260 lines
31 KiB
XML
260 lines
31 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="FA0E9872590F445FCD0253FEB0E3C3E6">Taxonomy, biology, and efficacy of two Australian parasitoids of the eucalyptus gall wasp, Leptocybe invasa Fisher & La Salle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Tetrastichinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="3D53B44CDFF65A5E85F7EA0BC2F0D85F">Kim, Il-Kwon</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="81C95D6598857F063B13CDABA65FA95F">Mendel, Zvi</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="FB173CDD5C90266F0111D48FB9EE2E14">Protasov, Alexey</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="7870B398B6563CA1EE46E74C6CB5A1F7">Blumberg, Daniel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="772A21CF85AA34787CD6F010CBEF5FD3">Salle, John La</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03E087B8FFA03E2949B88329FC0FFE5B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5615722" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119379458" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5615722" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E087B8FFA03E2949B88329FC0FFE5B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E087B8FFA03E2949B88329FC0FFE5B" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<subSubSection id="C3536525FFA03E2E49B88329FD3FFED0" box="[151,673,271,297]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BF636AEFFA03E2E49B88329FD3FFED0" blockId="3.[151,673,271,297]" box="[151,673,271,297]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<heading id="D0BE81C2FFA03E2E49B88329FD3FFED0" bold="true" box="[151,673,271,297]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B93DEABCFFA03E2E49B88329FD3FFED0" bold="true" box="[151,673,271,297]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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Taxonomy of
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<taxonomicName id="4C494D2DFFA03E2E486E8329FD8EFED0" ID-CoL="3TMVT" box="[321,528,271,297]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Leptocybe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="invasa">
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<emphasis id="B93DEABCFFA03E2E486E8329FD8EFED0" bold="true" box="[321,528,271,297]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Leptocybe invasa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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parasitoids
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3536525FFA03E2949B8837CFC0FFE5B" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BF636AEFFA03E2E49B8837CFDA6FD75" blockId="3.[151,1437,346,1532]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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The two species described in this paper,
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<taxonomicName id="4C494D2DFFA03E2E4BA4837CFC01FE8A" box="[651,927,346,371]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Quadrastichus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mendeli">
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<emphasis id="B93DEABCFFA03E2E4BA4837CFC01FE8A" box="[651,927,346,371]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Quadrastichus mendeli</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C494D2DFFA03E2E4AF0837CFB48FE8A" box="[991,1238,346,371]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Selitrichodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kryceri">
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<emphasis id="B93DEABCFFA03E2E4AF0837CFB48FE8A" box="[991,1238,346,371]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Selitrichodes kryceri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, are both in the
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<taxonomicName id="4C494D2DFFA03E2E49B883A4FE83FE65" box="[151,285,386,412]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Eulophidae</taxonomicName>
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subfamily
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<taxonomicName id="4C494D2DFFA03E2E488D83A4FDD4FE65" box="[418,586,386,412]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Tetrastichinae">Tetrastichinae</taxonomicName>
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. Australian
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<taxonomicName id="4C494D2DFFA03E2E4BF783A4FCC0FE65" box="[728,862,386,412]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Eulophidae</taxonomicName>
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were treated by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD84B5FFFA03E2E4D0B83A4FB49FE65" author="Boucek" box="[1060,1239,386,412]" pageId="3" pageNumber="19" refString="Boucek, Z. (1988) Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A Biosystematic Revision of Genera of Fourteen Families, with a Reclassification of Species. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 832 pp." type="book" year="1988">Bouček (1988)</bibRefCitation>
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, who provided a key to all genera. Unfortunately, concurrent to Bouček’s studies, Graham was revising European
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<taxonomicName id="4C494D2DFFA03E2E4C38838CFF5CFE15" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Tetrastichinae">Tetrastichinae</taxonomicName>
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, and provided a much revised classification of European genera (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD84B5FFFA03E2E4AF183F4FB19FE15" author="Graham" box="[990,1159,466,492]" pageId="3" pageNumber="19" refString="Graham, M. W. R. de V. (1987) A reclassification of the European Tetrastichinae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), with a revision of certain genera. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology series 55, 1 - 392." type="book chapter" year="1987">Graham 1987</bibRefCitation>
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), which appeared after Bouček’s work had already gone to press. For this reason, some genera treated by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD84B5FFFA03E2E4DBF83DCFADDFDED" author="Boucek" box="[1168,1347,506,532]" pageId="3" pageNumber="19" refString="Boucek, Z. (1988) Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A Biosystematic Revision of Genera of Fourteen Families, with a Reclassification of Species. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 832 pp." type="book" year="1988">Bouček (1988)</bibRefCitation>
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do not reflect current generic interpretations in the
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<taxonomicName id="4C494D2DFFA03E2E4BB38004FCDEFDC5" box="[668,832,546,572]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Tetrastichinae">Tetrastichinae</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD84B5FFFA03E2E4A608004FC6AFDC5" author="Graham" box="[847,1012,546,572]" pageId="3" pageNumber="19" refString="Graham, M. W. R. de V. (1987) A reclassification of the European Tetrastichinae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), with a revision of certain genera. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology series 55, 1 - 392." type="book chapter" year="1987">Graham 1987</bibRefCitation>
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, 1991;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD84B5FFFA03E2E4D648004FB6CFDC5" author="La" box="[1099,1266,546,572]" pageId="3" pageNumber="19" refString="La Salle, J. (1994) North American genera of Tetrastichinae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Journal of Natural History, 28, 109 - 236." type="journal article" year="1994">La Salle 1994</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD84B5FFFA03E2E4DD08004FF48FD9D" author="Schauff" pageId="3" pageNumber="20" refString="Schauff, M. E., La Salle, J. & Coote, L. D. (1997) Eulophidae. In: Annotated Keys to the Genera of Nearctic Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera) (eds GAP Gibson, JT Huber & JB Woolley), pp 327 - 429. National Research Council Research Press. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada." type="book chapter" year="1997">
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Schauff
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<emphasis id="B93DEABCFFA03E2E4C4E8004FA0BFDC2" box="[1377,1429,546,571]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">et al</emphasis>
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||
. 1997
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
). In particular, Bouček treated several genera as synonyms of
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<taxonomicName id="4C494D2DFFA03E2E4A95806CFBCCFD9A" box="[954,1106,586,611]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Aprostocetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B93DEABCFFA03E2E4A95806CFBCCFD9A" box="[954,1106,586,611]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Aprostocetus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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which need re-examination in light of these subsequent studies.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF636AEFFA03E2E49EA80BCFEADFCD5" blockId="3.[151,1437,346,1532]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<emphasis id="B93DEABCFFA03E2E49EA80BCFECBFD4A" box="[197,341,666,691]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Terminology</emphasis>
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used in this paper is taken from
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD84B5FFFA03E2E4BFB80BCFCE0FD4D" author="Gibson" box="[724,894,666,692]" pageId="3" pageNumber="19" refString="Gibson G. A. P. (1997) Morphology and Terminology. In: Annotated Keys to the Genera of Nearctic Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera) (eds GAP Gibson, JT Huber & JB Woolley), pp 16 - 44. National Research Council Research Press, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada." type="book chapter" year="1997">Gibson (1997)</bibRefCitation>
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||
and
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD84B5FFFA03E2E4A9A80BCFBF2FD4D" author="Graham" box="[949,1132,666,692]" pageId="3" pageNumber="19" refString="Graham, M. W. R. de V. (1987) A reclassification of the European Tetrastichinae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), with a revision of certain genera. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology series 55, 1 - 392." type="book chapter" year="1987">Graham (1987)</bibRefCitation>
