281 lines
35 KiB
XML
281 lines
35 KiB
XML
<document id="94E15A428441E83B93431C284059D52B" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.214977" ID-GBIF-Dataset="77ee786b-c3de-46c0-a2e8-9247decffea5" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="214977" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460494379731" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Sh, Hossein Rajaei, Stüning, Dieter & Trusch, Robert" docDate="2012" docId="03A487B4572EFF9372A7A49AF347DABE" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03360p052.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3360" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Gnopharmia Staudinger 1892" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="5" masterDocId="FF9DFFCC572CFF977230A44DF034D952" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic revision and zoogeographical patterns of the species of Gnopharmia Staudinger, 1892 (Geometridae, Ennominae)" masterLastPageNumber="52" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="3" updateTime="1698310700469" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:titleInfo id="9AE6168C0688413F42352C58D05EBF16">
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<mods:title id="674B83DE1554300F8E3CC0B5284E7EAA">Taxonomic revision and zoogeographical patterns of the species of Gnopharmia Staudinger, 1892 (Geometridae, Ennominae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="0870A9C44B1028E54BD85349A3C90C42">Sh, Hossein Rajaei</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="2B684978160CAC3CB373CF9687D971E3">Stüning, Dieter</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="7C028D46CF399887DD76DBC034086C19">Trusch, Robert</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="6DC52E188A0D06CA0222787C0ADF23B7">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="21985CF61E26D2CF84363B7D7E56E798">2012</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="8454C4C7C2ACD3C686230F06F8FEDC2E" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="3B106D8EBA29900210494A4888332753">3360</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="06D6FE75B5D36C1023C05EF55238E6EE" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.214977</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03A487B4572EFF9372A7A49AF347DABE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6177430" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119520346" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6177430" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A487B4572EFF9372A7A49AF347DABE" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A487B4572EFF9372A7A49AF347DABE" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<subSubSection id="C3176529572EFF9572A7A49AF2BBD9A3" box="[151,655,215,241]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BB236A2572EFF9572A7A49AF2BBD9A3" blockId="2.[151,655,215,241]" box="[151,655,215,241]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<heading id="D0FA81CE572EFF9572A7A49AF2BBD9A3" bold="true" box="[151,655,215,241]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B979EAB0572EFF9572A7A49AF2BBD9A3" bold="true" box="[151,655,215,241]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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The genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D21572EFF95732EA49AF2BBD9A3" ID-CoL="929QW" authority="Staudinger, 1892" authorityName="Staudinger" authorityYear="1892" box="[286,655,215,241]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Gnopharmia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B979EAB0572EFF95732EA49AF18DD9A3" bold="true" box="[286,441,215,241]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Gnopharmia</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B53572EFF9573F0A49AF2BBD9A3" author="Staudinger" box="[448,655,215,241]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refString="Staudinger, O. (1892) Neue Arten u Varietaten von palaarktischen Geometriden. Deutsche entomologische Zeitschrift Iris, 5, 141 - 260." type="journal article" year="1892">Staudinger, 1892</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3176529572EFF9572A7A555F110D801" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BB236A2572EFF9572A7A555F110D801" blockId="2.[151,1437,279,2037]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<emphasis id="B979EAB0572EFF9572A7A555F102D862" bold="true" box="[151,310,279,304]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<typeStatus id="54B68800572EFF9572A7A555F0E6D862" box="[151,210,280,304]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Type</typeStatus>
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species:
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D21572EFF957370A555F2EFD87D" authority="Lederer, 1870" authorityName="Lederer" authorityYear="1870" box="[320,731,279,304]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Gnophos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="colchidaria">
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<emphasis id="B979EAB0572EFF957370A555F204D862" box="[320,560,280,304]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Gnophos colchidaria</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B53572EFF957009A55AF2EFD87D" author="Lederer" box="[569,731,279,303]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refString="Lederer, J. (1870) Contributions a La Faune des Lepidopteres de la Transcaucasie. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 13, 39 - 48." type="journal article" year="1870">Lederer, 1870</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, by original designation by
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B53572EFF95762EA55AF4EAD87D" author="Staudinger" box="[1054,1246,279,303]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refString="Staudinger, O. (1892) Neue Arten u Varietaten von palaarktischen Geometriden. Deutsche entomologische Zeitschrift Iris, 5, 141 - 260." type="journal article" year="1892">Staudinger, 1892</bibRefCitation>
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(see Taxonomic note below).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3176529572EFF9572F7A513F189DEA7" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BB236A2572EFF9572F7A513F24FDC67" blockId="2.[151,1437,279,2037]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<emphasis id="B979EAB0572EFF9572F7A513F16DD825" bold="true" box="[199,345,350,375]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Description.</emphasis>
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Wings and body. All species in the genus small to medium-sized, with a wingspan between 21 and
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<quantity id="4CF59B47572EFF9572F7A5CCF12ED8CB" box="[199,282,385,409]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="30.0">30 mm</quantity>
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. The ground colour of wings varies from dark brown to light brown or greyish-white (sand-coloured), sometimes with a reddish or orange hue. Transverse lines obsolete or represented by dark brown or grey spots on the veins, on the costa or on hind margin. In most specimens, a thin, white, zigzag-shaped submarginal line present, at least near apex, and the space between this narrow and the postmedial line of dots is very often represented as a dark grey band. Also often the whole postmedial area is darkened, with the submarginal line visible inside. This band is much more conspicuous on the under side of the wings, its colour being dark brown, grey or almost black and the remaining part of the wings almost white, but not in all specimens. Others have the under side rather indistinct, light brownish, speckled with darker scales and the broad postmedial band only slightly darker and even narrower. These strong variations occur intraspecifically in both sexes. Also in many specimens, but not always, a light brownish, yellowish or sometimes white apical patch is present, also on under side. Venation (see fig. 3a): R1 and R2 completely coincident, arising at a short distance from upper angle of cell, not anastomosing with Sc and with the common stalk of R3-5. Base of 1A curved around fovea. Cell-spots small, but usually well defined on both wings, larger on under side, darker than the remaining pattern elements. Termen of forewings slightly and evenly rounded. Externally, sexual dimorphism is not very strong: the females are slightly larger and have the wings a little broader, in the males the wings are narrower, with the apex rather acute, and a fovea is present (fig. 3b). Antennae of females are filiform, shortly ciliate, in males they are bipectinate, apart from the terminal 12–18 segments (fig. 2a). Transitional zone between pectinated and unpectinated segments short. The rami of the male antennae are long and narrow, dorsally scaled, densely setose ventrally and arise distally from the elongated basal segments. The latter are about two times as long as their diameter. Frons (see figs 1a–b;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B53572EFF957648A04EF51BDD49" author="Viidalepp" box="[1144,1327,1027,1051]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refString="Viidalepp, J. R. (1988) Fauna pjadenits gor Sredhej Azii [The fauna of Geometrid Moths of the mountains of Central Asia]. Moscow, Publ. Nauka, 240 pp. [in Russian]." type="book" year="1988">Viidalepp, 1988</bibRefCitation>
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: 136, figs 5–8) moderately or strongly conical, distally rounded, sometimes slightly invaginated along its distal margin, with an additional, round protrusion in the centre. Large, unscaled, ventrally pointed genae laterally beneath frons present (see fig. 1c). Palps short and rather narrow, reaching or slightly exceeding the tip of the frons; basal joint with larger, protruding scales. Haustellum well developed. Vertex covered with large, lamellar scales; extended chaetosemata present, but without medial connection. Fore legs with long epiphysis and a tibial spine in both sexes (often hidden behind scales; absent in
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D21572EFF957077A09AF298DDBD" box="[583,684,1239,1263]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Gnopharmia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="irakensis">
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<emphasis id="B979EAB0572EFF957077A09AF298DDBD" box="[583,684,1239,1263]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">irakensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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; see figs 2b–e), in hind legs tibia not dilated, without scent–brush; index of spurs 0-2-4. Abdomen without setal comb on sternite 3, sternite 8 distally with a pair of elongate, apically rounded processes (“octavals”, fig. 4, 1–2).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB236A2572EFF9572F7A10CF14ADF1D" blockId="2.[151,1437,279,2037]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<emphasis id="B979EAB0572EFF9572F7A10CF147DC0B" bold="true" box="[199,371,1344,1369]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Male genitalia</emphasis>
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(fig. 4, 3–10). Uncus broad at base, quadriform, densely setose dorsally, with a short, narrow tip, without ‘horns’ (the latter present in many other genera of
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D21572EFF95717EA12EF38ADC29" box="[846,958,1379,1403]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Macariini">Macariini</taxonomicName>
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, see
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B53572EFF9571C3A12EF4C1DC29" author="Scoble" box="[1011,1269,1379,1404]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refString="Scoble, M. J. & Kruger, M. (2002) A Review of the genera of Macariini with a revised classification of the tribe (Geometridae: Ennominae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 134, 257 - 315." type="journal article" year="2002">Scoble & Krüger 2002</bibRefCitation>
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). Gnathus with strong, flattened lateral arms and a rounded, smooth medial plate. Valva divided into dorsal and ventral parts; dorsal part elongate, with costa sclerotized and a setose, apically rounded cucullus; ventral part of valva (sacculus) with two strongly sclerotized, tooth-like projections. Aedeagus long (dependent on species 1.2–1.5 mm), evenly curved in lateral view, with a ventral fin (except in
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D21572EFF9570FCA1BDF305DF5A" box="[716,817,1520,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Gnopharmia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="irakensis">
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<emphasis id="B979EAB0572EFF9570FCA1BDF305DF5A" box="[716,817,1520,1544]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">irakensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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), with one or two groups of subapical spines, and fused or single cornuti on the vesica which may be absent occasionally. Basal part of vesica covered with field of minute spines (see fig. 43c).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB236A2572EFF9572F7A217F189DEA7" blockId="2.[151,1437,279,2037]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<emphasis id="B979EAB0572EFF9572F7A217F1B9DF20" bold="true" box="[199,397,1625,1650]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Female genitalia</emphasis>
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(fig. 4, 11–17). Eighth abdominal segment short, rather membranous, with short and strong apophyses, ovipositor short, papillae anales ventrally covered with specialized setae (‘floricomus’: setae with an expanded, scoop-like head) (see also figs 47a, b) and with numerous long, fine setae dorso-laterally. Bursa copulatrix membranous, globular to pear-shaped, with a very large, stellate signum of variable shape, but without a mushroom-like stalk. Ductus bursae narrow, strongly bent at the middle, sclerotized in posterior half, sclerotized antrum rather short (described as long in
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B53572EFF957054A347F352DE70" author="Scoble" box="[612,870,1802,1827]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refString="Scoble, M. J. & Kruger, M. (2002) A Review of the genera of Macariini with a revised classification of the tribe (Geometridae: Ennominae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 134, 257 - 315." type="journal article" year="2002">Scoble & Krüger 2002</bibRefCitation>
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, who consider the posterior, sclerotized part of the ductus bursae as belonging to the antrum). Sterigma consisting of a broad, sclerotized antevaginal band and narrower lateral and postvaginal bands, the latter with a lens-shaped sclerite in the centre (see also figs 45 & 46). The female genitalia of all
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D21572EFF9573E8A339F253DEDE" box="[472,615,1908,1932]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Gnopharmia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B979EAB0572EFF9573E8A339F253DEDE" box="[472,615,1908,1932]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Gnopharmia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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taxa are very similar and also variable in a number of characters. No distinct differences have been discovered so far that allows us to distinguish the species on this basis. This is even true for the supposed females of
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D21572EFF957028A3F6F2ABDE80" box="[536,671,1978,2002]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Gnopharmia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="irakensis">
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<emphasis id="B979EAB0572EFF957028A3F6F2ABDE80" box="[536,671,1978,2002]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">G. irakensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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whose males are very different from all other
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D21572EFF9576F1A3F7F564DE80" box="[1217,1360,1978,2002]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Gnopharmia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B979EAB0572EFF9576F1A3F7F564DE80" box="[1217,1360,1978,2002]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Gnopharmia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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males concerning their genitalia.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3176529572FFF9372F7A34EF347DABE" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BB236A2572FFF9372F7A34EF40AD84E" blockId="3.[151,1436,1795,2035]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1436,151,1005]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<emphasis id="B979EAB0572FFF9472F7A34EF175DE4E" bold="true" box="[199,321,1795,1820]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Within the tribe
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D21572FFF947034A34EF240DE49" box="[516,628,1795,1819]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Macariini">Macariini</taxonomicName>
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, there is only one other genus sharing a number of characters with and being obviously closely related to
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D21572FFF94700BA36AF2FEDE6D" box="[571,714,1831,1855]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Gnopharmia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B979EAB0572FFF94700BA36AF2FEDE6D" box="[571,714,1831,1855]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Gnopharmia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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:
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D21572FFF9470D0A36AF474DE6D" authority="Wehrli, 1953" authorityName="Wehrli" authorityYear="1953" box="[736,1088,1831,1855]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Neognopharmia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B979EAB0572FFF9470D0A36AF3A2DE6D" box="[736,918,1831,1855]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Neognopharmia</emphasis>
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Wehrli, 1953
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D21572FFF947662A36AF53CDE6D" box="[1106,1288,1831,1855]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Neognopharmia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B979EAB0572FFF947662A36AF53CDE6D" box="[1106,1288,1831,1855]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Neognopharmia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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shares with
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D21572FFF9472A7A306F112DE31" box="[151,294,1867,1891]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Gnopharmia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B979EAB0572FFF9472A7A306F112DE31" box="[151,294,1867,1891]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Gnopharmia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
|
||
the structure of the antennae (apical segments not pectinated, rami scaled dorsally, arising distally from the flagellomeres), the presence of a fovea on the male forewings, the structure of the legs (long epiphysis of fore legs, unmodified tibia of hind legs), the absence of a setal comb on sternite 3, the presence and similar form of octavals, the form of the valva in male genitalia (separated into dorsal and ventral parts), and the presence of a floricomus. But also the differences are distinctive (see Table 1), and therefore we believe that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D21572FFF9476D6A396F5A8DEA1" box="[1254,1436,2011,2035]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Neognopharmia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979EAB0572FFF9476D6A396F5A8DEA1" box="[1254,1436,2011,2035]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Neognopharmia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
deserves full generic rank. At present (according to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B535728FF937124A4D5F430D9FD" author="Parsons" box="[788,1028,151,175]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Parsons, M. S., Scoble, M. J., Honey, H. R., Pitkin, L. M. & Pitkin, R. B. (1999) The catalogue. in: Scoble, M. J., ed. Geometrid Moths of the world: a catalogue (Lepidoptera, Geometridae). Collingwood: CSIRO Publishing, 1046 pp." type="book" year="1999">Parsons et al., 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) only the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54B688005728FF9376BAA4D5F48ED9E2" box="[1162,1210,152,176]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species
|
||
<emphasis id="B979EAB05728FF937717A4D4F5AFD9E2" box="[1319,1435,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">stevenaria</emphasis>
|
||
Boisduval, 1840 is included, but in a forthcoming revision, three other species, including a new one from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31A76325728FF937706A4F1F5ACD986" box="[1334,1432,188,212]" name="Pakistan" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, will be added. One of them,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D215728FF9373E6A4ADF2CFD9A5" authority="Brandt, 1938" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1938" box="[470,763,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Gnopharmia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="horhammeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979EAB05728FF9373E6A4ADF254D9AA" box="[470,608,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">horhammeri</emphasis>
|
||
Brandt, 1938
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, was already mentioned as a member of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D215728FF9376F3A4ADF54DD9AA" box="[1219,1401,224,248]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Neognopharmia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979EAB05728FF9376F3A4ADF54DD9AA" box="[1219,1401,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Neognopharmia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by Wehrli (1953: 568), and a second one as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D215728FF937050A548F3AAD84E" authority="Staudinger" authorityName="Staudinger" box="[608,926,260,284]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="variety" variety="cataleucaria">
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis id="B979EAB05728FF9370A0A549F32AD84E" box="[656,798,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">cataleucaria</emphasis>
|
||
Staudinger
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
of
|
||
<emphasis id="B979EAB05728FF9371F3A548F403D84E" box="[963,1079,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">stevenaria</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB236A25728FF9372F7A56AF347DABE" blockId="4.[151,1436,151,1005]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979EAB05728FF9372F7A56AF190D812" bold="true" box="[199,420,295,320]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Taxonomic Notes.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B535728FF937383A56AF2FCD86D" author="Staudinger" box="[435,712,295,319]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Staudinger, O. (1892) Neue Arten u Varietaten von palaarktischen Geometriden. Deutsche entomologische Zeitschrift Iris, 5, 141 - 260." type="journal article" year="1892">Staudinger (1892: 184)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
designated
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D215728FF93716FA565F4B5D86D" authority="Lederer" authorityName="Lederer" box="[863,1153,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Gnophos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="colchidaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979EAB05728FF93716FA565F43CD812" box="[863,1032,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">G. colchidaria</emphasis>
|
||
(Lederer)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as the type-species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D215728FF9372A7A501F112D836" box="[151,294,332,356]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Gnopharmia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979EAB05728FF9372A7A501F112D836" box="[151,294,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Gnopharmia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: “therefore I think that this
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D215728FF93705AA501F2C5D836" box="[618,753,332,356]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Gnophos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="colchidaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979EAB05728FF93705AA501F2C5D836" box="[618,753,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Colchidaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
together with its varieties will best be placed into a special genus for which […] I propose the name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D215728FF93705BA53DF2CED8DA" box="[619,762,368,392]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Gnopharmia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979EAB05728FF93705BA53DF2CED8DA" box="[619,762,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Gnopharmia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” [original designation; translated from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31A76325728FF93768AA522F52FD8D5" box="[1210,1307,367,391]" name="Germany" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">German</collectingCountry>
|
||
]. Fletcher’s (1979: 91) statement “Type-species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D215728FF937018A5D9F38DD8FE" authority="Lederer, 1870" authorityName="Lederer" authorityYear="1870" box="[552,953,404,428]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Gnophos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="colchidaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979EAB05728FF937018A5D9F321D8FE" box="[552,789,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Gnophos colchidaria</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B535728FF93712BA5D9F38DD8FE" author="Lederer" box="[795,953,404,428]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Lederer, J. (1870) Contributions a La Faune des Lepidopteres de la Transcaucasie. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 13, 39 - 48." type="journal article" year="1870">Lederer, 1870</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, by subsequent designation by Prout, 1915,
|
||
<emphasis id="B979EAB05728FF9372A7A5F4F099D882" box="[151,173,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">in</emphasis>
|
||
Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 4: 383” therefore is incorrect. Prout (l.c.) states “I have only seen the typical species (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D215728FF937290A591F115D8A6" box="[160,289,476,500]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Gnophos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="colchidaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979EAB05728FF937290A591F115D8A6" box="[160,289,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">colchidaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) which unites the appearance of a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D215728FF93709BA591F324D8A6" box="[683,784,476,500]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Gnophos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979EAB05728FF93709BA591F324D8A6" box="[683,784,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Gnophos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with the structure of a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D215728FF937628A590F44ED8A6" box="[1048,1146,477,500]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Boarmia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979EAB05728FF937628A590F44ED8A6" box="[1048,1146,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Boarmia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D215728FF937691A591F526D8A6" box="[1185,1298,476,500]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Tephronia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979EAB05728FF937691A591F526D8A6" box="[1185,1298,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Tephronia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” [translated from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31A76325728FF9372E6A5B2F103DB45" box="[214,311,511,535]" name="Germany" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">German</collectingCountry>
|
||
]. Wehrli (1953: 568) described
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D215728FF937090A64DF362DB4A" box="[672,854,512,536]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Neognopharmia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979EAB05728FF937090A64DF362DB4A" box="[672,854,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Neognopharmia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a new subgenus (“subg. nov.”) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D215728FF937736A64DF5A1DB4A" box="[1286,1429,512,536]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Gnopharmia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979EAB05728FF937736A64DF5A1DB4A" box="[1286,1429,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Gnopharmia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but already two years earlier (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B535728FF9373D6A669F2A3DB6E" author="Wehrli" box="[486,663,548,572]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Wehrli, E. (1951) Une nouvelle classification du genre Gnophos Tr. Lambillionea, 51, 6 - 11, 22 - 30, 34 - 37." type="journal article" year="1951">Wehrli, 1951: 8</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) published a note about it, there referring to a description seemingly already published (but in fact published two years later in Seitz 4, Suppl.). In this note he mentioned “
|
||
<emphasis id="B979EAB05728FF937293A621F1E4DBD6" box="[163,464,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D215728FF937293A621F179DBD6" box="[163,333,620,644]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Ctenognophos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ctenognophos</taxonomicName>
|
||
” stevenaria
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Boisduval as being anatomically related to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D215728FF937186A621F471DBD6" box="[950,1093,620,644]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Gnopharmia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979EAB05728FF937186A621F471DBD6" box="[950,1093,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Gnopharmia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and as already placed into the new subgenus (“nouveau s-g.”)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D215728FF937027A6DDF2F9DBFA" box="[535,717,656,680]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Neognopharmia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979EAB05728FF937027A6DDF2F9DBFA" box="[535,717,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Neognopharmia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. He also mentioned
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D215728FF9371FDA6DDF4F7DBF5" authority="Brdt." authorityName="Brdt." box="[973,1219,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Gnopharmia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="horhammeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979EAB05728FF9371FDA6DDF3EADBF5" box="[973,990,656,679]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">G</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B979EAB05728FF9371C2A6DDF448DBFA" box="[1010,1148,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">horhammeri</emphasis>
|
||
Brdt.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[Brandt] as “new species” (i.e. new addition) of this subgenus.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B535728FF9370A1A6F8F345DB9E" author="Parsons" box="[657,881,692,716]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Parsons, M. S., Scoble, M. J., Honey, H. R., Pitkin, L. M. & Pitkin, R. B. (1999) The catalogue. in: Scoble, M. J., ed. Geometrid Moths of the world: a catalogue (Lepidoptera, Geometridae). Collingwood: CSIRO Publishing, 1046 pp." type="book" year="1999">Parsons et al. (1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 634) accepted this as a valid description and also upgraded the subgenus to full genus rank. We also think that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D215728FF937154A695F42EDBA2" box="[868,1050,728,752]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Neognopharmia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979EAB05728FF937154A695F42EDBA2" box="[868,1050,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Neognopharmia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
deserves full genus rank, but we believe that the 1951 description is invalid:
|
||
<emphasis id="B979EAB05728FF9370B8A6B0F2C9DA46" box="[648,765,765,788]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">stevenaria</emphasis>
|
||
is not designated as
|
||
<typeStatus id="54B688005728FF9371DAA6B0F42EDA47" box="[1002,1050,765,789]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species, but merely as one of two species belonging to the new subgenus, there is no description included (ICZN, articles 13.1.1, 13.3, 13.6). According to article 13.6, a name described later than 1930 cannot be made available by “indication” (i.e., by mentioning one or more valid species names in combination with the new subgenus name). Therefore we propose that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D215728FF9372FBA7C1F1B5DAF6" box="[203,385,908,932]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Neognopharmia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979EAB05728FF9372FBA7C1F1B5DAF6" box="[203,385,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Neognopharmia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
should be cited as mentioned above: Wehrli, 1953: 568.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C4B535728FF93762DA7C1F50EDAF6" author="Scoble" box="[1053,1338,908,933]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Scoble, M. J. & Kruger, M. (2002) A Review of the genera of Macariini with a revised classification of the tribe (Geometridae: Ennominae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 134, 257 - 315." type="journal article" year="2002">Scoble & Krüger (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, in their “Review of the genera of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D215728FF9373F4A7E2F202DA95" box="[452,566,943,967]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Macariini">Macariini</taxonomicName>
|
||
,” do not mention the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D215728FF93714DA7FDF407DA9A" box="[893,1075,944,968]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Neognopharmia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979EAB05728FF93714DA7FDF407DA9A" box="[893,1075,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Neognopharmia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and treat
|
||
<emphasis id="B979EAB05728FF93769AA7FCF52BDA9A" box="[1194,1311,945,968]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">stevenaria</emphasis>
|
||
within the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D4D215728FF9372EFA799F15ADABE" box="[223,366,980,1004]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Gnopharmia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979EAB05728FF9372EFA799F15ADABE" box="[223,366,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Gnopharmia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(according to our studies this is not justified).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |