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<mods:title>Venation pattern and revision of Orthoptera sensu nov. and sister groups. Phylogeny of Palaeozoic and Mesozoic Orthoptera sensu nov.</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart>Béthoux, Olivier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Nel, André</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title>Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2002</mods:date>
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<mods:number>96</mods:number>
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Family 
<taxonomicName authority="Scudder, 1885" authorityName="Scudder" authorityYear="1885" box="[359,670,1686,1712]" class="Insecta" family="Geraridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Geraroptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
Geraridae 
<bibRefCitation author="Scudder" box="[495,670,1686,1712]" pageId="32" pageNumber="71" refString="Scudder, S. H. (1885) Palaeodictyoptera: on the affinities and classification of Paleozoic Hexapoda. Memoirs of the Boston Society of Natural History, 3, 319 - 351." type="journal article" year="1885">
Scudder, 
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</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
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Composition. Genus 
<taxonomicName authority="Scudder, 1885" authorityName="Scudder" authorityYear="1885" box="[556,874,1761,1787]" class="Insecta" family="Geraridae" genus="Gerarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Geraroptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[556,654,1761,1786]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Gerarus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Scudder" box="[682,874,1761,1787]" pageId="32" pageNumber="71" refString="Scudder, S. H. (1885) Palaeodictyoptera: on the affinities and classification of Paleozoic Hexapoda. Memoirs of the Boston Society of Natural History, 3, 319 - 351." type="journal article" year="1885">
Scudder, 
<number box="[813,874,1761,1787]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" value="1885.0">1885</number>
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</taxonomicName>
, 
<emphasis box="[908,1061,1761,1786]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Osnogerarus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Kukalova-Peck" pageId="32" pageNumber="69" refString="Kukalova-Peck, J. &amp; Brauckmann, C. (1992). Most Paleozoic Protorthoptera are ancestral hemipteroids: major wing braces as clues to a new phylogeny of Neoptera (Insecta). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 70, 2452 - 2473." type="journal article" year="1992">
Kukalová­Peck &amp; Brauckmann, 
<number box="[435,497,1801,1827]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" value="1992.0">1992</number>
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. The genera 
<taxonomicName box="[666,754,1801,1826]" class="Insecta" family="Omaliidae" genus="Omalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cnemidolestodea" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[666,754,1801,1826]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Omalia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
van 
<bibRefCitation author="Beneden" box="[825,1170,1801,1827]" pageId="32" pageNumber="66" refString="Beneden P. J. van &amp; Coemans E. (1867) Un insecte et un gasteropode pulmone du terrain houiller. Bulletin de liAcademie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres, et des Beaux-arts de Belgique (2), 23, 384 - 401." type="journal article" year="1867">
Beneden &amp; Coemans, 
<number box="[1109,1170,1801,1827]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" value="1867.0">1867</number>
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, 
<emphasis box="[1187,1322,1801,1826]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Cantabrala</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Kukalova-Peck" box="[264,761,1841,1867]" pageId="32" pageNumber="69" refString="Kukalova-Peck, J. &amp; Brauckmann, C. (1992). Most Paleozoic Protorthoptera are ancestral hemipteroids: major wing braces as clues to a new phylogeny of Neoptera (Insecta). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 70, 2452 - 2473." type="journal article" year="1992">
Kukalová­Peck &amp; Brauckmann, 
<number box="[700,761,1841,1867]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" value="1992.0">1992</number>
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, 
<emphasis box="[791,948,1841,1866]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Genentomum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Scudder" box="[972,1161,1841,1867]" pageId="32" pageNumber="71" refString="Scudder, S. H. (1885) Palaeodictyoptera: on the affinities and classification of Paleozoic Hexapoda. Memoirs of the Boston Society of Natural History, 3, 319 - 351." type="journal article" year="1885">
Scudder, 
<number box="[1100,1161,1841,1867]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" value="1885.0">1885</number>
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, 
<emphasis box="[1191,1323,1841,1866]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Nacekomia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Richardson" box="[264,485,284,310]" pageId="33" pageNumber="70" refString="Richardson, E. S. (1956) Pennsylvanian Invertebrates of the Mazon Creek Area, Illinois. Insects. Fieldiana, Geology, 12, 15 - 56." type="journal article" year="1956">
Richardson, 
<number box="[423,485,284,310]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" value="1956.0">1956</number>
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. 
<emphasis box="[508,628,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Gerarulus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Handlirsch" box="[647,860,284,310]" pageId="33" pageNumber="68" refString="Handlirsch, A. (1911) New Paleozoic Insects from the Vicinity of Mazon Creek, Illinois. American Journal of Sciences (4), 31, 297 - 326." type="journal article" year="1911">
Handlirsch, 
<number box="[802,860,284,310]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" value="1911.0">1911</number>
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have uncertain relationships within Archaeorthoptera. 
<emphasis box="[508,646,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Anepitedius</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Handlirsch" box="[678,905,324,350]" pageId="33" pageNumber="68" refString="Handlirsch, A. (1911) New Paleozoic Insects from the Vicinity of Mazon Creek, Illinois. American Journal of Sciences (4), 31, 297 - 326." type="journal article" year="1911">
Handlirsch, 
<number box="[845,905,324,350]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" value="1911.0">1911</number>
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, 
<emphasis box="[941,1058,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Axiologus</emphasis>
Handlirsch, 
<number box="[1257,1318,324,350]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" value="1906.0">1906</number>
, 
<emphasis box="[264,481,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Platyphlebopteron</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Germer" box="[503,679,364,390]" pageId="33" pageNumber="67" refString="Germer, R. (1971) Platyphlebopteron jakobyi nov .. gen. et nov .. spec eine neue Libellanart und - Gattung aus dem Saarkarbon. Faunistisch - Floristische Notizen aus dem Saarlands, 4, 32 - 35." type="journal article" year="1971">
Germer, 
<number box="[620,679,364,390]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" value="1971.0">1971</number>
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and 
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Handlirsch, 
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are here considered as a ‘Protorthoptera’ 
<emphasis box="[647,809,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">incertae sedis</emphasis>
.
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<subSubSection pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="discussion">
<paragraph blockId="33.[264,1323,284,550]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
Discussion. After the present phylogenetic analysis, 
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<emphasis box="[924,1102,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Gerarus bruesi</emphasis>
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would fall into the 
<taxonomicName box="[264,395,484,510]" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae;Dericorythidae;Lathiceridae;Lentulidae;Lithidiidae;Ommexechidae;Pamphagidae;Pamphagodidae;Pyrgacrididae;Romaleidae;Tristiridae;Dzhajloutshellidae;Elcanidae;Permelcanidae;Chorotypidae;Episactidae;Eumastacidae;Euschmidtiidae;Mastacideidae;Morabidae;Promastacidae;Thericleidae;Gryllavidae;Baissogryllidae;Gryllidae;Mogoplistidae;Phalangopsidae;Protogryllidae;Trigonidiidae;Gryllotalpidae;Myrmecophilidae;Eospilopteronidae;Haglidae;Hagloedischiidae;Prezottophlebiidae;Prophalangopsidae;Tuphellidae;Bouretidae;Eolocustopsidae;Locustavidae;Locustopsidae;Anelcanidae;Bintoniellidae;Mesoedischiidae;Oedischiidae;Proparagryllacrididae;Pruvostitidae;Paratitanidae;Permoraphidiidae;Pseudelcanidae;Thueringoedischiidae;Phasmomimidae;Pneumoridae;Proscopiidae;Pyrgomorphidae;Raphoglidae;Regiatidae;Rhaphidophoridae;Schizodactylidae;Anostostomatidae;Cooloolidae;Gryllacrididae;Stenopelmatidae;Tanaoceridae;Mesotitanidae;Tcholmanvissiidae;Tetrigidae;Haglotettigoniidae;Tettigoniidae;Tettoedischiidae;Adumbratomorphidae;Triassomantidae;Cylindrachetidae;Ripipterygidae;Tridactylidae;Trigonopterygidae;Xyronotidae;Vitimiidae;Xenopteridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Orthoptera</taxonomicName>
. Nevertheless, the 
<taxonomicName box="[616,731,484,510]" class="Insecta" family="Geraridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Geraroptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Geraridae</taxonomicName>
are provisionally considered of uncertain position within the Panorthoptera.
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