mauretanicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appears to fall in between
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674D2C081FE0FA438F7FFA65" box="[1180,1298,1411,1437]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="puffinus">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C081FE0FA438F7FFA65" box="[1180,1298,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">P. puffinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674D2C081E35FA438A91FA39" authorityName="Coues" authorityYear="1864" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="opisthomelas">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C081E35FA438A91FA39" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">P. opisthomelas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B71674D2C081A75FA678B90FA39" author="Heidrich, P. &amp; Amengual, J. &amp; Wink, M." box="[265,509,1447,1473]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" pagination="145 - 170" refId="ref19561" refString="Heidrich, P., Amengual, J. &amp; Wink, M. (1998) Phylogenetic relationships in Mediterranean and North Atlantic Puffinus shearwaters (Aves: Procellariidae) based on nucleotide sequences of mtDNA. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 26 (2), 145 - 170. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0305 - 1978 (97) 00085 - 9" type="journal article" year="1998">
Heidrich
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C081A0EFA678BC6FA39" box="[370,427,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">et al.</emphasis>
(1998)
</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B71674D2C08194EFA678962FA39" author="Austin, J. J. &amp; Bretagnolle, V. &amp; Pasquet, E." box="[562,783,1447,1473]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" pagination="847 - 864" refId="ref18154" refString="Austin, J. J., Bretagnolle, V. &amp; Pasquet, E. (2004) A global molecular phylogeny of the small Puffinus shearwaters and implications for systematics of the Little-Audubon's shearwater complex. The Auk, 121 (3), 847 - 864. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / auk / 121.3.847" type="journal article" year="2004">
Austin
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C0819F8FA6788D0FA39" box="[644,701,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">et al.</emphasis>
(2004)
</bibRefCitation>
have, alternatively, suggested a monophyletic (
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674D2C081E5AFA678FF1FA39" box="[1318,1436,1447,1473]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="puffinus">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C081E5AFA678FF1FA39" box="[1318,1436,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">P. puffinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674D2C081BDDFA0B8B3FFA1C" box="[161,338,1483,1508]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mauretanicus">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C081BDDFA0B8B3FFA1C" box="[161,338,1483,1508]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">P. mauretanicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674D2C081A12FA0B8B80FA1D" box="[366,493,1483,1509]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yelkouan">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C081A12FA0B8B80FA1D" box="[366,493,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">P. yelkouan</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)). Regarding
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674D2C0819F4FA0B895BFA1D" authorityName="Coues" authorityYear="1864" box="[648,822,1483,1509]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="opisthomelas">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C0819F4FA0B895BFA1D" box="[648,822,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">P. opisthomelas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the species is, herein, placed between
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674D2C081F95FA0B8FF1FA1C" box="[1257,1436,1483,1508]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mauretanicus">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C081F95FA0B8FF1FA1C" box="[1257,1436,1483,1508]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">P. mauretanicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674D2C081BBAFA2F8B72F9F0" box="[198,287,1519,1544]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gavia">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C081BBAFA2F8B72F9F0" box="[198,287,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">P. gavia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but in some molecular hypotheses it is found among species from the Little-Audubons complex (
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C081E08FA2F8FF1F9F0" box="[1396,1436,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">e.g.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B71674D2C081BEBF9D38B0CF9D5" author="Austin, J. J. &amp; Bretagnolle, V. &amp; Pasquet, E." box="[151,353,1555,1581]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" pagination="847 - 864" refId="ref18154" refString="Austin, J. J., Bretagnolle, V. &amp; Pasquet, E. (2004) A global molecular phylogeny of the small Puffinus shearwaters and implications for systematics of the Little-Audubon's shearwater complex. The Auk, 121 (3), 847 - 864. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / auk / 121.3.847" type="journal article" year="2004">
Austin
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C081B94F9D38B72F9D5" box="[232,287,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">et al.</emphasis>
2004
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B71674D2C081A17F9D38877F9D5" author="Pyle, P. &amp; Welch, A. J. &amp; Fleischer, R. C." box="[363,538,1555,1581]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" pagination="518 - 527" refId="ref20791" refString="Pyle, P., Welch, A. J. &amp; Fleischer, R. C. (2011) A new species of shearwater (Puffinus) recorded from Midway Atoll, northwestern Hawaiian Islands. The Condor, 113 (3), 518 - 527. https: // doi. org / 10.1525 / cond. 2011.100117" type="journal article" year="2011">
Pyle
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C081ADFF9D38BB7F9D5" box="[419,474,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">et al.</emphasis>
2011
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B71674D2C08195AF9D3890BF9D5" author="Tennyson, A. J. D. &amp; Shepherd, L. D." box="[550,870,1555,1581]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" pagination="379 - 384" refId="ref21622" refString="Tennyson, A. J. D. &amp; Shepherd, L. D. (2017) DNA reveals the relationships of the extinct Scarlett's Shearwater Puffinus spelaeus (Procellariiformes: Procellariidae). Journal of Ornithology, 158, 379 - 384. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10336 - 016 - 1416 - 5" type="journal article" year="2017">Tennyson &amp; Shepherd 2017</bibRefCitation>
). The only two members of this group included in the present analyses,
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674D2C081AFAF9F7884DF9A9" box="[390,544,1591,1617]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lherminieri">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C081AFAF9F7884DF9A9" box="[390,544,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">P. lherminieri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C204D03674D2C08192BF9F788B8F9A9" box="[599,725,1591,1617]" class="Aves" family="Procellariidae" genus="Puffinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Procellariiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="assimilis">
<emphasis id="B954EA92674D2C08192BF9F788B8F9A9" box="[599,725,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">P. assimilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, are sister taxa, grouped in the least inclusive clade of the final hypothesis.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>