323 lines
42 KiB
XML
323 lines
42 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="05654B4F980DA2F2199B43F5ACD0EE45">A taxonomic revision of the genus Apostichopus (Holothuroidea: Stichopodidae) from Japan</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="076CBCF62BBE07636E6018F7EC36940D" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="ADD7CED2BA8D5229C9855BF21BA3CAAB">Woo, Sau Pinn</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="51577765414319F2BBB36DB9837C6F58">Ogawa, Akito</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="ED1FD7FD4CFA8B2F5927A306EF8B41A5">Tan, Shau Hwai</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="73EFC38F5BBE0D0957F761154A83927C">Yasin, Zulfigar</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0836CCF6C81724A32E17A4A557766F2C">Kajihara, Hiroshi</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="933A5FD26D427DCEB12286F81FA94336">Fujita, Toshihiko</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="3943F26CF06C34B963246BD85573CB23">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:number id="2AC5D0972EEAE0A4EC6458952C17D857">2017-11-16</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03818785FFBB17046D8BFB0DCACCFCBE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6017882" ID-GBIF-Taxon="137307905" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6017882" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03818785FFBB17046D8BFB0DCACCFCBE" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03818785FFBB17046D8BFB0DCACCFCBE" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="123" pageId="1" pageNumber="122">
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<subSubSection id="C3326518FFBB17076D8BFB0DCC73FB1F" box="[151,539,1178,1205]" pageId="1" pageNumber="122" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B973693FFBB17076D8BFB0DCC73FB1F" blockId="1.[151,539,1178,1205]" box="[151,539,1178,1205]" pageId="1" pageNumber="122">
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<heading id="D0DF81FFFFBB17076D8BFB0DCC73FB1F" bold="true" box="[151,539,1178,1205]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="122" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B95CEA81FFBB17076D8BFB0DCC73FB1F" bold="true" box="[151,539,1178,1205]" pageId="1" pageNumber="122">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C284D10FFBB17076DF2FB0CCC73FB1F" authority="Liao, 1980" authorityName="Liao" authorityYear="1980" box="[238,539,1178,1205]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Apostichopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="1" pageNumber="122" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95CEA81FFBB17076DF2FB0CCFF9FB1E" bold="true" box="[238,401,1178,1204]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="122">Apostichopus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB94B62FFBB17076C84FB0DCC73FB1F" author="Liao" box="[408,539,1179,1205]" pageId="1" pageNumber="122" refString="Liao, Y. (1980) The aspidochirote holothurians of China with erection of a new genus. In: Jangoux, M. (Ed.), Echinoderms - Present and Past. Proceedings of the European Colloquium on Echinoderms. Balkema Press, Rotterdam, pp. 115 - 117." type="proceedings paper" year="1980">Liao, 1980</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3326518FFBB17076D8BFB49CFC4FAB6" pageId="1" pageNumber="122" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8B973693FFBB17076D8BFB49CD8CFB52" blockId="1.[151,1436,1247,2029]" box="[151,996,1247,1272]" pageId="1" pageNumber="122">
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<emphasis id="B95CEA81FFBB17076D8BFB49CF5AFB52" bold="true" box="[151,306,1247,1272]" pageId="1" pageNumber="122">
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<typeStatus id="54938831FFBB17076D8BFB49CEBAFB52" box="[151,210,1247,1272]" pageId="1" pageNumber="122">Type</typeStatus>
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species.
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C284D10FFBB17076C25FB49CCD6FB52" authority="Selenka, 1867" authorityName="Selenka" authorityYear="1867" box="[313,702,1247,1272]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Stichopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="1" pageNumber="122" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
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<emphasis id="B95CEA81FFBB17076C25FB49CC71FB52" box="[313,537,1247,1272]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="122">Stichopus japonicus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB94B62FFBB17076F3CFB49CCD6FB52" author="Selenka" box="[544,702,1247,1272]" pageId="1" pageNumber="122" refString="Selenka, E. (1867) Beitrage zur Anatomie und Systematik der Holothurien. Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 17, 291 - 372. [in German]" type="journal article" year="1867">Selenka, 1867</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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(but see Remarks below).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B973693FFBB17076DDBFA92CFC4FAB6" blockId="1.[151,1436,1247,2029]" box="[199,428,1284,1309]" pageId="1" pageNumber="122">
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<materialsCitation id="3B403CCEFFBB17076DDBFA92CFC4FAB6" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1700783966" box="[199,428,1284,1309]" country="Japan" location="Japan" pageId="1" pageNumber="122" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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<emphasis id="B95CEA81FFBB17076DDBFA92CF0DFAB7" bold="true" box="[199,357,1284,1309]" pageId="1" pageNumber="122">
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<typeStatus id="54938831FFBB17076DDBFA92CF6AFAB7" box="[199,258,1284,1309]" pageId="1" pageNumber="122">Type</typeStatus>
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locality.
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</emphasis>
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<collectingCountry id="F33F7603FFBB17076C70FA93CFC4FAB6" box="[364,428,1285,1308]" name="Japan" pageId="1" pageNumber="122">Japan</collectingCountry>
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3326518FFBB17076DDBFAB1CF64F967" pageId="1" pageNumber="122" type="diagnosis">
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||
<paragraph id="8B973693FFBB17076DDBFAB1CB4EF92F" blockId="1.[151,1436,1247,2029]" pageId="1" pageNumber="122">
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<emphasis id="B95CEA81FFBB17076DDBFAB1CF29FAEA" bold="true" box="[199,321,1319,1344]" pageId="1" pageNumber="122">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Mouth ventral, surrounded by twenty peltate-shaped tentacles. Body stout and cylindrical. Conical papillae conspicuous or less conspicuous, protruding at dorsal and lateral sides of body; similar conical papillae arranged in one line at ventro-lateral sides; smaller papillae scattered on dorsal and lateral surfaces. Background body colour highly variable from red to brown and green to black. Gonads in two tufts. Spicules taking form of tables, buttons, multiperforated plates, rods, and complex plates. Dorsal body-wall spicules composed of tables; often reduced with pillars absent, but simple and not spinous if present; rims smooth or spinous. Dorsal body wall of juvenile contains tables with four spires, each having multiple spines on its end, with two to three crossbeams. Rosette and C-shaped spicules absent in dorsal body wall of both adult and juveniles. Papillae containing elongated buttons, rods, tables, and multiperforated plates. Rods in tentacles. Ventral tube feet containing multiperforated plates and tables, the latter without pillars. Spinous complex plates present in cloacal walls both in adult and juvenile.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B973693FFBB17076DDBF919CF64F967" blockId="1.[151,1436,1247,2029]" pageId="1" pageNumber="122">
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<emphasis id="B95CEA81FFBB17076DDBF919CFA8F902" bold="true" box="[199,448,1679,1704]" pageId="1" pageNumber="122">Species composition.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C284D10FFBB17076CD6F919CDE1F902" authority="(Selenka, 1867)" baseAuthorityName="Selenka" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[458,905,1679,1704]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Apostichopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="1" pageNumber="122" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="armatus">
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<emphasis id="B95CEA81FFBB17076CD6F919CCAFF902" box="[458,711,1679,1704]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="122">Apostichopus armatus</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB94B62FFBB17076FC5F919CDE9F902" author="Selenka" box="[729,897,1679,1704]" pageId="1" pageNumber="122" refString="Selenka, E. (1867) Beitrage zur Anatomie und Systematik der Holothurien. Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 17, 291 - 372. [in German]" type="journal article" year="1867">Selenka, 1867</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<taxonomicName id="4C284D10FFBB17076E84F919CB0DF902" authority="(Selenka, 1867)" baseAuthorityName="Selenka" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[920,1381,1679,1704]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Apostichopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="1" pageNumber="122" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
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<emphasis id="B95CEA81FFBB17076E84F919CACEF902" box="[920,1190,1679,1704]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="122">Apostichopus japonicus</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB94B62FFBB170769A4F919CB34F902" author="Selenka" box="[1208,1372,1679,1704]" pageId="1" pageNumber="122" refString="Selenka, E. (1867) Beitrage zur Anatomie und Systematik der Holothurien. Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 17, 291 - 372. [in German]" type="journal article" year="1867">Selenka, 1867</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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(see Remarks).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3326518FFBB17046DDBF941CACCFCBE" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="123" pageId="1" pageNumber="122" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8B973693FFBB17076DDBF941CBF4F846" blockId="1.[151,1436,1247,2029]" pageId="1" pageNumber="122">
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<emphasis id="B95CEA81FFBB17076DDBF941CF53F95A" bold="true" box="[199,315,1751,1776]" pageId="1" pageNumber="122">Remarks.</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB94B62FFBB17076C5BF941CFBAF95A" author="Liao" box="[327,466,1751,1776]" pageId="1" pageNumber="122" refString="Liao, Y. (1980) The aspidochirote holothurians of China with erection of a new genus. In: Jangoux, M. (Ed.), Echinoderms - Present and Past. Proceedings of the European Colloquium on Echinoderms. Balkema Press, Rotterdam, pp. 115 - 117." type="proceedings paper" year="1980">Liao (1980)</bibRefCitation>
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erected this genus based on material from the northern East
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<collectingCountry id="F33F7603FFBB170769AAF941CA91F95A" box="[1206,1273,1751,1776]" name="China" pageId="1" pageNumber="122">China</collectingCountry>
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Sea that was identified as
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<taxonomicName id="4C284D10FFBB17076C35F96ACC5DF8BE" baseAuthorityName="Selenka" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[297,565,1788,1813]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Apostichopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="1" pageNumber="122" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
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<emphasis id="B95CEA81FFBB17076C35F96ACC5DF8BE" box="[297,565,1788,1813]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="122">Apostichopus japonicus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Judging from the drawings of the spicules, Liao’s (1980) material was most likely to represent
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<taxonomicName id="4C284D10FFBB17076C76F889CC0CF892" baseAuthorityName="Selenka" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[362,612,1823,1848]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Apostichopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="1" pageNumber="122" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="armatus">
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<emphasis id="B95CEA81FFBB17076C76F889CC0CF892" box="[362,612,1823,1848]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="122">Apostichopus armatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB94B62FFBB17076F68F889CD5AF892" author="Liao" box="[628,818,1823,1848]" pageId="1" pageNumber="122" refString="Liao, Y. (1980) The aspidochirote holothurians of China with erection of a new genus. In: Jangoux, M. (Ed.), Echinoderms - Present and Past. Proceedings of the European Colloquium on Echinoderms. Balkema Press, Rotterdam, pp. 115 - 117." type="proceedings paper" year="1980">Liao 1980: fig. 1</bibRefCitation>
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), to which Article 70.3 (Misidentified
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<typeStatus id="54938831FFBB170769F7F8B7CB73F893" box="[1259,1307,1825,1849]" pageId="1" pageNumber="122">type</typeStatus>
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species) of the Code (International Commission on
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB94B62FFBB17076F76F8D2CDA7F8F6" author="Zoological" box="[618,975,1860,1885]" pageId="1" pageNumber="122" refString="International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature Fourth Edition. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, 306 pp." type="book" year="1999">Zoological Nomenclature 1999</bibRefCitation>
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) applies. In order to serve stability and universality of the name, we take the option stipulated under Article 70.3.1, in which the nominal species previously cited as the
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<typeStatus id="54938831FFBB17076C85F81BCFA1F80F" box="[409,457,1933,1957]" pageId="1" pageNumber="122">type</typeStatus>
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species is to be retained, because alteration of the
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<typeStatus id="54938831FFBB17076EE3F81BCA47F80F" box="[1023,1071,1933,1957]" pageId="1" pageNumber="122">type</typeStatus>
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species will not affect the genus name usage. The diagnosis for
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<taxonomicName id="4C284D10FFBB17076F12F826CCCDF863" authorityName="Liao" authorityYear="1980" box="[526,677,1968,1993]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Apostichopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="1" pageNumber="122" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95CEA81FFBB17076F12F826CCCDF863" box="[526,677,1968,1993]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="122">Apostichopus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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given by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB94B62FFBB17076E38F826CDC6F862" author="Liao" box="[804,942,1968,1993]" pageId="1" pageNumber="122" refString="Liao, Y. (1980) The aspidochirote holothurians of China with erection of a new genus. In: Jangoux, M. (Ed.), Echinoderms - Present and Past. Proceedings of the European Colloquium on Echinoderms. Balkema Press, Rotterdam, pp. 115 - 117." type="proceedings paper" year="1980">Liao (1980)</bibRefCitation>
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||
sufficiently illustrated clear separation of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C284D10FFBB17076D8BF842CF46F847" authorityName="Liao" authorityYear="1980" box="[151,302,2004,2029]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Apostichopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="1" pageNumber="122" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95CEA81FFBB17076D8BF842CF46F847" box="[151,302,2004,2029]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="122">Apostichopus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from other genera based on reduced table spicules without pillars in the body wall (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB94B62FFBB170769CCF842CBE2F846" author="Liao" box="[1232,1418,2004,2029]" pageId="1" pageNumber="122" refString="Liao, Y. (1980) The aspidochirote holothurians of China with erection of a new genus. In: Jangoux, M. (Ed.), Echinoderms - Present and Past. Proceedings of the European Colloquium on Echinoderms. Balkema Press, Rotterdam, pp. 115 - 117." type="proceedings paper" year="1980">Liao 1980: fig. 1</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B973693FFB817046DDBFF01CC05FDB2" blockId="2.[151,1436,151,789]" pageId="2" pageNumber="123">
|
||
The absence of C-shaped spicules and the presence of reduced table spicules in the dorsal body of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C284D10FFB817046D8BFF2ACF46FF7F" authorityName="Liao" authorityYear="1980" box="[151,302,188,213]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Apostichopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="2" pageNumber="123" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95CEA81FFB817046D8BFF2ACF46FF7F" box="[151,302,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="123">Apostichopus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differentiate it from the genera
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C284D10FFB817046F87FF2ACD6FFF7F" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1835" box="[667,775,188,213]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Stichopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="2" pageNumber="123" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95CEA81FFB817046F87FF2ACD6FFF7F" box="[667,775,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="123">Stichopus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C284D10FFB817046E23FF2ACAF7FF7F" authority="Deichmann, 1958" authorityName="Deichmann" authorityYear="1958" box="[831,1183,188,213]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="2" pageNumber="123" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95CEA81FFB817046E23FF2ACDA3FF7F" box="[831,971,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="123">Isostichopus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB94B62FFB817046EC8FF2ACAF7FF7F" author="Deichmann" box="[980,1183,188,213]" pageId="2" pageNumber="123" refString="Deichmann, E. (1958) The Holothurioidea collected by the Velero III and IV during the years 1932 to 1954 part II. Aspidochirota. Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions, 11 (2), 253 - 349." type="journal article" year="1958">Deichmann, 1958</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which have abundant C-shaped spicules and no reduced table in the dorsal body (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB94B62FFB817046E35FF49CDC4FF52" author="Clark" box="[809,940,223,248]" pageId="2" pageNumber="123" refString="Clark, H. L. (1922) The holothurian of the genus Stichopus. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 65 (3), 39 - 74." type="journal article" year="1922">Clark 1922</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB94B62FFB817046EAAFF49CA11FF52" author="Deichmann" box="[950,1145,223,248]" pageId="2" pageNumber="123" refString="Deichmann, E. (1958) The Holothurioidea collected by the Velero III and IV during the years 1932 to 1954 part II. Aspidochirota. Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions, 11 (2), 253 - 349." type="journal article" year="1958">Deichmann 1958</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C284D10FFB817046819FF49CBF4FF52" authorityName="Liao" authorityYear="1980" box="[1285,1436,223,248]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Apostichopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="2" pageNumber="123" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95CEA81FFB817046819FF49CBF4FF52" box="[1285,1436,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="123">Apostichopus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also can be easily distinguished from the genera
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C284D10FFB817046FFCFE92CD9CFEB7" authority="Brandt, 1835" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1835" box="[736,1012,260,285]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Thelenota" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="2" pageNumber="123" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95CEA81FFB817046FFCFE92CD38FEB7" box="[736,848,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="123">Thelenota</emphasis>
|
||
Brandt, 1835
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C284D10FFB817046929FE92CB2DFEB6" authority="Clark, 1922" authorityName="Clark" authorityYear="1922" box="[1077,1349,260,285]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Astichopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="2" pageNumber="123" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95CEA81FFB817046929FE92CAD8FEB7" box="[1077,1200,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="123">Astichopus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB94B62FFB8170469A0FE92CB2DFEB6" author="Clark" box="[1212,1349,260,285]" pageId="2" pageNumber="123" refString="Clark, H. L. (1922) The holothurian of the genus Stichopus. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 65 (3), 39 - 74." type="journal article" year="1922">Clark, 1922</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the presence of table spicules that are absent in the dorsal body of the two genera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB94B62FFB817046912FEB1CAFAFEEA" author="Clark" box="[1038,1170,295,320]" pageId="2" pageNumber="123" refString="Clark, H. L. (1922) The holothurian of the genus Stichopus. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 65 (3), 39 - 74." type="journal article" year="1922">Clark 1922</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Complex plates in the cloacal walls and elongated buttons in the papillae are observed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C284D10FFB817046EB6FEDACA29FECF" authorityName="Liao" authorityYear="1980" box="[938,1089,332,357]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Apostichopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="2" pageNumber="123" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95CEA81FFB817046EB6FEDACA29FECF" box="[938,1089,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="123">Apostichopus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB94B62FFB81704694FFEDACAB3FECF" author="Theel" box="[1107,1243,332,357]" pageId="2" pageNumber="123" refString="Theel, H. (1886) Reports on the Holothurioidea dredged by H. M. S. Challenver during the years 1873 - 76. Part 2. Report of the Scientific Results of the Voyages of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76, Zoology, 39, 160 - 162." type="journal article" year="1886">Théel 1886</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB94B62FFB8170469F6FEDACB09FECE" author="Liao" box="[1258,1377,332,357]" pageId="2" pageNumber="123" refString="Liao, Y. (1980) The aspidochirote holothurians of China with erection of a new genus. In: Jangoux, M. (Ed.), Echinoderms - Present and Past. Proceedings of the European Colloquium on Echinoderms. Balkema Press, Rotterdam, pp. 115 - 117." type="proceedings paper" year="1980">Liao 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C284D10FFB817046D8BFEF9CFACFE22" authority="Clark, 1922" authorityName="Clark" authorityYear="1922" box="[151,452,367,392]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Parastichopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="2" pageNumber="123" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95CEA81FFB817046D8BFEF9CF51FE22" box="[151,313,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="123">Parastichopus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB94B62FFB817046C23FEF9CFACFE22" author="Clark" box="[319,452,367,392]" pageId="2" pageNumber="123" refString="Clark, H. L. (1922) The holothurian of the genus Stichopus. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 65 (3), 39 - 74." type="journal article" year="1922">Clark, 1922</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB94B62FFB817046CCEFEF9CC3CFE22" author="Clark" box="[466,596,367,392]" pageId="2" pageNumber="123" refString="Clark, H. L. (1922) The holothurian of the genus Stichopus. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 65 (3), 39 - 74." type="journal article" year="1922">Clark 1922</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB94B62FFB817046F43FEF9CC96FE22" author="Lambert" box="[607,766,367,392]" pageId="2" pageNumber="123" refString="Lambert, P. (1986) Northeast Pacific holothurians of the genus Parastichopus with a description of a new species, Parastichopus leukothele (Echinodermata). Canadian Journal Zoology, 64, 2266 - 2272. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / z 86 - 340" type="journal article" year="1986">Lambert 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The well-developed table spicules with complete spires in the dorsal body of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C284D10FFB817046C6DFE02CC7BFE07" authorityName="Clark" authorityYear="1922" box="[369,531,404,429]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Parastichopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="2" pageNumber="123" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95CEA81FFB817046C6DFE02CC7BFE07" box="[369,531,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="123">Parastichopus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are absent in adult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C284D10FFB817046FE4FE02CDE7FE07" authorityName="Liao" authorityYear="1980" box="[760,911,404,429]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Apostichopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="2" pageNumber="123" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95CEA81FFB817046FE4FE02CDE7FE07" box="[760,911,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="123">Apostichopus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(body length greater than
|
||
<quantity id="4CD09B76FFB8170469DDFE02CB7BFE06" box="[1217,1299,404,428]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="123" unit="mm" value="70.0">70 mm</quantity>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB94B62FFB817046830FE02CEBBFE7A" author="Mitsukuri" pageId="2" pageNumber="123" refString="Mitsukuri, K. (1897) On changes which are found with advancing age in the calcareous deposits of Stichopus japonicus, Selenka. Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses, 1, 31 - 42." type="journal article" year="1897">Mitsukuri 1897</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Furthermore,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C284D10FFB817046C9BFE21CC76FE7A" authorityName="Liao" authorityYear="1980" box="[391,542,439,464]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Apostichopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="2" pageNumber="123" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95CEA81FFB817046C9BFE21CC76FE7A" box="[391,542,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="123">Apostichopus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be found from the intertidal zone to the depth of about
|
||
<quantity id="4CD09B76FFB8170469F4FE2ECB27FE65" box="[1256,1359,440,464]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="123" unit="m" value="30.0" valueMax="40.0" valueMin="20.0">20‒40 m</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB94B62FFB81704687DFE21CEBBFE5F" author="Zhao" pageId="2" pageNumber="123" refString="Zhao, H. (2015) Taxonomy and identification: distribution. In: Yang, H., Hamel, F. & Mercier, A. (Eds.), The Sea Cucumber Apostichopus japonicus: History, Biology and Aquaculture. Developments in Aquaculture and Fisheries Science, 39, pp. 46 - 49." type="journal article" year="2015">Zhao 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), while
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C284D10FFB817046C36FE4ACFA4FE5F" authorityName="Clark" authorityYear="1922" box="[298,460,476,501]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Parastichopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="2" pageNumber="123" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95CEA81FFB817046C36FE4ACFA4FE5F" box="[298,460,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="123">Parastichopus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is distributed only in deeper waters from
|
||
<quantity id="4CD09B76FFB817046E87FE4ACDBBFE5E" box="[923,979,476,500]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="123" unit="m" value="30.0">30 m</quantity>
|
||
down to the depth of
|
||
<quantity id="4CD09B76FFB8170469D9FE4ACB64FE5E" box="[1221,1292,476,501]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="123" unit="m" value="600.0">600 m</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB94B62FFB817046805FE4ACEBBFDB2" author="Deichmann" pageId="2" pageNumber="123" refString="Deichmann, E. (1937) The Templeton Crocker Expedition. IX. Holothurians from the Gulf of California, the West Coast of Lower California and Clarion Island. Zoologica: Scientific Contributions of the New York Zoological Society, 22 (10), 161 - 176." type="journal article" year="1937">Deichmann 1937</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB94B62FFB817046DC1FE69CF17FDB2" author="Lambert" box="[221,383,511,536]" pageId="2" pageNumber="123" refString="Lambert, P. (1986) Northeast Pacific holothurians of the genus Parastichopus with a description of a new species, Parastichopus leukothele (Echinodermata). Canadian Journal Zoology, 64, 2266 - 2272. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / z 86 - 340" type="journal article" year="1986">Lambert 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB94B62FFB817046C96FE69CC08FDB2" author="Imaoka" box="[394,608,511,536]" pageId="2" pageNumber="123" refString="Imaoka, T., Irimura, S., Okutani, T., Oguro, C., Oji, T., Shigei, M. & Horikawa, H. (1990) Echinoderms from Continental Shelf and Slope around Japan Vol. I. Japan Fisheries Resource Conservation Association, Tokyo, pp. 135 - 140." type="book chapter" year="1990">
|
||
Imaoka
|
||
<emphasis id="B95CEA81FFB817046CF9FD97CC75FDB2" box="[485,541,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="123">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1990
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B973693FFB817046DDBFDB3CACCFCBE" blockId="2.[151,1436,151,789]" pageId="2" pageNumber="123">
|
||
We only included two species in the species list of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C284D10FFB817046E59FDB2CDB4FD97" authorityName="Liao" authorityYear="1980" box="[837,988,548,573]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Apostichopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="2" pageNumber="123" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95CEA81FFB817046E59FDB2CDB4FD97" box="[837,988,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="123">Apostichopus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This is contrary to the inclusion of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C284D10FFB817046D8BFDD1CCF9FDCA" authority="(Stimpson, 1857)" baseAuthorityName="Stimpson" baseAuthorityYear="1857" box="[151,657,583,608]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Parastichopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="2" pageNumber="123" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="californicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95CEA81FFB817046D8BFDD1CFAEFDCA" box="[151,454,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="123">Parastichopus californicus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB94B62FFB817046CC8FDD1CCE1FDCA" author="Stimpson" box="[468,649,583,608]" pageId="2" pageNumber="123" refString="Stimpson, W. (1857) The Crustacea and Echinodermata of the Pacific shores of North America. H. O. Houghton and Company, Riverside, Cambridge, pp. 92." type="book chapter" year="1857">Stimpson, 1857</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C284D10FFB817046F81FDD1CD92FDCA" authority="Theel 1886" authorityName="Theel" authorityYear="1886" box="[669,1018,583,608]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Stichopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="2" pageNumber="123" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="johnsoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95CEA81FFB817046F81FDD1CD19FDCA" box="[669,881,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="123">Stichopus johnsoni</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB94B62FFB817046E64FDD1CD92FDCA" author="Theel" box="[888,1018,583,608]" pageId="2" pageNumber="123" refString="Theel, H. (1886) Reports on the Holothurioidea dredged by H. M. S. Challenver during the years 1873 - 76. Part 2. Report of the Scientific Results of the Voyages of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76, Zoology, 39, 160 - 162." type="journal article" year="1886">Théel 1886</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C284D10FFB817046919FDD1CEBAFD2F" authority="Lambert, 1986" authorityName="Lambert" authorityYear="1986" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Parastichopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="2" pageNumber="123" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="leukhothele">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95CEA81FFB817046919FDD1CB47FDCA" box="[1029,1327,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="123">Parastichopus leukhothele</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB94B62FFB81704682AFDD1CEBAFD2F" author="Lambert" pageId="2" pageNumber="123" refString="Lambert, P. (1986) Northeast Pacific holothurians of the genus Parastichopus with a description of a new species, Parastichopus leukothele (Echinodermata). Canadian Journal Zoology, 64, 2266 - 2272. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / z 86 - 340" type="journal article" year="1986">Lambert, 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C284D10FFB817046DF5FDFACCBFFD2E" authority="Imaoka, 1991" authorityName="Imaoka" authorityYear="1991" box="[233,727,620,645]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Parastichopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="2" pageNumber="123" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="multidentis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95CEA81FFB817046DF5FDFACC74FD2F" box="[233,540,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="123">Parastichopus multidentis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB94B62FFB817046F33FDFACCBFFD2E" author="Imaoka" box="[559,727,620,645]" pageId="2" pageNumber="123" refString="Imaoka, T., Irimura, S., Okutani, T., Oguro, C., Oji, T. & Kanazawa, K. (1991) Echinoderms from Continental Shelf and Slope around Japan. Vol. II. Japan Fisheries Resource Conservation Association, Tokyo, pp. 190 - 195." type="book chapter" year="1991">Imaoka, 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C284D10FFB817046FECFDFACA89FD2E" authority="Augustin, 1908" authorityName="Augustin" authorityYear="1908" box="[752,1249,620,645]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Stichopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="2" pageNumber="123" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="nigripunctatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95CEA81FFB817046FECFDFACA7AFD2E" box="[752,1042,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="123">Stichopus nigripunctatus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB94B62FFB81704693AFDFACA89FD2E" author="Augustin" box="[1062,1249,620,645]" pageId="2" pageNumber="123" refString="Augustin, E. (1908) Uber japanische Seewalzen. In: Doflein, F. (Ed.), Beitrage zur Naturgeschichte Ostasiens. Abhandlungen der Mathematisch - Physikalischen Klasse der Koniglich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Supplement 2 (1). Lindauer'schen Hofbuchdruckerei, Munchen, pp. 1 - 45. [in German]" type="journal article" year="1908">Augustin, 1908</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C284D10FFB8170469E6FDFACFD4FD02" authority="Imaoka, 1990" authorityName="Imaoka" authorityYear="1990" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Parastichopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="2" pageNumber="123" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="nipponensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95CEA81FFB8170469E6FDFACF75FD02" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="123">Parastichopus nipponensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB94B62FFB817046C3FFD19CFD4FD02" author="Imaoka" box="[291,444,655,680]" pageId="2" pageNumber="123" refString="Imaoka, T., Irimura, S., Okutani, T., Oguro, C., Oji, T., Shigei, M. & Horikawa, H. (1990) Echinoderms from Continental Shelf and Slope around Japan Vol. I. Japan Fisheries Resource Conservation Association, Tokyo, pp. 135 - 140." type="book chapter" year="1990">Imaoka, 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C284D10FFB817046F4AFD07CD7DFD02" authorityName="Augustin" authorityYear="1908" box="[598,789,657,680]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Stichopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="2" pageNumber="123" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="nigripunctatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95CEA81FFB817046F4AFD07CD7DFD02" box="[598,789,657,680]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="123">P. nigripunctatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C284D10FFB817046E4FFD19CABEFD02" authority="Clark, 1913" authorityName="Clark" authorityYear="1913" box="[851,1238,655,680]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Stichopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="2" pageNumber="123" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="parvimensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95CEA81FFB817046E4FFD19CA24FD02" box="[851,1100,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="123">Stichopus parvimensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB94B62FFB81704694FFD19CABEFD02" author="Clark" box="[1107,1238,655,680]" pageId="2" pageNumber="123" refString="Clark, H. L. (1913) Scientific results of the expedition to the Gulf of California in charge of C. H. Townsend, by the U. S. Fisheries steamship ' Albatross' in 1911. No. 5. Echinoderms from lower California, with descriptions of new species. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 32 (8), 185 - 236. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 16360" type="journal article" year="1913">Clark, 1913</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB94B62FFB8170469E3FD19CBF4FD02" author="Paulay" box="[1279,1436,655,680]" pageId="2" pageNumber="123" refString="Paulay, G. (2013) Apostichopus. World Register of Marine Species. Available from: http: // www. marinespecies. org / aphia. php? p = taxdetails & id = 241373 / (accessed 13 June 2017)" type="journal article" year="2013">Paulay (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
as part of the species list in
|
||
<emphasis id="B95CEA81FFB817046CF1FD22CCE4FD67" box="[493,652,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="123">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C284D10FFB817046CF1FD22CCEFFD67" authorityName="Liao" authorityYear="1980" box="[493,647,692,717]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Apostichopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="2" pageNumber="123" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Apostichopus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The inclusion is deemed invalid because the nomenclatural act of transferring these species to the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C284D10FFB817046F52FD41CC8DFD5A" authorityName="Liao" authorityYear="1980" box="[590,741,727,752]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Apostichopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aspidochirotida" pageId="2" pageNumber="123" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95CEA81FFB817046F52FD41CC8DFD5A" box="[590,741,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="123">Apostichopus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
did not fulfil the requirements of Article 8 (What constitutes published work) of the Code (International Commission on
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB94B62FFB817046E29FD6ACAFFFCBE" author="Zoological" box="[821,1175,764,789]" pageId="2" pageNumber="123" refString="International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature Fourth Edition. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, 306 pp." type="book" year="1999">Zoological Nomenclature 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |