475 lines
53 KiB
XML
475 lines
53 KiB
XML
<document id="8B1C5FD9D4ED083D8A5C97A91E06646E" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.205462" ID-GBIF-Dataset="bbe7df0d-6fcf-4d0a-b11e-371c8343e7f0" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="205462" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460248104708" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Chapple, David G., Bell, Trent P., Chapple, Stephanie N. J., Miller, Kimberly A., Daugherty, Charles H. & Patterson, Geoff B." docDate="2011" docId="03AC4C118D37A42DFF4CFB7DFF064A69" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02782p033.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2782" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Oligosoma toka Chapple, Bell, Chapple, Miller, Daugherty & Patterson, 2011, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="25" masterDocId="FF9534698D22A435FFDBFFADFFE64E76" masterDocTitle="Phylogeography and taxonomic revision of the New Zealand cryptic skink (Oligosoma inconspicuum; Reptilia: Scincidae) species complex" masterLastPageNumber="33" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="22" updateTime="1698242207610" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="7AC7F324951BDF40DB64E77AE5D3C77A" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="26CD5DD7D710369DBC09B6AA480709A3">
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<mods:title id="7815FA7D23A732DB8E3283C9696A3DCA">Phylogeography and taxonomic revision of the New Zealand cryptic skink (Oligosoma inconspicuum; Reptilia: Scincidae) species complex</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="F3B3AD097C67D99A9DB99A458C482A27" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="4F60829C28C19C71B8A567FC79232DDC">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="FA38B8CFF6500C84097A9344622C1181">Chapple, David G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="AB5DE779ED9E3B5F64BBA575FA0B822B">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="2CF20DD10F822F92381E1C8CB8315BE6">Bell, Trent P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="2E6FD6642A544E95DCD007AA81167A25" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="97221A246AD63FEF0908724D2E5D369D">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="1C41C6E1E703C2EFE37700F67F77CDA3">Chapple, Stephanie N. J.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="F8A67CCF16A14D6EE844F083578090B6" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="E21D831D72D39DE3E32F55044649367F">
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<mods:roleTerm id="9A1AA01595F17496441B36FB6979DBA1">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="33D177986AF4197F7AB770D6CF69065A">Miller, Kimberly A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="BB96C052CDBFC696C42384EEDDA63DE5" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="01178AD4E7BD4B50B05308A4C60A23C4">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="0A92865E85FD8E03BE24EF3641AA0CA5">Daugherty, Charles H.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="A036606E4B45F43F4F7DB08025BB5BCA" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="ADB09D4DEC35604B0ED3918C8A8DAE7A">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="0356E9FB0278F7FA8F5116809DD8EF1E">Patterson, Geoff B.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="27CEBF1054CB7179DF874C8A9CEB0224">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="4268182A4A97398366569E39325D0E5A">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="7ACD4F645557E25262166A05F36A4E97">
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<mods:date id="D0BBA54CA51E6A0DA25E52ECF0CD5983">2011</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="94E89302276FE7630DF8357976D2A96A" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="7827A52A8590663EEC1121AC5A378FF2">2782</mods:number>
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<mods:end id="AAA3B0EC3B459A6EBB9288AB459497CF">33</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="00A1145391C90332395727A0AFBF7A7D">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="F4AAF7FCB235DBF8A2FBE642D9659E67" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.205462</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="CDE4AD9406C261DA6E503B596E6099A2" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03AC4C118D37A42DFF4CFB7DFF064A69" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6182746" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119391036" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6182746" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:93AC934E-F782-4C83-A94B-DF3D43BD622C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AC4C118D37A42DFF4CFB7DFF064A69" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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<subSubSection id="C31FAE8C8D37A420FF4CFB7DFF134B7D" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="nomenclature">
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||
<paragraph id="8BBAFD078D37A420FF4CFB7DFE5F4A9C" blockId="21.[151,441,1232,1291]" box="[151,441,1232,1258]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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<heading id="D0F24A6B8D37A420FF4CFB7DFE5F4A9C" bold="true" box="[151,441,1232,1258]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" reason="1">
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||
<emphasis id="B97121158D37A420FF4CFB7DFE5F4A9C" bold="true" box="[151,441,1232,1258]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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<taxonomicName id="4C0586848D37A420FF4CFB7DFEB24A9C" box="[151,340,1232,1258]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="toka" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B97121158D37A420FF4CFB7DFEB24A9C" bold="true" box="[151,340,1232,1258]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Oligosoma toka</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2429C6E8D37A420FE87FB7DFE5F4A9C" box="[348,441,1232,1258]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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||
</emphasis>
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||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BBAFD078D37A420FF4CFB5EFF134B7D" blockId="21.[151,441,1232,1291]" box="[151,245,1267,1291]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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||
<figureCitation id="133EE1828D37A420FF4CFB5EFF134B7D" box="[151,245,1267,1291]" captionStart="FIGURE 8. a" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1956,1979]" captionTargetBox="[449,1136,195,1924]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[434,1154,171,1935]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 8. a) Holotype of O. toka (RE 007278), Schoolhouse Flat, Nevis Valley. b) Lateral view of the head of the O. toka holotype (RE 007278). c) Live specimens of O. toka from the type locality." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/205473/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Figure 8</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C31FAE8C8D37A420FF4CFA96FD114B19" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="8BBAFD078D37A420FF4CFA96FDA64B26" blockId="21.[151,759,1338,1391]" box="[151,576,1338,1361]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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<taxonomicName id="4C0586848D37A420FF4CFA96FDA64B26" authority="Jewell 2008: 88" authorityName="Jewell" authorityPageNumber="88" authorityYear="2008" box="[151,576,1338,1361]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inconspicuum">
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<emphasis id="B97121158D37A420FF4CFA96FE7E4B27" box="[151,408,1339,1361]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Oligosoma inconspicuum</emphasis>
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Jewell 2008: 88
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBAFD078D37A420FF4CFAF4FD114B19" blockId="21.[151,759,1338,1391]" box="[151,759,1369,1391]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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<taxonomicName id="4C0586848D37A420FF4CFAF4FD114B19" authority="Patterson & Daugherty 1990: 66" authorityName="Patterson & Daugherty" authorityPageNumber="66" authorityYear="1990" box="[151,759,1369,1391]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Leiolopisma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inconspicuum">
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<emphasis id="B97121158D37A420FF4CFAF4FE414B19" box="[151,423,1369,1391]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Leiolopisma inconspicuum</emphasis>
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Patterson & Daugherty 1990: 66
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C31FAE8C8D37A420FF4CFA30FCD048C6" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph id="8BBAFD078D37A420FF4CFA30FA844BC2" blockId="21.[151,1437,1436,2002]" box="[151,1378,1436,1461]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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||
<emphasis id="B97121158D37A420FF4CFA30FEED4BC3" bold="true" box="[151,267,1437,1461]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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<typeStatus id="54BE43A58D37A420FF4CFA30FEE04BC3" box="[151,262,1437,1461]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Schoolhouse Flat,
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<collectingCountry id="F312BD978D37A420FE3AFA31FDC44BC2" box="[481,546,1436,1460]" name="Saint Kitts and Nevis" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Nevis</collectingCountry>
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Valley, (
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<geoCoordinate id="EE319BC08D37A420FD5EFA31FD0E4BC2" box="[645,744,1436,1460]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" precision="925" value="-45.183334">45º 11’S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE319BC08D37A420FD2FFA31FC814BC2" box="[756,871,1436,1460]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" precision="925" value="168.98334">168º 59’E</geoCoordinate>
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), RE007278, adult male (coll. T. Bell, 2009).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBAFD078D37A420FF1EFA6DFAB1481E" blockId="21.[151,1437,1436,2002]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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||
<emphasis id="B97121158D37A420FF1EFA6DFDE04BAE" bold="true" box="[197,518,1471,1496]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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<typeStatus id="54BE43A58D37A420FF1EFA6DFEDB4BAE" box="[197,317,1472,1496]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
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||
(
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<specimenCount id="9D03368E8D37A420FE89FA12FE1F4BAE" box="[338,505,1471,1496]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="generic">12 specimens</specimenCount>
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).
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</emphasis>
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<collectingCountry id="F312BD978D37A420FDC9FA6DFDB54BAE" box="[530,595,1472,1496]" name="Saint Kitts and Nevis" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Nevis</collectingCountry>
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Range F42 5551813.9 2183702.9 (
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<geoCoordinate id="EE319BC08D37A420FC26FA6DFB814BAE" box="[1021,1127,1472,1496]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" precision="925" value="-45.166668">45º 10’S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE319BC08D37A420FBA2FA6DFB144BAE" box="[1145,1266,1472,1496]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" precision="925" value="168.86667">168º 52’E</geoCoordinate>
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),
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<specimenCount id="9D03368E8D37A420FAD7FA6CFA7A4BAE" box="[1292,1436,1472,1496]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="generic">7 specimens</specimenCount>
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(RE006165 [CD938], female; RE006166 [CD939], male; RE006163 [CD936], female; RE006164 [CD937], female; RE006167 [CD940], male; RE006168 [CD941], female; RE006162 [CD935], female) (coll. A.H. Whitaker,
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<date id="FFBBDBC78D37A420FF15F981FE864832" box="[206,352,1580,1604]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="1986-03">March 1986</date>
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); Schoolhouse Flat,
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<collectingCountry id="F312BD978D37A420FD8DF981FD714832" box="[598,663,1580,1604]" name="Saint Kitts and Nevis" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Nevis</collectingCountry>
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Valley, (
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<geoCoordinate id="EE319BC08D37A420FCDDF981FC884832" box="[774,878,1580,1604]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" precision="925" value="-45.183334">45º 11’S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE319BC08D37A420FC59F981FC1C4832" box="[898,1018,1580,1604]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" precision="925" value="168.98334">168º 59’E</geoCoordinate>
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),
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<specimenCount id="9D03368E8D37A420FBCDF981FB404832" box="[1046,1190,1580,1604]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="generic">5 specimens</specimenCount>
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(RE007281, female; RE007286, female; RE007289, female; RE007290, male; RE007297, male) (coll. J. Reardon
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<date id="FFBBDBC78D37A420FB6BF9FCFAAD481E" box="[1200,1355,1616,1641]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="2010-01">January 2010</date>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBAFD078D37A420FF1EF9D9FCD048C6" blockId="21.[151,1437,1436,2002]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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<emphasis id="B97121158D37A420FF1EF9D9FE3848FB" bold="true" box="[197,478,1652,1677]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Live animals examined.</emphasis>
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Schoolhouse Flat,
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<collectingCountry id="F312BD978D37A420FD68F9D9FD1248FA" box="[691,756,1652,1676]" name="Saint Kitts and Nevis" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Nevis</collectingCountry>
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Valley (
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<geoCoordinate id="EE319BC08D37A420FC8AF9D9FC5548FA" box="[849,947,1652,1676]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" precision="925" value="-45.183334">45º 11’S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE319BC08D37A420FC64F9D9FBD748FA" box="[959,1073,1652,1676]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" precision="925" value="168.98334">168º 59’E</geoCoordinate>
|
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),
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<specimenCount id="9D03368E8D37A420FB9EF9D9FB3B48FA" box="[1093,1245,1652,1676]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="generic">13 specimens</specimenCount>
|
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(
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<specimenCount id="9D03368E8D37A420FB37F9D9FADF48FA" box="[1260,1337,1652,1676]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="adult">5 adult</specimenCount>
|
||
males,
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||
<specimenCount id="9D03368E8D37A420FA55F9D9FF2948C6" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="adult">5 adult</specimenCount>
|
||
females,
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||
<specimenCount id="9D03368E8D37A420FEE0F935FE5148C6" box="[315,439,1688,1712]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="juvenile">3 juveniles</specimenCount>
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) (data collected by T. Bell, 2009).
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</paragraph>
|
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</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31FAE8C8D37A423FF1EF911FD9F4FFF" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBAFD078D37A423FF1EF911FD9F4FFF" blockId="21.[151,1437,1436,2002]" lastBlockId="22.[151,1437,151,2025]" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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||
<emphasis id="B97121158D37A420FF1EF911FED948A3" bold="true" box="[197,319,1724,1749]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C0586848D37A420FE9DF911FE1F48A2" box="[326,505,1724,1748]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="toka">
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||
<emphasis id="B97121158D37A420FE9DF911FE1F48A2" box="[326,505,1724,1748]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Oligosoma toka</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be distinguished from other related
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C0586848D37A420FC19F911FBDB48A2" box="[962,1085,1724,1748]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97121158D37A420FC19F911FBDB48A2" box="[962,1085,1724,1748]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Oligosoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
species through a combination of characters (
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<figureCitation id="133EE1828D37A420FEE2F94DFE7B488E" box="[313,413,1760,1784]" captionStart="FIGURE 4 a – b" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1890,1913]" captionTargetBox="[208,1317,205,1793]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[190,1380,193,1839]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4 a – b. Notched boxplots comparing the morphological characteristics of the species in the Oligosoma inconspicuum species group (O. inconspicuum sensu stricto, O. toka sp. nov., O. repens sp. nov., O. notosaurus, O. burganae sp. nov.): a) axilla-groin (AG) / snout-forelimb (SF), b) snout-vent length (SVL) / head width (HW). Oligosoma tekakahu sp. nov. was not included in the analysis as only one specimen was available. If there is no overlap between two medians, then the medians are significantly different at a 95 % confidence level." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/205466/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Figure 4</figureCitation>
|
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). Compared to
|
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<emphasis id="B97121158D37A420FD94F94CFCA5488E" box="[591,835,1760,1784]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0586848D37A420FD94F94CFD05488E" box="[591,739,1761,1784]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maccanni">O. maccanni</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0586848D37A420FD2BF94CFCA5488E" box="[752,835,1760,1784]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="toka">O. toka</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
has a glossy appearance, with brown predominating whereas
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0586848D37A420FF20F8A8FE6D496B" box="[251,395,1797,1821]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maccanni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97121158D37A420FF20F8A8FE6D496B" box="[251,395,1797,1821]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">O. maccanni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a greyer ground colour.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0586848D37A420FD09F8A8FC24496B" box="[722,962,1797,1821]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maccanni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97121158D37A420FD09F8A8FC24496B" box="[722,962,1797,1821]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Oligosoma maccanni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a pale grey ventral colour rather than the yellow ventral colour seen in
|
||
<emphasis id="B97121158D37A420FDCBF887FD8C4937" box="[528,618,1833,1857]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0586848D37A420FDCBF887FD814937" box="[528,615,1833,1857]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="toka">O. toka</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The ear opening in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0586848D37A420FC95F887FC384937" box="[846,990,1834,1857]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maccanni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97121158D37A420FC95F887FC384937" box="[846,990,1834,1857]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">O. maccanni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
often has large projecting scales on the interior margin, whereas these are often minimal or lacking altogether in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0586848D37A420FC3BF8E3FBDF4913" box="[992,1081,1869,1893]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="toka">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97121158D37A420FC3BF8E3FC124913" box="[992,1012,1870,1893]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">O</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97121158D37A420FBDEF8E0FBDF4913" box="[1029,1081,1869,1893]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">toka</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0586848D37A420FB9EF8E0FAD04913" box="[1093,1334,1869,1893]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maccanni">Oligosoma maccanni</taxonomicName>
|
||
has four supraocular scales compared with three in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0586848D37A420FDABF8DFFD2449FF" box="[624,706,1905,1929]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="toka">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97121158D37A420FDABF8DFFD2449FF" box="[624,706,1905,1929]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">O. toka</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, an unusually low number for
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F312BD978D37A420FBCCF8DFFB4A49FF" box="[1047,1196,1905,1929]" name="New Zealand" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
skinks. Sympatric
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0586848D37A420FA5AF8DFFEFA49D8" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="polychroma">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97121158D37A420FA5AF8DFFEFA49D8" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">O. polychroma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have very similar colour patterns, but can be distinguished by a pale dorsal stripe on the outside of the forelimbs, and a greyish-brown ventral colouration. The ear opening in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0586848D37A420FC68F816FBBF49A4" box="[947,1113,1978,2002]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="polychroma">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97121158D37A420FC68F816FBBF49A4" box="[947,1113,1978,2002]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">O. polychroma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
often has prominent projecting scales on the interior margin. There are statistical differences between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0586848D34A423FC0AFF35FBC54EC6" box="[977,1059,152,176]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="toka">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97121158D34A423FC0AFF35FBC54EC6" box="[977,1059,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">O. toka</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0586848D34A423FB83FF35FB224EC6" box="[1112,1220,152,176]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="repens" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97121158D34A423FB83FF35FB224EC6" box="[1112,1220,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">O. repens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B97121158D34A423FB11FF35FAC54EC6" bold="true" box="[1226,1315,152,176]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2429C6E8D34A423FB11FF35FAC54EC6" box="[1226,1315,152,176]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(SVL/HL, SVL/HLL, ventral scales, SE/EF),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0586848D34A423FDC6FF10FD4F4EA2" box="[541,681,188,212]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="burganae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97121158D34A423FDC6FF10FD4F4EA2" box="[541,681,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">O. burganae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(SVL/HLL, ventral scales),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0586848D34A423FC32FF10FB414EA2" box="[1001,1191,189,212]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Leiolopisma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inconspicuum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97121158D34A423FC32FF10FB414EA2" box="[1001,1191,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">O. inconspicuum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(SVL/FL, SVL/HLL, ventral scales), and O.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0586848D34A423FE45FF4CFDFC4E8E" box="[414,538,225,248]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="notosaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97121158D34A423FE45FF4CFDFC4E8E" box="[414,538,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">notosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ventral scales) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133EE1828D34A423FD04FF4DFCA24E8E" box="[735,836,224,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 4 a – b" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1890,1913]" captionTargetBox="[208,1317,205,1793]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[190,1380,193,1839]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4 a – b. Notched boxplots comparing the morphological characteristics of the species in the Oligosoma inconspicuum species group (O. inconspicuum sensu stricto, O. toka sp. nov., O. repens sp. nov., O. notosaurus, O. burganae sp. nov.): a) axilla-groin (AG) / snout-forelimb (SF), b) snout-vent length (SVL) / head width (HW). Oligosoma tekakahu sp. nov. was not included in the analysis as only one specimen was available. If there is no overlap between two medians, then the medians are significantly different at a 95 % confidence level." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/205466/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Figure 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). All
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0586848D34A423FC5DFF4CFC3C4E8E" box="[902,986,224,248]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="toka">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97121158D34A423FC5DFF4CFC3C4E8E" box="[902,986,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">O. toka</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have three supraoculars whereas all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0586848D34A423FA5AFF4CFED54F6B" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Leiolopisma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inconspicuum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97121158D34A423FA5AFF4CFED54F6B" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">O. inconspicuum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0586848D34A423FEB2FEA8FDE14F6B" box="[361,519,261,285]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="notosaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97121158D34A423FEB2FEA8FDE14F6B" box="[361,519,261,285]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">O. notosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have four. The number of ventral scales in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0586848D34A423FC35FEA8FB934F6B" box="[1006,1141,261,285]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tekakahu">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97121158D34A423FC35FEA8FB934F6B" box="[1006,1141,261,285]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">O. tekakahu</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(68) is fewer than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0586848D34A423FA92FEA8FA7D4F6B" box="[1353,1435,261,285]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="toka">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97121158D34A423FA92FEA8FA7D4F6B" box="[1353,1435,261,285]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">O. toka</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(70–88), and the number of subdigital lamellae (16) is fewer than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0586848D34A423FCAFFE87FC204F37" box="[884,966,297,321]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="toka">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97121158D34A423FCAFFE87FC204F37" box="[884,966,297,321]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">O. toka</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(17–23). The dorsal surface of the head is usually more strongly marked than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0586848D34A423FD99FEE3FD494F13" box="[578,687,334,357]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="repens" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97121158D34A423FD99FEE3FD494F13" box="[578,687,334,357]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">O. repens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B97121158D34A423FD6DFEE0FCE94F13" bold="true" box="[694,783,333,357]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2429C6E8D34A423FD6DFEE0FCE94F13" box="[694,783,333,357]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, and the mid-dorsal and dorsolateral stripes in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0586848D34A423FAFBFEE3FA944F13" box="[1312,1394,333,357]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="toka">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97121158D34A423FAFBFEE3FA944F13" box="[1312,1394,333,357]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">O. toka</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are more prominent than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0586848D34A423FE7EFEDFFDF44FFF" box="[421,530,370,393]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="repens" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97121158D34A423FE7EFEDFFDF44FFF" box="[421,530,370,393]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">O. repens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B97121158D34A423FDC3FEDFFD944FFC" bold="true" box="[536,626,370,394]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2429C6E8D34A423FDC3FEDFFD944FFC" box="[536,626,370,394]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31FAE8C8D34A423FF1EFE38FCAC499F" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBAFD078D34A423FF1EFE38FF054D84" blockId="22.[151,1437,151,2025]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97121158D34A423FF1EFE38FE0E4FD8" bold="true" box="[197,488,405,430]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
Description of
|
||
<typeStatus id="54BE43A58D34A423FEAFFE3BFE054FD8" box="[372,483,406,430]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Body elongate, oval in cross-section; limbs moderately well-developed, pentadactyl. Lower eyelid with a transparent palpebral disc, bordered on sides and below by small, oblong granules. Nostril centred just below middle of nasal, pointing up and back, not touching bottom edge of nasal. Supranasals absent. Rostral broader than deep. Frontonasal broader than long, not separated from frontal by prefrontals meeting in midline. Frontal longer than broad, shorter than frontoparietal and interparietal together, in contact with 2 anteriormost supraoculars. Supraoculars 3, the second is the largest. Frontoparietals distinct, larger than interparietal. A pair of parietals meeting behind interparietal and bordered posteriorly by a pair each of nuchals and temporals, also in contact with interparietal, frontoparietal, third supraocular and 2 postoculars. Loreals 2, similar size; anterior loreal in contact with first and second supralabial, posterior loreal, prefrontal, frontonasal and nasal; posterior loreal in contact with second supralabial, first subocular, upper and lower preocular, prefrontal and anterior loreal. Supralabials 8[left]/7[right], the sixth and seventh are the equal largest. Infralabials 6, several of them equal in size; sixth[left]/ fifth[right] supralabial below centre of eye. Mental broader but shallower than rostral. Suboculars 3 and 4 separated by sixth[left]/fifth[right] supralabial. Chinshields 3 pairs. One primary temporal, similar size to lower secondary temporal. Dorsal scales similar in size to ventral scales, weakly striate. Ventral scales smooth. Subdigital lamellae smooth. Ear opening round, small with insignificant projecting granules. Forelimbs shorter than hindlimbs. Adpressed limbs not meeting in adult. Digits moderately long, sub-cylindrical. Third front digit shorter than the fourth.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBAFD078D34A423FF1EFC53FBDC4AF5" blockId="22.[151,1437,151,2025]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97121158D34A423FF1EFC53FAC24A60" bold="true" box="[197,1316,1021,1046]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
Measurements (in mm;
|
||
<typeStatus id="54BE43A58D34A423FE33FC53FDA94A60" box="[488,591,1022,1046]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
with the variation shown in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54BE43A58D34A423FC05FC53FBF44A60" box="[990,1042,1022,1046]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">type</typeStatus>
|
||
series in parentheses).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
SVL 71.1 (mean 59.8, range 45.1–66.2), HL 8.8 (mean 8.2, range 6.9–9.0), HW 6.4 (mean 5.7, range 4.8–6.5), AG 40.5 (mean 32.0, range 24.1–40.5), SF 24.5 (mean 21.7, range 17.0–24.5), SE 12.2 (mean 10.0, range 8.7–12.2), EF 12.6 (mean 11.7, range 8.3–13.8), and TL 58.5 (mean 58.5, range 53.5–66.0, N=3).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBAFD078D34A423FF1EFB22FC0E4BBF" blockId="22.[151,1437,151,2025]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97121158D34A423FF1EFB22FB964ADE" bold="true" box="[197,1136,1167,1192]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
Variation (
|
||
<typeStatus id="54BE43A58D34A423FE9FFB22FE4A4ADE" box="[324,428,1167,1192]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
with the variation shown in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54BE43A58D34A423FCF4FB3DFC844ADE" box="[815,866,1168,1192]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">type</typeStatus>
|
||
series in parentheses).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Upper ciliaries 7 (mean 6, range 5–7); lower ciliaries 8 (mean 8, range 7–9); nuchals 4 pairs (mean 3 pairs, range 2–4 pairs); midbody scale rows 32 (mean 32, range 30–34); ventral scale rows 80 (mean 82, range 70–88); subdigital lamellae 21 (mean 21, range 17–23); supraciliaries 5 (mean 5, range 5–7); suboculars 7 (mean 6, range 4–7). Frontonasal seldom separated from frontal by prefrontals meeting in midline. Anterior loreal in contact with first or second supralabial. Secondary loreal usually in contact with secondary supralabial only. Supralabials 6, 7 (usual) or 8, the fifth, sixth or seventh are the largest. Infralabials 5, 6 (usual) or 7. Third front digit as long as (usual) or shorter than the fourth. Maximum SVL
|
||
<quantity id="4CFD50E28D34A423FE95FA20FE504BD3" box="[334,438,1421,1445]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.109999999999999" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="mm" value="71.1">71.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Three specimens had an intact tail (TL/SVL = 1.16). Ratios for morphological measurements (± SD): AG/SF 1.47 ± 0.12; SE/EF 0.86 ± 0.11; HL/HW 1.45 ± 0.06.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBAFD078D34A423FF1EFA78FCAC499F" blockId="22.[151,1437,151,2025]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97121158D34A423FF1EFA78FEBB4B98" bold="true" box="[197,349,1493,1518]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Colouration.</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsal surface light to dark yellowish brown, often with irregular flecks. A median dorsal dark yellowish brown longitudinal stripe, 2 half-scale rows wide, well developed, commencing behind the head and passing back to the base of the tail, becoming indistinct thereafter. A light to grayish yellowish brown dorsal band 2 half-scale rows wide sometimes with light and dark flecks. This band is often bounded on both sides by a pale stripe less than one scale wide. Another dark yellowish brown band 1 to 2 half-scale rows wide, shading onto a prominent pale dorsolateral band 2 half-scale rows wide. This pale band extends from above posterior margin of eye to base of tail, or further along tail. A broad strong yellowish brown lateral band 1 to 2 scale rows wide, originating near tip of snout, passing through eye and ending at base or further along tail, bordered laterally by two dark yellowish brown bands, and often with pale scales extending into it from above and below; sometimes flecked with white. Below this an indistinct pale stripe passes from beneath the posterior border of the eye above the ear and limb insertions to the tail. This stripe is irregularly defined below by brown scales which merge gradually with the yellow ventral colouration. Yellow colouration extends along first third of tail. Ventral surface usually lightly speckled with black spots on chin and throat, which are white. Outer surface of forelimbs is dark brown with black and white specks. Juvenile colouration similar to adult, but generally lighter and lacking distinct mid-dorsal stripe. There do not appear to be sexually dimorphic colour patterns.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF7AAD8F8D35A422FF4CF809FC6D49AF" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/205473/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" targetBox="[449,1136,195,1924]" targetPageId="23">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBAFD078D35A422FF4CF809FC6D49AF" blockId="23.[151,1436,1956,2010]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97121158D35A422FF4CF809FED749CD" bold="true" box="[151,305,1956,1979]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">FIGURE 8. a)</emphasis>
|
||
Holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0586848D35A422FE67F80BFDEE49CD" box="[444,520,1957,1979]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="toka">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97121158D35A422FE67F80BFDEE49CD" box="[444,520,1957,1979]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">O. toka</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(RE007278), Schoolhouse Flat, Nevis Valley.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97121158D35A422FC31F809FBE749CD" bold="true" box="[1002,1025,1956,1979]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">b)</emphasis>
|
||
Lateral view of the head of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0586848D35A422FA8BF80BFA7A49CD" box="[1360,1436,1957,1979]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="toka">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97121158D35A422FA8BF80BFA7A49CD" box="[1360,1436,1957,1979]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">O. toka</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
holotype (RE007278).
|
||
<emphasis id="B97121158D35A422FEA4F86EFE7249AC" bold="true" box="[383,404,1987,2010]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">c)</emphasis>
|
||
Live specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0586848D35A422FD82F869FD4249AC" box="[601,676,1988,2010]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="toka">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97121158D35A422FD82F869FD4249AC" box="[601,676,1988,2010]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">O. toka</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the type locality.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31FAE8C8D3AA42DFF1EFF35FF064A69" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBAFD078D3AA42DFF1EFF35FC9E4EA2" blockId="24.[151,1436,151,1055]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97121158D3AA42DFF1EFF35FEAA4EC6" bold="true" box="[197,332,152,176]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
From ‘toka’, the Maori word for rock or boulder. Refers to the rocky habitat on which this species occurs in the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F312BD978D3AA42DFEF6FF11FE884EA2" box="[301,366,188,212]" name="Saint Kitts and Nevis" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Nevis</collectingCountry>
|
||
Valley. The common name is the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F312BD978D3AA42DFD30FF11FCCA4EA2" box="[747,812,188,212]" name="Saint Kitts and Nevis" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Nevis</collectingCountry>
|
||
skink.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBAFD078D3AA42DFF1EFF4DFBBF4DFB" blockId="24.[151,1436,151,1055]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97121158D3AA42DFF1EFF4DFE024E8F" bold="true" box="[197,484,224,249]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Habitat and life history.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0586848D3AA42DFE30FF4CFD7B4E8F" box="[491,669,225,249]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="toka">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97121158D3AA42DFE30FF4CFD7B4E8F" box="[491,669,225,249]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Oligosoma toka</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears to be confined to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F312BD978D3AA42DFC12FF4CFBEC4E8F" box="[969,1034,225,249]" name="Saint Kitts and Nevis" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Nevis</collectingCountry>
|
||
Valley (WAIKAIA 74.01 Nokomai Ecological District;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9480F68D3AA42DFEA2FEABFDF94F6B" author="McEwen" box="[377,543,261,285]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="McEwen W. M. (1987) Ecological Regions and Districts of New Zealand. New Zealand Biological Resources Centre, Department of Conservation, Wellington." type="book" year="1987">McEwen 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) of central Otago (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133EE1828D3AA42DFD2EFEA8FCB04F6B" box="[757,854,261,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1879,1902]" captionTargetBox="[227,1357,193,1836]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[208,1377,193,1856]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 5. Representative habitats of the members of the Oligosoma inconspicuum species complex. a) O. inconspicuum, Macraes Flat, Otago. b) O. inconspicuum (mahogany form), Sinbad Valley, Fiordland. c) O. tekakahu sp. nov., Chalky Island, Fiordland. d) O. burganae sp. nov., Rock and Pillars Range, central Otago. e) O. toka sp. nov. and O. inconspicuum, Nevis Valley, central Otago. f) O. repens sp. nov. and O. inconspicuum, Eyre Mountains, central Otago." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/205470/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Figure 5</figureCitation>
|
||
e). The area where
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0586848D3AA42DFBF4FEABFB644F6B" box="[1071,1154,261,285]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="toka">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97121158D3AA42DFBF4FEABFB644F6B" box="[1071,1154,261,285]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">O. toka</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been recorded so far is classified as Environments N3, N4 and Q3 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9480F68D3AA42DFD45FE87FC7C4F34" author="Leathwick" box="[670,922,298,322]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Leathwick, J. R., Morgan, F., Wilson, G., Rutledge, D., McLeod, M. & Johnston, K. (2003) Land Environments of New Zealand - A Technical Guide. Wellington, Ministry for the Environment, 237 pp." type="book" year="2003">
|
||
Leathwick
|
||
<emphasis id="B97121158D3AA42DFCC6FE86FCB34F34" box="[797,853,298,322]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2003
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The Nokomai ED consists of broad plateaus and hills of a lower altitude (>
|
||
<quantity id="4CFD50E28D3AA42DFE21FEE3FDA44F10" box="[506,578,334,358]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="m" value="600.0">600 m</quantity>
|
||
to
|
||
<quantity id="4CFD50E28D3AA42DFDB3FEE3FD584F10" box="[616,702,334,358]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="m" value="1500.0">1500 m</quantity>
|
||
asl) than the Eyres ED. The geological composition is complex, but usually consists of schist and greywacke rock formations. The climate is cool, with annual rainfall typically around
|
||
<quantity id="4CFD50E28D3AA42DFF35FE3AFE664FD9" box="[238,384,407,431]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="1.2" metricValueMin="0.8" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="m" value="1000.0" valueMax="1200.0" valueMin="800.0">800–1200 m</quantity>
|
||
. It is unclear how far south the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F312BD978D3AA42DFD2FFE3AFCD34FD9" box="[756,821,407,431]" name="Saint Kitts and Nevis" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Nevis</collectingCountry>
|
||
skink population extends to, but it is likely to be the entire valley and adjacent areas. The predominant ecology consists of exotic pasture for sheep and cattle grazing, with lowland tussockland in the foothills, and red or subalpine tall tussockland at higher elevations.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0586848D3AA42DFAFAFE4CFF214C6B" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="toka">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97121158D3AA42DFAFAFE4CFF214C6B" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Oligosoma toka</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are extremely abundant around rock piles (old gold tailings) along the eastern side of the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F312BD978D3AA42DFB62FDA8FB1C4C6B" box="[1209,1274,517,541]" name="Saint Kitts and Nevis" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Nevis</collectingCountry>
|
||
River, but not as abundant elsewhere where cover is scarce on the open
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F312BD978D3AA42DFCC5FD84FCB94C37" box="[798,863,553,577]" name="Saint Kitts and Nevis" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Nevis</collectingCountry>
|
||
Valley flats. However, they do occur widely in the area, on the river flats, around the foothills and up to the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F312BD978D3AA42DFCF8FDE3FC824C10" box="[803,868,590,614]" name="Saint Kitts and Nevis" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Nevis</collectingCountry>
|
||
Crossing. The artificial rock piles are likely to be important refugia for the population in the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F312BD978D3AA42DFD5DFDDEFD214CFD" box="[646,711,627,651]" name="Saint Kitts and Nevis" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Nevis</collectingCountry>
|
||
Valley, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0586848D3AA42DFC82FDD9FC4B4CFD" box="[857,941,627,651]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="toka">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97121158D3AA42DFC82FDD9FC4B4CFD" box="[857,941,627,651]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">O. toka</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the most abundant species in the valley, especially adjacent to the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F312BD978D3AA42DFE6CFD3AFE1E4CD9" box="[439,504,663,687]" name="Saint Kitts and Nevis" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Nevis</collectingCountry>
|
||
River (T. Jewell, pers. obs.). However, high abundance at certain localities (e.g. 5– 7 skinks per
|
||
<quantity id="4CFD50E28D3AA42DFEFEFD12FEBB4CA1" box="[293,349,703,727]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="m" value="10.0">10 m</quantity>
|
||
<quantity id="4CFD50E28D3AA42DFE86FD11FE644CA1" box="[349,386,700,727]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="in" value="2.0">2 in</quantity>
|
||
artificial and natural rock formations; T. Jewell, unpublished data) does not necessarily imply overall species security, given the apparent restricted range of the species. Important vegetation for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0586848D3AA42DFB2BFD49FAA44C8D" box="[1264,1346,739,763]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="toka">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97121158D3AA42DFB2BFD49FAA44C8D" box="[1264,1346,739,763]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">O. toka</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
include tussocks and rank grasses (native, exotic),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0586848D3AA42DFD5AFCA5FD124D69" box="[641,756,776,799]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coprosma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97121158D3AA42DFD5AFCA5FD124D69" box="[641,756,776,799]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Coprosma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0586848D3AA42DFCDEFCA4FBFD4D56" authority="Muehlenbeckia" authorityName="Muehlenbeckia" box="[773,1051,776,800]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rhamnaceae" genus="Discaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97121158D3AA42DFCDEFCA4FBFD4D56" box="[773,1051,776,800]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Discaria Muehlenbeckia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0586848D3AA42DFBF0FCA5FB7E4D56" box="[1067,1176,776,800]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Violaceae" genus="Melicytus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97121158D3AA42DFBF0FCA5FB7E4D56" box="[1067,1176,776,800]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Melicytus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0586848D3AA42DFB08FCA5FAFF4D56" box="[1235,1305,776,800]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Rubus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97121158D3AA42DFB08FCA5FAFF4D56" box="[1235,1305,776,800]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Rubus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. In the wider
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F312BD978D3AA42DFF04FC81FEC64D32" box="[223,288,812,836]" name="Saint Kitts and Nevis" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Nevis</collectingCountry>
|
||
Valley,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0586848D3AA42DFEA5FC80FE344D32" box="[382,466,812,836]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="toka">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97121158D3AA42DFEA5FC80FE344D32" box="[382,466,812,836]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">O. toka</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is sympatric with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0586848D3AA42DFD73FC80FC814D32" box="[680,871,813,836]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Leiolopisma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inconspicuum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97121158D3AA42DFD73FC80FC814D32" box="[680,871,813,836]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">O. inconspicuum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0586848D3AA42DFCACFC80FBC64D32" box="[887,1056,812,836]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="polychroma">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97121158D3AA42DFCACFC80FBC64D32" box="[887,1056,812,836]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">O. polychroma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0586848D3AA42DFBEBFC80FB274D32" box="[1072,1217,813,836]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maccanni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97121158D3AA42DFBEBFC80FB274D32" box="[1072,1217,813,836]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">O. maccanni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0586848D3AA42DFB0BFC81FA954D32" box="[1232,1395,812,836]" class="Reptilia" family="Diplodactylidae" genus="Hoplodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97121158D3AA42DFB0BFC81FA954D32" box="[1232,1395,812,836]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Hoplodactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. ‘Cromwell’, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0586848D3AA42DFE8CFCFCFE1C4D1F" box="[343,506,849,873]" class="Reptilia" family="Diplodactylidae" genus="Hoplodactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97121158D3AA42DFE8CFCFCFE1C4D1F" box="[343,506,849,873]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Hoplodactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. ‘Otago large’ (T. Jewell, pers. obs.; this study). It is possible that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0586848D3AA42DFADAFCFCFAB24D1F" box="[1281,1364,849,873]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="toka">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97121158D3AA42DFADAFCFCFAB24D1F" box="[1281,1364,849,873]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">O. toka</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
might also be present in the adjacent Hector and Garvie Mountains (T. Jewell, pers. comm.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBAFD078D3AA42DFF1EFC34FF064A69" blockId="24.[151,1436,151,1055]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97121158D3AA42DFF1EFC34FE5F4DC4" bold="true" box="[197,441,921,946]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Conservation status.</emphasis>
|
||
Little is known about the range, abundance and population viability of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0586848D3AA42DFB07FC36FAC94DC4" box="[1244,1327,922,946]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Oligosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="toka">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97121158D3AA42DFB07FC36FAC94DC4" box="[1244,1327,922,946]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">O. toka</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It is currently considered Data Deficient in the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F312BD978D3AA42DFD87FC12FD134DA0" box="[604,757,958,982]" name="New Zealand" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
Department of Conservation’s national threat classification lists (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9480F68D3AA42DFF0DFC4EFE174D8D" author="Hitchmough" box="[214,497,995,1019]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Hitchmough, R. A., Hoare, J. M., Jamieson, H., Newman, D., Tocher, M. D., Anderson, P. J., Lettink, M. & Whitaker, A. H. (2010) Conservation status of New Zealand reptiles, 2009. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 37, 203 - 224." type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Hitchmough
|
||
<emphasis id="B97121158D3AA42DFEB5FC49FE4C4D8D" box="[366,426,995,1019]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Resolution of this species’ conservation status may be urgent (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9480F68D3AA42DFB3AFC4EFF324A69" author="Townsend" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Townsend, A. J., de Lange, P. J., Duffy, C. A. J., Miskelly, C. M., Molloy, J. & Norton, D. A. (2008) New Zealand Threat Classification system manual. Science and Technical Publishing, Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand." type="book" year="2008">
|
||
Townsend
|
||
<emphasis id="B97121158D3AA42DFABBFC49FA7A4D8D" box="[1376,1436,995,1019]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |