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<document id="B60CA88A29E523B07D7F8B7E475CE125" ID-CLB-Dataset="9223" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4895.4.3" ID-GBIF-Dataset="8c98e9f6-7bd0-4a15-9fe2-6015700904d1" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4358718" ID-ZooBank="002F9E9D-43AA-4CD3-89FB-FD41EEEE4B18" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1608285294972" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Vedenina, Varvara, Sevastianov, Nikita &amp; Tarasova, Tatiana" docDate="2020" docId="03D81D4EFFC30E1CFF4EF9A84AA51FF4" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4895.4.3.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4895 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Omocestus viridulus" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="509" masterDocId="FFE16536FFC10E18FFD9FF6449251B55" masterDocTitle="Contributions to the study of the grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acrididae Gomphocerinae) courtship songs from Kazakhstan and adjacent territories" masterLastPageNumber="527" masterPageNumber="505" pageNumber="507" updateTime="1698847735368" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="3CC6EBDC23B4CE9B819BC7B137867E3F">Contributions to the study of the grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acrididae Gomphocerinae) courtship songs from Kazakhstan and adjacent territories</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm id="38A789185ADD8A979EA7C5C9BB3AEB9C">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="BE3EC092ACDBC5D628E9469DE28D7BE7">Vedenina, Varvara</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="6B4EFEAC89B8EB8D400FD394871A65E3" type="ORCID">0000-0002-2694-4152</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="1B1A74C7117026BBC3212E36E9CE387C">Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy Karetny per. 19, Moscow 127051 Russia. &amp; vedenin @ iitp. ru; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 2694 - 4152</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="8544FF96C3BE8A9E2B939DDA14D1CC4D" type="email">vedenin@iitp.ru</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="F10106D3DD8B4331980D48CB418C8428" type="personal">
<mods:role id="E420BC9D3BF258ED8B6AFAA80470AEA5">
<mods:roleTerm id="4764783902769E76A80FCDE97BB83670">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="6113DE3A9B45DEF0CB06489A6B8E1350">Sevastianov, Nikita</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="95AD064EE99EAC182D899EB947677A0B" type="ORCID">0000-0002-1563-5194</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="161BD539AFB83B769EDFF6E2A5819DA4">Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy Karetny per. 19, Moscow 127051 Russia. &amp; met 3254 @ yandex. ru; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 1563 - 5194</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="81ED4FBD3AC09A317BC1C0137EB8F0A0" type="email">met3254@yandex.ru</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="0B5EC16E60CF1F62C3A761BDEA383944" type="personal">
<mods:role id="DA3330B8BDE66CEC8FABD182B9C77801">
<mods:roleTerm id="41C3BF99E6587F3539F2E4397892937F">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="DD9F46CBF634444FB7B38225D3C4F9F0">Tarasova, Tatiana</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="CFBFAF6B7E85F35C035C4075615FEBB3" type="ORCID">0000-0002-7956-9333</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="2A264D505290E54AF77344790F0EEF5F">Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy Karetny per. 19, Moscow 127051 Russia. &amp; thomisida @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 7956 - 9333</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="0552C2A9205A0036A619BF303FE903B7" type="email">thomisida@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="B94B57E83613A01511EDF1B87A0E1162">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:date id="842BF44BCA9C40EA1CE95019FF9FBEE6">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="D9FD172B45438C8FC951F9130EFD6CDD">2020-12-17</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="C0771609DB24A1DF69CFC941D140560F">4895</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="60CB83ED0E60BDFB3A46AAFE2C2C112F" type="CLB-Dataset">9223</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="A00738BEA8D5257BCE576155D1DDE96A" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4895.4.3</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="D10159560FF783132A7D69DA6E28C88A" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03D81D4EFFC30E1CFF4EF9A84AA51FF4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4362343" ID-GBIF-Taxon="176234797" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4362343" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D81D4EFFC30E1CFF4EF9A84AA51FF4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D81D4EFFC30E1CFF4EF9A84AA51FF4" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="509" pageId="2" pageNumber="507">
<subSubSection id="C36BFFD3FFC30E1AFF4EF9A84B431DB3" box="[151,614,1739,1766]" pageId="2" pageNumber="507" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BCEAC58FFC30E1AFF4EF9A84B431DB3" blockId="2.[151,614,1739,1766]" box="[151,614,1739,1766]" pageId="2" pageNumber="507">
<heading id="D0861B34FFC30E1AFF4EF9A84B431DB3" bold="true" box="[151,614,1739,1766]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="507" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C71D7DBFFC30E1AFF4EF9A84B431DB3" authority="(Linnaeus, 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[151,614,1739,1766]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Omocestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="507" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridulus">
<emphasis id="B905704AFFC30E1AFF4EF9A84B431DB3" bold="true" box="[151,614,1739,1766]" pageId="2" pageNumber="507">
<emphasis id="B905704AFFC30E1AFF4EF9A848AA1DB3" bold="true" box="[151,399,1739,1766]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="507">Omocestus viridulus</emphasis>
(Linnaeus, 1758)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C36BFFD3FFC30E1AFF4EF8704AD31C7B" box="[151,1014,1812,1839]" pageId="2" pageNumber="507" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BCEAC58FFC30E1AFF4EF8704AD31C7B" blockId="2.[151,1437,1812,2019]" box="[151,1014,1812,1839]" pageId="2" pageNumber="507">
<emphasis id="B905704AFFC30E1AFF4EF87048141C7B" bold="true" box="[151,305,1812,1838]" pageId="2" pageNumber="507">Distribution.</emphasis>
From Western Europe to Siberia and
<collectingCountry id="F366ECC8FFC30E1AFD0EF8704A621C7B" box="[727,839,1812,1838]" name="Mongolia" pageId="2" pageNumber="507">Mongolia</collectingCountry>
, moist habitats.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C36BFFD3FFC30E1AFF1EF85C4BAC1C2D" pageId="2" pageNumber="507" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BCEAC58FFC30E1AFF1EF85C4BAC1C2D" blockId="2.[151,1437,1812,2019]" pageId="2" pageNumber="507">
<emphasis id="B905704AFFC30E1AFF1EF85C48451C07" bold="true" box="[199,352,1848,1874]" pageId="2" pageNumber="507">Material. 17.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B19A605FFC30E1AFEB1F85C4BA41C2D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3003796312" collectingDate="2017-07-08" country="Russia" elevation="1705" latitude="51.043335" location="Semensky" longLatPrecision="109" longitude="85.605" pageId="2" pageNumber="507" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Altay">
<collectingCountry id="F366ECC8FFC30E1AFEB1F85C48901C07" box="[360,437,1848,1874]" name="Russia" pageId="2" pageNumber="507">Russia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="49B562BAFFC30E1AFE66F85C4B431C07" box="[447,614,1848,1874]" country="Russia" name="Altay" pageId="2" pageNumber="507">Altai Republic</collectingRegion>
, ab.
<locationDeviation id="9A7CB57AFFC30E1AFD43F85C4AB41C07" box="[666,913,1848,1874]" location="Shebalino" pageId="2" pageNumber="507">
<quantity id="4C8901BDFFC30E1AFD43F85C4BC71C07" box="[666,738,1848,1874]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="2" pageNumber="507" unit="km" value="26.0">26 km</quantity>
S of Shebalino
</locationDeviation>
,
<location id="8EAEFA83FFC30E1AFC45F85C4D2A1C07" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D81D4EFFC30E1CFF4EF9A84AA51FF4:8EAEFA83FFC30E1AFC45F85C4D2A1C07" box="[924,1039,1848,1874]" country="Russia" latitude="51.043335" longLatPrecision="109" longitude="85.605" name="Semensky" pageId="2" pageNumber="507" stateProvince="Altay">Semensky</location>
pass,
<geoCoordinate id="EE45CA9FFFC30E1AFB8CF85C4DF61C06" box="[1109,1235,1848,1875]" degrees="51" direction="north" minutes="02.6" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="507" precision="92" value="51.043335">51°02.6’ N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE45CA9FFFC30E1AFB07F85C4C7D1C06" box="[1246,1368,1848,1875]" degrees="85" direction="east" minutes="36.3" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="507" precision="92" value="85.605">85°36.3’ E</geoCoordinate>
,
<elevation id="005C4B6BFFC30E1AFABDF85C49CF1C23" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.705" pageId="2" pageNumber="507" unit="m" value="1705.0">
<quantity id="4C8901BDFFC30E1AFABDF85C49881C22" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.705" pageId="2" pageNumber="507" unit="m" value="1705.0">1705 m</quantity>
a.s.l.
</elevation>
,
<date id="FFCF8A98FFC30E1AFF2FF83848521C23" box="[246,375,1884,1910]" pageId="2" pageNumber="507" value="2017-07-08">
<collectingDate id="EF8B7370FFC30E1AFF2FF83848521C23" box="[246,375,1884,1910]" pageId="2" pageNumber="507" value="2017-07-08">07.08.2017</collectingDate>
</date>
, song recordings in 2 ³
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C36BFFD3FFC30E1CFF1EF8E44AA51FF4" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="509" pageId="2" pageNumber="507" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BCEAC58FFC30E1BFF1EF8E44BEE1BAC" blockId="2.[151,1437,1812,2019]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1436,150,249]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="508" pageId="2" pageNumber="507">
<emphasis id="B905704AFFC30E1AFF1EF8E4488E1CCF" bold="true" box="[199,427,1920,1946]" pageId="2" pageNumber="507">References to song.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE0D1A9FFC30E1AFE68F8E44B1C1CCE" author="Faber, A." box="[433,569,1920,1947]" pageId="2" pageNumber="507" refId="ref11836" refString="Faber, A. (1953) Laut- und Gebardensprache bei Insekten (Orthoptera). Mitteilungen des Staatlichen Museums fur Naturkunde, Stuttgart, 198 pp. [in German]" type="book" year="1953">Faber, 1953</bibRefCitation>
: verbal description only, calling and courtship songs;
<bibRefCitation id="EFE0D1A9FFC30E1AFB55F8E44C391CCF" author="Elsner, N." box="[1164,1308,1920,1946]" pageId="2" pageNumber="507" pagination="67 - 102" refId="ref11734" refString="Elsner, N. (1974) Neuroethology of Sound Production in Gomphocerinae Grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) I. Song Patterns and Stridulatory Movements. Journal of Comparative Physiology, 88, 67 - 102. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00695923" type="journal article" year="1974">Elsner, 1974</bibRefCitation>
: recordings from
<collectingCountry id="F366ECC8FFC30E1AFF0CF8C0481B1CEB" box="[213,318,1956,1982]" name="Germany" pageId="2" pageNumber="507">Germany</collectingCountry>
, courtship song;
<bibRefCitation id="EFE0D1A9FFC30E1AFE22F8C04BBC1CEB" author="Waeber, G." box="[507,665,1956,1982]" pageId="2" pageNumber="507" refId="ref13128" refString="Waeber, G. (1989) Gesang und Taxonomie der Europaischen Stenobothrus- und Omocestus-Arten (Orthoptera, Acrididae). Unpublished diploma thesis, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen, Erlangen, 138 pp." type="book" year="1989">Waeber, 1989</bibRefCitation>
: recordings from
<collectingCountry id="F366ECC8FFC30E1AFC84F8C04A971CEB" box="[861,946,1956,1982]" name="Austria" pageId="2" pageNumber="507">Austria</collectingCountry>
, courtship song;
<bibRefCitation id="EFE0D1A9FFC30E1AFBA9F8C04CBD1CEB" author="Hedwig, B. &amp; Heinrich, R." box="[1136,1432,1956,1982]" pageId="2" pageNumber="507" pagination="285 - 294" refId="ref11916" refString="Hedwig, B. &amp; Heinrich, R. (1997) Identified descending brain neurons control different stridulatory motor patterns in an acridid grasshopper. Journal of Comparative Physiology, 180, 285 - 294. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 003590050048" type="journal article" year="1997">Hedwig &amp; Heinrich, 1997</bibRefCitation>
: recordings from
<collectingCountry id="F366ECC8FFC30E1AFE8AF8AC48991CB7" box="[339,444,1992,2018]" name="Germany" pageId="2" pageNumber="507">Germany</collectingCountry>
, courtship song;
<bibRefCitation id="EFE0D1A9FFC30E1AFDA4F8AD4ABB1CB7" author="Ragge, D. R. &amp; Reynolds, W. J." box="[637,926,1992,2019]" pageId="2" pageNumber="507" refId="ref12333" refString="Ragge, D. R. &amp; Reynolds, W. J. (1998) The Songs of the Grasshoppers and Crickets of Western Europe. Harley Books, Natural History Museum, London, 591 pp." type="book" year="1998">Ragge &amp; Reynolds, 1998</bibRefCitation>
: recordings from
<collectingCountry id="F366ECC8FFC30E1AFBBCF8AC4DE01CB7" box="[1125,1221,1992,2018]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="2" pageNumber="507">England</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F366ECC8FFC30E1AFB08F8AD4C381CB6" box="[1233,1309,1993,2019]" name="France" pageId="2" pageNumber="507">France</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F366ECC8FFC30E1AFA8CF8AC4CBD1CB7" box="[1365,1432,1992,2018]" name="Spain" pageId="2" pageNumber="507">Spain</collectingCountry>
, calling and courtship songs;
<bibRefCitation id="EFE0D1A9FFC20E1BFE0FFFF34B5B1BE4" author="Savitsky, V. Yu." box="[470,638,150,177]" pageId="3" pageNumber="508" pagination="92 - 117" refId="ref12372" refString="Savitsky, V. Yu. (2005) New data on acoustic communication of grasshoppers of the genera Omocestus Bol. and Myrmeleotettix Bol. (Orthoptera, Acrididae) from Southern European Russia and their taxonomic importance. Trudy Russkogo Entomologicheskogo Obshchestva, 76, 92 - 117 [in Russian, English abstract]" type="journal article" year="2005">Savitsky, 2005</bibRefCitation>
: recordings from the Caucasus, calling and courtship songs;
<bibRefCitation id="EFE0D1A9FFC20E1BFAF8FFF348AB1B80" author="Tishechkin, D. Yu. &amp; Bukhvalova M. A." pageId="3" pageNumber="508" pagination="25 - 46" refId="ref12620" refString="Tishechkin, D. Yu. &amp; Bukhvalova M. A. (2009 a) New data on calling signals of Gomphocerinae grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) from South Siberia and the Russian Far East. Russian Entomological Journal, 18, 25 - 46." type="journal article" year="2009">Tishechkin &amp; Bukhvalova, 2009a</bibRefCitation>
, b: recordings from
<collectingCountry id="F366ECC8FFC20E1BFDB5FFDF4B921B80" box="[620,695,187,213]" name="Russia" pageId="3" pageNumber="508">Russia</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="49B562BAFFC20E1BFD1DFFDF4A531B80" box="[708,886,187,213]" country="Russia" name="Moscow" pageId="3" pageNumber="508">Moscow region</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="49B562BAFFC20E1BFCA6FFDF4A921B80" box="[895,951,187,213]" country="Russia" name="Altay" pageId="3" pageNumber="508">Altai</collectingRegion>
and
<collectingRegion id="49B562BAFFC20E1BFC32FFDF4DA91B83" box="[1003,1164,187,214]" country="Russia" name="Irkutsk" pageId="3" pageNumber="508">Irkutsk region</collectingRegion>
), calling song;
<bibRefCitation id="EFE0D1A9FFC20E1BFAEBFFDF483C1BAC" author="Willemse, L. &amp; Kleukers, R. &amp; Ode, B." pageId="3" pageNumber="508" refId="ref13161" refString="Willemse, L., Kleukers, R. &amp; Ode, B. (2018) The grasshoppers of Greece. EIS Kenniscentrum Insecten and Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, 439 pp." type="book" year="2018">
Willemse
<emphasis id="B905704AFFC20E1BFF4EFFBB49ED1BAC" box="[151,200,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="508">et al</emphasis>
., 2018
</bibRefCitation>
: recordings from
<collectingCountry id="F366ECC8FFC20E1BFE06FFBB4B141BAC" box="[479,561,223,249]" name="Greece" pageId="3" pageNumber="508">Greece</collectingCountry>
, calling song.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF0EFCD0FFC20E1BFF4EF90B49E41C42" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4358728" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4358728" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4358728/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="508" startId="3.[151,250,1647,1671]" targetBox="[341,1315,309,1526]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="8BCEAC58FFC20E1BFF4EF90B49E41C42" blockId="3.[151,1437,1647,1815]" pageId="3" pageNumber="508">
<emphasis id="B905704AFFC20E1BFF4EF90B48361DD2" bold="true" box="[151,275,1647,1671]" pageId="3" pageNumber="508">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
Oscillograms and frequency spectra of the courtship songs of two males (A, B) of
<taxonomicName id="4C71D7DBFFC20E1BFB84F90B4C081DD2" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1117,1325,1647,1671]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Omocestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="508" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridulus">
<emphasis id="B905704AFFC20E1BFB84F90B4C081DD2" box="[1117,1325,1647,1671]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="508">Omocestus viridulus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Altai Republic. Song recordings are presented at three different speeds (faster oscillograms of the indicated parts of the songs shown in C–E). In all oscillograms the two upper lines are recordings of hind leg movements and the lower line is the sound recording. Different elements of the courtship song are indicated by numbers 1–4. Frequency spectra shown for the elements 1 (F) and 3 (G).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BCEAC58FFC20E1CFF1EF80D4A1F1934" blockId="3.[151,1437,1897,2032]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1437,150,1185]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="509" pageId="3" pageNumber="508">
<emphasis id="B905704AFFC20E1BFF1EF80D482C1CD6" bold="true" box="[199,265,1897,1923]" pageId="3" pageNumber="508">Song.</emphasis>
The first part of the courtship song (element 1) is similar to the calling song, but of longer duration (1–3 min,
<figureCitation id="134AB0DDFFC20E1BFF08F8E9486B1CFD" box="[209,334,1933,1960]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1647,1671]" captionTargetBox="[341,1315,309,1526]" captionTargetId="figure-60@3.[227,1361,273,1626]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Oscillograms and frequency spectra of the courtship songs of two males (A, B) of Omocestus viridulus from Altai Republic. Song recordings are presented at three different speeds (faster oscillograms of the indicated parts of the songs shown in C–E). In all oscillograms the two upper lines are recordings of hind leg movements and the lower line is the sound recording. Different elements of the courtship song are indicated by numbers 1–4. Frequency spectra shown for the elements 1 (F) and 3 (G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4358728" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4358728/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="508">Fig. 2 A, B</figureCitation>
). It comprises an echeme consisting of syllables repeated at the rate of about 16–19/s. The echeme begins quietly reaching a maximum intensity after about 20 s. One hind leg is usually moved at a larger angle and with a slightly different pattern (leading leg) than the other leg (
<figureCitation id="134AB0DDFFC20E1BFCAEF8B14AD91CA5" box="[887,1020,2005,2032]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1647,1671]" captionTargetBox="[341,1315,309,1526]" captionTargetId="figure-60@3.[227,1361,273,1626]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Oscillograms and frequency spectra of the courtship songs of two males (A, B) of Omocestus viridulus from Altai Republic. Song recordings are presented at three different speeds (faster oscillograms of the indicated parts of the songs shown in C–E). In all oscillograms the two upper lines are recordings of hind leg movements and the lower line is the sound recording. Different elements of the courtship song are indicated by numbers 1–4. Frequency spectra shown for the elements 1 (F) and 3 (G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4358728" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4358728/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="508">Fig. 2 C, E</figureCitation>
). After the element 1, there comes a completely different and much quieter echeme lasting 3–5 s (element 2,
<figureCitation id="134AB0DDFFC50E1CFC67FFF34D1A1BE4" box="[958,1087,151,177]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1647,1671]" captionTargetBox="[341,1315,309,1526]" captionTargetId="figure-60@3.[227,1361,273,1626]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Oscillograms and frequency spectra of the courtship songs of two males (A, B) of Omocestus viridulus from Altai Republic. Song recordings are presented at three different speeds (faster oscillograms of the indicated parts of the songs shown in C–E). In all oscillograms the two upper lines are recordings of hind leg movements and the lower line is the sound recording. Different elements of the courtship song are indicated by numbers 1–4. Frequency spectra shown for the elements 1 (F) and 3 (G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4358728" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4358728/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="509">Fig. 2 C, D</figureCitation>
). The two legs start to alternate movements at the rate of about 13–15/s in a conspicuous manner: the leading leg moves with a larger amplitude producing simple up and down movements and the other leg moves with a smaller amplitude producing a more complex pattern. This complex pattern implies every two up and down leg-movements to be coupled in a characteristic way. Both legs repeatedly change their pattern in such a way that the leading leg produces the longer sequences of the high-amplitude movements than the other leg. This is followed by a series of loud syllables repeated at the rate of about 6–8/s (element 3,
<figureCitation id="134AB0DDFFC50E1CFE2CFE0B4B731ADC" box="[501,598,367,393]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1647,1671]" captionTargetBox="[341,1315,309,1526]" captionTargetId="figure-60@3.[227,1361,273,1626]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Oscillograms and frequency spectra of the courtship songs of two males (A, B) of Omocestus viridulus from Altai Republic. Song recordings are presented at three different speeds (faster oscillograms of the indicated parts of the songs shown in C–E). In all oscillograms the two upper lines are recordings of hind leg movements and the lower line is the sound recording. Different elements of the courtship song are indicated by numbers 1–4. Frequency spectra shown for the elements 1 (F) and 3 (G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4358728" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4358728/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="509">Fig. 2 D</figureCitation>
). During this element lasting about 1–
<geoCoordinate id="EE45CA9FFFC50E1CFBD8FE0A4D1C1ADC" box="[1025,1081,366,393]" degrees="1.5" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="509" precision="5555" value="-1.5">1.5 s</geoCoordinate>
, the two legs are moved almost synchronously. Each syllable consists of one large and one or two small pulses. In about two seconds after the end of the element 3, the male raises both hind femora almost vertically and produces several pulses with irregular intervals of about 400–800 ms (element 4). These pulses, however, may also be produced just immediately before the first part of the courtship song (
<figureCitation id="134AB0DDFFC50E1CFE10FE9B4B0C194C" box="[457,553,511,537]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1647,1671]" captionTargetBox="[341,1315,309,1526]" captionTargetId="figure-60@3.[227,1361,273,1626]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Oscillograms and frequency spectra of the courtship songs of two males (A, B) of Omocestus viridulus from Altai Republic. Song recordings are presented at three different speeds (faster oscillograms of the indicated parts of the songs shown in C–E). In all oscillograms the two upper lines are recordings of hind leg movements and the lower line is the sound recording. Different elements of the courtship song are indicated by numbers 1–4. Frequency spectra shown for the elements 1 (F) and 3 (G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4358728" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4358728/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="509">Fig. 2 B</figureCitation>
). The frequency spectra of the sound produced during various elements of the courtship song are broad, with a slightly different dominant frequencies for the first element (about 12 and 18 kHz) and for the third element (about 8 and 18 kHz) (
<figureCitation id="134AB0DDFFC50E1CFD69FD234A081934" box="[688,813,583,609]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1647,1671]" captionTargetBox="[341,1315,309,1526]" captionTargetId="figure-60@3.[227,1361,273,1626]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Oscillograms and frequency spectra of the courtship songs of two males (A, B) of Omocestus viridulus from Altai Republic. Song recordings are presented at three different speeds (faster oscillograms of the indicated parts of the songs shown in C–E). In all oscillograms the two upper lines are recordings of hind leg movements and the lower line is the sound recording. Different elements of the courtship song are indicated by numbers 1–4. Frequency spectra shown for the elements 1 (F) and 3 (G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4358728" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4358728/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="509">Fig. 2 F, G</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCEAC58FFC50E1CFF1EFD0E48F918B8" blockId="4.[151,1437,150,1185]" pageId="4" pageNumber="509">
<emphasis id="B905704AFFC50E1CFF1EFD0E48FD19D0" bold="true" box="[199,472,618,645]" pageId="4" pageNumber="509">Comparative remarks.</emphasis>
Our recordings of the courtship songs of the specimens from
<collectingRegion id="49B562BAFFC50E1CFB4DFD0F4DE919D0" box="[1172,1228,619,645]" country="Russia" name="Altay" pageId="4" pageNumber="509">Altai</collectingRegion>
do not principally differ from the song recordings from Western Europe (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE0D1A9FFC50E1CFD2DFDEB4AA119FC" author="Elsner, N." box="[756,900,655,681]" pageId="4" pageNumber="509" pagination="67 - 102" refId="ref11734" refString="Elsner, N. (1974) Neuroethology of Sound Production in Gomphocerinae Grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) I. Song Patterns and Stridulatory Movements. Journal of Comparative Physiology, 88, 67 - 102. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00695923" type="journal article" year="1974">Elsner, 1974</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFE0D1A9FFC50E1CFC56FDEB4D0E19FC" author="Waeber, G." box="[911,1067,655,681]" pageId="4" pageNumber="509" refId="ref13128" refString="Waeber, G. (1989) Gesang und Taxonomie der Europaischen Stenobothrus- und Omocestus-Arten (Orthoptera, Acrididae). Unpublished diploma thesis, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen, Erlangen, 138 pp." type="book" year="1989">Waeber, 1989</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFE0D1A9FFC50E1CFBEFFDEB4C7E19FC" author="Hedwig, B. &amp; Heinrich, R." box="[1078,1371,655,681]" pageId="4" pageNumber="509" pagination="285 - 294" refId="ref11916" refString="Hedwig, B. &amp; Heinrich, R. (1997) Identified descending brain neurons control different stridulatory motor patterns in an acridid grasshopper. Journal of Comparative Physiology, 180, 285 - 294. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 003590050048" type="journal article" year="1997">Hedwig &amp; Heinrich, 1997</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFE0D1A9FFC50E1CFABFFDEB48AE1998" author="Ragge, D. R. &amp; Reynolds, W. J." pageId="4" pageNumber="509" refId="ref12333" refString="Ragge, D. R. &amp; Reynolds, W. J. (1998) The Songs of the Grasshoppers and Crickets of Western Europe. Harley Books, Natural History Museum, London, 591 pp." type="book" year="1998">Ragge &amp; Reynolds, 1998</bibRefCitation>
). The authors, however, sometimes confused the pulses of the elements 3 and 4 of the courtship song, considering all of them as the pulses generated by ‘precopulatory movements’ that are followed by an attempt to copulate with a female. This confusion could originate from the similarity of the pulse structure in these elements of courtship. However, it must be emphasized that the above pulses are produced by completely different leg movements. Generation of the irregular pulses (the element 4) is apparently accompanied by a visual display.
<bibRefCitation id="EFE0D1A9FFC50E1CFF4EFC03489918D4" author="Ragge, D. R. &amp; Reynolds, W. J." box="[151,444,871,897]" pageId="4" pageNumber="509" refId="ref12333" refString="Ragge, D. R. &amp; Reynolds, W. J. (1998) The Songs of the Grasshoppers and Crickets of Western Europe. Harley Books, Natural History Museum, London, 591 pp." type="book" year="1998">Ragge &amp; Reynolds (1998)</bibRefCitation>
describe this visual display as kicking backwards with the hind tibiae. Unfortunately, we did not make video-recordings of courtship in
<emphasis id="B905704AFFC50E1CFD71FCEF4A1318F0" box="[680,822,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="509">
<taxonomicName id="4C71D7DBFFC50E1CFD71FCEF4A1718F0" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[680,818,907,933]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Omocestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="509" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridulus">O. viridulus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and therefore, we cannot confirm the statement about the kicking with the tibiae. On the other hand, the high raising of the hind legs on our oscillograms may indicate that this kicking could occur.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCEAC58FFC50E1CFF1EFC934AA51FF4" blockId="4.[151,1437,150,1185]" pageId="4" pageNumber="509">
<bibRefCitation id="EFE0D1A9FFC50E1CFF1EFC9348591F44" author="Savitsky, V. Yu." box="[199,380,1014,1041]" pageId="4" pageNumber="509" pagination="92 - 117" refId="ref12372" refString="Savitsky, V. Yu. (2005) New data on acoustic communication of grasshoppers of the genera Omocestus Bol. and Myrmeleotettix Bol. (Orthoptera, Acrididae) from Southern European Russia and their taxonomic importance. Trudy Russkogo Entomologicheskogo Obshchestva, 76, 92 - 117 [in Russian, English abstract]" type="journal article" year="2005">Savitsky (2005)</bibRefCitation>
distinguish only two parts in the courtship song of
<taxonomicName id="4C71D7DBFFC50E1CFC08FC934D7C1F44" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[977,1113,1015,1041]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Omocestus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="509" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridulus">
<emphasis id="B905704AFFC50E1CFC08FC934D7C1F44" box="[977,1113,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="509">O. viridulus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Caucasus. These song parts could correspond to the elements 1 and
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our recordings. We, however, suppose that the element 2, very quiet part of the courtship song, is also present in the recordings of Savitsky but the pulses of the small amplitude are almost invisible on the oscillograms. It is very likely that this part of the song generated by alternating movements of the two legs serves rather as a visual cue than as a sound signal.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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