790 lines
89 KiB
XML
790 lines
89 KiB
XML
<document id="4C2DE9686049D28B8CB78898863393BC" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3985.3.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="0a09b779-2166-4305-9d3e-53effb06f108" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="253532" ID-ZooBank="46DE9DD6-55E3-4BF5-A2AF-A058A0294A72" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461257984528" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Cock, Matthew J. W., Congdon, T. Colin E. & Collins, Steve C." docDate="2015" docId="F37C6616FFD3FFDCA0B6FF65D917FD41" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03985p348.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3985 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Dracaena Vandelli ex Linnaeus 1758" docType="treatment" docVersion="13" lastPageNumber="306" masterDocId="0F451E6EFFD1FFD9A021FFF2DB4CFFC5" masterDocTitle="Observations on the Biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 8. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Dracaena Feeders" masterLastPageNumber="348" masterPageNumber="301" pageNumber="303" updateTime="1698608568688" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="990C729D530AC88C500285713FBA50B1">Observations on the Biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 8. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Dracaena Feeders</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="3AE09F5AC09D3D6A822FCE397E93135F">Cock, Matthew J. W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="9A4DFECEC5D2A42D37EB5581C8F07B32">Congdon, T. Colin E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="000F0A448AE66C6B4F4BB0E1E2B8D163">Collins, Steve C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="71CC389D455B65B54D1B34469B963BB1">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="F76B03A4C9FA610ED15BC9ED9BBC213D">
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<mods:date id="758AFFE750BDF0B2A60522646981925A">2015</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="6E3BD8320930F14E71A947F639D81730">2015-07-13</mods:number>
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<treatment id="F37C6616FFD3FFDCA0B6FF65D917FD41" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119636544" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F37C6616FFD3FFDCA0B6FF65D917FD41" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F37C6616FFD3FFDCA0B6FF65D917FD41" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="306" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
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<subSubSection id="33CF848BFFD3FFDBA0B6FF65D95DFF77" box="[151,529,151,178]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFD3FFDBA0B6FF65D95DFF77" blockId="2.[151,529,151,178]" box="[151,529,151,178]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
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<heading id="2022606CFFD3FFDBA0B6FF65D95DFF77" bold="true" box="[151,529,151,178]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD3FFDBA0B6FF65D95DFF77" bold="true" box="[151,529,151,178]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD3FFDBA0B6FF65DA42FF74" ID-CoL="8VX4F" authorityName="Vandelli ex Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[151,270,151,177]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD3FFDBA0B6FF65DA42FF74" bold="true" box="[151,270,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Dracaena</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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spp. (
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD3FFDBA179FF6AD946FF77" authorityName="de Jussieu" authorityYear="1789" box="[344,522,152,178]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asparagaceae</taxonomicName>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="33CF848BFFD3FFDCA0B6FF2DD917FD41" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="306" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" type="description">
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<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFD3FFDBA0B6FF2DDED1FE0A" blockId="2.[151,1437,222,463]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD3FFDBA0B6FF2DDA4BFF33" box="[151,263,223,246]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
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<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD3FFDBA0B6FF2DDA4BFF33" box="[151,263,223,246]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Dracaena</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is a genus of about 100 species of trees and succulent shrubs, the majority of which occur in Africa. It is placed in the phylum
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD3FFDBA1B2FEF0D953FEDE" authorityName="Link" authorityYear="1829" box="[403,543,258,283]" class="Liliopsida" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="order">Asparagales</taxonomicName>
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, family
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD3FFDBA25EFEF1D852FEDE" authorityName="de Jussieu" authorityYear="1789" box="[639,798,259,283]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asparagaceae</taxonomicName>
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, subfamily
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD3FFDBA384FEF0DFA9FEDE" authority="(Stevens 2012)" authorityName="Burnett" authorityYear="1835" baseAuthorityName="Stevens" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[933,1253,258,283]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Nolinoideae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" subFamily="Nolinoideae">Nolinoideae (Stevens 2012)</taxonomicName>
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, although it has been placed in
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD3FFDBA17BFED5DAB9FEFB" authorityName="Salisbury" authorityYear="1866" box="[346,501,295,318]" class="Liliopsida" family="Dracaenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="family">Dracaenaceae</taxonomicName>
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(now subsumed in
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD3FFDBA2D2FED4D8CDFEFA" authorityName="Burnett" authorityYear="1835" box="[755,897,294,319]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Nolinoideae">Nolinoideae</taxonomicName>
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),
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD3FFDBA3BDFED5DF5BFEFA" authorityName="de Jussieu" authorityYear="1789" box="[924,1047,295,319]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="family">Agavaceae</taxonomicName>
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(now subfamily
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD3FFDBA4CEFED4DE39FEFA" box="[1263,1397,294,319]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Agavoideae">Agavoideae</taxonomicName>
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of
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD3FFDBA0B6FEB9DA7BFEA6" authorityName="de Jussieu" authorityYear="1789" box="[151,311,331,355]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asparagaceae</taxonomicName>
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),
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD3FFDBA16BFEB9DA8CFEA7" authorityName="M.Roemer" authorityYear="1840" box="[330,448,331,354]" class="Liliopsida" family="Ruscaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="family">Ruscaceae</taxonomicName>
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(subsumed within
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD3FFDBA2B7FEB8D86DFEA6" authorityName="Burnett" authorityYear="1835" box="[662,801,330,355]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Nolinoideae">Nolinoideae</taxonomicName>
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) and
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD3FFDBA37FFEB8D889FEA6" authorityName="de Jussieu" authorityYear="1789" box="[862,965,330,355]" class="Liliopsida" family="Liliaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Liliales" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Liliaceae</taxonomicName>
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(an unrelated Holarctic family). Here, the nomenclature of
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<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFD3FFDBA17CFE9DD955FE42" author="Govaerts" box="[349,537,367,391]" firstAuthor="Govaerts" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" pagination="2014" refId="ref30666" refString="Govaerts, R. (2013) World Checklist of Asparagaceae. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet. Available from: http: // apps. kew. org / wcsp / (accessed 29 November 2014)" type="journal article" year="2013">Govaerts (2013)</bibRefCitation>
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is followed for the eight or so identified species recorded as food plants in mainland Africa (
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<tableCitation id="3657E2BBFFD3FFDBA17CFE60DAFDFE6E" box="[349,433,402,427]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,239,510,533]" captionTargetBox="[165,1408,599,1794]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="TABLE 1. Dracaena spp. known to be used as food plants by Hesperiidae in mainland Africa; nomenclature and distribution of Dracaena spp. after Govaerts (2013); food plant records based on this paper." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/2FAA8788FFD3FFDBA0B6FE0CDF24FDF0" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" tableUuid="2FAA8788FFD3FFDBA0B6FE0CDF24FDF0">Table 1</tableCitation>
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||
). However, early records are difficult to interpret given the changes in our knowledge of the genus; e.g.
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<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFD3FFDBA11EFE44D910FE0A" author="Dale & Greenway" box="[319,604,438,463]" firstAuthor="Dale" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" refId="ref30397" refString="Dale, I. R. & Greenway, P. J. (1961) Kenya Trees & Shrubs. Buchanan's Keya Estates Ltd and Hatchards, London, xxvii + 654 pp." type="book" year="1961">Dale & Greenway (1961)</bibRefCitation>
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recognised four species from
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<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFD3FFDBA38FFE45D8B6FE0A" box="[942,1018,439,463]" name="Kenya" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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, but
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<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFD3FFDBA40EFE44DF9AFE0A" author="Beentje" box="[1071,1238,438,463]" firstAuthor="Beentje" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" refId="ref29676" refString="Beentje, H. (1994) Kenya Trees, Shrubs and Lianas. National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, 722 pp." type="book" year="1994">Beentje (1994)</bibRefCitation>
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recognised eight.
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</paragraph>
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||
<caption id="2FAA8788FFD3FFDBA0B6FE0CDF24FDF0" ID-Table-UUID="2FAA8788FFD3FFDBA0B6FE0CDF24FDF0" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/2FAA8788FFD3FFDBA0B6FE0CDF24FDF0" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" targetBox="[165,1408,599,1794]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="2">
|
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<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFD3FFDBA0B6FE0CDF24FDF0" blockId="2.[151,1435,510,565]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
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||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD3FFDBA0B6FE0CDA44FDD0" bold="true" box="[151,264,510,533]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">TABLE 1</emphasis>
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||
.
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD3FFDBA13BFE0CDAC9FDD0" authorityName="Vandelli ex Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[282,389,510,533]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD3FFDBA13BFE0CDAC9FDD0" box="[282,389,510,533]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Dracaena</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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spp. known to be used as food plants by
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD3FFDBA348FE0CD8A4FDD0" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1809" box="[873,1000,510,533]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Hesperiidae</taxonomicName>
|
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in mainland Africa; nomenclature and distribution of
|
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<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD3FFDBA114FDECDAECFDF0" authorityName="Vandelli ex Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[309,416,542,565]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD3FFDBA114FDECDAECFDF0" box="[309,416,542,565]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Dracaena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. after
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||
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFD3FFDBA231FDECD98DFDF0" author="Govaerts" box="[528,705,542,565]" firstAuthor="Govaerts" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" pagination="2014" refId="ref30666" refString="Govaerts, R. (2013) World Checklist of Asparagaceae. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet. Available from: http: // apps. kew. org / wcsp / (accessed 29 November 2014)" type="journal article" year="2013">Govaerts (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; food plant records based on this paper.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFD3FFDBA084FDA5DE6FF8C7" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
|
||
<table id="09D525A0FFD30026A084FDA5DECCF8C7" box="[165,1408,599,1794]" gridcols="3" gridrows="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
|
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<tr id="C5E5D542FFD30026A084FDA5DECCFD4B" box="[165,1408,599,654]" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
|
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<th id="8634BC3EFFD30026A084FDA5D90AFD4B" box="[165,582,599,654]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD3FFDBA084FDA5DA6BFD4B" bold="true" box="[165,295,599,654]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Species Synonyms</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="8634BC3EFFD30026A2A0FDA5D851FD4B" box="[641,797,599,654]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD3FFDBA2A0FDA5D849FDA8" bold="true" box="[641,773,599,621]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="8634BC3EFFD30026A31BFDA5DECCFD4B" box="[826,1408,599,654]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD3FFDBA31BFDA5DE5DFDA8" bold="true" box="[826,1297,599,621]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
|
||
Associated
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD3FFDBA395FDA5DF2BFDA9" bold="true" box="[948,1127,599,620]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD3FFDBA395FDA5D8B7FDA9" authorityName="Holland" authorityYear="1896" box="[948,1019,599,620]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gamia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Gamia</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD3FFDBA426FDA5DF2BFDA9" authorityName="Holland" authorityYear="1896" box="[1031,1127,599,620]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Artitropa</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD3FFDBA4BDFDA5DF92FDA9" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1937" box="[1180,1246,599,620]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Leona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD3FFDBA4BDFDA5DF92FDA9" bold="true" box="[1180,1246,599,620]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Leona</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="C5E5D542FFD30026A084FD56DECCFD1E" box="[165,1408,676,731]" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
|
||
<th id="8634BC3EFFD30026A084FD56D90AFD1E" box="[165,582,676,731]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD3FFDBA084FD57DAABFD7F" authority="Mildbr." authorityName="Mildbr." box="[165,487,676,698]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="afromontana">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD3FFDBA084FD57DAD8FD7F" box="[165,404,676,698]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Dracaena afromontana</emphasis>
|
||
Mildbr.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="8634BC3EFFD30026A2A0FD56D851FD1E" box="[641,797,676,731]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Sudan to Malawi</td>
|
||
<td id="8634BC3EFFD30026A31BFD56DECCFD1E" box="[826,1408,676,731]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD3FFDBA31BFD57DF4CFD7F" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1937" box="[826,1024,676,698]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="milleri" subSpecies="coryndon">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD3FFDBA31BFD57DF4CFD7F" box="[826,1024,676,698]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">A. milleri coryndon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD3FFDBA42DFD57DFB7FD7F" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1925" box="[1036,1275,677,698]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="erinnys" subSpecies="vansomereni">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD3FFDBA42DFD57DFB7FD7F" box="[1036,1275,677,698]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">A. erinnys vansomereni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="C5E5D542FFD30026A084FD03DECCFC8F" box="[165,1408,753,842]" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
|
||
<th id="8634BC3EFFD30026A084FD03D90AFC8F" box="[165,582,753,842]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD3FFDBA084FD00D94FFCC2" authority="(Haw.) Bos" authorityName="Bos" authorityYear="1992" baseAuthorityName="Haw." box="[165,515,753,775]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aletriformis">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD3FFDBA084FD00DAC5FCC2" box="[165,393,753,775]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Dracaena aletriformis</emphasis>
|
||
(Haw.) Bos
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD3FFDBA099FCE6DAA1FCEC" authority="K. Koch" authorityName="K. Koch" authorityYear="1861" box="[184,493,787,809]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hookeriana">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD3FFDBA099FCE6DADBFCEC" box="[184,407,787,809]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Dracaena hookeriana</emphasis>
|
||
K.Koch
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="8634BC3EFFD30026A2A0FD03D851FC8F" box="[641,797,753,842]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">South-east Kenya to South Africa</td>
|
||
<td id="8634BC3EFFD30026A31BFD03DECCFC8F" box="[826,1408,753,842]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD3FFDBA31BFD00D8BEFCC2" authority="erinnys" authorityName="erinnys Trimen" authorityYear="1862" box="[826,1010,754,775]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="erinnys" subSpecies="erinnys">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD3FFDBA31BFD00D8BEFCC2" box="[826,1010,754,775]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">A. erinnys erinnys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="C5E5D542FFD30026A084FC92DECCFC7C" box="[165,1408,864,953]" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
|
||
<th id="8634BC3EFFD30026A084FC92D90AFC7C" box="[165,582,864,953]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD3FFDBA084FC93DABCFCB3" authority="(Willd.) Link" authorityName="Link" authorityYear="1821" baseAuthorityName="Willd." box="[165,496,864,886]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arborea">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD3FFDBA084FC93DA2FFCB3" box="[165,355,864,886]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Dracaena arborea</emphasis>
|
||
(Willd.) Link
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="8634BC3EFFD30026A2A0FC92D851FC7C" box="[641,797,864,953]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">West tropical Africa to Angola</td>
|
||
<td id="8634BC3EFFD30026A31BFC92DECCFC7C" box="[826,1408,864,953]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD3FFDBA31BFC93DFD2FCB3" box="[826,1182,864,886]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD3FFDBA31BFC93D8F2FCB3" authorityName="Plotz" authorityYear="1879" box="[826,958,864,886]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gamia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="buchholzi">G. buchholzi</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD3FFDBA3E9FC93DF7BFCB3" authorityName="Sharpe" authorityYear="1890" box="[968,1079,864,886]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gamia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="shelleyi">G. shelleyi</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD3FFDBA460FC93DFD2FCB3" authorityName="Stoll" authorityYear="1782" box="[1089,1182,865,886]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="comus">A. comus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD3FFDBA48AFC93DE00FCB3" authorityName="Collins & Larsen" authorityYear="2013" box="[1195,1356,865,886]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="principetome">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD3FFDBA48AFC93DE00FCB3" box="[1195,1356,865,886]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">A. principetome</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="C5E5D542FFD30026A084FC3DDECCFC20" box="[165,1408,975,997]" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
|
||
<th id="8634BC3EFFD30026A084FC3DD90AFC20" box="[165,582,975,997]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD3FFDBA084FC22DAA9FC20" authority="Baker" authorityName="Baker" authorityYear="1874" box="[165,485,975,997]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="camerooniana">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD3FFDBA084FC22DAEFFC20" box="[165,419,976,997]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Dracaena camerooniana</emphasis>
|
||
Baker
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="8634BC3EFFD30026A2A0FC3DD851FC20" box="[641,797,975,997]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Tropical Africa</td>
|
||
<td id="8634BC3EFFD30026A31BFC3DDECCFC20" box="[826,1408,975,997]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD3FFDBA31BFC22DF1CFC20" box="[826,1104,975,997]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD3FFDBA31BFC22D8F2FC20" authorityName="Plotz" authorityYear="1879" box="[826,958,975,997]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gamia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="buchholzi">G. buchholzi</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD3FFDBA3E9FC22DF7BFC20" authorityName="Sharpe" authorityYear="1890" box="[968,1079,975,997]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gamia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="shelleyi">G. shelleyi</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD3FFDBA460FC22DF1CFC20" box="[1089,1104,976,997]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="milleri">A</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD3FFDBA47CFC3DDFEDFC20" box="[1117,1185,975,997]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">milleri</emphasis>
|
||
TCEC02(Mundwiji)
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="C5E5D542FFD30026A084FC09DECCFBF7" box="[165,1408,1019,1074]" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
|
||
<th id="8634BC3EFFD30026A084FC09D90AFBF7" box="[165,582,1019,1074]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD3FFDBA084FC0EDA24FBD4" authorityName="Ker Gawl" authorityYear="1808" baseAuthorityName="L." box="[165,360,1019,1041]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fragrans">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD3FFDBA084FC0EDA24FBD4" box="[165,360,1019,1041]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Dracaena fragrans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(L.) Ker Gawl.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD3FFDBA099FBEFDA94FBF7" authority="Baker" authorityName="Baker" authorityYear="1898" box="[184,472,1052,1074]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ugandensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD3FFDBA099FBEFDADAFBF7" box="[184,406,1052,1074]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Dracaena ugandensis</emphasis>
|
||
Baker
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="8634BC3EFFD30026A2A0FC09D851FBF7" box="[641,797,1019,1074]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Tropical Africa</td>
|
||
<td id="8634BC3EFFD30026A31BFC09DECCFBF7" box="[826,1408,1019,1074]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD3FFDBA31BFC0ED8DBFBD4" authorityName="Stoll" authorityYear="1782" box="[826,919,1020,1041]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="comus">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD3FFDBA31BFC0ED8DBFBD4" box="[826,919,1020,1041]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">A. comus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, A.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD3FFDBA3E2FC09DF5CFBD4" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1925" box="[963,1040,1019,1041]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reducta">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD3FFDBA3E2FC09DF5CFBD4" box="[963,1040,1019,1041]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">reducta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD3FFDBA43CFC0EDF31FBD4" authorityName="Evans" box="[1053,1149,1019,1041]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="milleri">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD3FFDBA43CFC0EDF31FBD4" box="[1053,1149,1019,1041]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">A. milleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
SCC01(Kakamega),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD3FFDBA56EFC0ED89AFBF7" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1925" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="erinnys" subSpecies="radiata">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD3FFDBA56EFC0ED89AFBF7" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">A. erinnys radiata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD3FFDBA3C3FBEFDFD8FBF7" authorityName="Karsch" authorityYear="1896" box="[994,1172,1052,1074]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="erinnys" subSpecies="ehlersi">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD3FFDBA3C3FBEFDFD8FBF7" box="[994,1172,1052,1074]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">A. erinnys ehlersi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="C5E5D542FFD30026A084FBBADECCFB64" box="[165,1408,1096,1185]" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
|
||
<th id="8634BC3EFFD30026A084FBBAD90AFB64" box="[165,582,1096,1185]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD3FFDBA084FBB8DAE2FB9B" authority="Engl." authorityName="Engl." box="[165,430,1096,1119]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laxissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD3FFDBA084FBB8DA3DFB9B" box="[165,369,1096,1119]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Dracaena laxissima</emphasis>
|
||
Engl.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="8634BC3EFFD30026A2A0FBBAD851FB64" box="[641,797,1096,1185]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Nigeria to Sudan and Mozambique</td>
|
||
<td id="8634BC3EFFD30026A31BFBBADECCFB64" box="[826,1408,1096,1185]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD3FFDBA31BFBBBD8EAFB9B" authorityName="Sharpe" authorityYear="1890" box="[826,934,1096,1118]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gamia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="shelleyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD3FFDBA31BFBBBD8EAFB9B" box="[826,934,1096,1118]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">G. shelleyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD3FFDBA392FBBBDF11FB9B" authority="milleri" authorityName="milleri Riley" authorityYear="1925" box="[947,1117,1096,1118]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="milleri" subSpecies="milleri">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD3FFDBA392FBBBDF11FB9B" box="[947,1117,1096,1118]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">A. milleri milleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD3FFDBA448FBBBDF85FB9B" authorityName="Evans" box="[1129,1225,1096,1118]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="milleri">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD3FFDBA448FBBBDF34FB9B" box="[1129,1144,1097,1118]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD3FFDBA4A4FBBADF85FB9B" box="[1157,1225,1096,1118]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">milleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
TCEC01(Nyika),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD3FFDBA31BFB99D8CFFB45" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1937" box="[826,899,1130,1152]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Leona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lissa">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD3FFDBA31BFB99D8CFFB45" box="[826,899,1130,1152]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">L. lissa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="C5E5D542FFD30026A084FB45DECCFA97" box="[165,1408,1207,1362]" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
|
||
<th id="8634BC3EFFD30026A084FB45D90AFA97" box="[165,582,1207,1362]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD3FFDBA084FB4ADAD5FB08" authority="Baker" authorityName="Baker" authorityYear="1874" box="[165,409,1207,1229]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mannii">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD3FFDBA084FB4ADA1BFB08" box="[165,343,1208,1229]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Dracaena mannii</emphasis>
|
||
Baker
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD3FFDBA099FB28D945FB2B" authority="Welw. ex Baker" authorityName="Welw. ex Baker" authorityYear="1878" box="[184,521,1240,1263]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nitens">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD3FFDBA099FB28DA2CFB2B" box="[184,352,1241,1263]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Dracaena nitens</emphasis>
|
||
Welw. ex Baker
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD3FFDBA099FB09DA81FAD5" authority="Baker" authorityName="Baker" authorityYear="1874" box="[184,461,1274,1296]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="perrottetii">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD3FFDBA099FB09DAC6FAD5" box="[184,394,1275,1296]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Dracaena perrottetii</emphasis>
|
||
Baker
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD3FFDBA099FAEEDAA0FAF4" authority="Engl." authorityName="Engl." box="[184,492,1307,1329]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="usambarensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD3FFDBA099FAEEDAE3FAF4" box="[184,431,1307,1329]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Dracaena usambarensis</emphasis>
|
||
Engl.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD3FFDBA099FACFDA8BFA97" authority="Rendle" authorityName="Rendle" authorityYear="1911" box="[184,455,1340,1362]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gazensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD3FFDBA099FACFDA36FA97" box="[184,378,1341,1362]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Dracaena gazensis</emphasis>
|
||
Rendle
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="8634BC3EFFD30026A2A0FB45D851FA97" box="[641,797,1207,1362]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Tropical & South Africa</td>
|
||
<td id="8634BC3EFFD30026A31BFB45DECCFA97" box="[826,1408,1207,1362]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD3FFDBA31BFB4AD8C1FB08" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1937" box="[826,909,1208,1229]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cama">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD3FFDBA31BFB4AD8C1FB08" box="[826,909,1208,1229]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">A. cama</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD3FFDBA3BBFB4AD8BBFB08" authorityName="Stoll" authorityYear="1782" box="[922,1015,1208,1229]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="comus">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD3FFDBA3BBFB4AD8BBFB08" box="[922,1015,1208,1229]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">A. comus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD3FFDBA425FB4ADF21FB08" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1925" box="[1028,1133,1207,1229]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reducta">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD3FFDBA425FB4ADF21FB08" box="[1028,1133,1207,1229]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">A. reducta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD3FFDBA45BFB4ADE2BFB08" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1925" box="[1146,1383,1208,1229]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="erinnys" subSpecies="vansomereni">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD3FFDBA45BFB4ADE2BFB08" box="[1146,1383,1208,1229]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">A. erinnys vansomereni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
*,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD3FFDBA31BFB2BD8A0FB2B" authorityName="Karsch" authorityYear="1896" box="[826,1004,1240,1262]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="erinnys" subSpecies="ehlersi">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD3FFDBA31BFB2BD8A0FB2B" box="[826,1004,1240,1262]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">A. erinnys ehlersi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD3FFDBA3D8FB2BDE1BFB2B" box="[1017,1367,1240,1262]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD3FFDBA3D8FB2BDF8DFB2B" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1937" box="[1017,1217,1240,1262]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="milleri" subSpecies="coryndon">A. milleri coryndon</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD3FFDBA4EAFB2BDE1BFB2B" authorityName="Congdon, Kielland & Collins" authorityYear="1998" box="[1227,1367,1240,1262]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="usambarae">A. usambarae</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="C5E5D542FFD30026A084FA9ADECCF983" box="[165,1408,1384,1606]" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
|
||
<th id="8634BC3EFFD30026A084FA9AD90AF983" box="[165,582,1384,1606]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD3FFDBA084FA98DADFFABB" authority="Lam." authorityName="Lam." box="[165,403,1384,1407]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="reflexa">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD3FFDBA084FA98DA1BFABB" box="[165,343,1384,1407]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Dracaena reflexa</emphasis>
|
||
Lam.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="8634BC3EFFD30026A2A0FA9AD851F983" box="[641,797,1384,1606]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">North-east Mozambique, Madagascar, Mauritius, and nearby islands of the western Indian Ocean</td>
|
||
<td id="8634BC3EFFD30026A31BFA9ADECCF983" box="[826,1408,1384,1606]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD3FFDBA31BFA9BDF79FABB" box="[826,1077,1385,1406]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD3FFDBA31BFA9BDF67FABB" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1925" box="[826,1067,1385,1406]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="erinnys" subSpecies="vansomereni">A. erinnys vansomereni</taxonomicName>
|
||
*
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD3FFDBA463FA9BDE64FABA" authorityName="Oberthur" authorityYear="1916" box="[1090,1320,1385,1407]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="erinnys" subSpecies="comoranum">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD3FFDBA463FA9BDE64FABA" box="[1090,1320,1385,1407]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">A. erinnys comoranum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="C5E5D542FFD30026A084F9AEDECCF951" box="[165,1408,1628,1684]" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
|
||
<th id="8634BC3EFFD30026A084F9AED90AF951" box="[165,582,1628,1684]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD3FFDBA084F9ACDA1BF9B7" box="[165,343,1628,1651]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="reflexa">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD3FFDBA084F9ACDA1BF9B7" box="[165,343,1628,1651]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Dracaena reflexa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD3FFDBA17CF9AFD90AF9B7" authority="Baker" authorityName="Baker" box="[349,582,1628,1650]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" rank="variety" variety="angustifolia">
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD3FFDBA1ABF9AED94FF9B7" box="[394,515,1628,1650]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">angustifolia</emphasis>
|
||
Baker
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD3FFDBA099F98DDA86F951" authority="Lam." authorityName="Lam." box="[184,458,1663,1684]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="marginata">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD3FFDBA099F98DDAC1F951" box="[184,397,1663,1684]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Dracaena marginata</emphasis>
|
||
Lam.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="8634BC3EFFD30026A2A0F9AED851F951" box="[641,797,1628,1684]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Western Indian Ocean</td>
|
||
<td id="8634BC3EFFD30026A31BF9AEDECCF951" box="[826,1408,1628,1684]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD3FFDBA31BF9AFD8B3F9B7" box="[826,1023,1629,1651]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD3FFDBA31BF9AFD8B8F9B7" authority="erinnys" authorityName="erinnys Trimen" authorityYear="1862" box="[826,1012,1629,1651]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="erinnys" subSpecies="erinnys">A. erinnys erinnys</taxonomicName>
|
||
*
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="C5E5D542FFD30026A084F958DECCF8C7" box="[165,1408,1706,1794]" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
|
||
<th id="8634BC3EFFD30026A084F958D90AF8C7" box="[165,582,1706,1794]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD3FFDBA084F959DAE0F905" authority="Engl." authorityName="Engl." box="[165,428,1706,1728]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="steudneri">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD3FFDBA084F959DA23F905" box="[165,367,1706,1728]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Dracaena steudneri</emphasis>
|
||
Engl.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="8634BC3EFFD30026A2A0F958D851F8C7" box="[641,797,1706,1794]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Ethiopia to south tropical Africa</td>
|
||
<td id="8634BC3EFFD30026A31BF958DECCF8C7" box="[826,1408,1706,1794]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD3FFDBA31BF959D8EFF905" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1925" box="[826,931,1706,1728]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reducta">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD3FFDBA31BF959D8EFF905" box="[826,931,1706,1728]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">A. reducta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD3FFDBA390F959DFD2F905" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1925" box="[945,1182,1707,1728]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="erinnys" subSpecies="vansomereni">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD3FFDBA390F959DFD2F905" box="[945,1182,1707,1728]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">A. erinnys vansomereni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD3FFDBA48DF959DE11F905" authorityName="Karsch" authorityYear="1896" box="[1196,1373,1706,1728]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="erinnys" subSpecies="ehlersi">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD3FFDBA48DF959DE11F905" box="[1196,1373,1706,1728]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">A. erinnys ehlersi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD3FFDBA54BF959D89AF924" authority="erinnys" authorityName="erinnys Trimen" authorityYear="1862" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="erinnys" subSpecies="erinnys">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD3FFDBA54BF959D89AF924" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">A. erinnys erinnys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD3FFDBA3C3F93EDFD9F924" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1925" box="[994,1173,1740,1761]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="erinnys" subSpecies="nyasae">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD3FFDBA3C3F93EDFD9F924" box="[994,1173,1740,1761]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">A. erinnys nyasae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD3FFDBA483F93EDF1CF8C7" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD3FFDBA483F93EDE02F924" authority="milleri" authorityName="milleri Riley" authorityYear="1925" box="[1186,1358,1739,1761]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="milleri" subSpecies="milleri">A. milleri milleri</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD3FFDBA579F93ED8AAF8C7" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1937" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="milleri" subSpecies="coryndon">A. milleri coryndon</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD3FFDBA3D1F91FDF1CF8C7" authorityName="Evans" box="[1008,1104,1772,1794]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="milleri">A. milleri</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
SCC01(Kakamega)*
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<tableNote id="8633D68EFFD3FFDBA0B6F8D2D95CF8B6" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" targetBox="[165,1408,599,1794]" targetPageId="2">
|
||
<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFD3FFDBA0B6F8D2D821F8F3" blockId="2.[151,1435,1824,1907]" box="[151,877,1824,1846]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">? The identification of the food plant is in doubt, not that of the skipper.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFD3FFDBA0B6F8CDD95CF8B6" blockId="2.[151,1435,1824,1907]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">* Records are from outside the natural range of these food plant taxa, so may represent misidentifications or exotic plants grown as ornamentals (see text).</paragraph>
|
||
</tableNote>
|
||
<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFD2FFDAA0E6FF6BD9CBFDF8" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,573]" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD2FFDAA0E6FF6BDAE6FF75" box="[199,426,151,176]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="steudneri">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD2FFDAA0E6FF6BDAE6FF75" box="[199,426,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">Dracaena steudneri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Figure 1.2, 2) is commonly planted as an ornamental in East Africa (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFD2FFDAA4CAFF65DEDCFF75" author="Gardner" box="[1259,1424,151,176]" firstAuthor="Gardner" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" pagination="200 - 214" refId="ref30573" refString="Gardner, H. M. (1950) Indigenous plants. In: Jex-Blake, A. J. (Ed.), Gardening in East Africa: A Practical Handbook. Longmans, Green & Cp., London, pp. 200 - 214." type="book chapter" year="1950">Gardner 1950</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD2FFDAA0B6FF4FDA3CFF11" authorityName="Ker Gawl" authorityYear="1808" baseAuthorityName="L." box="[151,368,188,212]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fragrans">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD2FFDAA0B6FF4FDA3CFF11" box="[151,368,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">Dracaena fragrans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been used as a hedge plant in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFD2FFDAA2DBFF4ED81DFF10" box="[762,849,188,213]" name="Uganda" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">Uganda</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFD2FFDAA340FF4EDF4DFF10" author="Thomas" box="[865,1025,188,213]" firstAuthor="Thomas" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" pagination="301 - 324" refId="ref32837" refString="Thomas, A. S. (1950) Gardening in Uganda. In: Jex-Blake, A. J. (Ed.), Gardening in East Africa a Practical Handbook. Longmans, Green & Cp., London, pp. 301 - 324." type="book chapter" year="1950">Thomas 1950</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFD2FFDAA460FF4EDED0FF11" author="Dale" box="[1089,1436,188,213]" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" refId="ref30397" refString="Dale, I. R. & Greenway, P. J. (1961) Kenya Trees & Shrubs. Buchanan's Keya Estates Ltd and Hatchards, London, xxvii + 654 pp." type="book" year="1961" yearSuffix="p">Dale & Greenway (1961, p. 9)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
indicate that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD2FFDAA114FF13DA8BFF3D" box="[309,455,223,248]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="steudneri">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD2FFDAA114FF13DA8BFF3D" box="[309,455,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">D. steudneri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was ‘at one time assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD2FFDAA363FF13D880FF3D" authorityName="Ker Gawl" authorityYear="1808" baseAuthorityName="L." box="[834,972,224,248]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fragrans">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD2FFDAA363FF13D880FF3D" box="[834,972,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">D. fragrans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’, so records from this host may need confirmation. Although MJWC has recognised and probably only collected off
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD2FFDAA418FEF7DF8BFED8" box="[1081,1223,260,285]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="steudneri">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD2FFDAA418FEF7DF8BFED8" box="[1081,1223,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">D. steudneri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in eastern Africa, TCEC has recognised and collected off several other species or apparent species in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFD2FFDAA461FED5DFE4FE85" box="[1088,1192,295,320]" name="Tanzania" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFD2FFDAA492FED5DE45FE85" box="[1203,1289,295,320]" name="Malawi" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">Malawi</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFD2FFDAA561FED5DED4FE85" box="[1344,1432,295,320]" name="Zambia" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">Zambia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD2FFDAA126FEBFDA3BFEA1" authorityName="Baker" authorityYear="1874" box="[263,375,333,356]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mannii">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD2FFDAA126FEBFDA3BFEA1" box="[263,375,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">D. mannii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD2FFDAA1A5FEBFD90AFEA1" authorityName="Baker" authorityYear="1874" box="[388,582,333,356]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="camerooniana">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD2FFDAA1A5FEBFD90AFEA1" box="[388,582,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">D. camerooniana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Figure 1.3) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD2FFDAA326FEBFD8DEFEA0" box="[775,914,332,357]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laxissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD2FFDAA326FEBFD8DEFEA0" box="[775,914,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">D. laxissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Figure 1.2). In his experience, there appear to be at least two morphological species within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD2FFDAA292FE83D808FE4D" box="[691,836,367,392]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laxissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD2FFDAA292FE83D808FE4D" box="[691,836,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">D. laxissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, one with small leaves with wavy edges and pink flowers, the other with larger, smooth edged leaves and white flowers, which grow together in the Kihansi Gorge, Udzungwa Mountains,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFD2FFDAA182FE45D947FE15" box="[419,523,439,464]" name="Tanzania" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Similarly, there appear to be two species on the Rondo Plateau, south-eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFD2FFDAA0B6FE2EDBB3FE30" box="[151,255,476,501]" name="Tanzania" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
, one like
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD2FFDAA14EFE2FDAADFE31" authorityName="Baker" authorityYear="1874" box="[367,481,477,500]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mannii">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD2FFDAA14EFE2FDAADFE31" box="[367,481,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">D. mannii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the other more like
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD2FFDAA2F5FE2FD82DFE30" box="[724,865,476,501]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laxissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD2FFDAA2F5FE2FD82DFE30" box="[724,865,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">D. laxissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In the Misuku Hills, north
|
||
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFD2FFDAA484FE2EDFB1FE30" box="[1189,1277,476,501]" name="Malawi" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">Malawi</collectingCountry>
|
||
, TCEC found three phenotypes, two of which would be identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD2FFDAA32CFDF3D8D0FDDD" box="[781,924,511,536]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laxissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD2FFDAA32CFDF3D8D0FDDD" box="[781,924,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">D. laxissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Once the taxonomy of this group is clearer, some of our records will need re-evaluation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="2FAA8788FFD2FFDAA0B6F88EDF03F875" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/253533/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" targetBox="[151,1436,628,1891]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFD2FFDAA0B6F88EDF03F875" blockId="3.[151,1437,1916,1968]" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD2FFDAA0B6F88EDA58F857" bold="true" box="[151,276,1916,1938]" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD2FFDAA13DF88FDACDF857" box="[284,385,1917,1938]" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD2FFDAA13DF88FDACDF857" box="[284,385,1917,1938]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">Dracaena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. food plants.
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD2FFDAA21DF88ED904F857" bold="true" box="[572,584,1916,1938]" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">1</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD2FFDAA276F88FD99AF857" box="[599,726,1916,1938]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="steudneri">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD2FFDAA276F88FD99AF857" box="[599,726,1916,1938]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">D. steudneri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(or near), Misuku Forest, north Malawi, 20 May 2004;
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD2FFDAA53AF88EDE64F857" bold="true" box="[1307,1320,1916,1938]" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">2</emphasis>
|
||
, typical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD2FFDAA5A2F88FDBBBF875" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laxissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD2FFDAA5A2F88FDBBBF875" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">D. laxissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in cultivation;
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD2FFDAA1B6F868DAEFF875" bold="true" box="[407,419,1946,1968]" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">3</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD2FFDAA191F869D92CF875" authorityName="Baker" authorityYear="1874" box="[432,608,1947,1968]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="camerooniana">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD2FFDAA191F869D92CF875" box="[432,608,1947,1968]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">D. camerooniana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in cultivation;
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD2FFDAA320F868D841F875" bold="true" box="[769,781,1946,1968]" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">4</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD2FFDAA33BF869D8F7F875" box="[794,955,1946,1968]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="afromontana">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD2FFDAA33BF869D8F7F875" box="[794,955,1946,1968]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">D. afromontana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in cultivation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFD5FFDDA0E6FF65DAA9FD40" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1077]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">
|
||
The situation in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFD5FFDDA15CFF65D948FF75" box="[381,516,151,176]" name="Madagascar" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
is not clear. At the moment, most of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD5FFDDA3EFFF6BDF72FF75" box="[974,1086,153,176]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD5FFDDA3EFFF6BDF72FF75" box="[974,1086,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Dracaena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFD5FFDDA4B9FF65DE53FF75" box="[1176,1311,151,176]" name="Madagascar" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
are treated as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD5FFDDA097FF4FDA6AFF10" box="[182,294,188,213]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="reflexa">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD5FFDDA097FF4FDA6AFF10" box="[182,294,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">D. reflexa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with 13 subspecies, all of them showing a high level of morphological diversity.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFD5FFDDA49CFF4EDED0FF11" author="Buerki" box="[1213,1436,188,213]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Buerki" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" pagination="15 - 28" refId="ref29781" refString="Buerki, S., Callmander, M. W., Schupfer, F., Ravokatra, M., Kupfer, P. & Alvarez, N. (2009) Malagasy Dracaena Vand. ex L. (Ruscaceae): an investigation of discrepancies between morphological features and spatial genetic structure at a small evolutionary scale. Oesterreichisches Botanisches Wochenblatt, 280 (1 - 2), 15 - 28. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00606 - 009 - 0162 - z" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Buerki
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD5FFDDA530FF4FDE0FFF10" box="[1297,1347,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2009)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
attempted a molecular analysis, which revealed three clades of Madagascan
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD5FFDDA426FF13DF3BFF3D" box="[1031,1143,225,248]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD5FFDDA426FF13DF3BFF3D" box="[1031,1143,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Dracaena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which do not align with recognised names. Clades A and C occur in the north of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFD5FFDDA32CFEF6D8DAFED8" box="[781,918,260,285]" name="Madagascar" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
, clade A principally in humid evergreen forest (Montagne d’Ambre and humid zones of the northern part of Daraina) whereas clade C occurs in semi-deciduous to deciduous forest (Ankarana and dry zones of the southern part of Daraina). Clade B covers a much larger area in central and southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFD5FFDDA1A4FE9DD942FE4D" box="[389,526,367,392]" name="Madagascar" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
, with two biogeographic groups, B
|
||
<quantity id="BC2D7AE5FFD5FFDDA380FE82D886FE4D" box="[929,970,367,392]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" unit="in" value="1.0">1 in</quantity>
|
||
low to mid-elevation evergreen forest of the east coast of the island, and B2 throughout the southernmost part of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFD5FFDDA3CBFE66DF3DFE68" box="[1002,1137,404,429]" name="Madagascar" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
in semi-deciduous to dry forests.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFD5FFDDA0CEFE45DA80FE15" author="Buerki" box="[239,460,439,464]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Buerki" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" pagination="15 - 28" refId="ref29781" refString="Buerki, S., Callmander, M. W., Schupfer, F., Ravokatra, M., Kupfer, P. & Alvarez, N. (2009) Malagasy Dracaena Vand. ex L. (Ruscaceae): an investigation of discrepancies between morphological features and spatial genetic structure at a small evolutionary scale. Oesterreichisches Botanisches Wochenblatt, 280 (1 - 2), 15 - 28. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00606 - 009 - 0162 - z" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Buerki
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD5FFDDA162FE4BDA38FE15" box="[323,372,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2009)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
conclude that their results highlight the difficulty of defining evolutionarily significant units in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFD5FFDDA0D3FE2EDA13FE30" box="[242,351,476,501]" name="Madagascar" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Malagasy</collectingCountry>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD5FFDDA147FE2FDA9AFE31" box="[358,470,477,500]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD5FFDDA147FE2FDA9AFE31" box="[358,470,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Dracaena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and indicate the complex speciation processes taking place. In northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFD5FFDDA52EFE2EDED4FE30" box="[1295,1432,476,501]" name="Madagascar" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
, TCEC found
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD5FFDDA114FDF2D971FDDD" authority="(Saalmuller)" authorityName="Saalmuller" baseAuthorityName="Saalmuller" box="[309,573,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="boseae">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD5FFDDA114FDF2DAEAFDDD" box="[309,422,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">A. boseae</emphasis>
|
||
(Saalmüller)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD5FFDDA25AFDF2D9AEFDD2" authorityName="Holland" authorityYear="1896" box="[635,738,512,535]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD5FFDDA25AFDF2D9AEFDD2" box="[635,738,512,535]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Artitropa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. SCC01 on a small ‘species’ resembling
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD5FFDDA4CFFDF3DE2EFDDD" authorityName="Baker" authorityYear="1874" box="[1262,1378,513,536]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mannii">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD5FFDDA4CFFDF3DE2EFDDD" box="[1262,1378,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">D. mannii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD5FFDDA0B6FDD6DBB2FDFE" authorityName="Holland" authorityYear="1896" box="[151,254,548,571]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD5FFDDA0B6FDD6DBB2FDFE" box="[151,254,548,571]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Artitropa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. SCC03 on a much larger ‘species’ more like
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD5FFDDA307FDD7D8FDFDF8" box="[806,945,548,573]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="steudneri">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD5FFDDA307FDD7D8FDFDF8" box="[806,945,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">D. steudneri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Based on the work of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFD5FFDDA496FDD6DEDBFDF9" author="Buerki" box="[1207,1431,548,573]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Buerki" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" pagination="15 - 28" refId="ref29781" refString="Buerki, S., Callmander, M. W., Schupfer, F., Ravokatra, M., Kupfer, P. & Alvarez, N. (2009) Malagasy Dracaena Vand. ex L. (Ruscaceae): an investigation of discrepancies between morphological features and spatial genetic structure at a small evolutionary scale. Oesterreichisches Botanisches Wochenblatt, 280 (1 - 2), 15 - 28. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00606 - 009 - 0162 - z" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Buerki
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD5FFDDA52AFDD7DE70FDF8" box="[1291,1340,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2009)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, most of our records of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD5FFDDA1BBFDBBD946FDA5" box="[410,522,585,608]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD5FFDDA1BBFDBBD946FDA5" box="[410,522,585,608]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Dracaena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. as food plants of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD5FFDDA2DCFDBAD828FD9A" authorityName="Holland" authorityYear="1896" box="[765,868,584,607]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD5FFDDA2DCFDBAD828FD9A" box="[765,868,584,607]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Artitropa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFD5FFDDA39EFDB5DF0AFDA5" box="[959,1094,583,608]" name="Madagascar" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
are likely to refer to Clade A, based on location and habitat.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFD5FFDDA0E6FD63DA5EFBF0" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1077]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD5FFDDA0E6FD63DAE5FD6D" box="[199,425,655,680]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="steudneri">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD5FFDDA0E6FD63DAE5FD6D" box="[199,425,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Dracaena steudneri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
grows to be a relatively large tree, although
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD5FFDDA39CFD62DF68FD62" authorityName="Holland" authorityYear="1896" box="[957,1060,656,679]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD5FFDDA39CFD62DF68FD62" box="[957,1060,656,679]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Artitropa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. early stages tend not to be found on the larger plants. MJWC has noted that it (and probably other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD5FFDDA3DDFD47DF20FD09" box="[1020,1132,693,716]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD5FFDDA3DDFD47DF20FD09" box="[1020,1132,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Dracaena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp.) shows considerable phenotypic plasticity, as shown in the following casual observation. Two apparently identical small cuttings were purchased from a Nairobi street-side plant seller; one was planted in the ground in full sunshine, while the other was planted in a pot and kept in shade. After three years it was not obvious that these could be the same species: the plant grown in full sun was robust with many large, broad leaves (Figure 2.1), while the potted plant grown in shade was spindly with just a few small narrow leaves at the top of the stem (similar to Figure 2.2, but more spindly, with fewer, smaller leaves). Bearing in mind that skipper caterpillars are often collected from vegetative plants under diverse conditions, the scope for doubt about species names for the food plant is clear. In spite of these challenges, we attempt to assess host specificity of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD5FFDDA319FC26D8F2FC28" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1809" box="[824,958,980,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hesperiinae">Hesperiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD5FFDDA3EAFC27DF77FC29" box="[971,1083,981,1004]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD5FFDDA3EAFC27DF77FC29" box="[971,1083,981,1004]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Dracaena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-feeders. There is not enough information to assess this for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD5FFDDA1CCFC0AD976FBCA" authorityName="Holland" authorityYear="1896" box="[493,570,1016,1039]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gamia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD5FFDDA1CCFC0AD976FBCA" box="[493,570,1016,1039]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Gamia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. as yet, whereas some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD5FFDDA356FC0AD892FBCA" authorityName="Holland" authorityYear="1896" box="[887,990,1016,1039]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD5FFDDA356FC0AD892FBCA" box="[887,990,1016,1039]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Artitropa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. seem to be generalists and others specialists.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="2FAA8788FFD5FFDDA0B6F86FDF5EF834" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/253534/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" targetBox="[151,1436,1119,1925]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFD5FFDDA0B6F86FDF5EF834" blockId="4.[151,1436,1949,2033]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD5FFDDA0B6F86FDA58F876" bold="true" box="[151,276,1949,1971]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Two young plants of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD5FFDDA1DAF86DD98BF876" box="[507,711,1949,1972]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="steudneri">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD5FFDDA1DAF86DD98BF876" box="[507,711,1949,1972]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Dracaena steudneri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
of about three years showing phenotypic plasticity:
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD5FFDDA4C9F86FDFB9F876" bold="true" box="[1256,1269,1949,1971]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">1</emphasis>
|
||
, planted in sun, Kyuna Estate, Nairobi; 2, pot-grown, mostly under shade (this is not the plant referred to in the text, which was more spindly with fewer, smaller leaves, but a more robust example photographed at a Nairobi hotel).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFD4FFDCA0E6FF65D917FD41" blockId="5.[151,1436,151,645]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
|
||
Leaf extracts from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD4FFDCA185FF6BD93AFF75" authorityName="Link" authorityYear="1821" baseAuthorityName="Willd." box="[420,630,151,176]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arborea">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD4FFDCA185FF6BD93AFF75" box="[420,630,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Dracaena arborea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been shown to have insecticidal properties (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFD4FFDCA494FF65DE60FF75" author="Udo" box="[1205,1324,151,176]" firstAuthor="Udo" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" pagination="136 - 143" refId="ref33019" refString="Udo, I. O. (2013) Phytochemical screening of Dracaena arborea (Asparagaceae) for insecticidal activity in the control of Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 33 (2), 136 - 143. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / S 1742758413000039" type="journal article" year="2013">Udo 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and this may well be the case for the whole genus. SCC inadvertently found that cut leaves of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD4FFDCA47FFF4FDFA5FF10" box="[1118,1257,188,213]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="steudneri">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD4FFDCA47FFF4FDFA5FF10" box="[1118,1257,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">D. steudneri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
placed in a box with caterpillars of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD4FFDCA150FF2DD9C0FF3D" authorityName="Ochsenheimer" authorityYear="1816" box="[369,652,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Charaxes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD4FFDCA150FF2DDA90FF3D" box="[369,476,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Charaxes</emphasis>
|
||
(Nymphalidae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
led to their death.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFD4FFDCA37FFF12D831FF3D" box="[862,893,224,248]" name="American Samoa" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
a corollary,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD4FFDCA429FF13DF34FF3D" box="[1032,1144,225,248]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD4FFDCA429FF13DF34FF3D" box="[1032,1144,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Dracaena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. seem to be relatively free from insect attack. There are a small number of records of polyphagous
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD4FFDCA40DFEF6DFFAFED8" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1068,1206,260,285]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
, including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD4FFDCA51DFEF7D966FE85" authority="Meyrick" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1910" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Homona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mermerodes">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD4FFDCA51DFEF7DA6CFE85" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Homona mermerodes</emphasis>
|
||
Meyrick (Tortricidae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFD4FFDCA27FFEDAD80BFE85" box="[606,839,295,320]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFD4FFDCA37CFED5DF75FE85" author="Hulcr" box="[861,1081,295,320]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Hulcr" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" pagination="549" refId="ref30932" refString="Hulcr, J. I., Miller, S. E., Setliff, G. P., Darrow, K., Mueller, N. D., Hebert, P. D. N. & Weiblen, G. D. (2007) DNA barcoding confirms polyphagy in a generalist moth, Homona mermerodes (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Molecular Ecology Notes, 7, 549 - 557. http: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1471 - 8286.2007.01786. x" type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Hulcr
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD4FFDCA38FFEDBD8AAFE85" box="[942,998,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD4FFDCA475FED5DA6FFEA0" authority="Busck" authorityName="Busck" authorityYear="1909" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Amorbia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="emigratella">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD4FFDCA475FED5DE0BFE85" box="[1108,1351,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Amorbia emigratella</emphasis>
|
||
Busck (Tortricidae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFD4FFDCA1E0FEBEDAB5FEA1" box="[449,505,332,356]" name="United States of America" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Central
|
||
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFD4FFDCA2BAFEBED9B7FEA0" box="[667,763,332,357]" name="United States of America" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFD4FFDCA331FEBEDF77FEA1" author="Gilligan & Epstein" box="[784,1083,332,357]" firstAuthor="Gilligan" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" pagination="2014" refId="ref30622" refString="Gilligan, T. M. & Epstein, M. E. (2012) TortAI Tortricids of Agricultural Importance [updated April 2012]. Available from: http: // www. tortai. org (accessed 29 November 2014)" type="journal article" year="2012">Gilligan & Epstein 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD4FFDCA475FEBEDA77FE4D" authority="(Clemens)" authorityName="Clemens" baseAuthorityName="Clemens" baseAuthorityYear="1860" class="Insecta" family="Limacodidae" genus="Acharia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stimulea">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD4FFDCA475FEBEDE56FEA0" box="[1108,1306,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Acharia stimulea</emphasis>
|
||
(Clemens) (Limacodidae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in eastern North
|
||
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFD4FFDCA23AFE9DD937FE4D" box="[539,635,367,392]" name="United States of America" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFD4FFDCA2B3FE9DD8DFFE4D" author="Bibbs & Frank" box="[658,915,367,392]" firstAuthor="Bibbs" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" refId="ref29700" refString="Bibbs, C. S. & Frank, J. H. (2012) Saddleback caterpillar Acharia stimulea (Clemens) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Limacodidae). Document EENY- 522, Entomology and Nematology Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 9 pp. Available from: http: // edis. ifas. ufl. edu / in 923 (accessed 29 November 2014)" type="book" year="2012">Bibbs & Frank 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD4FFDCA3C5FE82DED7FE4D" authority="(Bojer)" authorityName="Bojer" baseAuthorityName="Bojer" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[996,1435,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Tineidae" genus="Opogona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sacchari">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD4FFDCA3C5FE82DFF6FE4D" box="[996,1210,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Opogona sacchari</emphasis>
|
||
(Bojer) (Tineidae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
widespread in the tropics and subtropics (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFD4FFDCA24CFE66D818FE69" author="Heppner" box="[621,852,404,429]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Heppner" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" refId="ref30819" refString="Heppner, J. B., Pena, J. E. & Glenn, H. (1987) The banana moth, Opogona sacchari (Bojer) (Lepidoptera: Tineidae), in Florida. Entomology Circular No. 293, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry, 4 pp." type="book" year="1987">
|
||
Heppner
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD4FFDCA2F6FE67D845FE68" box="[727,777,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1987
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), as well as several species not recorded from other host plants, but about which little is known:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD4FFDCA2B9FE45D9BEFE15" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1855" box="[664,754,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Amerila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD4FFDCA2B9FE45D9BEFE15" box="[664,754,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Amerila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD4FFDCA31BFE45D8EEFE15" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[826,930,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Erebidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD4FFDCA38EFE45DF55FE15" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1809" box="[943,1049,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Arctiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in East Africa,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD4FFDCA4F8FE4BDA9CFE30" authority="(Westwood)" authorityName="Westwood" baseAuthorityName="Westwood" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Taenaris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phorcas">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD4FFDCA4F8FE4BDED0FE15" box="[1241,1436,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Taenaris phorcas</emphasis>
|
||
(Westwood) (Nymphalidae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Australasia, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD4FFDCA28DFE2EDFCCFE30" authority="Hampson" authorityName="Hampson" authorityYear="1918" box="[684,1152,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eublemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufimixta">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD4FFDCA28DFE2ED8DEFE31" box="[684,914,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Eublemma rufimixta</emphasis>
|
||
Hampson (Erebidae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in East Africa (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFD4FFDCA50EFE2EDA6CFDDD" author="Robinson" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Robinson" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" pagination="2014" refId="ref32246" refString="Robinson, G. S., Ackery, P. R., Kitching, I. J., Beccaloni, G. W. & Hernandez, L. M. (2010) HOSTS - A Database of the World's Lepidopteran Hostplants. Natural History Museum, London. Available from: http: // www. nhm. ac. uk / hosts (accessed 29 November 2014)" type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Robinson
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD4FFDCA0B6FDF3DB83FDDD" box="[151,207,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). There are also four genera of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD4FFDCA28CFE0DD87FFDDD" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1809" box="[685,819,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hesperiinae">Hesperiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD4FFDCA361FDF3D8AEFDDD" box="[832,994,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">incertae sedis</emphasis>
|
||
which breed on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD4FFDCA496FDF3DE6BFDDD" box="[1207,1319,513,536]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD4FFDCA496FDF3DE6BFDDD" box="[1207,1319,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Dracaena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. The Afrotropical genera
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD4FFDCA15EFDD7D90FFDFE" box="[383,579,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD4FFDCA15EFDD7DA83FDF9" authorityName="Holland" authorityYear="1896" box="[383,463,549,572]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gamia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Gamia</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD4FFDCA1FDFDD6D90FFDFE" authorityName="Holland" authorityYear="1896" box="[476,579,548,571]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Artitropa</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and one species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD4FFDCA30DFDD7D83EFDF9" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1937" box="[812,882,549,572]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Leona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD4FFDCA30DFDD7D83EFDF9" box="[812,882,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Leona</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are treated here, and are restricted to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD4FFDCA50DFDD7DED0FDF9" box="[1324,1436,549,572]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD4FFDCA50DFDD7DED0FDF9" box="[1324,1436,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Dracaena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp., but
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD4FFDCA124FDB5DA2CFDA5" authorityName="Distant" authorityYear="1886" box="[261,352,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pirdana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD4FFDCA124FDB5DA2CFDA5" box="[261,352,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Pirdana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in South-East Asia also feed on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD4FFDCA2C9FDB5D81BFDA5" authorityName="Adanson" authorityYear="1763" box="[744,855,583,608]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Cordyline" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD4FFDCA2C9FDB5D81BFDA5" box="[744,855,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Cordyline</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD4FFDCA3B5FDB5DF6FFDA5" authorityName="H.C.Andrews" authorityYear="1808" box="[916,1059,583,608]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Peliosanthes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFD4FFDCA3B5FDB5DF6FFDA5" box="[916,1059,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Peliosanthes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFD4FFDCA44FFDBADE41FDA5" authorityName="de Jussieu" authorityYear="1789" box="[1134,1293,584,608]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asparagaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFD4FFDCA506FDB5DA60FD41" author="Piepers & Snellen" firstAuthor="Piepers" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" pagination="60" refId="ref32002" refString="Piepers, M. C. & Snellen, P. C. T. (1910) The Rhophalocera of Java Hesperidae. Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, and William Wesley, London, xxvi + 60 + plates V - X. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 015 - 3177 - 1" type="book chapter" year="1910">Piepers & Snellen 1910</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFD4FFDCA119FD9ED902FD41" author="Igarashi & Fukudu" box="[312,590,620,645]" firstAuthor="Igarashi" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" refId="ref31026" refString="Igarashi, S. & Fukudu, H. (1997) The life histories of Asian butterflies. Vol. 1. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, 547 pp." type="book" year="1997">Igarashi & Fukudu 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |