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<mods:title id="200A3910361F0812B4C7078A18CF9071">Resolution of the types, diagnostic features, and distribution of two easily confused Sand Lizards, Pedioplanis laticeps (Smith, 1845) and P. burchelli (Duméril &amp; Bibron, 1839) (Squamata: Lacertidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E0C870D4D2E92F353C81ACBA9686C47C">Sebastian Kirchhof</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="41B36DC1B525993238E48356634608F8">Johannes Penner</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="7FFD43093D80DF1E59117C98A7C74281">Mark-Oliver Rödel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B011CA59CFCA459B8732E95FA2CF847D">Johannes Müller</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03E087E56934FF99DFA8FC40FC89E5CF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5615705" ID-GBIF-Taxon="133186428" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5615705" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E087E56934FF99DFA8FC40FC89E5CF" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E087E56934FF99DFA8FC40FC89E5CF" lastPageNumber="89" pageId="7" pageNumber="89">
<subSubSection id="C35365786934FF99DFA8FC40FED8E67F" pageId="7" pageNumber="89" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BF636F36934FF99DFA8FC40FDDBE0D2" blockId="7.[151,1437,908,1723]" box="[151,514,908,934]" pageId="7" pageNumber="89">
<heading id="D0BE819F6934FF99DFA8FC40FDDBE0D2" bold="true" box="[151,514,908,934]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="89" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C494D706934FF99DFA8FC40FDDBE0D2" authority="Smith, 1845" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1845" box="[151,514,908,934]" class="Reptilia" family="Lacertidae" genus="Eremias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="laticeps">
<emphasis id="B93DEAE16934FF99DFA8FC40FDDBE0D2" bold="true" box="[151,514,908,934]" pageId="7" pageNumber="89">
<emphasis id="B93DEAE16934FF99DFA8FC40FEBBE0D2" bold="true" box="[151,354,908,934]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="89">Eremias laticeps</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD84B026934FF99DE54FC40FDDBE0D2" author="Smith, A." box="[363,514,908,934]" journalOrPublisher="London" pageId="7" pageNumber="89" refString="Smith, A. (1845) Illustrations of the Zoology of South Africa. Reptilia. Part XXIII. Smith, Elder, and Co., London." title="Illustrations of the Zoology of South Africa. Reptilia. Part XXIII. Smith, Elder, and Co" type="book" year="1845">Smith, 1845</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF636F36934FF99DFA8FC62FED8E67F" blockId="7.[151,1437,908,1723]" pageId="7" pageNumber="89">
The
<typeStatus id="54F288516934FF99DFF0FC63FED9E0B3" box="[207,256,943,967]" pageId="7" pageNumber="89">type</typeStatus>
specimen BMNH 1946.8.7.56 (
<figureCitation id="13722A766934FF99DDBCFC62FD16E0B3" box="[643,719,942,967]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1759,1781]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1737]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,195,1737]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Holotype BMNH 1946.8. 7.56 (previously 65.5.4.55) of Eremias laticeps Smith, 1845: (A) original drawing of the whole individual modified from Plate 46: 1 (Smith 1845); (B) dorsal view of the museum voucher; (C) ventral view; (D) dorsal head; (E) original drawing of the dorsal head modified from Plate 48: 3 (Smith 1845); (F) ventral head; (G) lateral head left; (H) original drawing of the lateral head modified from Plate 48: 3 a (Smith 1845); (I) lateral head right. Scale units 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/886132/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="89">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
), collected by Smith, matches perfectly his description and drawings (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD84B026934FF99DE30FC1EFE43E09F" author="Smith, A." box="[271,410,978,1003]" journalOrPublisher="London" pageId="7" pageNumber="89" refString="Smith, A. (1845) Illustrations of the Zoology of South Africa. Reptilia. Part XXIII. Smith, Elder, and Co., London." title="Illustrations of the Zoology of South Africa. Reptilia. Part XXIII. Smith, Elder, and Co" type="book" year="1845">Smith 1845</bibRefCitation>
). However, it is evident that Smith described only one side of the voucher; femoral pores are given by
<bibRefCitation id="EFD84B026934FF99DE0AFC3AFE16E77B" author="Smith, A." box="[309,463,1014,1039]" journalOrPublisher="London" pageId="7" pageNumber="89" refString="Smith, A. (1845) Illustrations of the Zoology of South Africa. Reptilia. Part XXIII. Smith, Elder, and Co., London." title="Illustrations of the Zoology of South Africa. Reptilia. Part XXIII. Smith, Elder, and Co" type="book" year="1845">Smith (1845)</bibRefCitation>
as 13, but are left side 13, right side 14; Smith described the freno-nasal and the freno-ocular plate (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD84B026934FF99DE4BFBD6FE25E747" author="Smith, A." box="[372,508,1050,1075]" journalOrPublisher="London" pageId="7" pageNumber="89" refString="Smith, A. (1845) Illustrations of the Zoology of South Africa. Reptilia. Part XXIII. Smith, Elder, and Co., London." title="Illustrations of the Zoology of South Africa. Reptilia. Part XXIII. Smith, Elder, and Co" type="book" year="1845">Smith 1845</bibRefCitation>
) as “freno-nasal plate small, quadrangular, rather longer than deep, freno-ocular plate large and subtriangular” (Plate 48: 3 and 3a), whereas on the right side the freno-nasal plate is small, quadrangular, rather longer than deep, and the freno-ocular plate large and subtriangular, and on the left side the freno-nasal and freno-ocular are fused (
<figureCitation id="13722A766934FF99DD62FB4AFD7DE7EB" box="[605,676,1158,1183]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1759,1781]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1737]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,195,1737]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Holotype BMNH 1946.8. 7.56 (previously 65.5.4.55) of Eremias laticeps Smith, 1845: (A) original drawing of the whole individual modified from Plate 46: 1 (Smith 1845); (B) dorsal view of the museum voucher; (C) ventral view; (D) dorsal head; (E) original drawing of the dorsal head modified from Plate 48: 3 (Smith 1845); (F) ventral head; (G) lateral head left; (H) original drawing of the lateral head modified from Plate 48: 3 a (Smith 1845); (I) lateral head right. Scale units 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/886132/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="89">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). This is consistent with the lithograph in Plate 48: 3 and 3a being reversed and showing the right side of the head, which as
<bibRefCitation id="EFD84B026934FF99DC0FFB66FBDFE7B7" author="FitzSimons, V. F. M." box="[816,1030,1194,1219]" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Transvaal Museum" pageId="7" pageNumber="89" pagination="259 - 274" part="17" refString="FitzSimons, V. F. M. (1937) Notes on the reptiles and amphibians collected and described from South Africa by Andrew Smith. Annals of the Transvaal Museum, 17, 259 - 274." title="Notes on the reptiles and amphibians collected and described from South Africa by Andrew Smith" type="journal article" year="1937">FitzSimons (1937)</bibRefCitation>
explained, is a consequence of this printing technique. However, this contradicts our findings regarding Plate 48: 7a (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD84B026934FF99DB51FB02FB23E793" author="Smith, A." box="[1134,1274,1230,1255]" journalOrPublisher="London" pageId="7" pageNumber="89" refString="Smith, A. (1845) Illustrations of the Zoology of South Africa. Reptilia. Part XXIII. Smith, Elder, and Co., London." title="Illustrations of the Zoology of South Africa. Reptilia. Part XXIII. Smith, Elder, and Co" type="book" year="1845">Smith 1845</bibRefCitation>
) depicting
<emphasis id="B93DEAE16934FF99DABCFB03FED8E67F" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="89">
<taxonomicName id="4C494D706934FF99DABCFB03FF27E67F" authorityName=", Smith" authorityYear="1838" class="Reptilia" family="Lacertidae" genus="Lacerta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">E. capensis</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35365786934FF99DFF8FADAFC89E5CF" pageId="7" pageNumber="89" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BF636F36934FF99DFF8FADAFCECE6EF" blockId="7.[151,1437,908,1723]" pageId="7" pageNumber="89">
Why the description of the type specimen given by
<bibRefCitation id="EFD84B026934FF99DC0FFADAFC27E65B" author="Boulenger, G. A." bookContentInfo="451 pp." box="[816,1022,1302,1327]" journalOrPublisher="Trustees of the British Museum of Natural History, London" pageId="7" pageNumber="89" refString="Boulenger, G. A. (1921) Monograph of the Lacertidae, Fol. II. Trustees of the British Museum of Natural History, London, 451 pp." title="Monograph of the Lacertidae, Fol. II" type="book" year="1921">Boulenger (1921)</bibRefCitation>
does not match with
<bibRefCitation id="EFD84B026934FF99DA3EFADAFA45E65B" author="Smith, A." box="[1281,1436,1302,1327]" journalOrPublisher="London" pageId="7" pageNumber="89" refString="Smith, A. (1845) Illustrations of the Zoology of South Africa. Reptilia. Part XXIII. Smith, Elder, and Co., London." title="Illustrations of the Zoology of South Africa. Reptilia. Part XXIII. Smith, Elder, and Co" type="book" year="1845">Smith (1845)</bibRefCitation>
cannot be determined. All specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C494D706934FF99DDBBFAF0FD25E627" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1845" box="[644,764,1338,1363]" class="Reptilia" family="Lacertidae" genus="Eremias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="laticeps">
<emphasis id="B93DEAE16934FF99DDBBFAF0FD25E627" box="[644,764,1338,1363]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="89">P. laticeps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
examined by
<bibRefCitation id="EFD84B026934FF99DC8EFAF6FB58E627" author="Boulenger, G. A." bookContentInfo="451 pp." box="[945,1153,1338,1363]" journalOrPublisher="Trustees of the British Museum of Natural History, London" pageId="7" pageNumber="89" refString="Boulenger, G. A. (1921) Monograph of the Lacertidae, Fol. II. Trustees of the British Museum of Natural History, London, 451 pp." title="Monograph of the Lacertidae, Fol. II" type="book" year="1921">Boulenger (1921)</bibRefCitation>
are still in the BMNH collection and can be assigned correctly, plus three specimens (BMNH 1988.511, BMNH 1988.513514) subsequently presented by E. N. Arnold in 1988 (
<tableCitation id="C6CB03486934FF99DDF2FA4EFCFEE6EF" box="[717,807,1410,1435]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="10.[125,207,457,478]" captionTargetBox="[125,1852,624,1690]" captionTargetId="graphics@10.[111,1878,617,1691]" captionText="TABLE 2. Inđiviđuals presenteđ to us as Pedioplanis laticeps anđ their character values. The catalogue number of the type material is unđerlineđ. Values for symmetric characters are given as left / right unless they are the same on both siđes. Interstitial extra scales are remarkeđ as + 1. Abbreviations: ađ: ađult; subađ: subađult; juv: juvenile; hatch: hatchling; m: male; f: female; NA: not available; Ns: nasal scale; b: bulging; sb: slightly bulging; nb: not bulging; TVR: transverse ventral scale row; LVR: longituđinal ventral scale rows; max: maximum; LDR: longituđinal đorsal scale rows; PF: prefrontal; FN: frontonasal; F: frontal; TyS: tympanic shielđ; UL: upper labial; SbO: subocular scale; FreO: freno-ocular; LL: lower labial; FPo: femoral pores; C: enlargeđ collar scales; O: occipital; IP: interparietal; SO: supraocular; IRG: inner row of granules; inc.: incomplete; CS: chin shielđ pairs; FreN: freno-nasal; SC: supraciliaries. * Collecteđ by Smith. ** Presenteđ by Lorđ Derby. *** Ađđitional scale / granule between IP anđ O." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF36667B6939FF94DF42FE05F9B3E128" pageId="7" pageNumber="89" tableUuid="DF36667B6939FF94DF42FE05F9B3E128">Table 2</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF636F36934FF99DFF8FA6AFC89E5CF" blockId="7.[151,1437,908,1723]" pageId="7" pageNumber="89">
Although BMNH 1946.8.7.56 is treated as the type of
<emphasis id="B93DEAE16934FF99DC79FA6BFC10E6CB" box="[838,969,1446,1471]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="89">
<taxonomicName id="4C494D706934FF99DC79FA6BFC1DE6CB" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1845" box="[838,964,1446,1471]" class="Reptilia" family="Lacertidae" genus="Eremias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="laticeps">E. laticeps</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
it should be noted that Smith described one voucher in detail but mentioned a total of three specimens (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD84B026934FF99DC55FA06FC2DE697" author="Smith, A." box="[874,1012,1482,1507]" journalOrPublisher="London" pageId="7" pageNumber="89" refString="Smith, A. (1845) Illustrations of the Zoology of South Africa. Reptilia. Part XXIII. Smith, Elder, and Co., London." title="Illustrations of the Zoology of South Africa. Reptilia. Part XXIII. Smith, Elder, and Co" type="book" year="1845">Smith 1845</bibRefCitation>
), which consequently form syntypes. All other specimens in the collection of the BMNH presented by Smith or Lord Derby cannot be the one described by Smith as none has only 5 upper labials in front of the subocular (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD84B026934FF99DB19F9DEFE4DE53B" author="Smith, A." journalOrPublisher="London" pageId="7" pageNumber="89" refString="Smith, A. (1845) Illustrations of the Zoology of South Africa. Reptilia. Part XXIII. Smith, Elder, and Co., London." title="Illustrations of the Zoology of South Africa. Reptilia. Part XXIII. Smith, Elder, and Co" type="book" year="1845" yearSuffix="a">
Smith 1845, Plate 48: 3a;
<figureCitation id="13722A766934FF99DA67F9DEFA45E55F" box="[1368,1436,1554,1579]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1759,1781]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1737]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,195,1737]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Holotype BMNH 1946.8. 7.56 (previously 65.5.4.55) of Eremias laticeps Smith, 1845: (A) original drawing of the whole individual modified from Plate 46: 1 (Smith 1845); (B) dorsal view of the museum voucher; (C) ventral view; (D) dorsal head; (E) original drawing of the dorsal head modified from Plate 48: 3 (Smith 1845); (F) ventral head; (G) lateral head left; (H) original drawing of the lateral head modified from Plate 48: 3 a (Smith 1845); (I) lateral head right. Scale units 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/886132/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="89">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
and
<tableCitation id="C6CB03486934FF99DFF8F9FAFEC2E53B" box="[199,283,1590,1615]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="10.[125,207,457,478]" captionTargetBox="[125,1852,624,1690]" captionTargetId="graphics@10.[111,1878,617,1691]" captionText="TABLE 2. Inđiviđuals presenteđ to us as Pedioplanis laticeps anđ their character values. The catalogue number of the type material is unđerlineđ. Values for symmetric characters are given as left / right unless they are the same on both siđes. Interstitial extra scales are remarkeđ as + 1. Abbreviations: ađ: ađult; subađ: subađult; juv: juvenile; hatch: hatchling; m: male; f: female; NA: not available; Ns: nasal scale; b: bulging; sb: slightly bulging; nb: not bulging; TVR: transverse ventral scale row; LVR: longituđinal ventral scale rows; max: maximum; LDR: longituđinal đorsal scale rows; PF: prefrontal; FN: frontonasal; F: frontal; TyS: tympanic shielđ; UL: upper labial; SbO: subocular scale; FreO: freno-ocular; LL: lower labial; FPo: femoral pores; C: enlargeđ collar scales; O: occipital; IP: interparietal; SO: supraocular; IRG: inner row of granules; inc.: incomplete; CS: chin shielđ pairs; FreN: freno-nasal; SC: supraciliaries. * Collecteđ by Smith. ** Presenteđ by Lorđ Derby. *** Ađđitional scale / granule between IP anđ O." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF36667B6939FF94DF42FE05F9B3E128" pageId="7" pageNumber="89" tableUuid="DF36667B6939FF94DF42FE05F9B3E128">Table 2</tableCitation>
this work
</bibRefCitation>
). For stability we herein designate in accordance with Articles 74.1. and 74.7. of the Code (ICZN, 1999), specimen BMNH 1946.8.7.56 as lectotype of
<taxonomicName id="4C494D706934FF99DC73F996FB10E507" authority="Smith, 1845" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1845" box="[844,1225,1626,1651]" class="Reptilia" family="Lacertidae" genus="Pedioplanis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="laticeps">
<emphasis id="B93DEAE16934FF99DC73F996FBEDE507" box="[844,1076,1626,1651]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="89">Pedioplanis laticeps</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD84B026934FF99DB04F996FB10E507" author="Smith, A." box="[1083,1225,1626,1651]" journalOrPublisher="London" pageId="7" pageNumber="89" refString="Smith, A. (1845) Illustrations of the Zoology of South Africa. Reptilia. Part XXIII. Smith, Elder, and Co., London." title="Illustrations of the Zoology of South Africa. Reptilia. Part XXIII. Smith, Elder, and Co" type="book" year="1845">Smith, 1845</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, which is depicted on plate 46 figure 1 and plate 48, figures 3 and 3a of the original description. Consequently, specimens BMNH 1865.5.4.87 and BMNH 1865.5.4.88 become paralectotypes.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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