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. OOL, ocellar–ocular distance; POL, post-ocellar distance; CC, costal cell; SMV, submarginal vein; MV, marginal vein; STV, stigmal vein; PMV, postmarginal vein; PDL, pedicel; F1–3, funicular segment 1–3; A1–3, anellus 1–3; C1–3, claval segment 1–3.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF636AEFFA03E2E49EA811CFAA1FC5D" blockId="3.[151,1437,346,1532]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<emphasis id="B93DEABCFFA03E2E49EA811CFEA7FCAA" box="[197,313,826,851]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Acronyms</emphasis>
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used in the text are as follows. ANIC, Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Canberra,
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<collectingCountry id="F35E763EFFA03E2E48658144FE27FC85" box="[330,441,866,892]" name="Australia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Australia</collectingCountry>
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; BMNH, Natural History Museum, London,
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<collectingCountry id="F35E763EFFA03E2E4AE28144FC65FC85" box="[973,1019,866,892]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">UK</collectingCountry>
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; QMB, Queensland Museum, Brisbane,
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<collectingCountry id="F35E763EFFA03E2E49F281ACFED2FC5D" box="[221,332,906,932]" name="Australia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Australia</collectingCountry>
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; USNM,
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<collectingCountry id="F35E763EFFA03E2E489481ACFDC9FC5D" box="[443,599,906,932]" name="United States of America" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">United States</collectingCountry>
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National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C.,
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<collectingCountry id="F35E763EFFA03E2E4DD381ACFAA4FC5D" box="[1276,1338,906,932]" name="United States of America" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">USA</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF636AEFFA03E2E49EA8194FD0DFB6D" blockId="3.[151,1437,346,1532]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<emphasis id="B93DEABCFFA03E2E49EA8194FD0EFC32" box="[197,656,946,971]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
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Girault
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<typeStatus id="54F2880CFFA03E2E48098194FEFCFC32" box="[294,354,946,971]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">types</typeStatus>
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and dates of publication
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</emphasis>
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. A.A. Girault published extensively on Australian Chalcidoidea, several thousand species. As part of this study,
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<typeStatus id="54F2880CFFA03E2E4BF781FCFC88FC0D" box="[728,790,986,1012]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">types</typeStatus>
|
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of species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C494D2DFFA03E2E4AEB81FCFBF6FC0D" box="[964,1128,986,1012]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Tetrastichinae">Tetrastichinae</taxonomicName>
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described by Girault and stated as being associated with galls were borrowed and studied, and several of his genera and species are discussed in this paper. Unfortunately, the identity of his
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<typeStatus id="54F2880CFFA03E2E4A31860CFCCFFBBD" box="[798,849,1066,1092]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">type</typeStatus>
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specimens is not always straightforward (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD84B5FFFA03E2E4C68860CFF48FB95" author="Dahms" pageId="3" pageNumber="19" refString="Dahms, E. C. (1978) A checklist of the types of Australian Hymenoptera described by Alexandre Arsene Girault: I. Introduction, acknowledgements, biography, bibliography and localities. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 19, 127 - 190." type="journal article" year="1978">Dahms 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A series of works has discussed the identity of his Australian
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<typeStatus id="54F2880CFFA03E2E4A938674FC64FB95" box="[956,1018,1106,1132]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">types</typeStatus>
|
||
and resolved most of the confusion regarding them (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD84B5FFFA03E2E4877865CFE6FFB6D" author="Dahms" box="[344,497,1146,1172]" pageId="3" pageNumber="19" refString="Dahms, E. C. (1983) A checklist of the types of Australian Hymenoptera described by Alexandre Arsene Girault: II. Preamble and Chalcidoidea species A - E with advisory notes. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 21, 1 - 255." type="journal article" year="1983">Dahms 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
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,
|
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD84B5FFFA03E2E48D1865CFDA5FB6D" author="Dahms" box="[510,571,1146,1172]" pageId="3" pageNumber="19" refString="Dahms, E. C. (1984) A checklist of the types of Australian Hymenoptera described by Alexandre Arsene Girault: III. Chalcidoidea species F - M with advisory notes. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 21, 579 - 842." type="journal article" year="1984">1984</bibRefCitation>
|
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD84B5FFFA03E2E4B68865CFD18FB6D" author="Dahms" box="[583,646,1146,1172]" pageId="3" pageNumber="19" refString="Dahms, E. C. (1986) A checklist of the types of Australian Hymenoptera described by Alexandre Arsene Girault: IV. Chalcidoidea species N - Z and genera with advisory notes plus Addenda and Corrigenda. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 22, 319 - 739." type="journal article" year="1986">1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF636AEFFA03E2E49EA8684FC2FFACD" blockId="3.[151,1437,346,1532]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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An additional challenge when studying Girault species is that in many cases the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F2880CFFA03E2E4D968684FB72FB45" box="[1209,1260,1186,1212]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">type</typeStatus>
|
||
material is in extremely poor condition (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD84B5FFFA03E2E48E286ECFDF6FB1D" author="Dahms" box="[461,616,1226,1252]" pageId="3" pageNumber="19" refString="Dahms, E. C. (1978) A checklist of the types of Australian Hymenoptera described by Alexandre Arsene Girault: I. Introduction, acknowledgements, biography, bibliography and localities. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 19, 127 - 190." type="journal article" year="1978">Dahms 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Specimens are often fragmented and/or damaged, with parts missing or mounted on poor quality slides. This has prevented us from being able to fully understand and discuss all of the species in this paper, and makes some of the decisions tentative.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF636AEFFA03E2E49EA8764FCCAFA2D" blockId="3.[151,1437,346,1532]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
Due to the Principal of Priority (ICZN 1999), it is essential to know the exact dates of Girault’s publications (for example, Girault published 49 papers in 1913). Publication dates for all of his papers are listed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD84B5FFFA03E2E49B887B4FEDCFA55" author="Dahms" box="[151,322,1426,1452]" pageId="3" pageNumber="19" refString="Dahms, E. C. (1978) A checklist of the types of Australian Hymenoptera described by Alexandre Arsene Girault: I. Introduction, acknowledgements, biography, bibliography and localities. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 19, 127 - 190." type="journal article" year="1978">Dahms (1978)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who also ordered all of Girault’s papers by date of publication. The numbers in brackets given in this paper refer to the numbering given in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD84B5FFFA03E2E4B8C879CFCCEFA2D" author="Dahms" box="[675,848,1466,1492]" pageId="3" pageNumber="19" refString="Dahms, E. C. (1978) A checklist of the types of Australian Hymenoptera described by Alexandre Arsene Girault: I. Introduction, acknowledgements, biography, bibliography and localities. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 19, 127 - 190." type="journal article" year="1978">Dahms (1978)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF636AEFFA03E2E49EA87C5FACBFA05" blockId="3.[151,1437,346,1532]" box="[197,1365,1506,1532]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93DEABCFFA03E2E49EA87C5FE5FFA05" box="[197,449,1507,1532]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Taxonomic decisions.</emphasis>
|
||
All taxonomic decisions in this paper should be attributed to Kim & La Salle.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF636AEFFA03E2E49B8840EFC58F9BB" blockId="3.[151,1436,1576,1762]" box="[151,966,1576,1602]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93DEABCFFA03E2E49B8840EFE1AF9B8" box="[151,388,1576,1601]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Differences between</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C494D2DFFA03E2E48A3840EFD07F9BB" box="[396,665,1576,1602]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Quadrastichus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mendeli">Quadrastichus mendeli</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B93DEABCFFA03E2E4B8F840EFD52F9B8" box="[672,716,1576,1601]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">and</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C494D2DFFA03E2E4BFC840EFC58F9BB" box="[723,966,1576,1602]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Selitrichodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kryceri">Selitrichodes kryceri</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF636AEFFA03E2E49E98476FA16F91B" blockId="3.[151,1436,1576,1762]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
Although
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C494D2DFFA03E2E48118476FE5FF990" box="[318,449,1616,1641]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Quadrastichus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mendeli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93DEABCFFA03E2E48118476FE5FF990" box="[318,449,1616,1641]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Q. mendeli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C494D2DFFA03E2E48D28476FDF1F990" box="[509,623,1616,1641]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Selitrichodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kryceri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93DEABCFFA03E2E48D28476FDF1F990" box="[509,623,1616,1641]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">S. kryceri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are placed in different genera, they are superficially very similar in appearance, being mainly yellow with black markings (see
|
||
<figureCitation id="13722A2BFFA03E2E4A7D845EFC27F96B" box="[850,953,1656,1682]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 3" captionStartId="4.[151,269,1287,1311]" captionTargetBox="[253,1336,482,1249]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[240,1347,474,1263]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 3. Habitus. 1. Quadrastichus mendeli Ψ; 2. Selitrichodes kryceri “ dark ” specimen Ψ; 3. Selitrichodes kryceri “ light ” specimen Ψ" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/184547/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs 1–3</figureCitation>
|
||
), and they could easily be confused. The following characters are presented to facilitate their identification by non-specialists. Note that these characters are only to be used to distinguish the two parasitoids imported and released in the Mediterranean Basin.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF636AEFFA03E2E49B0850CFC0FF81D" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<table id="F949C40EFFA0C1D249B0850CFA0BF81D" box="[159,1429,1834,2020]" gridcols="4" gridrows="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<tr id="357934ECFFA0C1D249B0850CFA0BF8B8" box="[159,1429,1834,1857]" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
|
||
<th id="76A85D90FFA0C1D249B0850CFC8DF8B8" box="[159,787,1834,1857]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C494D2DFFA03E2E49B0850CFE08F8B8" box="[159,406,1834,1857]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Quadrastichus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mendeli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93DEABCFFA03E2E49B0850CFE08F8B8" box="[159,406,1834,1857]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Quadrastichus mendeli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="76A85D90FFA0C1D24A0D850CFA8BF8B8" box="[802,1301,1834,1857]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C494D2DFFA03E2E4A0D850CFB9EF8B8" box="[802,1024,1834,1857]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Selitrichodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kryceri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93DEABCFFA03E2E4A0D850CFB9EF8B8" box="[802,1024,1834,1857]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Selitrichodes kryceri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357934ECFFA0C1D249B08573FA0BF895" box="[159,1429,1877,1900]" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
|
||
<th id="76A85D90FFA0C1D249B08573FC8DF895" box="[159,787,1877,1900]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Submarginal vein with 1 dorsal seta (Fig. 4)</th>
|
||
<td id="76A85D90FFA0C1D24A0D8573FA8BF895" box="[802,1301,1877,1900]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Submarginal vein with 2 dorsal setae (Fig. 15)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357934ECFFA0C1D249B085A6FA0BF840" box="[159,1429,1920,1977]" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th id="76A85D90FFA0C1D249B085A6FC8DF840" box="[159,787,1920,1977]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Antenna with all funicular segments longer than wide (Fig. 5)</th>
|
||
<td id="76A85D90FFA0C1D24A0D85A6FA8BF840" box="[802,1301,1920,1977]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Antenna with funicular segments quadrate to long (Fig. 10)</td>
|
||
<td id="76A85D90FFA0C1D24C0F85A6FAC3F840" box="[1312,1373,1920,1977]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">wider</td>
|
||
<td id="76A85D90FFA0C1D24C4885A6FA0BF840" box="[1383,1429,1920,1977]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">than</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357934ECFFA0C1D249B085EBFA0BF81D" box="[159,1429,1997,2020]" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
|
||
<th id="76A85D90FFA0C1D249B085EBFC8DF81D" box="[159,787,1997,2020]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Uniparental</th>
|
||
<td id="76A85D90FFA0C1D24A0D85EBFA8BF81D" box="[802,1301,1997,2020]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Biparental</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF636AEFFA73E2949E982BEFC0FFE5B" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,418]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Unfortunately, the morphological characters can still be difficult to see without microscopic examination. Other characters might be useful, but are not totally reliable. For example,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C494D2DFFA73E294AD182E6FBF0FF20" box="[1022,1134,192,217]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Selitrichodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kryceri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93DEABCFFA73E294AD182E6FBF0FF20" box="[1022,1134,192,217]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">S. kryceri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
generally has the gaster a dusky yellow, with 5–6 dark bands (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13722A2BFFA73E294B6F82CEFD16FEFB" box="[576,648,232,258]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 3" captionStartId="4.[151,269,1287,1311]" captionTargetBox="[253,1336,482,1249]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[240,1347,474,1263]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 3. Habitus. 1. Quadrastichus mendeli Ψ; 2. Selitrichodes kryceri “ dark ” specimen Ψ; 3. Selitrichodes kryceri “ light ” specimen Ψ" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/184547/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
), while
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C494D2DFFA73E294BC882CEFCF6FEF8" box="[743,872,232,257]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Quadrastichus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mendeli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93DEABCFFA73E294BC882CEFCF6FEF8" box="[743,872,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Q. mendeli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has the gaster brighter yellow, usually with 3–4 dark bands (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13722A2BFFA73E2948088336FEF2FED3" box="[295,364,272,298]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 3" captionStartId="4.[151,269,1287,1311]" captionTargetBox="[253,1336,482,1249]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[240,1347,474,1263]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 3. Habitus. 1. Quadrastichus mendeli Ψ; 2. Selitrichodes kryceri “ dark ” specimen Ψ; 3. Selitrichodes kryceri “ light ” specimen Ψ" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/184547/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). However, this character is variable, and in some specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C494D2DFFA73E294D4E8336FB4CFED0" box="[1121,1234,272,297]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Selitrichodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kryceri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93DEABCFFA73E294D4E8336FB4CFED0" box="[1121,1234,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">S. kryceri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the bands can be completely lacking (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13722A2BFFA73E2948A8831EFE50FEAB" box="[391,462,312,338]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 3" captionStartId="4.[151,269,1287,1311]" captionTargetBox="[253,1336,482,1249]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[240,1347,474,1263]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 3. Habitus. 1. Quadrastichus mendeli Ψ; 2. Selitrichodes kryceri “ dark ” specimen Ψ; 3. Selitrichodes kryceri “ light ” specimen Ψ" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/184547/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). Similarly, in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C494D2DFFA73E294B51831EFD61FEA8" box="[638,767,312,337]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Quadrastichus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mendeli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93DEABCFFA73E294B51831EFD61FEA8" box="[638,767,312,337]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Q. mendeli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the gaster generally appears longer and narrower than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C494D2DFFA73E2949B88346FE99FE80" box="[151,263,352,377]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Selitrichodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kryceri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93DEABCFFA73E2949B88346FE99FE80" box="[151,263,352,377]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">S. kryceri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(compare
|
||
<figureCitation id="13722A2BFFA73E2948AC8346FD8BFE83" box="[387,533,352,378]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 3" captionStartId="4.[151,269,1287,1311]" captionTargetBox="[253,1336,482,1249]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[240,1347,474,1263]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 3. Habitus. 1. Quadrastichus mendeli Ψ; 2. Selitrichodes kryceri “ dark ” specimen Ψ; 3. Selitrichodes kryceri “ light ” specimen Ψ" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/184547/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs 1 and 2</figureCitation>
|
||
); however there is overlap in this character and measurements cannot be provided which will reliably separate all specimens of these species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |