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<mods:title id="982277E2C4685674B602D2553502041A">Observations on the Biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 8. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Dracaena Feeders</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="52D304A051867FCB7C7B58A1A64B0A0D">Cock, Matthew J. W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C5C05E1FC1A0E1739FF7BE80B8A65F31">Congdon, T. Colin E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="FCE4386CED5DDB1BAD583D712CC4D821">Collins, Steve C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="5693392184D0E2BA71DCA9B130F39238">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<subSubSection id="33CF848BFFC2FFCAA0B6F9BFDAB4F9A2" box="[151,504,1613,1639]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFC2FFCAA0B6F9BFDAB4F9A2" blockId="19.[151,504,1613,1639]" box="[151,504,1613,1639]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">
<heading id="2022606CFFC2FFCAA0B6F9BFDAB4F9A2" bold="true" box="[151,504,1613,1639]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC2FFCAA0B6F9BFDAB4F9A2" ID-CoL="9BHF8" authority="Riley, 1925" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1925" box="[151,504,1613,1639]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reducta">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC2FFCAA0B6F9BFDAB4F9A2" bold="true" box="[151,504,1613,1639]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC2FFCAA0B6F9BFDA24F9A2" bold="true" box="[151,360,1613,1639]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Artitropa reducta</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFC2FFCAA14EF9BFDAB4F9A2" author="Riley" box="[367,504,1613,1639]" firstAuthor="Riley" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" pagination="281" refId="ref32184" refString="Riley, N. D. (1925) A revision of the continental African species of the genus Artitropa (Lep. Hesperiidae). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1925, 281 - 288, plate 35. http: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1925. tb 02864. x" type="journal article" year="1925">Riley, 1925</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
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</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="33CF848BFFC2FFCDA0B6F966D952FC99" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="321" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFC2FFCAA0B6F966DA25F809" blockId="19.[151,1436,1684,1997]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">
This species name was first introduced as an aberration (‘ab.’) of
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC2FFCAA352F966D896F969" authorityName="Stoll" authorityYear="1782" box="[883,986,1684,1708]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="comus">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC2FFCAA352F966D896F969" box="[883,986,1684,1708]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">A. comus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFC2FFCAA422F966DF90F968" author="Aurivillius" box="[1027,1244,1684,1709]" firstAuthor="Aurivillius" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" pagination="1243 - 1359" refId="ref29647" refString="Aurivillius, C. (1925 b) Lepidoptera. IV. Teil. Ergebnisse der Zweiten Deutschen Zentral-Afrika-Expedition, 1 (18), 1243 - 1359." type="journal article" year="1925" yearSuffix="b">Aurivillius (1925b)</bibRefCitation>
in his account of the
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC2FFCAA0E1F945DA0BF915" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[192,327,1719,1744]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
collected on the second
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFC2FFCAA27CF94AD9FBF915" box="[605,695,1720,1744]" name="Germany" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">German</collectingCountry>
central African Expedition
<date id="0F6BF1C0FFC2FFCAA3D0F94ADF3DF915" box="[1009,1137,1720,1744]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" value="1910" valueMax="1911">1910–1911</date>
, based on four males from Kimuenza, which is now an area of Kinshasa,
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFC2FFCAA298F92FD875F931" box="[697,825,1756,1780]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">DR Congo</collectingCountry>
. Accordingly, this name was not available under the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, until
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFC2FFCAA32BF90DD8D0F8DD" author="Riley" box="[778,924,1791,1816]" firstAuthor="Riley" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" pagination="281" refId="ref32184" refString="Riley, N. D. (1925) A revision of the continental African species of the genus Artitropa (Lep. Hesperiidae). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1925, 281 - 288, plate 35. http: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1925. tb 02864. x" type="journal article" year="1925">Riley (1925)</bibRefCitation>
almost immediately used it as a subspecies name, thereby validating it with his authorship.
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFC2FFCAA292F8D6D99EF8F9" box="[691,722,1828,1852]" name="American Samoa" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">As</collectingCountry>
noted above under
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC2FFCAA390F8D6DFA7F8F9" authority=", Carcasson (1981)" authorityName=", Carcasson" authorityYear="1981" box="[945,1259,1828,1852]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="comus">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC2FFCAA390F8D6DF54F8F9" box="[945,1048,1828,1852]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">A. comus</emphasis>
,
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFC2FFCAA407F8D6DFA7F8F9" author="Carcasson" box="[1062,1259,1828,1852]" firstAuthor="Carcasson" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" refId="ref29877" refString="Carcasson, R. H. (1981) Collins Handguide to the Butterflies of Africa. Collins, London, 188 pp." type="book" year="1981">Carcasson (1981)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
treated
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC2FFCAA566F8D6DED7F8F8" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1925" box="[1351,1435,1828,1853]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reducta">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC2FFCAA566F8D6DED7F8F8" box="[1351,1435,1828,1853]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">reducta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a valid species separate from
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC2FFCAA22CF8BAD93AF8A5" authorityName=", Carcasson" authorityYear="1981" box="[525,630,1864,1888]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="comus">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC2FFCAA22CF8BAD93AF8A5" box="[525,630,1864,1888]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">A. comus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which has been followed by subsequent authors (
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFC2FFCAA49DF8B5DED4F8A5" author="Ackery" box="[1212,1432,1863,1888]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Ackery" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" refId="ref29534" refString="Ackery, P. R., Smith, C. R. &amp; Vane-Wright, R. I. (Eds.) (1995) Carcasson's African Butterflies. An annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. CSIRO Publications, Melbourne, 803 pp." type="book" year="1995">
Ackery
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC2FFCAA538F8BBDE01F8A5" box="[1305,1357,1863,1888]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">et al</emphasis>
. 1995
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFC2FFCAA0B6F89FDA64F840" author="Larsen" box="[151,296,1900,1925]" firstAuthor="Larsen" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" refId="ref31586" refString="Larsen, T. B. (2005) Butterflies of West Africa. 2 Vols. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, 595 + 270 pp." type="book" year="2005">Larsen 2005</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC2FFCAA11CF89ED94EF840" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1925" box="[317,514,1900,1925]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reducta">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC2FFCAA11CF89ED94EF840" box="[317,514,1900,1925]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Artitropa reducta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is found from
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFC2FFCAA290F89ED865F841" box="[689,809,1900,1924]" name="Cameroon" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFC2FFCAA314F89FD8FFF841" box="[821,947,1900,1924]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">DR Congo</collectingCountry>
, east to southern
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFC2FFCAA45CF89EDF93F840" box="[1149,1247,1900,1925]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
, western
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFC2FFCAA56DF89FDED4F840" box="[1356,1432,1901,1925]" name="Kenya" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Kenya</collectingCountry>
, and south to
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFC2FFCAA10AF87DDAEAF86D" box="[299,422,1935,1960]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFC2FFCAA193F87DD946F86D" box="[434,522,1935,1960]" name="Zambia" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Zambia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFC2FFCAA236F87DD921F86D" box="[535,621,1935,1960]" name="Malawi" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Malawi</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFC2FFCAA284F87DD875F86D" box="[677,825,1935,1960]" name="Mozambique" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFC2FFCAA368F862D89EF86D" author="Evans" box="[841,978,1936,1960]" firstAuthor="Evans" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" refId="ref30531" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, 212 pp., 30 plates." type="book" year="1937">Evans 1937</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFC2FFCAA3FEF87DDFF8F86D" author="Pringle" box="[991,1204,1935,1960]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Pringle" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" refId="ref32133" refString="Pringle, E. L. L., Henning, G. A. &amp; Ball, J. B. (Eds.) (1994) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. 2 nd Edition. Struik Winchester, Cape Town, South Africa, 800 pp." type="book" year="1994">
Pringle
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC2FFCAA419F863DF26F86D" box="[1080,1130,1935,1960]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">et al</emphasis>
. 1994
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFC2FFCAA4E0F87DDED4F86D" author="Ackery" box="[1217,1432,1935,1960]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Ackery" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" refId="ref29534" refString="Ackery, P. R., Smith, C. R. &amp; Vane-Wright, R. I. (Eds.) (1995) Carcasson's African Butterflies. An annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. CSIRO Publications, Melbourne, 803 pp." type="book" year="1995">
Ackery
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC2FFCAA53AF863DE02F86D" box="[1307,1358,1935,1960]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">et al</emphasis>
. 1995
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFC2FFCAA0B6F846DA11F809" author="Heath" box="[151,349,1972,1997]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Heath" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" refId="ref30712" refString="Heath, A., Newport, M. A. &amp; Hancock, D. (2002) The Butterflies of Zambia. African Butterfly Research Institute and The Lepidopterists' Society of Africa, Nairobi, 137 pp. + CD." type="book" year="2002">
Heath
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC2FFCAA0C0F847DA5EF808" box="[225,274,1972,1997]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">et al</emphasis>
. 2002
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFC5FFCDA0E6FF6AD9EFFE4D" blockId="20.[151,1437,151,861]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">
In
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFC5FFCDA0C5FF6ADA61FF75" box="[228,301,152,176]" name="Kenya" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Kenya</collectingCountry>
this species was only recorded from the Shimba Hills (
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFC5FFCDA3B3FF65DF13FF75" author="Sevastopulo" box="[914,1119,151,176]" firstAuthor="Sevastopulo" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" pagination="131" refId="ref32345" refString="Sevastopulo, D. G. (1974) Butterflies of the Shimba Hills. Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation, 86, 131 - 136." type="journal article" year="1974">Sevastopulo 1974</bibRefCitation>
), Teita Hills and Mt. Sagalla (
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFC5FFCDA0BFFF4EDA7EFF11" author="Larsen" box="[158,306,188,212]" firstAuthor="Larsen" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" refId="ref31559" refString="Larsen, T. B. (1991) The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 490 pp." type="book" year="1991">Larsen 1991</bibRefCitation>
), apart from a single suspect Nairobi record (
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFC5FFCDA36DFF4ED89EFF10" author="Riley" box="[844,978,188,213]" firstAuthor="Riley" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" pagination="281" refId="ref32184" refString="Riley, N. D. (1925) A revision of the continental African species of the genus Artitropa (Lep. Hesperiidae). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1925, 281 - 288, plate 35. http: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1925. tb 02864. x" type="journal article" year="1925">Riley 1925</bibRefCitation>
). Since then it has been recorded from Kakamega Forest as
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC5FFCDA1ACFF12D9A7FF3D" authority="(Kuhne et al. 2004)" authorityName="Kuhne et al." authorityYear="2004" baseAuthorityName="Kuhne et al." baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[397,747,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="comus">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC5FFCDA1ACFF12DABBFF3D" box="[397,503,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">A. comus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFC5FFCDA22AFF2DD9AFFF3D" author="Kuhne" box="[523,739,223,248]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Kuhne" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" pagination="161 - 174" refId="ref31500" refString="Kuhne, L., Collins, S. C. &amp; Kinuthia, W. (2004) Check-list of the butterflies of the Kakamega Forest Nature Reserve in western Kenya (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea, Papilionoidea). Nachrichten des Entomologischer Verein Apollo N. F., 25 (4), 161 - 174." type="journal article" year="2004">
Kühne
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC5FFCDA243FF13D9DBFF3D" box="[610,663,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">et al</emphasis>
. 2004
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and occurs more widely in
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFC5FFCDA41AFF12DFC8FF3D" box="[1083,1156,224,248]" name="Kenya" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Kenya</collectingCountry>
west of the Rift Valley (specimens in ABRI). Larsen (pers. comm. 2014) now considers the records from Teita Hills and Mt. Sagalla to be an error.
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFC5FFCDA0DFFED5D93DFE85" author="Sevastopulo" box="[254,625,295,320]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" pagination="131" refId="ref32345" refString="Sevastopulo, D. G. (1974) Butterflies of the Shimba Hills. Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation, 86, 131 - 136." type="journal article" year="1974">Sevastopulo (1974, unpublished)</bibRefCitation>
reared a single specimen which he reported as
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC5FFCDA4B1FEDADE49FE85" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1925" box="[1168,1285,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reducta">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC5FFCDA4B1FEDADE49FE85" box="[1168,1285,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">A. reducta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Kwale,
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFC5FFCDA0B6FEBFDBACFEA0" box="[151,224,333,357]" name="Kenya" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Kenya</collectingCountry>
Coast. We have not been able to examine this specimen, and this record has not been repeated, but we do document his unpublished observations below.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFC5FFCDA0E6FE67DE5AFD6D" blockId="20.[151,1437,151,861]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">
In
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFC5FFCDA0C4FE66DA01FE68" box="[229,333,404,429]" name="Tanzania" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
, it is known from a few specimens from Mpanda and Kigoma District in western
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFC5FFCDA4C5FE66DE05FE68" box="[1252,1353,404,429]" name="Tanzania" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
(ABRI collection). There are one or more apparently disjunct populations from further east and south-east in
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFC5FFCDA511FE45DEDBFE15" box="[1328,1431,439,464]" name="Tanzania" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
, with records from the Udzungwa Mountains, Kihansi (ABRI specimens) and a series reared by TCEC from the Rondo Plateau. These probably represent a distinct subspecies (T.B. Larsen pers. comm. 2014). It seems possible that the single record from Kwale could relate to these populations in which case further populations may well occur on the other Eastern Arc Mountains. A distinctive and stable population on Mt Selinda, eastern Zimbabawe may prove to be a distinct species (T.B. Larsen pers. comm. 2014). Further investigation should clarify whether these are truly disjunct populations, or whether
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC5FFCDA28DFD62D86CFD6D" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1925" box="[684,800,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reducta">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC5FFCDA28DFD62D86CFD6D" box="[684,800,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">A. reducta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is overlooked in extensive parts of its range.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFC5FFCDA0E6FD46D952FC99" blockId="20.[151,1437,151,861]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC5FFCDA0E6FD46DADCFD08" bold="true" box="[199,400,692,717]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Adult behaviour.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFC5FFCDA1B7FD46D969FD08" author="Riley" box="[406,549,692,717]" firstAuthor="Riley" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" pagination="281" refId="ref32184" refString="Riley, N. D. (1925) A revision of the continental African species of the genus Artitropa (Lep. Hesperiidae). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1925, 281 - 288, plate 35. http: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1925. tb 02864. x" type="journal article" year="1925">Riley (1925)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFC5FFCDA210FD46D800FD09" author="Dickson &amp; Kroon" box="[561,844,692,717]" firstAuthor="Dickson" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" refId="ref30432" refString="Dickson, C. G. C. &amp; Kroon, D. M. (Eds.) (1978) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. A. D. Donker, Johannesburg, 670 pp." type="book" year="1978">Dickson &amp; Kroon (1978)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFC5FFCDA376FD46DF52FD09" author="Carcasson" box="[855,1054,692,716]" firstAuthor="Carcasson" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" refId="ref29877" refString="Carcasson, R. H. (1981) Collins Handguide to the Butterflies of Africa. Collins, London, 188 pp." type="book" year="1981">Carcasson (1981)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFC5FFCDA408FD46DE45FD09" author="Pringle" box="[1065,1289,692,717]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Pringle" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" refId="ref32133" refString="Pringle, E. L. L., Henning, G. A. &amp; Ball, J. B. (Eds.) (1994) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. 2 nd Edition. Struik Winchester, Cape Town, South Africa, 800 pp." type="book" year="1994">
Pringle
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC5FFCDA4A1FD47DFFCFD08" box="[1152,1200,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">et al</emphasis>
. (1994)
</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFC5FFCDA51FFD46DA45FD35" author="Heath" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Heath" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" refId="ref30712" refString="Heath, A., Newport, M. A. &amp; Hancock, D. (2002) The Butterflies of Zambia. African Butterfly Research Institute and The Lepidopterists' Society of Africa, Nairobi, 137 pp. + CD." type="book" year="2002">
Heath
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC5FFCDA5A9FD47DBE1FD35" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">et al</emphasis>
. (2002)
</bibRefCitation>
, all comment that the adults are either active at dusk or crepuscular, and visit flowers when active. For example, at Mount Selinda,
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFC5FFCDA1F2FD0ED902FCD0" box="[467,590,764,789]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
, adults have been seen feeding from the flowers of
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC5FFCDA4AEFD0EDED0FCD0" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1753" box="[1167,1436,764,789]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Brunfelsia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC5FFCDA4AEFD0EDE48FCD0" box="[1167,1284,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Brunfelsia</emphasis>
(Solanaceae)
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFC5FFCDA0BFFCEDDA3BFCFD" author="Pringle" box="[158,375,799,824]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Pringle" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" refId="ref32133" refString="Pringle, E. L. L., Henning, G. A. &amp; Ball, J. B. (Eds.) (1994) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. 2 nd Edition. Struik Winchester, Cape Town, South Africa, 800 pp." type="book" year="1994">
Pringle
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC5FFCDA0D8FCD3DA60FCFD" box="[249,300,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">et al</emphasis>
. 1994
</bibRefCitation>
). Adults rest with their wings closed, and the white markings on the hind wing underside are then very conspicuous (
<figureCitation id="E3EECB85FFC5FFCDA181FCB6D95DFC99" box="[416,529,836,861]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1401,1423]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,913,1379]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[151,1436,913,1379]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 17. Adults of Artitropa reducta. 1, female underside, Tanzania, 0 1 Jun 2006 [TCEC]; 2, female underside, collected as small caterpillar on D. steudneri, Kigale, Rwanda, emerged and photographed 21 Mar; 90 / 201 A." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/253550/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Figure 17</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="33CF848BFFC5FFCDA0B6FA8BDFCAFA68" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" type="multiple">
<caption id="2FAA8788FFC5FFCDA0B6FA8BDFCAFA68" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/253550/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" targetBox="[151,1436,913,1379]" targetPageId="20">
<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFC5FFCDA0B6FA8BDFCAFA68" blockId="20.[151,1436,1401,1454]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC5FFCDA0B6FA8BDA6CFA4A" bold="true" box="[151,288,1401,1423]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">FIGURE 17.</emphasis>
Adults of
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC5FFCDA1ACFA8BD971FA4A" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1925" box="[397,573,1401,1423]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reducta">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC5FFCDA1ACFA8BD971FA4A" box="[397,573,1401,1423]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Artitropa reducta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC5FFCDA26AFA8BD914FA4A" bold="true" box="[587,600,1401,1423]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">1</emphasis>
, female underside, Tanzania, 0 1 Jun 2006 [TCEC];
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC5FFCDA44AFA8BDF34FA4A" bold="true" box="[1131,1144,1401,1423]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">2</emphasis>
, female underside, collected as small caterpillar on
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC5FFCDA15DFA6BDAB5FA68" box="[380,505,1431,1454]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="steudneri">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC5FFCDA15DFA6BDAB5FA68" box="[380,505,1431,1454]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">D. steudneri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Kigale, Rwanda, emerged and photographed 21 Mar; 90/201A.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="33CF848BFFC5FFCCA0E6FA28DE73FEFA" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="322" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFC5FFCDA0E6FA28DA83F82E" blockId="20.[151,1437,1498,2027]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC5FFCDA0E6FA28DA17FA36" bold="true" box="[199,347,1498,1523]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Food plants.</emphasis>
Early food plant records were mostly attributed to
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC5FFCDA3BEFA29DF49FA37" box="[927,1029,1499,1522]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="comus">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC5FFCDA3BEFA29DF49FA37" box="[927,1029,1499,1522]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">A. comus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, since
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC5FFCDA477FA29DF87FA36" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1925" box="[1110,1227,1498,1523]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reducta">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC5FFCDA477FA29DF87FA36" box="[1110,1227,1498,1523]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">A. reducta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was considered to be a subspecies. R. Van Someren (in
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFC5FFCDA218FA0CD9FBF9D2" author="Riley" box="[569,695,1534,1559]" firstAuthor="Riley" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" pagination="281" refId="ref32184" refString="Riley, N. D. (1925) A revision of the continental African species of the genus Artitropa (Lep. Hesperiidae). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1925, 281 - 288, plate 35. http: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1925. tb 02864. x" type="journal article" year="1925">Riley 1925</bibRefCitation>
) established that the food plant at Jinja,
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFC5FFCDA45EFA0CDF95F9D2" box="[1151,1241,1534,1559]" name="Uganda" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Uganda</collectingCountry>
, was a
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC5FFCDA50DFA0DDED0F9D3" box="[1324,1436,1535,1558]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC5FFCDA50DFA0DDED0F9D3" box="[1324,1436,1535,1558]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Dracaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. There are some reared specimens from Jinja in V.G.L. Van Someren’s collection in the BMNH Accessions, but no material to match in the BMNH Dry Early Stages Collection.
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFC5FFCDA3ABF9B5DF00F99A" author="Le Pelley" box="[906,1100,1606,1631]" firstAuthor="Le Pelley" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" refId="ref31613" refString="Le Pelley, R. H. (1959) Agricultural Insects of East Africa. East Africa High Commission, Nairobi, 307 pp." type="book" year="1959">Le Pelley (1959)</bibRefCitation>
listed
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC5FFCDA4BAF9B5DE64F99A" box="[1179,1320,1606,1631]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="steudneri">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC5FFCDA4BAF9B5DE64F99A" box="[1179,1320,1606,1631]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">D. steudneri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a food plant in
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFC5FFCDA0DAF998DA1EF946" box="[251,338,1642,1667]" name="Uganda" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Uganda</collectingCountry>
(as
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC5FFCDA1ABF999DAB8F947" box="[394,500,1643,1666]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="comus">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC5FFCDA1ABF999DAB8F947" box="[394,500,1643,1666]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">A. comus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), but this may not have been based on R. Van Someren’s work, as V.G.L. Van Someren reports the food plant of
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC5FFCDA232F97DD935F963" box="[531,633,1679,1702]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="comus">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC5FFCDA232F97DD935F963" box="[531,633,1679,1702]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">A. comus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and subspecies to be
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC5FFCDA348F97DD8A7F963" authorityName="Ker Gawl" authorityYear="1808" baseAuthorityName="L." box="[873,1003,1678,1702]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fragrans">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC5FFCDA348F97DD8A7F963" box="[873,1003,1678,1702]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">D. fragrans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(as
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC5FFCDA439F97DDFF4F962" authorityName="Baker" authorityYear="1898" box="[1048,1208,1678,1703]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ugandensis">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC5FFCDA439F97DDFF4F962" box="[1048,1208,1678,1703]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">D. ugandensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, mis-spelt
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC5FFCDA513F97CDEDEF962" box="[1330,1426,1678,1703]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">ugandae</emphasis>
) (?) and
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC5FFCDA0D7F941DA27F90F" authorityName="Baker" authorityYear="1874" box="[246,363,1715,1738]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mannii">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC5FFCDA0D7F941DA27F90F" box="[246,363,1715,1738]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">D. mannii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(?)—the question marks indicating doubt as to the species identities (
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFC5FFCDA48AF940DEDCF90F" author="Van Someren" box="[1195,1424,1714,1738]" firstAuthor="Van Someren" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" pagination="315" refId="ref33112" refString="Van Someren, V. G. L. (1974) List of foodplants of some East African Rhopalocera, with notes on the early stages of some Lycaenidae. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society, 28, 315 - 331." type="journal article" year="1974">Van Someren 1974</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFC5FFCDA0B6F924D94BF92A" author="Sevastopulo" box="[151,519,1750,1775]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" pagination="131" refId="ref32345" refString="Sevastopulo, D. G. (1974) Butterflies of the Shimba Hills. Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation, 86, 131 - 136." type="journal article" year="1974">Sevastopulo (1974, unpublished)</bibRefCitation>
reared this species from
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC5FFCDA33EF925D8AFF92B" authorityName="Baker" authorityYear="1874" box="[799,995,1751,1774]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mannii">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC5FFCDA33EF925D8AFF92B" box="[799,995,1751,1774]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Dracaena mannii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(as
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC5FFCDA430F925DF80F92A" box="[1041,1228,1750,1775]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="usambarensis">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC5FFCDA430F925DF80F92A" box="[1041,1228,1750,1775]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">D. usambarensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) at coastal
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFC5FFCDA56DF925DED4F92A" box="[1356,1432,1751,1775]" name="Kenya" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Kenya</collectingCountry>
, in 1964. Possibly he reared it more than once, as he refers to ‘a larva’ from Kwale which emerged
<date id="0F6BF1C0FFC5FFCDA4CDF908DE33F8D6" box="[1260,1407,1786,1811]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" value="1964-11-23">
23 Nov
<quantity id="BC2D7AE5FFC5FFCDA566F908DE33F8D6" box="[1351,1407,1786,1811]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.98856" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" unit="in" value="1964.0">1964</quantity>
</date>
in his unpublished account, but to ‘a single larva’ from Makardara Forest, Shimba Hills, which emerged in
<date id="0F6BF1C0FFC5FFCDA511F8EDDED0F8F2" box="[1328,1436,1822,1847]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" value="1964-12">
Dec
<quantity id="BC2D7AE5FFC5FFCDA545F8ECDED0F8F2" box="[1380,1436,1822,1847]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.98856" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" unit="in" value="1964.0">1964</quantity>
</date>
in
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFC5FFCDA092F8B0DAC3F89F" author="Sevastopulo" box="[179,399,1858,1883]" firstAuthor="Sevastopulo" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" pagination="131" refId="ref32345" refString="Sevastopulo, D. G. (1974) Butterflies of the Shimba Hills. Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation, 86, 131 - 136." type="journal article" year="1974">Sevastopulo (1974)</bibRefCitation>
, but we suspect this is confusion over a single rearing.
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFC5FFCDA3D2F8B0DE40F89F" author="Dickson &amp; Kroon" box="[1011,1292,1858,1883]" firstAuthor="Dickson" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" refId="ref30432" refString="Dickson, C. G. C. &amp; Kroon, D. M. (Eds.) (1978) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. A. D. Donker, Johannesburg, 670 pp." type="book" year="1978">Dickson &amp; Kroon (1978)</bibRefCitation>
report that it breeds on
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC5FFCDA12FF895DACDF8BB" authorityName="Baker" authorityYear="1874" box="[270,385,1895,1918]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mannii">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC5FFCDA12FF895DACDF8BB" box="[270,385,1895,1918]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">D. mannii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(as
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC5FFCDA195F895D97BF8BB" authorityName="Rendle" authorityYear="1911" box="[436,567,1895,1918]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gazensis">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC5FFCDA195F895D97BF8BB" box="[436,567,1895,1918]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">D. gazensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) in
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFC5FFCDA248F894D9A9F8BA" box="[617,741,1894,1919]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
.
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFC5FFCDA2D0F894D896F8BA" author="Pringle" box="[753,986,1894,1919]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Pringle" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" refId="ref32133" refString="Pringle, E. L. L., Henning, G. A. &amp; Ball, J. B. (Eds.) (1994) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. 2 nd Edition. Struik Winchester, Cape Town, South Africa, 800 pp." type="book" year="1994">
Pringle
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC5FFCDA36AF895D833F8BA" box="[843,895,1894,1919]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">et al</emphasis>
. (1994)
</bibRefCitation>
also give
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC5FFCDA472F895DF89F8BB" authorityName="Baker" authorityYear="1874" box="[1107,1221,1895,1918]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mannii">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC5FFCDA472F895DF89F8BB" box="[1107,1221,1895,1918]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">D. mannii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(as
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC5FFCDA4D9F895DE26F8BA" box="[1272,1386,1894,1919]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="reflexa">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC5FFCDA4D9F895DE26F8BA" box="[1272,1386,1894,1919]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">D. reflexa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC5FFCDA552F895DB96F867" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" rank="variety" variety="nitens">
var.
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC5FFCDA0B6F879DB96F867" box="[151,218,1931,1954]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">nitens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and add
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC5FFCDA16BF879DA98F866" box="[330,468,1930,1955]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="steudneri">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC5FFCDA16BF879DA98F866" box="[330,468,1930,1955]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">D. steudneri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; by implication the records are both for
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFC5FFCDA3BAF878DF5AF866" box="[923,1046,1930,1955]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
, although the latter could be based on East African observations. Subsequent authors (
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFC5FFCDA2F7F85DD8C0F802" author="Carcasson" box="[726,908,1967,1991]" firstAuthor="Carcasson" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" refId="ref29877" refString="Carcasson, R. H. (1981) Collins Handguide to the Butterflies of Africa. Collins, London, 188 pp." type="book" year="1981">Carcasson 1981</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFC5FFCDA3B8F85DDF6BF802" author="Larsen" box="[921,1063,1967,1991]" firstAuthor="Larsen" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" refId="ref31559" refString="Larsen, T. B. (1991) The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 490 pp." type="book" year="1991">Larsen 1991</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFC5FFCDA412F85CDE4AF802" author="Ackery" box="[1075,1286,1966,1991]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Ackery" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" refId="ref29534" refString="Ackery, P. R., Smith, C. R. &amp; Vane-Wright, R. I. (Eds.) (1995) Carcasson's African Butterflies. An annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. CSIRO Publications, Melbourne, 803 pp." type="book" year="1995">
Ackery
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC5FFCDA4ACF85DDFF3F802" box="[1165,1215,1966,1991]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">et al</emphasis>
. 1995
</bibRefCitation>
) merely give
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC5FFCDA0B6F821DA4BF82F" box="[151,263,2003,2026]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC5FFCDA0B6F821DA4BF82F" box="[151,263,2003,2026]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Dracaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as the food plant.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFC4FFCCA0E6FF6ADE73FEFA" blockId="21.[151,1437,151,1365]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">
MJWC has reared
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC4FFCCA181FF6AD943FF75" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1925" box="[416,527,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reducta">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC4FFCCA181FF6AD943FF75" box="[416,527,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">A reducta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC4FFCCA278FF6BD9A9FF75" box="[601,741,151,176]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="steudneri">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC4FFCCA278FF6BD9A9FF75" box="[601,741,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">D. steudneri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
at Kigale,
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFC4FFCCA348FF65D889FF75" box="[873,965,151,176]" name="Rwanda" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Rwanda</collectingCountry>
(01/201) and SCC has reared it from
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC4FFCCA5A0FF6BDBB4FF11" authorityName="Ker Gawl" authorityYear="1808" baseAuthorityName="L." class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fragrans">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC4FFCCA5A0FF6BDED9FF75" box="[1409,1429,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">D</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC4FFCCA0B6FF4EDBB4FF11" box="[151,248,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">fragrans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC4FFCCA119FF4FDA8BFF10" box="[312,455,188,213]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="steudneri">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC4FFCCA119FF4FDA8BFF10" box="[312,455,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">D. steudneri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in western
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFC4FFCCA279FF4FD9E9FF10" box="[600,677,189,213]" name="Kenya" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Kenya</collectingCountry>
. TCEC collected early stages on
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC4FFCCA415FF4FDFE6FF11" authorityName="Baker" authorityYear="1874" box="[1076,1194,189,212]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mannii">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC4FFCCA415FF4FDFE6FF11" box="[1076,1194,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">D. mannii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFC4FFCCA4F6FF4EDE70FF10" box="[1239,1340,188,213]" name="Tanzania" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
(Rondo Plateau) and
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFC4FFCCA114FF2DDAC6FF3D" box="[309,394,223,248]" name="Zambia" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Zambia</collectingCountry>
(Lisombo Stream), and on
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC4FFCCA2FBFF13D826FF3D" box="[730,874,223,248]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="steudneri">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC4FFCCA2FBFF13D826FF3D" box="[730,874,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">D. steudneri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in northern
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFC4FFCCA424FF2DDF12FF3D" box="[1029,1118,223,248]" name="Malawi" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Malawi</collectingCountry>
, where the plants were an occasional feature of the roadside vegetation on the road down from Mzuzu to Chinteche. Caterpillars from the Rondo Plateau were reared through on
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC4FFCCA26CFEDBD99BFE85" box="[589,727,295,320]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="steudneri">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC4FFCCA26CFEDBD99BFE85" box="[589,727,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">D. steudneri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
at Mufindi, but were reluctant to feed on
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC4FFCCA48DFEDBDE74FE85" box="[1196,1336,295,320]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laxissima">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC4FFCCA48DFEDBDE74FE85" box="[1196,1336,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">D. laxissima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="33CF848BFFC4FFCEA0E6FEBED8DAF852" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="324" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" type="description">
<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFC4FFCCA0E6FEBED9A0FD09" blockId="21.[151,1437,151,1365]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC4FFCCA0E6FEBEDA8EFEA0" bold="true" box="[199,450,332,357]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">
Life history,
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFC4FFCCA17FFEBEDAF1FEA0" box="[350,445,332,357]" name="Uganda" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Uganda</collectingCountry>
.
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="1F44AAF1FFC4FFCCA1E9FEBED91AFEA0" author="Riley" box="[456,598,332,357]" firstAuthor="Riley" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" pagination="281" refId="ref32184" refString="Riley, N. D. (1925) A revision of the continental African species of the genus Artitropa (Lep. Hesperiidae). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1925, 281 - 288, plate 35. http: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1925. tb 02864. x" type="journal article" year="1925">Riley (1925)</bibRefCitation>
includes quotes from V.G.L. Van Someren and includes photographs of the caterpillar and pupa. The quote regarding
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC4FFCCA251FE82D9A9FE4D" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1925" box="[624,741,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reducta">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC4FFCCA251FE82D9A9FE4D" box="[624,741,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">A. reducta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(as
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC4FFCCA335FE82D837FE4D" box="[788,891,368,392]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="comus">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC4FFCCA335FE82D837FE4D" box="[788,891,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">A. comus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) would seem to be based on the work of R. Van Someren. &quot;The eggs when newly laid are a pink colour and, as development goes on, they turn greyish. They are laid singly. Five to eight days elapse before they hatch. The newly hatched caterpillar is yellowish-green with dark head. With each moult the colour changes to a light greenish-white with yellow head with two black or dark brown spots. They are voracious feeders and like others of this group rest in curled-up leaves, either naturally curled or leaves with edges approximated and attached with silk. The food plant is a species of
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC4FFCCA457FDD7DFAAFDF9" box="[1142,1254,549,572]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC4FFCCA457FDD7DFAAFDF9" box="[1142,1254,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Dracaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The caterpillar pupates in a folded leaf and is attached in the usual way, i.e. at the hind end and by a body band. The freshly formed pupa is greenish-white and gradually turns to a dirty pinkish green covered with a white powdery substance. My specimens emerged in three weeks, but in
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFC4FFCCA256FD7DD982FD6D" box="[631,718,655,680]" name="Uganda" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Uganda</collectingCountry>
they emerge rather more quickly. The insect is crepuscular and appear to rest during the day. They are not common.”
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFC4FFCCA0E6FD25D818FB9D" blockId="21.[151,1437,151,1365]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC4FFCCA0E6FD25DA8FFD35" bold="true" box="[199,451,727,752]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">
Caterpillar,
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFC4FFCCA179FD25DAF2FD35" box="[344,446,727,752]" name="Rwanda" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Rwanda</collectingCountry>
.
</emphasis>
There were five instars in the
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFC4FFCCA33DFD25D834FD35" box="[796,888,727,752]" name="Rwanda" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Rwanda</collectingCountry>
material, the head capsules measuring 1.0 x 1.0, 1.3 x 1.4, 1.7 x 1.9, 2.4 x 2.7 and 4.1 x
<quantity id="BC2D7AE5FFC4FFCCA26CFD0ED9EFFCD1" box="[589,675,764,788]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.2" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" unit="mm" value="4.2">4.2 mm</quantity>
wide x high. The adfrontals were not clearly differentiated from the epicranium, and the adfrontal suture was only obvious in the final instar head capsule once it had moulted to the pupal stage. For the first two instars, the head is black; the second instar was noted to have the anal plate uniformly black (90/201B). A third instar caterpillar (90/201A) measured
<quantity id="BC2D7AE5FFC4FFCCA354FC95D8F0FC45" box="[885,956,871,896]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" unit="mm" value="16.0">16mm</quantity>
when newly moulted; head black, with a slightly paler diamond shape in upper part of face; T1 with narrow black pronotum; anal plate brown, speckled with light brown dorsal line. Another individual had the head completely dark (90/201F), and four others had more extensive pale brown markings similar to those of the next instar, but with the edges less sharply defined (90/ 201B–E). Thus, in individual 90/201B the face was brown; the posterior margin broadly dark, extending to the edge of the face; a large spot on each epicranium joined across the upper adfrontals and frons; ventrally and around stemmata darker brown; all borders between markings diffuse.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFC4FFCCA0E6FB96DA0AFA90" blockId="21.[151,1437,151,1365]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">
Newly moulted to instar 4, individual 90/201A measured
<quantity id="BC2D7AE5FFC4FFCCA36BFB96D8D8FBB9" box="[842,916,1124,1148]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" unit="mm" value="19.0">19mm</quantity>
; head light brown ground colour; a large black spot on epicranium each side of face, adjacent to outer margin of adfrontals, the dorsal inner margin straight; dorsal part of adfrontals and adjacent frons slightly darker; a dark line through the anterior stemmata; posterior margin broadly and irregularly dark, except minimal at epicranial suture; ventral area of head dark; pronotum dark; body translucent green; anal plate lightly marked on anterior margin with pale dorsal line. Three other individuals were similar in this instar, although the area between the two epicranium spots was darker, and in one this extended down the frons.
</paragraph>
<caption id="2FAA8788FFC4FFCCA0B6F894DAC3F87F" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/253551/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" targetBox="[151,1436,1420,1870]" targetPageId="21">
<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFC4FFCCA0B6F894DAC3F87F" blockId="21.[151,1436,1894,1978]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC4FFCCA0B6F894DA54F8B9" bold="true" box="[151,280,1894,1916]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">FIGURE 18</emphasis>
. Final instar caterpillars of
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC4FFCCA20CF895D9AFF8B9" box="[557,739,1894,1916]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC4FFCCA20CF895D993F8B9" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1925" box="[557,735,1894,1916]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reducta">Artitropa reducta</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
collected as small caterpillar on
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC4FFCCA40DF895DFE5F8B9" box="[1068,1193,1894,1916]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="steudneri">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC4FFCCA40DF895DFE5F8B9" box="[1068,1193,1894,1916]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">D. steudneri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Kigale, Rwanda, 7 Feb 1990; moulted to final instar 21 Feb; photographed 22 Feb, 37mm; pupated 4 Mar; 90/201A:
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC4FFCCA474F877DF2EF85E" bold="true" box="[1109,1122,1925,1947]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">1</emphasis>
, dorsolateral view;
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC4FFCCA50CF877DE76F85E" bold="true" box="[1325,1338,1925,1947]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">2</emphasis>
, detail of head, anterolateral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFC7FFCFA0E6FF6ADB9EFE15" blockId="22.[151,1437,151,573]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">
One day after moulting to the final, fifth instar, the same individual measured
<quantity id="BC2D7AE5FFC7FFCFA469FF6ADFDFFF75" box="[1096,1171,152,176]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" unit="mm" value="37.0">37mm</quantity>
; head light brown with yellow flush on face; large black spot epicranium each side of face, adjacent to adfrontals; dark line through anterior stemmata; posterior margin hardly darkened except ventrolaterally. T1 with black spot dorsolaterally on pronotum; body dull whitish blue-green, with darker dorsal line; developing yellow male gonads prominent on A5; anal plate concolorous, posterior margin narrowly white; spiracles yellow-brown; legs light brown. The mature caterpillar has wax glands developed ventrally in a continuous mass from A1 to A8. The last three instars took
<date id="0F6BF1C0FFC7FFCFA54AFEBEDED4FEA1" box="[1387,1432,332,356]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" value="2013-08">4–8</date>
,
<date id="0F6BF1C0FFC7FFCFA0B6FE9DDA70FE4D" box="[151,316,367,392]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" value="2013-08-05" valueMax="2013-11-05" valueMin="2013-08-05">5–8 and 11–13</date>
days respectively. The five instars of the individual reared from ovum (90/201F) took 7, 5, 6, 5, and 13 days to give a total of 36 days, followed by a pupation period of 15 days to give a total life cycle of about 56 days.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFC7FFCFA0E6FE2ED926FDF8" blockId="22.[151,1437,151,573]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC7FFCFA0E6FE2ED95EFE30" bold="true" box="[199,530,476,501]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">
Caterpillar, western
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFC7FFCFA19CFE2ED941FE30" box="[445,525,476,501]" name="Kenya" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Kenya</collectingCountry>
.
</emphasis>
The material reared from
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC7FFCFA31DFE2FD8F3FE31" authorityName="Ker Gawl" authorityYear="1808" baseAuthorityName="L." box="[828,959,476,500]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fragrans">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC7FFCFA31DFE2FD81CFE31" box="[828,848,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">D</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC7FFCFA37EFE2ED8F3FE31" box="[863,959,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">fragrans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC7FFCFA3D6FE2FDFCEFE30" box="[1015,1154,476,501]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="steudneri">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC7FFCFA3D6FE2FDFCEFE30" box="[1015,1154,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">D. steudneri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in by SCC in Kakamega Forest and other localities in western
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFC7FFCFA21CFDF2D9CAFDDD" box="[573,646,512,536]" name="Kenya" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Kenya</collectingCountry>
was not described, but photographs (
<figureCitation id="E3EECB85FFC7FFCFA408FE0DDFD4FDDD" box="[1065,1176,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="22.[151,250,956,978]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,639,931]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[151,1436,639,931]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 19. Final instar caterpillar of Artitropa reducta collected on either Dracaena fragrans or D. steudneri, western Kenya [SCC]. 1, dorsal view, 1 Jan 2004; 2, detail of head, anterior view, 27 Sep 2004." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/253552/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Figure 19</figureCitation>
) indicate that it is very similar to that documented from
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFC7FFCFA226FDD6D92AFDF8" box="[519,614,548,573]" name="Rwanda" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Rwanda</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="2FAA8788FFC7FFCFA0B6FC4ED88CFC35" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/253552/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" targetBox="[151,1436,639,931]" targetPageId="22">
<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFC7FFCFA0B6FC4ED88CFC35" blockId="22.[151,1436,956,1008]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC7FFCFA0B6FC4EDA53FC17" bold="true" box="[151,287,956,978]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">FIGURE 19.</emphasis>
Final instar caterpillar of
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC7FFCFA205FC4ED998FC17" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1925" box="[548,724,956,978]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reducta">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC7FFCFA205FC4ED998FC17" box="[548,724,956,978]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Artitropa reducta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
collected on either
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC7FFCFA3B8FC4FDF17FC17" authorityName="Ker Gawl" authorityYear="1808" baseAuthorityName="L." box="[921,1115,956,978]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fragrans">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC7FFCFA3B8FC4FDF17FC17" box="[921,1115,956,978]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Dracaena fragrans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC7FFCFA45DFC4FDFB5FC17" box="[1148,1273,956,978]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="steudneri">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC7FFCFA45DFC4FDFB5FC17" box="[1148,1273,956,978]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">D. steudneri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, western Kenya [SCC].
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC7FFCFA0C5FC28DBBCFC35" bold="true" box="[228,240,986,1008]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">1</emphasis>
, dorsal view, 1 Jan 2004;
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC7FFCFA1D8FC28D949FC35" bold="true" box="[505,517,986,1008]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">2</emphasis>
, detail of head, anterior view, 27 Sep 2004.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFC7FFCFA0E6FBEFDF55FBBB" blockId="22.[151,1436,1053,1150]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC7FFCFA0E6FBEFD904FBF3" bold="true" box="[199,584,1053,1078]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">
Caterpillar, north-west
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFC7FFCFA1C2FBEFD90FFBF3" box="[483,579,1053,1078]" name="Zambia" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Zambia</collectingCountry>
.
</emphasis>
The head markings of this population from
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC7FFCFA462FBECDFF9FBF0" authorityName="Baker" authorityYear="1874" box="[1091,1205,1054,1077]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mannii">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC7FFCFA462FBECDFF9FBF0" box="[1091,1205,1054,1077]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">D. mannii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
at Lisombo Stream, north-west
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFC7FFCFA137FBB3DA27FB9F" box="[278,363,1089,1114]" name="Zambia" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Zambia</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="E3EECB85FFC7FFCFA15AFBB3DAA6FB9C" box="[379,490,1089,1114]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1851,1873]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1212,1826]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[151,1436,1212,1826]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 20. Ovum and caterpillar of Artitropa reducta, collected on Dracaena mannii, Lisombo Stream, north-west Zambia [TCEC]. 1, ovum, dorsal view, 18 Nov 2005; 2, lateral view, 21 May 2000; 3, head and anterior segments, final instar caterpillar, dorsal view; 3 Nov 2004. 4, head, final instar caterpillar, anterior view, 11 May 2000; 5, final instar caterpillar, dorsolateral view, 11 May 2000." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/253553/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Figure 20</figureCitation>
) seem a little heavier than those from the Rondo Plateua,
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFC7FFCFA458FBB3DF92FB9F" box="[1145,1246,1089,1114]" name="Tanzania" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="E3EECB85FFC7FFCFA4CCFBB3DE12FB9C" box="[1261,1374,1089,1114]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1466,1488]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,663,1441]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[151,1436,663,1441]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 21. Ovum and caterpillars of Artitropa reducta, collected on Dracaena mannii, Rondo Plateau, south-eastern Tanzania [TCEC]. 1, ovum, dorsal view 19 Feb 2001; 2, ovum, lateral view, 19 Feb 2001. 3, final instar, detail of head, anterior view, 9 Feb 2005; 4, detail of head, anterior view, 28 Mar 1998; 5, final instar dorsal view, 9 Feb 2005." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/253554/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Figure 21</figureCitation>
), and closer to those shown from
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFC7FFCFA1ECFB97D965FBBB" box="[461,553,1125,1150]" name="Rwanda" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Rwanda</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="E3EECB85FFC7FFCFA216FB97D9E9FBBB" box="[567,677,1125,1150]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1894,1916]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1420,1870]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[151,1436,1420,1871]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 18. Final instar caterpillars of Artitropa reducta, collected as small caterpillar on D. steudneri, Kigale, Rwanda, 7 Feb 1990; moulted to final instar 21 Feb; photographed 22 Feb, 37 mm; pupated 4 Mar; 90 / 201 A: 1, dorsolateral view; 2, detail of head, anterolateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/253551/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Figure 18</figureCitation>
) and western
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFC7FFCFA362FB94D8C0FBBB" box="[835,908,1126,1150]" name="Kenya" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Kenya</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="E3EECB85FFC7FFCFA3BAFB97DF40FBBB" box="[923,1036,1125,1150]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="22.[151,250,956,978]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,639,931]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[151,1436,639,931]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 19. Final instar caterpillar of Artitropa reducta collected on either Dracaena fragrans or D. steudneri, western Kenya [SCC]. 1, dorsal view, 1 Jan 2004; 2, detail of head, anterior view, 27 Sep 2004." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/253552/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Figure 19</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="2FAA8788FFC7FFCFA0B6F8C9DA92F868" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/253553/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" targetBox="[151,1436,1212,1826]" targetPageId="22">
<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFC7FFCFA0B6F8C9DA92F868" blockId="22.[151,1436,1851,1965]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC7FFCFA0B6F8C9DA6CF894" bold="true" box="[151,288,1851,1873]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">FIGURE 20.</emphasis>
Ovum and caterpillar of
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC7FFCFA205F8CED998F894" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1925" box="[548,724,1851,1873]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reducta">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC7FFCFA205F8CED998F894" box="[548,724,1851,1873]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Artitropa reducta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, collected on
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC7FFCFA344F8CEDF5BF894" authorityName="Baker" authorityYear="1874" box="[869,1047,1852,1873]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mannii">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC7FFCFA344F8CEDF5BF894" box="[869,1047,1852,1873]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Dracaena mannii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Lisombo Stream, north-west Zambia [TCEC].
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC7FFCFA0DBF8A8DA4BF8B5" bold="true" box="[250,263,1882,1904]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">1</emphasis>
, ovum, dorsal view, 18 Nov 2005;
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC7FFCFA2ADF8A8D9D4F8B5" bold="true" box="[652,664,1882,1904]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">2</emphasis>
, lateral view, 21 May 2000;
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC7FFCFA3F9F8A8D8A8F8B5" bold="true" box="[984,996,1882,1904]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">3</emphasis>
, head and anterior segments, final instar caterpillar, dorsal view; 3 Nov 2004.
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC7FFCFA201F88BD961F84A" bold="true" box="[544,557,1913,1935]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">4</emphasis>
, head, final instar caterpillar, anterior view, 11 May 2000; 5, final instar caterpillar, dorsolateral view, 11 May 2000.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFC6FFCEA0E6FF65DE39FE30" blockId="23.[151,1436,151,608]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC6FFCEA0E6FF65D949FF75" bold="true" box="[199,517,151,176]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">
Caterpillar,
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFC6FFCEA17FFF65DAE0FF75" box="[350,428,151,176]" name="Kenya" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Kenya</collectingCountry>
Coast.
</emphasis>
Sevastopulo (unpublished) includes photographs of the last two instars of a caterpillar from Kwale, coastal
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFC6FFCEA1DCFF4FD906FF10" box="[509,586,189,213]" name="Kenya" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Kenya</collectingCountry>
. The photographs of the penultimate instar show that the spots on the head appear to be joined centrally in a broadly rounded V-shape, similar to that noted in one individual of instar 3 from
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFC6FFCEA0B6FEF6DBBAFED8" box="[151,246,260,285]" name="Rwanda" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Rwanda</collectingCountry>
, and for the late instars of
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC6FFCEA20EFEF6D9D0FED8" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1925" box="[559,668,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="milleri">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC6FFCEA20EFEF6D9D0FED8" box="[559,668,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">A. milleri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Unfortunately the photographs of the final instar do not show the face. In his notes, Sevastopulo records for the penultimate instar: ‘Head dull yellow, a black spot placed centrally on each lobe, the median suture blackish’, and that the final instar is ‘very similar to preceding’. The broadly rounded V-shape spot on the head of some third or fourth instar
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC6FFCEA342FE82D89BFE4D" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1925" box="[867,983,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reducta">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC6FFCEA342FE82D89BFE4D" box="[867,983,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">A. reducta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is similar to that of
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC6FFCEA496FE82DE6DFE4D" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1925" box="[1207,1313,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="milleri">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC6FFCEA496FE82DE6DFE4D" box="[1207,1313,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">A. milleri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
above, but
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC6FFCEA0B6FE66DA47FE68" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1925" box="[151,267,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reducta">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC6FFCEA0B6FE66DA47FE68" box="[151,267,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">A. reducta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lacks the lateral spot on the head which is normally evident in
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC6FFCEA3F2FE66DF71FE68" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1925" box="[979,1085,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="milleri">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC6FFCEA3F2FE66DF71FE68" box="[979,1085,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">A. milleri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="E3EECB85FFC6FFCEA46DFE66DF8BFE69" box="[1100,1223,404,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1181,1203]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1157]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,195,1157]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 10. Ova and caterpillar of Artitropa milleri milleri [TCEC]. 1 – 2, ovum; on Dracaena laxissima, Kigogo, Mufindi, Tanzania, 11 Feb 1998: 1, dorsal view; 2, lateral view. 3, ovum, dorsal view with ribs evident; on D. laxissima, Mufindi, Tanzania, undated. 4 – 7, final instar caterpillar: 4 – 5, anterior segments, anterodorsolateral view, on D. steudneri, Mufindi, Tanzania, 4 Jun 2003; 6, anterior segments, anterodorsal view, collected on D. steudneri, Uluguru Mountains, eastern Tanzania, 23 Jan 2004; 7, head, anterior view in leaf shelter on D. laxissima, Misuku Hills, northern Malawi, 22 May 2004." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/253543/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Figures 10</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="E3EECB85FFC6FFCEA4F2FE66DFBEFE69" box="[1235,1266,404,428]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1340,1362]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,735,1315]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[151,1436,735,1315]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 12. Final instar caterpillar of Artitropa milleri coryndon, collected on Dracaena steudneri, Thika, Kenya. 1 – 2, collected 22 Dec 1988; moulted to final instar 11 Jan 1989; photographed 16 Jan 89; pupated 27 Jan; 88 / 122 E; 1, head, lateral view; 2, head, anterolateral view. 3, anterodorsolateral view; collected 26 Jun 1988; moulted to final instar 12 Jul 1988; photographed 18 Jul, pupated 27 Jul; 88 / 52 B 3." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/253545/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">12</figureCitation>
). This possible difference in the isolated population from the Shimba Hills merits further investigation. The similarity between late instar
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC6FFCEA0FDFE2EDA0AFE30" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1925" box="[220,326,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="milleri">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC6FFCEA0FDFE2EDA0AFE30" box="[220,326,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">A. milleri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and instar 3 and 4
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC6FFCEA23AFE2ED9C3FE30" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1925" box="[539,655,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reducta">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC6FFCEA23AFE2ED9C3FE30" box="[539,655,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">A. reducta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
suggests these two species may be relatively close taxonomically.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFC6FFCEA0E6FE0DDED0FDA5" blockId="23.[151,1436,151,608]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC6FFCEA0E6FE0DD9C5FDDD" bold="true" box="[199,649,511,536]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">
Caterpillar, Rondo Plateau,
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFC6FFCEA234FE0DD9C9FDDD" box="[533,645,511,536]" name="Tanzania" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
.
</emphasis>
The early stages of this population from the Rondo Plateau, south-east
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFC6FFCEA0B6FDD6DBB3FDF8" box="[151,255,548,573]" name="Tanzania" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
, reared from
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC6FFCEA1B2FDD7D94FFDF9" authorityName="Baker" authorityYear="1874" box="[403,515,549,572]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mannii">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC6FFCEA1B2FDD7D94FFDF9" box="[403,515,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">D. mannii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by TCEC are documented in
<figureCitation id="E3EECB85FFC6FFCEA36EFDD6D8F2FDF9" box="[847,958,548,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1466,1488]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,663,1441]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[151,1436,663,1441]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 21. Ovum and caterpillars of Artitropa reducta, collected on Dracaena mannii, Rondo Plateau, south-eastern Tanzania [TCEC]. 1, ovum, dorsal view 19 Feb 2001; 2, ovum, lateral view, 19 Feb 2001. 3, final instar, detail of head, anterior view, 9 Feb 2005; 4, detail of head, anterior view, 28 Mar 1998; 5, final instar dorsal view, 9 Feb 2005." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/253554/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Figure 21</figureCitation>
. The black spots on the head of final instar individuals seem slightly smaller than those from
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFC6FFCEA2E3FDB5D86DFDA5" box="[706,801,583,608]" name="Rwanda" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Rwanda</collectingCountry>
, western
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFC6FFCEA3A8FDBAD89EFDA5" box="[905,978,584,608]" name="Kenya" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Kenya</collectingCountry>
and north-west
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFC6FFCEA4A7FDB5DF97FDA5" box="[1158,1243,583,608]" name="Zambia" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Zambia</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="E3EECB85FFC6FFCEA4CBFDB5DEDCFDA5" box="[1258,1424,583,608]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 18" captionStart-1="FIGURE 19" captionStart-2="FIGURE 20" captionStartId-0="21.[151,250,1894,1916]" captionStartId-1="22.[151,250,956,978]" captionStartId-2="22.[151,250,1851,1873]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,1420,1870]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,639,931]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1436,1212,1826]" captionTargetId-0="figure@21.[151,1436,1420,1871]" captionTargetId-1="figure@22.[151,1436,639,931]" captionTargetId-2="figure@22.[151,1436,1212,1826]" captionTargetPageId-0="21" captionTargetPageId-1="22" captionTargetPageId-2="22" captionText-0="FIGURE 18. Final instar caterpillars of Artitropa reducta, collected as small caterpillar on D. steudneri, Kigale, Rwanda, 7 Feb 1990; moulted to final instar 21 Feb; photographed 22 Feb, 37 mm; pupated 4 Mar; 90 / 201 A: 1, dorsolateral view; 2, detail of head, anterolateral view." captionText-1="FIGURE 19. Final instar caterpillar of Artitropa reducta collected on either Dracaena fragrans or D. steudneri, western Kenya [SCC]. 1, dorsal view, 1 Jan 2004; 2, detail of head, anterior view, 27 Sep 2004." captionText-2="FIGURE 20. Ovum and caterpillar of Artitropa reducta, collected on Dracaena mannii, Lisombo Stream, north-west Zambia [TCEC]. 1, ovum, dorsal view, 18 Nov 2005; 2, lateral view, 21 May 2000; 3, head and anterior segments, final instar caterpillar, dorsal view; 3 Nov 2004. 4, head, final instar caterpillar, anterior view, 11 May 2000; 5, final instar caterpillar, dorsolateral view, 11 May 2000." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/253551/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/253552/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/253553/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Figures 18–20</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="2FAA8788FFC6FFCEA0B6FA48DFE5F9C8" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/253554/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" targetBox="[151,1436,663,1441]" targetPageId="23">
<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFC6FFCEA0B6FA48DFE5F9C8" blockId="23.[151,1436,1466,1549]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC6FFCEA0B6FA48DA69FA15" bold="true" box="[151,293,1466,1488]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">FIGURE 21.</emphasis>
Ovum and caterpillars of
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC6FFCEA26BFA48D84CFA15" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1925" box="[586,768,1466,1488]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reducta">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC6FFCEA26BFA48D84CFA15" box="[586,768,1466,1488]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Artitropa reducta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, collected on
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC6FFCEA3BEFA49DF1AFA15" authorityName="Baker" authorityYear="1874" box="[927,1110,1467,1488]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mannii">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC6FFCEA3BEFA49DF1AFA15" box="[927,1110,1467,1488]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Dracaena mannii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Rondo Plateau, south-eastern Tanzania [TCEC].
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC6FFCEA177FA2ADA2FFA2B" bold="true" box="[342,355,1496,1518]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">1</emphasis>
, ovum, dorsal view 19 Feb 2001;
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC6FFCEA29AFA2AD984FA2B" bold="true" box="[699,712,1496,1518]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">2</emphasis>
, ovum, lateral view, 19 Feb 2001.
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC6FFCEA407FA2ADF7FFA2B" bold="true" box="[1062,1075,1496,1518]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">3</emphasis>
, final instar, detail of head, anterior view, 9 Feb 2005;
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC6FFCEA173FA05DA12F9C8" bold="true" box="[338,350,1527,1549]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">4</emphasis>
, detail of head, anterior view, 28 Mar 1998;
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC6FFCEA302FA05D87CF9C8" bold="true" box="[803,816,1527,1549]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">5</emphasis>
, final instar dorsal view, 9 Feb 2005.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="7B6AD700FFC6FFCEA0E6F9CBD8DAF852" blockId="23.[151,1436,1593,1943]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC6FFCEA0E6F9CBDA40F997" bold="true" box="[199,268,1593,1618]" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Pupa.</emphasis>
The pupa (
<figureCitation id="E3EECB85FFC6FFCEA1ABF9CBDAB5F997" box="[394,505,1593,1618]" captionStart="FIGURE 22" captionStartId="24.[151,250,1261,1283]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1237]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[151,1436,195,1237]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 22. Pupa of Artitropa reducta, collected on Dracaena? mannii, Lisombo Stream, north-west Zambia, 30 Apr 2000 [TCEC]. 1, dorsolateral view; 2, dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/253555/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Figure 22</figureCitation>
) is similar to those of other
<taxonomicName id="BCD5AC83FFC6FFCEA312F9C8D8D6F994" authorityName="Holland" authorityYear="1896" box="[819,922,1594,1617]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="49A10B12FFC6FFCEA312F9C8D8D6F994" box="[819,922,1594,1617]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Artitropa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp., but with no markings, it measures about
<quantity id="BC2D7AE5FFC6FFCEA0B6F9ACDB93F9B3" box="[151,223,1630,1654]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" unit="mm" value="30.0">30mm</quantity>
long, and takes 15–17 days to complete development (
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFC6FFCEA36FF9AFD8FCF9B3" box="[846,944,1629,1654]" name="Rwanda" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Rwanda</collectingCountry>
). The cast final instar skin and the lining of the shelter are lightly covered with white waxy powder, but the pupa is barely covered. The spiracles are pale brown and the proboscis sheath projects some
<quantity id="BC2D7AE5FFC6FFCEA287F954D993F97B" box="[678,735,1702,1726]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="23" pageNumber="324" unit="mm" value="4.0">4mm</quantity>
beyond the cremaster tip. There is an area of relatively weak, backward-angled, pale brown setae on the dorsal part of the thorax, but these are well anterior of where the silk girdle supports the pupa (Figure 22.1). Sevastopulo (unpublished) includes photographs and notes for Coastal
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFC6FFCEA0B6F8E0DBACF8EF" box="[151,224,1810,1834]" name="Kenya" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Kenya</collectingCountry>
as follows: ‘Pupa, in the larval cell, lined with silk and covered by a waxy powder, and with a silken screen spun across the front of the cell. Supported by a girdle and the cremaster. Ivory white, the head, thorax and wing cases slightly greenish, and lightly coated with a white waxy powder. Prothoracic spiracle pale reddish.’ Sevastopulo’s pupa at the
<collectingCountry id="03C29790FFC6FFCEA19AF88DD948F852" box="[443,516,1919,1943]" name="Kenya" pageId="23" pageNumber="324">Kenya</collectingCountry>
Coast took only 11 days to emerge.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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